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Watteyne J, Chudinova A, Ripoll-Sánchez L, Schafer WR, Beets I. Neuropeptide signaling network of Caenorhabditis elegans: from structure to behavior. Genetics 2024:iyae141. [PMID: 39344922 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are abundant signaling molecules that control neuronal activity and behavior in all animals. Owing in part to its well-defined and compact nervous system, Caenorhabditis elegans has been one of the primary model organisms used to investigate how neuropeptide signaling networks are organized and how these neurochemicals regulate behavior. We here review recent work that has expanded our understanding of the neuropeptidergic signaling network in C. elegans by mapping the evolutionary conservation, the molecular expression, the receptor-ligand interactions, and the system-wide organization of neuropeptide pathways in the C. elegans nervous system. We also describe general insights into neuropeptidergic circuit motifs and the spatiotemporal range of peptidergic transmission that have emerged from in vivo studies on neuropeptide signaling. With efforts ongoing to chart peptide signaling networks in other organisms, the C. elegans neuropeptidergic connectome can serve as a prototype to further understand the organization and the signaling dynamics of these networks at organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Watteyne
- Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Lidia Ripoll-Sánchez
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - William R Schafer
- Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Isabel Beets
- Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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2
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Liu CC, Khan A, Seban N, Littlejohn N, Shah A, Srinivasan S. A homeostatic gut-to-brain insulin antagonist restrains neuronally stimulated fat loss. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6869. [PMID: 39127676 PMCID: PMC11316803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In C. elegans mechanisms by which peripheral organs relay internal state information to the nervous system remain unknown, although strong evidence suggests that such signals do exist. Here we report the discovery of a peptide of the ancestral insulin superfamily called INS-7 that functions as an enteroendocrine peptide and is secreted from specialized cells of the intestine. INS-7 secretion is stimulated by food withdrawal, increases during fasting and acts as a bona fide gut-to-brain peptide that attenuates the release of a neuropeptide that drives fat loss in the periphery. Thus, INS-7 functions as a homeostatic signal from the intestine that gates the neuronal drive to stimulate fat loss during food shortage. Mechanistically, INS-7 functions as an antagonist at the canonical DAF-2 receptor and functions via FOXO and AMPK signaling in ASI neurons. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that INS-7 bears greater resemblance to members of the broad insulin/relaxin superfamily than to conventional mammalian insulin and IGF peptides. The discovery of an endogenous insulin antagonist secreted by specialized intestinal cells with enteroendocrine functions suggests unexpected and important properties of the intestine and its role in directing neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chih Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ayub Khan
- Department of Neuroscience and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Seban
- Department of Neuroscience and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Littlejohn
- Department of Neuroscience and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Aayushi Shah
- Department of Neuroscience and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Supriya Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.
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3
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Rodrigues DT, Padilha HA, Soares ATG, de Souza MEO, Guerra MT, Ávila DS. The Caenorhabditis elegans neuroendocrine system and their modulators: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 586:112191. [PMID: 38382589 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In this review we seek to systematically bring what has been published in the literature about the nervous system, endocrine system, neuroendocrine relationships, neuroendocrine modulations and endocrine disruptors in the alternative model Caenorhabditis elegans. The serotonergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitters are related to the modulation of the neuroendocrine axis, leading to the activation or inhibition of several processes that occur in the worm through distinct and interconnected pathways. Furthermore, this review addresses the gut-neuronal axis as it has been revealed in recent years that gut microbiota impacts on neuronal functions. This review also approaches xenobiotics that can positively or negatively impact the neuroendocrine system in C. elegans as in mammals, which allows the application of this nematode to screen new drugs and to identify toxicants that are endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Teixeira Rodrigues
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences- Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences- Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Istiban MN, De Fruyt N, Kenis S, Beets I. Evolutionary conserved peptide and glycoprotein hormone-like neuroendocrine systems in C. elegans. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 584:112162. [PMID: 38290646 PMCID: PMC11004728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Peptides and protein hormones form the largest group of secreted signals that mediate intercellular communication and are central regulators of physiology and behavior in all animals. Phylogenetic analyses and biochemical identifications of peptide-receptor systems reveal a broad evolutionary conservation of these signaling systems at the molecular level. Substantial progress has been made in recent years on characterizing the physiological and putative ancestral roles of many peptide systems through comparative studies in invertebrate models. Several peptides and protein hormones are not only molecularly conserved but also have conserved roles across animal phyla. Here, we focus on functional insights gained in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that, with its compact and well-described nervous system, provides a powerful model to dissect neuroendocrine signaling networks involved in the control of physiology and behavior. We summarize recent discoveries on the evolutionary conservation and knowledge on the functions of peptide and protein hormone systems in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majdulin Nabil Istiban
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan De Fruyt
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Signe Kenis
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Beets
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Liang Y, Zhou Y, Zhou C, Cai X, Liu L, Wei F, Li G. Sertraline Promotes Health and Longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gerontology 2024; 70:408-417. [PMID: 38228128 DOI: 10.1159/000536227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While several antidepressants have been identified as potential geroprotectors, the effect and mechanism of sertraline on healthspan remain to be elucidated. Here, we explored the role of sertraline in the lifespan and healthspan of Caenorhabditis elegans. METHODS The optimal effect concentration of sertraline was first screened in wild-type N2 worms under heat stress conditions. Then, we examined the effects of sertraline on lifespan, reproduction, lipofuscin accumulation, mobility, and stress resistance. Finally, the expression of serotonin signaling and aging-related genes was investigated to explore the underlying mechanism, and the lifespan assays were performed in ser-7 RNAi strain, daf-2, daf-16, and aak-2 mutants. RESULTS Sertraline extended the lifespan in C. elegans with concomitant extension of healthspan as indicated by increasing mobility and reducing fertility and lipofuscin accumulation, as well as enhanced resistance to different abiotic stresses. Mechanistically, ser-7 orchestrated sertraline-induced longevity via the regulation of insulin and AMPK pathways, and sertraline-induced lifespan extension in nematodes was abolished in ser-7 RNAi strain, daf-2, daf-16, and aak-2 mutants. CONCLUSION Sertraline promotes health and longevity in C. elegans through ser-7-insulin/AMPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Can Zhou
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinqi Cai
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Guolin Li
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Liu CC, Khan A, Seban N, Littlejohn N, Srinivasan S. A homeostatic gut-to-brain insulin antagonist restrains neuronally stimulated fat loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.20.563330. [PMID: 37961386 PMCID: PMC10634694 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In C. elegans mechanisms by which peripheral organs relay internal state information to the nervous system remain unknown, although strong evidence suggests that such signals do exist. Here we report the discovery of a peptide of the ancestral insulin superfamily called INS-7 that functions as an enteroendocrine peptide and is secreted from specialized cells of the intestine. INS-7 secretion increases during fasting, and acts as a bona fide gut-to-brain homeostatic signal that attenuates neuronally induced fat loss during food shortage. INS-7 functions as an antagonist at the canonical DAF-2 receptor in the nervous system, and phylogenetic analysis suggests that INS-7 bears greater resemblance to members of the broad insulin/relaxin superfamily than to conventional mammalian insulin and IGF peptides. The discovery of an endogenous insulin antagonist secreted by specialized intestinal cell with enteroendocrine functions suggests that much remains to be learned about the intestine and its role in directing neuronal functions.
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Ohta A, Yamashiro S, Kuhara A. Temperature acclimation: Temperature shift induces system conversion to cold tolerance in C. elegans. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00075-5. [PMID: 37086751 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation to temperature is one of the survival strategies used by organisms to adapt to changing environmental temperatures. Caenorhabditis elegans' cold tolerance is altered by previous cultivation temperature, and similarly, past low-temperature induces a longer lifespan. Temperature is thought to cause a large shift in homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and reproduction in the organism because it is a direct physiological factor during chemical events. This paper will share and discuss what we know so far about the neural and molecular mechanisms that control cold tolerance and lifespan by altering lipid metabolism and physiological characteristics. We hope that this will contribute to a better understanding of how organisms respond to temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Ohta
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, JAPAN.
| | - Serina Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN
| | - Atsushi Kuhara
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, JAPAN.
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Cockx B, Van Bael S, Boelen R, Vandewyer E, Yang H, Le TA, Dalzell JJ, Beets I, Ludwig C, Lee J, Temmerman L. Mass Spectrometry-Driven Discovery of Neuropeptides Mediating Nictation Behavior of Nematodes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100479. [PMID: 36481452 PMCID: PMC9881375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides regulate animal physiology and behavior, making them widely studied targets of functional genetics research. While the field often relies on differential -omics approaches to build hypotheses, no such method exists for neuropeptidomics. It would nonetheless be valuable for studying behaviors suspected to be regulated by neuropeptides, especially when little information is otherwise available. This includes nictation, a phoretic strategy of Caenorhabditis elegans dauers that parallels host-finding strategies of infective juveniles of many pathogenic nematodes. We here developed a targeted peptidomics method for the model organism C. elegans and show that 161 quantified neuropeptides are more abundant in its dauer stage compared with L3 juveniles. Many of these have orthologs in the commercially relevant pathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, in whose infective juveniles, we identified 126 neuropeptides in total. Through further behavioral genetics experiments, we identify flp-7 and flp-11 as novel regulators of nictation. Our work advances knowledge on the genetics of nictation behavior and adds comparative neuropeptidomics as a tool to functional genetics workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Cockx
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sven Van Bael
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rose Boelen
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Vandewyer
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heeseung Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tuan Anh Le
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johnathan J Dalzell
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Beets
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Liesbet Temmerman
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
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Li S, Xiao J, Huang C, Sun J. Identification and validation of oxidative stress and immune-related hub genes in Alzheimer's disease through bioinformatics analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:657. [PMID: 36635346 PMCID: PMC9837191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in aged population. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play important roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Investigation of hub genes for the development of potential therapeutic targets and candidate biomarkers is warranted. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in AD were screened in GSE48350 dataset. The differentially expressed oxidative stress genes (DEOSGs) were analyzed by intersection of DEGs and oxidative stress-related genes. The immune-related DEOSGs and hub genes were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, respectively. Enrichment analysis was performed by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The diagnostic value of hub genes was assessed by receiver operating characteristic analysis and validated in GSE1297. The mRNA expression of diagnostic genes was determined by qRT-PCR analysis. Finally, we constructed the drug, transcription factors (TFs), and microRNA network of the diagnostic genes. A total of 1160 DEGs (259 up-regulated and 901 down-regulated) were screened in GSE48350. Among them 111 DEOSGs were identified in AD. Thereafter, we identified significant difference of infiltrated immune cells (effector memory CD8 T cell, activated B cell, memory B cell, natural killer cell, CD56 bright natural killer cell, natural killer T cell, plasmacytoid dendritic cell, and neutrophil) between AD and control samples. 27 gene modules were obtained through WGCNA and turquoise module was the most relevant module. We obtained 66 immune-related DEOSGs by intersecting turquoise module with the DEOSGs and identified 15 hub genes through PPI analysis. Among them, 9 hub genes (CCK, CNR1, GAD1, GAP43, NEFL, NPY, PENK, SST, and TAC1) were identified with good diagnostic values and verified in GSE1297. qRT-PCR analysis revealed the downregulation of SST, NPY, GAP43, CCK, and PENK and upregulation of NEFL in AD. Finally, we identified 76 therapeutic agents, 152 miRNAs targets, and 91 TFs regulatory networks. Our study identified 9 key genes associated with oxidative stress and immune reaction in AD pathogenesis. The findings may help to provide promising candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250000, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, 330000, China. .,Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China.
| | - Jinting Xiao
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Medical Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250000 China
| | - Chuanjiang Huang
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250000 China ,grid.415002.20000 0004 1757 8108Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, 330000 China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000 China
| | - Jikui Sun
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250000 China
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Application of Caenorhabditis elegans in Lipid Metabolism Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021173. [PMID: 36674689 PMCID: PMC9860639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development and prevalence of obesity have posed a serious public health risk, which has prompted studies on the regulation of adiposity. With the ease of genetic manipulation, the diversity of the methods for characterizing body fat levels, and the observability of feeding behavior, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is considered an excellent model for exploring energy homeostasis and the regulation of the cellular fat storage. In addition, the homology with mammals in the genes related to the lipid metabolism allows many aspects of lipid modulation by the regulators of the central nervous system to be conserved in this ideal model organism. In recent years, as the complex network of genes that maintain an energy balance has been gradually expanded and refined, the regulatory mechanisms of lipid storage have become clearer. Furthermore, the development of methods and devices to assess the lipid levels has become a powerful tool for studies in lipid droplet biology and the regulation of the nematode lipid metabolism. Herein, based on the rapid progress of C. elegans lipid metabolism-related studies, this review outlined the lipid metabolic processes, the major signaling pathways of fat storage regulation, and the primary experimental methods to assess the lipid content in nematodes. Therefore, this model system holds great promise for facilitating the understanding, management, and therapies of human obesity and other metabolism-related diseases.
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Gadenne MJ, Hardege I, Yemini E, Suleski D, Jaggers P, Beets I, Schafer WR, Chew YL. Neuropeptide signalling shapes feeding and reproductive behaviours in male Caenorhabditis elegans. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202201420. [PMID: 35738805 PMCID: PMC9233197 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LURY-1 peptides are expressed in distinct cells in different sexes and have sex-specific effects on feeding and mating, providing further evidence for the role of neuromodulators in sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism occurs where different sexes of the same species display differences in characteristics not limited to reproduction. For the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in which the complete neuroanatomy has been solved for both hermaphrodites and males, sexually dimorphic features have been observed both in terms of the number of neurons and in synaptic connectivity. In addition, male behaviours, such as food-leaving to prioritise searching for mates, have been attributed to neuropeptides released from sex-shared or sex-specific neurons. In this study, we show that the lury-1 neuropeptide gene shows a sexually dimorphic expression pattern; being expressed in pharyngeal neurons in both sexes but displaying additional expression in tail neurons only in the male. We also show that lury-1 mutant animals show sex differences in feeding behaviours, with pharyngeal pumping elevated in hermaphrodites but reduced in males. LURY-1 also modulates male mating efficiency, influencing motor events during contact with a hermaphrodite. Our findings indicate sex-specific roles of this peptide in feeding and reproduction in C. elegans, providing further insight into neuromodulatory control of sexually dimorphic behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gadenne
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Iris Hardege
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eviatar Yemini
- Department of Neurobiology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Djordji Suleski
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Paris Jaggers
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabel Beets
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - William R Schafer
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yee Lian Chew
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute and College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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12
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Liu M, Gao X, Shan S, Li Y, Wang J, Lu W. Eleutheroside E reduces intestinal fat accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans through neuroendocrine signals. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5219-5228. [PMID: 35297055 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthopanax senticosus, a small woody shrub of the family Araliaceae, can be used as a functional food with multiple biological activities. Eleutheroside E (EE), an important active component of A. senticosus, has significant effects on neurological diseases. However, whether EE can regulate lipid metabolism has not been reported. The brain can mediate communication between neurons and intestinal cells through long-distance neuroendocrine signals. We speculated that EE might regulate the intestinal lipid metabolism of Caenorhabditis elegans through neuroendocrine signals. RESULTS First, we found that EE reduced the intestinal fat content of C. elegans, without affecting development, reproduction, food intake or movement. In addition, EE significantly regulated genes and metabolites related to lipid metabolism. EE extensively affected fatty acid synthesis, β-oxidation and lipolysis processes, and regulated the content of various fatty acid and lipid metabolism intermediates. We finally proved that EE reduced intestinal fat storage through serotonin and neuropeptide flp-7-npr-22 pathways in the nervous system. CONCLUSION EE is expected to be a functional food that regulates lipid metabolism. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Liu
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yongzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Astronaut Health Center, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Astronaut Health Center, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Lu
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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13
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Head-tail-head neural wiring underlies gut fat storage in Caenorhabditis elegans temperature acclimation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203121119. [PMID: 35914124 PMCID: PMC9371718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals maintain the ability to survive and reproduce by acclimating to environmental temperatures. We showed here that Caenorhabditis elegans exhibited temperature acclimation plasticity, which was regulated by a head-tail-head neural circuitry coupled with gut fat storage. After experiencing cold, C. elegans individuals memorized the experience and were prepared against subsequent cold stimuli. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) regulated temperature acclimation in the ASJ thermosensory neurons and RMG head interneurons, where it modulated ASJ thermosensitivity in response to past cultivation temperature. The PVQ tail interneurons mediated the communication between ASJ and RMG via glutamatergic signaling. Temperature acclimation occurred via gut fat storage regulation by the triglyceride lipase ATGL-1, which was activated by a neuropeptide, FLP-7, downstream of CREB. Thus, a head-tail-head neural circuit coordinated with gut fat influenced experience-dependent temperature acclimation.
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14
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Kageyama N, Nose M, Ono M, Matsunaga Y, Iwasaki T, Kawano T. The FMRFamide-like peptide FLP-2 is involved in the modulation of larval development and adult lifespan by regulating the secretion of the insulin-like peptide INS-35 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1231-1239. [PMID: 35786701 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the animal kingdom, neuropeptides regulate diverse physiological functions. In invertebrates, FMRFamide and its related peptides, a family of neuropeptides, play an important role as neurotransmitters. The FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) are one of the most diverse neuropeptide families and are conserved in nematodes. Our screen for flp genes of the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans revealed that the flp-2 gene is involved in larval development. The gene is also conserved in plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes. Our molecular genetic analyses of the C. elegans flp-2 gene demonstrated as follows: 1) the production and secretion of FLP-2, produced in the head neurons, are controlled by environmental factors (growth density and food); 2) the FLP-2 is involved in not only larval development but also adult lifespan by regulating the secretion of one of the insulin-like peptides INS-35, produced in the intestine. These findings provide new insight into the development of new nematicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Kageyama
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainability Science
| | - Masayo Nose
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainability Science
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Iwasaki
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainability Science.,Department of Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawano
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainability Science.,Department of Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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15
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Kaur R, Arora N, Nair MG, Prasad A. The interplay of helminthic neuropeptides and proteases in parasite survival and host immunomodulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:107-118. [PMID: 35076687 PMCID: PMC9042389 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides comprise a diverse and broad group of neurotransmitters in vertebrates and invertebrates, with critical roles in neuronal signal transduction. While their role in controlling learning and memory in the brains of mammals is known, their extra-synaptic function in infection and inflammation with effects on distinct tissues and immune cells is increasingly recognized. Helminth infections especially of the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurocysticercosis, induce neuropeptide production by both host and helminth, but their role in host-parasite interplay or host inflammatory response is unclear. Here, we review the neurobiology of helminths, and discuss recent studies on neuropeptide synthesis and function in the helminth as well as the host CNS and immune system. Neuropeptides are summarized according to structure and function, and we discuss the complex enzyme processing for mature neuropeptides, focusing on helminth enzymes as potential targets for novel anthelminthics. We next describe known immunomodulatory effects of mammalian neuropeptides discovered from mouse infection models and draw functional parallels with helminth neuropeptides. Last, we discuss the anti-microbial properties of neuropeptides, and how they may be involved in host-microbiota changes in helminth infection. Overall, a better understanding of the biology of helminth neuropeptides, and whether they affect infection outcomes could provide diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
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16
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Nutrient Sensing via Gut in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052694. [PMID: 35269834 PMCID: PMC8910450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-sensing mechanisms in animals' sense available nutrients to generate a physiological regulatory response involving absorption, digestion, and regulation of food intake and to maintain glucose and energy homeostasis. During nutrient sensing via the gastrointestinal tract, nutrients interact with receptors on the enteroendocrine cells in the gut, which in return respond by secreting various hormones. Sensing of nutrients by the gut plays a critical role in transmitting food-related signals to the brain and other tissues informing the composition of ingested food to digestive processes. These signals modulate feeding behaviors, food intake, metabolism, insulin secretion, and energy balance. The increasing significance of fly genetics with the availability of a vast toolbox for studying physiological function, expression of chemosensory receptors, and monitoring the gene expression in specific cells of the intestine makes the fly gut the most useful tissue for studying the nutrient-sensing mechanisms. In this review, we emphasize on the role of Drosophila gut in nutrient-sensing to maintain metabolic homeostasis and gut-brain cross talk using endocrine and neuronal signaling pathways stimulated by internal state or the consumption of various dietary nutrients. Overall, this review will be useful in understanding the post-ingestive nutrient-sensing mechanisms having a physiological and pathological impact on health and diseases.
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17
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Lee S, Kim MA, Park JM, Park K, Sohn YC. Multiple tachykinins and their receptors characterized in the gastropod mollusk Pacific abalone: Expression, signaling cascades, and potential role in regulating lipid metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:994863. [PMID: 36187101 PMCID: PMC9521575 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.994863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tachykinin (TK) families, including the first neuropeptide substance P, have been intensively explored in bilaterians. Knowledge of signaling of TK receptors (TKRs) has enabled the comprehension of diverse physiological processes. However, TK signaling systems are largely unknown in Lophotrochozoa. This study identified two TK precursors and two TKR isoforms in the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai (Hdh), and characterized Hdh-TK signaling. Hdh-TK peptides harbored protostomian TK-specific FXGXRamide or unique YXGXRamide motifs at the C-termini. A phylogenetic analysis showed that lophotrochozoan TKRs, including Hdh-TKRs, form a monophyletic group distinct from arthropod TKRs and natalisin receptor groups. Although reporter assays demonstrated that all examined Hdh-TK peptides activate intracellular cAMP accumulation and Ca2+ mobilization in Hdh-TKR-expressing mammalian cells, Hdh-TK peptides with N-terminal aromatic residues and C-terminal FXGXRamide motifs were more active than shorter or less aromatic Hdh-TK peptides with a C-terminal YXGXRamide. In addition, we showed that ligand-stimulated Hdh-TKRs mediate ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HEK293 cells and that ERK1/2 phosphorylation is inhibited by PKA and PKC inhibitors. In three-dimensional in silico Hdh-TKR binding modeling, higher docking scores of Hdh-TK peptides were consistent with the lower EC50 values in the reporter assays. The transcripts for Hdh-TK precursors and Hdh-TKR were highly expressed in the neural ganglia, with lower expression levels in peripheral tissues. When abalone were starved for 3 weeks, Hdh-TK1 transcript levels, but not Hdh-TK2, were increased in the cerebral ganglia (CG), intestine, and hepatopancreas, contrasting with the decreased lipid content and transcript levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP). At 24 h post-injection in vivo, the lower dose of Hdh-TK1 mixture increased SREBP transcript levels in the CG and hepatopancreas and accumulative food consumption of abalone. Higher doses of Hdh-TK1 and Hdh-TK2 mixtures decreased the SREBP levels in the CG. When Hdh-TK2-specific siRNA was injected into abalone, intestinal SREBP levels were significantly increased, whereas administration of both Hdh-TK1 and Hdh-TK2 siRNA led to decreased SREBP expression in the CG. Collectively, our results demonstrate the first TK signaling system in gastropod mollusks and suggest a possible role for TK peptides in regulating lipid metabolism in the neural and peripheral tissues of abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungheon Lee
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Mi Ae Kim
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Jong-Moon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Young Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Young Chang Sohn,
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18
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Bhat US, Shahi N, Surendran S, Babu K. Neuropeptides and Behaviors: How Small Peptides Regulate Nervous System Function and Behavioral Outputs. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:786471. [PMID: 34924955 PMCID: PMC8674661 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.786471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the reasons that most multicellular animals survive and thrive is because of the adaptable and plastic nature of their nervous systems. For an organism to survive, it is essential for the animal to respond and adapt to environmental changes. This is achieved by sensing external cues and translating them into behaviors through changes in synaptic activity. The nervous system plays a crucial role in constantly evaluating environmental cues and allowing for behavioral plasticity in the organism. Multiple neurotransmitters and neuropeptides have been implicated as key players for integrating sensory information to produce the desired output. Because of its simple nervous system and well-established neuronal connectome, C. elegans acts as an excellent model to understand the mechanisms underlying behavioral plasticity. Here, we critically review how neuropeptides modulate a wide range of behaviors by allowing for changes in neuronal and synaptic signaling. This review will have a specific focus on feeding, mating, sleep, addiction, learning and locomotory behaviors in C. elegans. With a view to understand evolutionary relationships, we explore the functions and associated pathophysiology of C. elegans neuropeptides that are conserved across different phyla. Further, we discuss the mechanisms of neuropeptidergic signaling and how these signals are regulated in different behaviors. Finally, we attempt to provide insight into developing potential therapeutics for neuropeptide-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Saleem Bhat
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Navneet Shahi
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Siju Surendran
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kavita Babu
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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19
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Makino M, Ulzii E, Shirasaki R, Kim J, You YJ. Regulation of Satiety Quiescence by Neuropeptide Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:678590. [PMID: 34335159 PMCID: PMC8319666 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.678590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and metabolism are interconnected homeostatic states; the sleep cycle can be entrained by the feeding cycle, and perturbation of the sleep often results in dysregulation in metabolism. However, the neuro-molecular mechanism by which metabolism regulates sleep is not fully understood. We investigated how metabolism and feeding regulate sleep using satiety quiescence behavior as a readout in Caenorhabditis elegans, which shares certain key aspects of postprandial sleep in mammals. From an RNA interference-based screen of two neuropeptide families, RFamide-related peptides (FLPs) and insulin-like peptides (INSs), we identified flp-11, known to regulate other types of sleep-like behaviors in C. elegans, as a gene that plays the most significant role in satiety quiescence. A mutation in flp-11 significantly reduces quiescence, whereas over-expression of the gene enhances it. A genetic analysis shows that FLP-11 acts upstream of the cGMP signaling but downstream of the TGFβ pathway, suggesting that TGFβ released from a pair of head sensory neurons (ASI) activates FLP-11 in an interneuron (RIS). Then, cGMP signaling acting in downstream of RIS neurons induces satiety quiescence. Among the 28 INSs genes screened, ins-1, known to play a significant role in starvation-associated behavior working in AIA is inhibitory to satiety quiescence. Our study suggests that specific combinations of neuropeptides are released, and their signals are integrated in order for an animal to gauge its metabolic state and to control satiety quiescence, a feeding-induced sleep-like state in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Makino
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biology, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Japan
| | - Enkhjin Ulzii
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biology, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Japan
| | - Riku Shirasaki
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biology, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Japan
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Jai You
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biology, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Japan.,Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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20
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Jia Q, Sieburth D. Mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide positively regulates neuropeptide secretion during diet-induced activation of the oxidative stress response. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2304. [PMID: 33863916 PMCID: PMC8052458 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in the generation of signals coupling metabolism with neurotransmitter release, but a role for mitochondrial-produced ROS in regulating neurosecretion has not been described. Here we show that endogenously produced hydrogen peroxide originating from axonal mitochondria (mtH2O2) functions as a signaling cue to selectively regulate the secretion of a FMRFamide-related neuropeptide (FLP-1) from a pair of interneurons (AIY) in C. elegans. We show that pharmacological or genetic manipulations that increase mtH2O2 levels lead to increased FLP-1 secretion that is dependent upon ROS dismutation, mitochondrial calcium influx, and cysteine sulfenylation of the calcium-independent PKC family member PKC-1. mtH2O2-induced FLP-1 secretion activates the oxidative stress response transcription factor SKN-1/Nrf2 in distal tissues and protects animals from ROS-mediated toxicity. mtH2O2 levels in AIY neurons, FLP-1 secretion and SKN-1 activity are rapidly and reversibly regulated by exposing animals to different bacterial food sources. These results reveal a previously unreported role for mtH2O2 in linking diet-induced changes in mitochondrial homeostasis with neuropeptide secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- PIBBS program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derek Sieburth
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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21
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Srinivasan S. To choose or not to choose. eLife 2021; 10:e66755. [PMID: 33635271 PMCID: PMC7909947 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Making choices about food affects the metabolism and lifespan of fruit flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
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22
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Littlejohn NK, Seban N, Liu CC, Srinivasan S. A feedback loop governs the relationship between lipid metabolism and longevity. eLife 2020; 9:58815. [PMID: 33078707 PMCID: PMC7575325 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between lipid metabolism and longevity remains unclear. Although fat oxidation is essential for weight loss, whether it remains beneficial when sustained for long periods, and the extent to which it may attenuate or augment lifespan remain important unanswered questions. Here, we develop an experimental handle in the Caenorhabditis elegans model system, in which we uncover the mechanisms that connect long-term fat oxidation with longevity. We find that sustained β-oxidation via activation of the conserved triglyceride lipase ATGL-1, triggers a feedback transcriptional loop that involves the mito-nuclear transcription factor ATFS-1, and a previously unknown and highly conserved repressor of ATGL-1 called HLH-11/AP4. This feedback loop orchestrates the dual control of fat oxidation and lifespan, and shields the organism from life-shortening mitochondrial stress in the face of continuous fat oxidation. Thus, we uncover one mechanism by which fat oxidation can be sustained for long periods without deleterious effects on longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Littlejohn
- Department of Neuroscience and The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Nicolas Seban
- Department of Neuroscience and The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Chung-Chih Liu
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Supriya Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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23
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Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans' behavioral states, like those of other animals, are shaped by its immediate environment, its past experiences, and by internal factors. We here review the literature on C. elegans behavioral states and their regulation. We discuss dwelling and roaming, local and global search, mate finding, sleep, and the interaction between internal metabolic states and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Flavell
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Young-Jai You
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, 464-8602, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Microbes are ubiquitous in the natural environment of Caenorhabditis elegans. Bacteria serve as a food source for C. elegans but may also cause infection in the nematode host. The sensory nervous system of C. elegans detects diverse microbial molecules, ranging from metabolites produced by broad classes of bacteria to molecules synthesized by specific strains of bacteria. Innate recognition through chemosensation of bacterial metabolites or mechanosensation of bacteria can induce immediate behavioral responses. The ingestion of nutritive or pathogenic bacteria can modulate internal states that underlie long-lasting behavioral changes. Ingestion of nutritive bacteria leads to learned attraction and exploitation of the bacterial food source. Infection, which is accompanied by activation of innate immunity, stress responses, and host damage, leads to the development of aversive behavior. The integration of a multitude of microbial sensory cues in the environment is shaped by experience and context. Genetic, chemical, and neuronal studies of C. elegans behavior in the presence of bacteria have defined neural circuits and neuromodulatory systems that shape innate and learned behavioral responses to microbial cues. These studies have revealed the profound influence that host-microbe interactions have in governing the behavior of this simple animal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven W Flavell
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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25
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Abstract
This review article highlights our efforts to decode the role of the nervous system in regulating intestinal lipid metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Capitalizing on the prescient and pioneering work of Sydney Brenner and John Sulston in establishing C. elegans as an immensely valuable model system, we have uncovered critical roles for oxygen sensing, population density sensing and food sensing in orchestrating the balance between storing lipids and utilizing them for energy in the intestine, the major organ for lipid metabolism in this model system. Our long-term goal is to reveal the integrative mechanisms and regulatory logic that underlies the complex relationship between genes, environment and internal state in the regulation of energy and whole-body physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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26
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Cruz-Corchado J, Ooi FK, Das S, Prahlad V. Global Transcriptome Changes That Accompany Alterations in Serotonin Levels in Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:1225-1246. [PMID: 31996358 PMCID: PMC7144078 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), is a phylogenetically ancient molecule best characterized as a neurotransmitter that modulates multiple aspects of mood and social cognition. The roles that 5-HT plays in normal and abnormal behavior are not fully understood but have been posited to be due to its common function as a 'defense signal'. However, 5-HT levels also systemically impact cell physiology, modulating cell division, migration, apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, cellular metabolism and differentiation. Whether these diverse cellular effects of 5-HT also share a common basis is unclear. C. elegans provides an ideal system to interrogate the systemic effects of 5-HT, since lacking a blood-brain barrier, 5-HT synthesized and released by neurons permeates the organism to modulate neuronal as well as non-neuronal cells throughout the body. Here we used RNA-Seq to characterize the systemic changes in gene expression that occur in C. elegans upon altering 5-HT levels, and compared the transcriptomes to published datasets. We find that an acute increase in 5-HT is accompanied by a global decrease in gene expression levels, upregulation of genes involved in stress pathways, changes that significantly correlate with the published transcriptomes of animals that have activated defense and immune responses, and an increase in levels of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor, eIF2α. In 5-HT deficient animals lacking tryptophan hydroxylase (tph-1(mg280)II) there is a net increase in gene expression, with an overrepresentation of genes related to development and chromatin. Surprisingly, the transcriptomes of animals with acute increases in 5-HT levels, and 5-HT deficiency do not overlap with transcriptomes of mutants with whom they share striking physiological resemblance. These studies are the first to catalog systemic transcriptome changes that occur upon alterations in 5-HT levels. They further show that in C. elegans changes in gene expression upon altering 5-HT levels, and changes in physiology, are not directly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Cruz-Corchado
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324
| | - Felicia K Ooi
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324
| | - Veena Prahlad
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324
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27
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Yañez-Guerra LA, Elphick MR. Evolution and Comparative Physiology of Luqin-Type Neuropeptide Signaling. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:130. [PMID: 32132900 PMCID: PMC7041311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Luqin is a neuropeptide that was discovered and named on account of its expression in left upper quadrant cells of the abdominal ganglion in the mollusc Aplysia californica. Subsequently, luqin-type peptides were identified as cardio-excitatory neuropeptides in other molluscs and a cognate receptor was discovered in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed that orthologs of molluscan luqin-type neuropeptides occur in other phyla; these include neuropeptides in ecdysozoans (arthropods, nematodes) that have a C-terminal RYamide motif (RYamides) and neuropeptides in ambulacrarians (echinoderms, hemichordates) that have a C-terminal RWamide motif (RWamides). Furthermore, precursors of luqin-type neuropeptides typically have a conserved C-terminal motif containing two cysteine residues, although the functional significance of this is unknown. Consistent with the orthology of the neuropeptides and their precursors, phylogenetic and pharmacological studies have revealed that orthologous G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate effects of luqin-type neuropeptides in spiralians, ecdysozoans, and ambulacrarians. Luqin-type signaling originated in a common ancestor of the Bilateria as a paralog of tachykinin-type signaling but, unlike tachykinin-type signaling, luqin-type signaling was lost in chordates. This may largely explain why luqin-type signaling has received less attention than many other neuropeptide signaling systems. However, insights into the physiological actions of luqin-type neuropeptides (RYamides) in ecdysozoans have been reported recently, with roles in regulation of feeding and diuresis revealed in insects and roles in regulation of feeding, egg laying, locomotion, and lifespan revealed in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, characterization of a luqin-type neuropeptide in the starfish Asterias rubens (phylum Echinodermata) has provided the first insights into the physiological roles of luqin-type signaling in a deuterostome. In conclusion, although luqin was discovered in Aplysia over 30 years ago, there is still much to be learnt about luqin-type neuropeptide signaling. This will be facilitated in the post-genomic era by the emerging opportunities for experimental studies on a variety of invertebrate taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alfonso Yañez-Guerra
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Lin Y, Yang N, Bao B, Wang L, Chen J, Liu J. Luteolin reduces fat storage inCaenorhabditis elegansby promoting the central serotonin pathway. Food Funct 2020; 11:730-740. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02095k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin promotes central serotonin signaling to induce fat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
| | - Nan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
| | - Bin Bao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process
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Bouagnon AD, Lin L, Srivastava S, Liu CC, Panda O, Schroeder FC, Srinivasan S, Ashrafi K. Intestinal peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation regulates neural serotonin signaling through a feedback mechanism. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000242. [PMID: 31805041 PMCID: PMC6917301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to coordinate behavioral responses with metabolic status is fundamental to the maintenance of energy homeostasis. In numerous species including Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals, neural serotonin signaling regulates a range of food-related behaviors. However, the mechanisms that integrate metabolic information with serotonergic circuits are poorly characterized. Here, we identify metabolic, molecular, and cellular components of a circuit that links peripheral metabolic state to serotonin-regulated behaviors in C. elegans. We find that blocking the entry of fatty acyl coenzyme As (CoAs) into peroxisomal β-oxidation in the intestine blunts the effects of neural serotonin signaling on feeding and egg-laying behaviors. Comparative genomics and metabolomics revealed that interfering with intestinal peroxisomal β-oxidation results in a modest global transcriptional change but significant changes to the metabolome, including a large number of changes in ascaroside and phospholipid species, some of which affect feeding behavior. We also identify body cavity neurons and an ether-a-go-go (EAG)-related potassium channel that functions in these neurons as key cellular components of the circuitry linking peripheral metabolic signals to regulation of neural serotonin signaling. These data raise the possibility that the effects of serotonin on satiety may have their origins in feedback, homeostatic metabolic responses from the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude D. Bouagnon
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shubhi Srivastava
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chung-Chih Liu
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Oishika Panda
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Supriya Srinivasan
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kaveh Ashrafi
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Lin Y, Bao B, Yin H, Wang X, Feng A, Zhao L, Nie X, Yang N, Shi GP, Liu J. Peripheral cathepsin L inhibition induces fat loss in C. elegans and mice through promoting central serotonin synthesis. BMC Biol 2019; 17:93. [PMID: 31771567 PMCID: PMC6880508 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin L and some other cathepsins have been implicated in the development of obesity in humans and mice. The functional inactivation of the proteases reduces fat accumulation during mammalian adipocyte differentiation. However, beyond degrading extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, the molecular mechanisms by which cathepsins control fat accumulation remain unclear. We now provide evidence from Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse models to suggest a conserved regulatory circuit in which peripheral cathepsin L inhibition lowers fat accumulation through promoting central serotonin synthesis. RESULTS We established a C. elegans model of fat accumulation using dietary supplementation with glucose and palmitic acid. We found that nutrient supplementation elevated fat storage in C. elegans, and along with worm fat accumulation, an increase in the expression of cpl-1 was detected using real-time PCR and western blot. The functional inactivation of cpl-1 reduced fat storage in C. elegans through activating serotonin signaling. Further, knockdown of cpl-1 in the intestine and hypodermis promoted serotonin synthesis in worm ADF neurons and induced body fat loss in C. elegans via central serotonin signaling. We found a similar regulatory circuit in high-fat diet-fed mice. Cathepsin L knockout promoted fat loss and central serotonin synthesis. Intraperitoneal injection of the cathepsin L inhibitor CLIK195 similarly reduced body weight gain and white adipose tissue (WAT) adipogenesis, while elevating brain serotonin level and WAT lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation. These effects of inhibiting cathepsin L were abolished by intracranial injection of p-chlorophenylalanine, inhibitor of a rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis. CONCLUSION This study reveals a previously undescribed molecular mechanism by which peripheral CPL-1/cathepsin L inhibition induces fat loss in C. elegans and mice through promoting central serotonin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Bao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
| | - Hao Yin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Airong Feng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Xianqi Nie
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Nan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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Nässel DR, Zandawala M, Kawada T, Satake H. Tachykinins: Neuropeptides That Are Ancient, Diverse, Widespread and Functionally Pleiotropic. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1262. [PMID: 31824255 PMCID: PMC6880623 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tachykinins (TKs) are ancient neuropeptides present throughout the bilaterians and are, with some exceptions, characterized by a conserved FX1GX2Ramide carboxy terminus among protostomes and FXGLMamide in deuterostomes. The best-known TK is the vertebrate substance P, which in mammals, together with other TKs, has been implicated in health and disease with important roles in pain, inflammation, cancer, depressive disorder, immune system, gut function, hematopoiesis, sensory processing, and hormone regulation. The invertebrate TKs are also known to have multiple functions in the central nervous system and intestine and these have been investigated in more detail in the fly Drosophila and some other arthropods. Here, we review the protostome and deuterostome organization and evolution of TK precursors, peptides and their receptors, as well as their functions, which appear to be partly conserved across Bilateria. We also outline the distribution of TKs in the brains of representative organisms. In Drosophila, recent studies have revealed roles of TKs in early olfactory processing, neuromodulation in circuits controlling locomotion and food search, nociception, aggression, metabolic stress, and hormone release. TK signaling also regulates lipid metabolism in the Drosophila intestine. In crustaceans, TK is an important neuromodulator in rhythm-generating motor circuits in the stomatogastric nervous system and a presynaptic modulator of photoreceptor cells. Several additional functional roles of invertebrate TKs can be inferred from their distribution in various brain circuits. In addition, there are a few interesting cases where invertebrate TKs are injected into prey animals as vasodilators from salivary glands or paralyzing agents from venom glands. In these cases, the peptides are produced in the glands of the predator with sequences mimicking the prey TKs. Lastly, the TK-signaling system appears to have duplicated in Panarthropoda (comprising arthropods, onychophores, and tardigrades) to give rise to a novel type of peptides, natalisins, with a distinct receptor. The distribution and functions of natalisins are distinct from the TKs. In general, it appears that TKs are widely distributed and act in circuits at short range as neuromodulators or cotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
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Dubos MP, Zels S, Schwartz J, Pasquier J, Schoofs L, Favrel P. Characterization of a tachykinin signalling system in the bivalve mollusc Crassostrea gigas. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 266:110-118. [PMID: 29746853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although tachykinin-like neuropeptides have been identified in molluscs more than two decades ago, knowledge on their function and signalling has so far remained largely elusive. We developed a cell-based assay to address the functionality of the tachykinin G-protein coupled receptor (Cragi-TKR) in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. The oyster tachykinin neuropeptides that are derived from the tachykinin precursor gene Cragi-TK activate the Cragi-TKR in nanomolar concentrations. Receptor activation is sensitive to Ala-substitution of critical Cragi-TK amino acid residues. The Cragi-TKR gene is expressed in a variety of tissues, albeit at higher levels in the visceral ganglia (VG) of the nervous system. Fluctuations of Cragi-TKR expression is in line with a role for TK signalling in C. gigas reproduction. The expression level of the Cragi-TK gene in the VG depends on the nutritional status of the oyster, suggesting a role for TK signalling in the complex regulation of feeding in C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Dubos
- Normandy University, Université de Caen Normandie, UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Sven Zels
- Department of Biology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Schwartz
- Normandy University, Université de Caen Normandie, UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Jeremy Pasquier
- Normandy University, Université de Caen Normandie, UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Biology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pascal Favrel
- Normandy University, Université de Caen Normandie, UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France.
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Bliss ES, Whiteside E. The Gut-Brain Axis, the Human Gut Microbiota and Their Integration in the Development of Obesity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:900. [PMID: 30050464 PMCID: PMC6052131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, placing socioeconomic strain on public healthcare systems, especially within the so-called Western countries, such as Australia, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, where energy intake exceeds expenditure. Current non-invasive treatments lack efficacy in combating obesity, suggesting that obesity is a multi-faceted and more complex disease than previously thought. This has led to an increase in research exploring energy homeostasis and the discovery of a complex bidirectional communication axis referred to as the gut-brain axis. The gut-brain axis is comprised of various neurohumoral components that allow the gut and brain to communicate with each other. Communication occurs within the axis via local, paracrine and/or endocrine mechanisms involving a variety of gut-derived peptides produced from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY3-36 (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and oxyntomodulin. Neural networks, such as the enteric nervous system (ENS) and vagus nerve also convey information within the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence suggests the human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem residing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), may influence weight-gain through several inter-dependent pathways including energy harvesting, short-chain fatty-acids (SCFA) signalling, behaviour modifications, controlling satiety and modulating inflammatory responses within the host. Hence, the gut-brain axis, the microbiota and the link between these elements and the role each plays in either promoting or regulating energy and thereby contributing to obesity will be explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Bliss
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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Clark T, Hapiak V, Oakes M, Mills H, Komuniecki R. Monoamines differentially modulate neuropeptide release from distinct sites within a single neuron pair. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196954. [PMID: 29723289 PMCID: PMC5933757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamines and neuropeptides often modulate the same behavior, but monoaminergic-peptidergic crosstalk remains poorly understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the adrenergic-like ligands, tyramine (TA) and octopamine (OA) require distinct subsets of neuropeptides in the two ASI sensory neurons to inhibit nociception. TA selectively increases the release of ASI neuropeptides encoded by nlp-14 or nlp-18 from either synaptic/perisynaptic regions of ASI axons or the ASI soma, respectively, and OA selectively increases the release of ASI neuropeptides encoded by nlp-9 asymmetrically, from only the synaptic/perisynaptic region of the right ASI axon. The predicted amino acid preprosequences of genes encoding either TA- or OA-dependent neuropeptides differed markedly. However, these distinct preprosequences were not sufficient to confer monoamine-specificity and additional N-terminal peptide-encoding sequence was required. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TA and OA specifically and differentially modulate the release of distinct subsets of neuropeptides from different subcellular sites within the ASIs, highlighting the complexity of monoaminergic/peptidergic modulation, even in animals with a relatively simple nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vera Hapiak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Oakes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Holly Mills
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard Komuniecki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Hussey R, Littlejohn NK, Witham E, Vanstrum E, Mesgarzadeh J, Ratanpal H, Srinivasan S. Oxygen-sensing neurons reciprocally regulate peripheral lipid metabolism via neuropeptide signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007305. [PMID: 29579048 PMCID: PMC5886693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the sensory environment influences metabolic homeostasis remains poorly understood. In this report, we show that oxygen, a potent environmental signal, is an important regulator of whole body lipid metabolism. C. elegans oxygen-sensing neurons reciprocally regulate peripheral lipid metabolism under normoxia in the following way: under high oxygen and food absence, URX sensory neurons are activated, and stimulate fat loss in the intestine, the major metabolic organ for C. elegans. Under lower oxygen conditions or when food is present, the BAG sensory neurons respond by repressing the resting properties of the URX neurons. A genetic screen to identify modulators of this effect led to the identification of a BAG-neuron-specific neuropeptide called FLP-17, whose cognate receptor EGL-6 functions in URX neurons. Thus, BAG sensory neurons counterbalance the metabolic effect of tonically active URX neurons via neuropeptide communication. The combined regulatory actions of these neurons serve to precisely tune the rate and extent of fat loss to the availability of food and oxygen, and provides an interesting example of the myriad mechanisms underlying homeostatic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Hussey
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nicole K. Littlejohn
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Emily Witham
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Erik Vanstrum
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jaleh Mesgarzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Harkaranveer Ratanpal
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Supriya Srinivasan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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Molecular identification of an insulin growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) and its potential role in an insulin-like peptide system of the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 214:27-35. [PMID: 28939196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play critical roles in regulating metabolism, growth, and reproduction in invertebrates. IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) serve as major regulators of IGF activity and regulate endocrine system. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of an igfbp was identified from the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata, using expressed sequence tag (EST) sequence. The 1124bp Pfigfbp cDNA contains a 465bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 154 amino acids, a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 238bp, and a 3'-UTR of 394bp (not including polyA+). Multiple sequence alignment of the deduced IB domain sequences revealed that twelve conserved Cys and ILP binding site in PfIGFBP were well aligned with human IGFBPs1-7, Mizuhopecten yessoensis IGFBP5 and Eriocheir sinensis IGFBP7. Gene expression analysis indicated that Pfigfbp mRNA was expressed in all the tissues and developmental stages examined, with a higher level in the foot than in other tissues and a higher level in the polar body stage and 32-cell stage than in the other stages. Pfigfbp and PfILP (insulin-like peptide) mRNA levels significantly increased in the digestive gland after feeding, while levels were dramatically reduced during a week of food deprivation and increased upon refeeding. In vitro experiments indicated that Pfigfbp mRNA expression in mantle cells was affected by insulin/IGFs (IGF-I, IGF-II). Our data suggests that Pfigfbp may be involved in endocrine signaling in P. fucata via the regulation of insulin-like peptide signaling.
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Ohno H, Yoshida M, Sato T, Kato J, Miyazato M, Kojima M, Ida T, Iino Y. Luqin-like RYamide peptides regulate food-evoked responses in C. elegans. eLife 2017; 6:e28877. [PMID: 28847365 PMCID: PMC5576490 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide signaling controls many processes involving coordinated actions of multiple organs, such as hormone-mediated appetite regulation. However, the extent to which the mode of action of peptide signaling is conserved in different animals is largely unknown, because many peptides and receptors remain orphan and many undiscovered peptides still exist. Here, we identify two novel Caenorhabditis elegans neuropeptides, LURY-1-1 and LURY-1-2, as endogenous ligands for the neuropeptide receptor-22 (NPR-22). Both peptides derive from the same precursor that is orthologous to invertebrate luqin/arginine-tyrosine-NH2 (RYamide) proneuropeptides. LURY-1 peptides are secreted from two classes of pharyngeal neurons and control food-related processes: feeding, lifespan, egg-laying, and locomotory behavior. We propose that LURY-1 peptides transmit food signals to NPR-22 expressed in feeding pacemaker neurons and a serotonergic neuron. Our results identified a critical role for luqin-like RYamides in feeding-related processes and suggested that peptide-mediated negative feedback is important for satiety regulation in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayao Ohno
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Morikatsu Yoshida
- Department of BiochemistryNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research InstituteOsakaJapan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Molecular GeneticsInstitute of Life Sciences, Kurume UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Johji Kato
- Department of Bioactive PeptidesFrontier Science Research Center, University of MiyazakiMiyazakiJapan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of BiochemistryNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research InstituteOsakaJapan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Molecular GeneticsInstitute of Life Sciences, Kurume UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Department of Bioactive PeptidesFrontier Science Research Center, University of MiyazakiMiyazakiJapan
- Center for Animal Disease ControlUniversity of MiyazakiMiyazakiJapan
| | - Yuichi Iino
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Handley A, Pocock R. Transcriptional control of satiety in Caenorhabditis elegans. Commun Integr Biol 2017. [PMCID: PMC5501193 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1325978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an enormous worldwide health concern. Chronic illnesses associated with obesity include type-2 diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis and certain cancers. Communication between fat storage organs and the brain is essential for regulating feeding, metabolism and organismal activity—and hence obesity control. Model organism research provides opportunities to decipher conserved molecular mechanisms that regulate fat storage and activity levels, which is fundamental to understanding this disorder. We recently identified a transcription factor (ETS-5) that acts in specific neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to control intestinal fat levels. Furthermore, we discovered a feedback mechanism where intestinal fat controls feeding and motor programs, similar to humans, where a sated stomach can inhibit feeding and induce lethargy. The precise molecular signals and neuronal circuitry underpinning brain-intestinal communication in C. elegans are however yet to be discovered. As most animals store surplus energy as fat, communication mechanisms that relay external information regarding food availability and quality, and internal energy reserves are likely conserved. Therefore, our identification of a neuronally-expressed transcriptional regulator that controls intestinal fat levels opens up new avenues of investigation for the control of metabolic disease and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Handley
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Modeling anorexia nervosa: transcriptional insights from human iPSC-derived neurons. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1060. [PMID: 28291261 PMCID: PMC5416680 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and multifactorial disorder occurring predominantly in women. Despite having the highest mortality among psychiatric conditions, it still lacks robust and effective treatment. Disorders such as AN are most likely syndromes with multiple genetic contributions, however, genome-wide studies have been underpowered to reveal associations with this uncommon illness. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adolescent females with AN and unaffected controls. These iPSCs were differentiated into neural cultures and subjected to extensive transcriptome analysis. Within a small cohort of patients who presented for treatment, we identified a novel gene that appears to contribute to AN pathophysiology, TACR1 (tachykinin 1 receptor). The participation of tachykinins in a variety of biological processes and their interactions with other neurotransmitters suggest novel mechanisms for how a disrupted tachykinin system might contribute to AN symptoms. Although TACR1 has been associated with psychiatric conditions, especially anxiety disorders, we believe this report is its first association with AN. Moreover, our human iPSC approach is a proof-of-concept that AN can be modeled in vitro with a full human genetic complement, and represents a new tool for understanding the elusive molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease.
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