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Cheslow L, Snook AE, Waldman SA. Biomarkers for Managing Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:398. [PMID: 38672416 PMCID: PMC11048498 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the leading cause of cognitive and physical disability worldwide, affecting 15% of the global population. Due to the demographics of aging, the prevalence of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, will double over the next two decades. Unfortunately, while available therapies provide symptomatic relief for cognitive and motor impairment, there is an urgent unmet need to develop disease-modifying therapies that slow the rate of pathological progression. In that context, biomarkers could identify at-risk and prodromal patients, monitor disease progression, track responses to therapy, and parse the causality of molecular events to identify novel targets for further clinical investigation. Thus, identifying biomarkers that discriminate between diseases and reflect specific stages of pathology would catalyze the discovery and development of therapeutic targets. This review will describe the prevalence, known mechanisms, ongoing or recently concluded therapeutic clinical trials, and biomarkers of three of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cheslow
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (L.C.); (A.E.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Adam E. Snook
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (L.C.); (A.E.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (L.C.); (A.E.S.)
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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2
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Igeta Y, Hemmi I, Yuyama K, Ouchi Y. Odor identification score as an alternative method for early identification of amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4658. [PMID: 38409432 PMCID: PMC10897211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A simple screening test to identify the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is urgently needed. We investigated whether odor identification impairment can be used to differentiate between stages of the A/T/N classification (amyloid, tau, neurodegeneration) in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or AD and in healthy controls. We collected data from 132 Japanese participants visiting the Toranomon Hospital dementia outpatient clinic. The odor identification scores correlated significantly with major neuropsychological scores, regardless of apolipoprotein E4 status, and with effective cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers [amyloid β 42 (Aβ42) and the Aβ42/40 and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau)/Aβ42 ratios] but not with ineffective biomarkers [Aβ40 and the p-Tau/total Tau ratio]. A weak positive correlation was observed between the corrected odor identification score (adjusted for age, sex, ApoE4 and MMSE), CSF Aβ42, and the Aβ42/40 ratio. The odor identification score demonstrated excellent discriminative power for the amyloidogenesis stage , according to the A/T/N classification, but was unsuitable for differentiating between the p-Tau accumulation and the neurodegeneration stages. After twelve odor species were analyzed, a version of the score comprising only four odors-India ink, wood, curry, and sweaty socks-proved highly effective in identifying AD amyloidogenesis, showing promise for the screening of preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukifusa Igeta
- Department of Dementia, Dementia Center, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan.
- Division of Dementia Research, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan.
| | - Isao Hemmi
- Japanese Red Cross College of Nursing, 4-1-3 Hiroo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0012, Japan
| | - Kohei Yuyama
- Lipid Biofunction Section, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ouchi
- Department of Dementia, Dementia Center, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
- Division of Dementia Research, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
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3
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McLaren AMR, Kawaja MD. Olfactory Dysfunction and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:811-827. [PMID: 38728185 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, and it is one of the leading causes of death globally. Identification and validation of biomarkers that herald the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease is of paramount importance for early reliable diagnosis and effective pharmacological therapy commencement. A substantial body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that olfactory dysfunction is a preclinical symptom of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. While a correlation between olfactory dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease onset and progression in humans exists, the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unknown. The aim of this article is to review the current state of knowledge regarding the range of potential factors that may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease-related olfactory dysfunction. This review predominantly focuses on genetic mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease including amyloid-β protein precursor, presenilin 1 and 2, and apolipoprotein E mutations, that may (in varying ways) drive the cellular events that lead to and sustain olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Kawaja
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON, Canada
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4
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Wang Q, Tao S, Xing L, Liu J, Xu C, Xu X, Ding H, Shen Q, Yu X, Zheng Y. SNAP25 is a potential target for early stage Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:570. [PMID: 38053192 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), two common irreversible neurodegenerative diseases, share similar early stage syndromes, such as olfaction dysfunction. Yet, the potential comorbidity mechanism of AD and PD was not fully elucidated. METHODS The gene expression profiles of GSE5281 and GSE8397 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We utilized a series of bioinformatics analyses to screen the overlapped differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The hub genes were further identified by the plugin CytoHubba of Cytoscape and validated in the hippocampus (HIP) samples of APP/PS-1 transgenic mice and the substantial nigra (SN) samples of A53T transgenic mice by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Meanwhile, the expression of the target genes in the olfactory epithelium/bulb was detected by RT-qPCR. Finally, molecular docking was used to screen potential compounds for the target gene. RESULTS One hundred seventy-four overlapped DEGs were identified in AD and PD. Five of the top ten enrichment pathways mainly focused on the synapse. Five hub genes were identified and further validated. As a common factor in AD and PD, the changes of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) mRNA in olfactory epithelium/bulb were significantly decreased and had a strong association with those in the HIP and SN samples. Pazopanib was the optimal compound targeting SNAP25, with a binding energy of - 9.2 kcal/mol. CONCLUSIONS Our results provided a theoretical basis for understanding the comorbidity mechanism of AD and PD and highlighted that SNAP25 in the olfactory epithelium may serve as a potential target for early detection and intervention in both AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sijue Tao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cankun Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haohan Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Neurological Institute, Columbia University, NY Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yingwei Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Murray HC, Saar G, Bai L, Bouraoud N, Dodd S, Highet B, Ryan B, Curtis MA, Koretsky A, Belluscio L. Progressive Spread of Beta-amyloid Pathology in an Olfactory-driven Amyloid Precursor Protein Mouse Model. Neuroscience 2023; 516:113-124. [PMID: 36716914 PMCID: PMC10065898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Years before Alzheimer's disease (AD) is diagnosed, patients experience an impaired sense of smell, and β-amyloid plaques accumulate within the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb (OB). The olfactory vector hypothesis proposes that external agents cause β-amyloid to aggregate and spread from the OB to connected downstream brain regions. To reproduce the slow accumulation of β-amyloid that occurs in human AD, we investigated the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid across the brain using a conditional mouse model that overexpresses a humanized mutant form of the amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) in olfactory sensory neurons. Using design-based stereology, we show the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid plaques within the OB and cortical olfactory regions with age. We also observe reduced OB volumes in these mice when hAPP expression begins prior-to but not post-weaning which we tracked using manganese-enhanced MRI. We therefore conclude that the reduced OB volume does not represent progressive degeneration but rather disrupted OB development. Overall, our data demonstrate that hAPP expression in the olfactory epithelium can lead to the accumulation and spread of β-amyloid through the olfactory system into the hippocampus, consistent with an olfactory system role in the early stages of β-amyloid-related AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Galit Saar
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Li Bai
- Circuits, Synapses and Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nadia Bouraoud
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Stephen Dodd
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Brigid Ryan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Alan Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Brozzetti L, Scambi I, Bertoldi L, Zanini A, Malacrida G, Sacchetto L, Baldassa L, Benvenuto G, Mariotti R, Zanusso G, Cecchini MP. RNAseq analysis of olfactory neuroepithelium cytological samples in individuals with Down syndrome compared to euploid controls: a pilot study. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:919-930. [PMID: 36394661 PMCID: PMC9925603 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome is a common genetic disorder caused by partial or complete triplication of chromosome 21. This syndrome shows an overall and progressive impairment of olfactory function, detected early in adulthood. The olfactory neuronal cells are located in the nasal olfactory mucosa and represent the first sensory neurons of the olfactory pathway. Herein, we applied the olfactory swabbing procedure to allow a gentle collection of olfactory epithelial cells in seven individuals with Down syndrome and in ten euploid controls. The aim of this research was to investigate the peripheral gene expression pattern in olfactory epithelial cells through RNAseq analysis. Validated tests (Sniffin' Sticks Extended test) were used to assess olfactory function. Olfactory scores were correlated with RNAseq results and cognitive scores (Vineland II and Leiter scales). All Down syndrome individuals showed both olfactory deficit and intellectual disability. Down syndrome individuals and euploid controls exhibited clear expression differences in genes located in and outside the chromosome 21. In addition, a significant correlation was found between olfactory test scores and gene expression, while a non-significant correlation emerged between olfactory and cognitive scores. This first preliminary step gives new insights into the Down syndrome olfactory system research, starting from the olfactory neuroepithelium, the first cellular step on the olfactory way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brozzetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Scambi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Alice Zanini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Luca Sacchetto
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, Otolaryngology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Baldassa
- AGBD, Associazione Sindrome di Down, Onlus, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Mariotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Cecchini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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7
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Butler R, Bradford D, Rodgers KE. Analysis of shared underlying mechanism in neurodegenerative disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1006089. [PMID: 36523957 PMCID: PMC9745190 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1006089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the relationship between bioenergetics, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation will be and how they contribute to neurodegeneration, specifically in Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS) will be reviewed. Long-term changes in mitochondrial function, autophagy dysfunction, and immune activation are commonalities shared across these age-related disorders. Genetic risk factors for these diseases support an autophagy-immune connection in the underlying pathophysiology. Critical areas of deeper evaluation in these bioenergetic processes may lead to potential therapeutics with efficacy across multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen E. Rodgers
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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8
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Shayya HJ, Kahiapo JK, Duffié R, Lehmann KS, Bashkirova L, Monahan K, Dalton RP, Gao J, Jiao S, Schieren I, Belluscio L, Lomvardas S. ER stress transforms random olfactory receptor choice into axon targeting precision. Cell 2022; 185:3896-3912.e22. [PMID: 36167070 PMCID: PMC9588687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) convert the stochastic choice of one of >1,000 olfactory receptor (OR) genes into precise and stereotyped axon targeting of OR-specific glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Here, we show that the PERK arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) regulates both the glomerular coalescence of like axons and the specificity of their projections. Subtle differences in OR protein sequences lead to distinct patterns of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during OSN development, converting OR identity into distinct gene expression signatures. We identify the transcription factor Ddit3 as a key effector of PERK signaling that maps OR-dependent ER stress patterns to the transcriptional regulation of axon guidance and cell-adhesion genes, instructing targeting precision. Our results extend the known functions of the UPR from a quality-control pathway that protects cells from misfolded proteins to a sensor of cellular identity that interprets physiological states to direct axon wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani J Shayya
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jerome K Kahiapo
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rachel Duffié
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Katherine S Lehmann
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa Bashkirova
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kevin Monahan
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ryan P Dalton
- The Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joanna Gao
- Barnard College, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Song Jiao
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ira Schieren
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Leonardo Belluscio
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stavros Lomvardas
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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9
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Narukawa M, Mori Y, Nishida R, Takahashi S, Saito T, Saido TC, Misaka T. Expression of Olfactory-Related Genes in the Olfactory Epithelium of an Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:29-35. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using an amyloid precursor protein (App) gene knock-in (KI) mouse of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we investigated the expression of olfactory-related genes in olfactory impairment caused by AD. We observed the change in olfactory behavior in the App-KI mice. There was no significant difference, however, in the mRNA expression levels of olfactory-related genes between the olfactory epithelia of wild-type (WT) and App-KI mice. Amyloid-β deposition was confirmed throughout the olfactory pathway in App-KI mice, but not in WT mice. These show that the change in olfactory behavior in the App-KI mice might cause by the impairment of the olfactory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Narukawa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Mori
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Riko Nishida
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suzuka Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takumi Misaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Kim S, Nam Y, Kim HS, Jung H, Jeon SG, Hong SB, Moon M. Alteration of Neural Pathways and Its Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040845. [PMID: 35453595 PMCID: PMC9025507 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease accompanied by cognitive and behavioral symptoms. These AD-related manifestations result from the alteration of neural circuitry by aggregated forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, which are neurotoxic. From a neuroscience perspective, identifying neural circuits that integrate various inputs and outputs to determine behaviors can provide insight into the principles of behavior. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the alterations in the neural circuits associated with AD-related behavioral and psychological symptoms. Interestingly, it is well known that the alteration of neural circuitry is prominent in the brains of patients with AD. Here, we selected specific regions in the AD brain that are associated with AD-related behavioral and psychological symptoms, and reviewed studies of healthy and altered efferent pathways to the target regions. Moreover, we propose that specific neural circuits that are altered in the AD brain can be potential targets for AD treatment. Furthermore, we provide therapeutic implications for targeting neuronal circuits through various therapeutic approaches and the appropriate timing of treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Hyeon soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Haram Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Sang Bum Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea
- Correspondence:
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11
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Pelucchi S, Gardoni F, Di Luca M, Marcello E. Synaptic dysfunction in early phases of Alzheimer's Disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:417-438. [PMID: 35034752 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synapse is the locus of plasticity where short-term alterations in synaptic strength are converted to long-lasting memories. In addition to the presynaptic terminal and the postsynaptic compartment, a more holistic view of the synapse includes the astrocytes and the extracellular matrix to form a tetrapartite synapse. All these four elements contribute to synapse health and are crucial for synaptic plasticity events and, thereby, for learning and memory processes. Synaptic dysfunction is a common pathogenic trait of several brain disorders. In Alzheimer's Disease, the degeneration of synapses can be detected at the early stages of pathology progression before neuronal degeneration, supporting the hypothesis that synaptic failure is a major determinant of the disease. The synapse is the place where amyloid-β peptides are generated and is the target of the toxic amyloid-β oligomers. All the elements constituting the tetrapartite synapse are altered in Alzheimer's Disease and can synergistically contribute to synaptic dysfunction. Moreover, the two main hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease, i.e., amyloid-β and tau, act in concert to cause synaptic deficits. Deciphering the mechanisms underlying synaptic dysfunction is relevant for the development of the next-generation therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pelucchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Karuppan SJ, Vogt A, Fischer Z, Ladutska A, Swiastyn J, McGraw HF, Bouyain S. Members of the vertebrate contactin and amyloid precursor protein families interact through a conserved interface. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101541. [PMID: 34958801 PMCID: PMC8808184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contactins (CNTNs) are neural cell adhesion molecules that encode axon-target specificity during the patterning of the vertebrate visual and olfactory systems. Because CNTNs are tethered to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, they lack an intracellular region to communicate across the membrane. Instead, they form coreceptor complexes with distinct transmembrane proteins to transmit signals inside the cell. In particular, a complex of CNTN4 and amyloid precursor protein (APP) is known to guide the assembly of specific circuits in the visual system. Here, using in situ hybridization in zebrafish embryos, we show that CNTN4, CNTN5, and the APP homologs, amyloid beta precursor like protein 1 and amyloid beta precursor like protein 2, are expressed in olfactory pits, suggesting that these receptors may also function together in the organization of olfactory tissues. Furthermore, we use biochemical and structural approaches to characterize interactions between members of these two receptor families. In particular, APP and amyloid beta precursor like protein 1 interact with CNTN3–5, whereas amyloid beta precursor like protein 2 only binds to CNTN4 and CNTN5. Finally, structural analyses of five CNTN–amyloid pairs indicate that these proteins interact through a conserved interface involving the second fibronectin type III repeat of CNTNs and the copper-binding domain of amyloid proteins. Overall, this work sets the stage for analyzing CNTN–amyloid-mediated connectivity in vertebrate sensory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Karuppan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Alex Vogt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Zachary Fischer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Aliona Ladutska
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Jonathan Swiastyn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Hillary F McGraw
- Department of Genetics, Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Samuel Bouyain
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110.
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13
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Khan N, Alimova Y, Clark SJ, Vekaria H, Walsh AE, Williams HC, Hawk GS, Sullivan P, Johnson LA, McClintock TS. Human APOE ɛ3 and APOE ɛ4 Alleles Have Differential Effects on Mouse Olfactory Epithelium. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1481-1494. [PMID: 34958025 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive age-dependent disorder whose risk is affected by genetic factors. Better models for investigating early effects of risk factors such as apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype are needed. OBJECTIVE To determine whether APOE genotype produces neuropathologies in an AD-susceptible neural system, we compared effects of human APOE ɛ3 (E3) and APOE ɛ4 (E4) alleles on the mouse olfactory epithelium. METHODS RNA-Seq using the STAR aligner and DESeq2, immunohistochemistry for activated caspase-3 and phosphorylated histone H3, glucose uptake after oral gavage of 2-[1,2-3H (N)]-deoxy-D-glucose, and Seahorse Mito Stress tests on dissociated olfactory mucosal cells. RESULTS E3 and E4 olfactory mucosae show 121 differentially abundant mRNAs at age 6 months. These do not indicate differences in cell type proportions, but effects on 17 odorant receptor mRNAs suggest small differences in tissue development. Ten oxidoreductases mRNAs important for cellular metabolism and mitochondria are less abundant in E4 olfactory mucosae but this does not translate into differences in cellular respiration. E4 olfactory mucosae show lower glucose uptake, characteristic of AD susceptibility and consistent with greater expression of the glucose-sensitive gene, Asns. Olfactory sensory neuron apoptosis is unaffected at age 6 months but is greater in E4 mice at 10 months. CONCLUSION Effects of human APOE alleles on mouse olfactory epithelium phenotype are apparent in early adulthood, and neuronal loss begins to increase by middle age (10 months). The olfactory epithelium is an appropriate model for the ability of human APOE alleles to modulate age-dependent effects associated with the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naazneen Khan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yelena Alimova
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sophie J Clark
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hemendra Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Adeline E Walsh
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Holden C Williams
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory S Hawk
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Lexington Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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14
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Son G, Steinbusch HWM, López-Iglesias C, Moon C, Jahanshahi A. Severe histomorphological alterations in post-mortem olfactory glomeruli in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13033. [PMID: 34704631 PMCID: PMC8877757 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Key AD symptoms include memory and cognitive decline; however, comorbid symptoms such as depression and sensory‐perceptual dysfunction are often reported. Among these, a deterioration of olfactory sensation is observed in approximately 90% of AD patients. However, the precise pathophysiological basis underlying olfactory deficits because of AD remains elusive. The olfactory glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB) receive sensory information in the olfactory processing pathway. Maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the olfactory glomerulus is critical to olfactory signalling. Herein, we conducted an in‐depth histopathological assessment to reveal detailed structural alterations in the olfactory glomeruli in AD patients. Fresh frozen post‐mortem OB specimens obtained from six AD patients and seven healthy age‐matched individuals were examined. We used combined immunohistochemistry and stereology to assess the gross morphology and histological alterations, such as those in the expression of Aβ protein, microglia, and neurotransmitters in the OB. Electron microscopy was employed to study the ultrastructural features in the glomeruli. Significant accumulation of Aβ, morphologic damage, altered neurotransmitter levels, and microgliosis in the olfactory glomeruli of AD patients suggests that glomerular damage could affect olfactory function. Moreover, greater neurodegeneration was observed in the ventral olfactory glomeruli of AD patients. The synaptic ultrastructure revealed distorted postsynaptic densities and a decline in presynaptic vesicles in AD specimens. These findings show that the primary olfactory pathway is affected by the pathogenesis of AD, and may provide clues to identifying the mechanism involved in olfactory dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Son
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Microscopy CORE Lab, Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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15
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Wei S, Xu T, Jiang T, Yin D. Chemosensory Dysfunction Induced by Environmental Pollutants and Its Potential As a Novel Neurotoxicological Indicator: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10911-10922. [PMID: 34355568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution composed of the complex interactions among particular matter, chemicals, and pathogens is an emerging and global environmental issue that closely correlates with a variety of diseases and adverse health effects, especially increasing incidences of neurodegenerative diseases. However, as one of the prevalent health outcomes of air pollution, chemosensory dysfunction has not attracted enough concern until recently. During the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple scientific studies emphasized the plausibly essential roles of the chemosensory system in the airborne transmission airway of viruses into the human body, which can also be utilized by pollutants. In this Review, in addition to summarizing current progress regarding the contributions of traditional air pollutants to chemosensory dysfunction, we highlight the roles of emerging contaminants. We not only sum up clarified mechanisms, such as inflammation and apoptosis but also discuss some not yet completely identified mechanisms, e.g., disruption of olfactory signal transduction. Although the existing evidence is not overwhelming, the chemosensory system is expected to be a useful indicator in neurotoxicology and neural diseases based on accumulating studies that continually excavate the deep link between chemosensory dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we argue the importance of studies concerning chemosensory dysfunction in understanding the health effects of air pollution and provide comments for some future directions of relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Neuro-Ethology Team, 59 Bd Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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16
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Rodriguez S, Sahin A, Schrank BR, Al-Lawati H, Costantino I, Benz E, Fard D, Albers AD, Cao L, Gomez AC, Evans K, Ratti E, Cudkowicz M, Frosch MP, Talkowski M, Sorger PK, Hyman BT, Albers MW. Genome-encoded cytoplasmic double-stranded RNAs, found in C9ORF72 ALS-FTD brain, propagate neuronal loss. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/601/eaaz4699. [PMID: 34233951 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triggers of innate immune signaling in the CNS of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal degeneration (ALS/FTD) remain elusive. We report the presence of cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (cdsRNA), an established trigger of innate immunity, in ALS-FTD brains carrying C9ORF72 intronic hexanucleotide expansions that included genomically encoded expansions of the G4C2 repeat sequences. The presence of cdsRNA in human brains was coincident with cytoplasmic TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) inclusions, a pathologic hallmark of ALS/FTD. Introducing cdsRNA into cultured human neural cells induced type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling and death that was rescued by FDA-approved JAK inhibitors. In mice, genomically encoded dsRNAs expressed exclusively in a neuronal class induced IFN-I and death in connected neurons non-cell-autonomously. Our findings establish that genomically encoded cdsRNAs trigger sterile, viral-mimetic IFN-I induction and propagated death within neural circuits and may drive neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in patients with ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asli Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Benjamin R Schrank
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hawra Al-Lawati
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Isabel Costantino
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric Benz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Darian Fard
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alefiya D Albers
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Psychology, Endicott College, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
| | - Luxiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alexis C Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kyle Evans
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Ratti
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Merit Cudkowicz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael Talkowski
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA. .,Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Son G, Jahanshahi A, Yoo SJ, Boonstra JT, Hopkins DA, Steinbusch HWM, Moon C. Olfactory neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease: a sign of ongoing neurodegeneration. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34162463 PMCID: PMC8249876 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.6.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Son
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, MUMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, the Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, MUMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, the Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Jackson T. Boonstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, MUMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, the Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - David A. Hopkins
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Harry W. M. Steinbusch
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
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18
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Son G, Jahanshahi A, Yoo SJ, Boonstra JT, Hopkins DA, Steinbusch HWM, Moon C. Olfactory neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease: a sign of ongoing neurodegeneration. BMB Rep 2021; 54:295-304. [PMID: 34162463 PMCID: PMC8249876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory neuropathology is a cause of olfactory loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Olfactory dysfunction is also associated with memory and cognitive dysfunction and is an incidental finding of AD dementia. Here we review neuropathological research on the olfactory system in AD, considering both structural and functional evidence. Experimental and clinical findings identify olfactory dysfunction as an early indicator of AD. In keeping with this, amyloid-β production and neuroinflammation are related to underlying causes of impaired olfaction. Notably, physiological features of the spatial map in the olfactory system suggest the evidence of ongoing neurodegeneration. Our aim in this review is to examine olfactory pathology findings essential to identifying mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in the development of AD in hopes of supporting investigations leading towards revealing potential diagnostic methods and causes of early pathogenesis in the olfactory system. [BMB Reports 2021; 54(6): 295-304].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Son
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, MUMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, MUMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Jackson T. Boonstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, MUMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - David A. Hopkins
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Harry W. M. Steinbusch
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
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19
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Tzeng WY, Figarella K, Garaschuk O. Olfactory impairment in men and mice related to aging and amyloid-induced pathology. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:805-821. [PMID: 33608800 PMCID: PMC7895745 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is one of the most ancient senses in men and mice, important for a large variety of innate and acquired behaviors. Clinical data reveal an early impairment of olfaction during normal aging and in the course of neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain obscure. In the current review, we compare different aspects of the aging- and Alzheimer's disease related impairment of olfaction in men and mice, aiming at the identification of common morbidities and biomarkers, which can be analyzed in detail in the appropriate mouse models. We also identify common, often interdependent (patho)physiological pathways, including but not limited to extracellular amyloid depositions, neuroinflammation, ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E, CNS insulin resistance, and the impairment of adult neurogenesis, to be targeted by basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Tzeng
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine Figarella
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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20
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Chen M, Chen Y, Huo Q, Wang L, Tan S, Misrani A, Jiang J, Chen J, Chen S, Zhang J, Tabassum S, Wang J, Chen X, Long C, Yang L. Enhancing GABAergic signaling ameliorates aberrant gamma oscillations of olfactory bulb in AD mouse models. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:14. [PMID: 33663578 PMCID: PMC7934466 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Before the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques and the onset of learning memory deficits, patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) experience olfactory dysfunction, typified by a reduced ability to detect, discriminate, and identify odors. Rodent models of AD, such as the Tg2576 and APP/PS1 mice, also display impaired olfaction, accompanied by aberrant in vivo or in vitro gamma rhythms in the olfactory pathway. However, the mechanistic relationships between the electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioral phenomena remain unclear. Methods To address the above issues in AD models, we conducted in vivo measurement of local field potential (LFP) with a combination of in vitro electro-olfactogram (EOG), whole-cell patch and field recordings to evaluate oscillatory and synaptic function and pharmacological regulation in the olfactory pathway, particularly in the olfactory bulb (OB). Levels of protein involved in excitation and inhibition of the OB were investigated by western blotting and fluorescence staining, while behavioral studies assessed olfaction and memory function. Results LFP measurements demonstrated an increase in gamma oscillations in the OB accompanied by altered olfactory behavior in both APP/PS1 and 3xTg mice at 3–5 months old, i.e. an age before the onset of plaque formation. Fewer olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and a reduced EOG contributed to a decrease in the excitatory responses of M/T cells, suggesting a decreased ability of M/T cells to trigger interneuron GABA release indicated by altered paired-pulse ratio (PPR), a presynaptic parameter. Postsynaptically, there was a compensatory increase in levels of GABAAR α1 and β3 subunits and subsequent higher amplitude of inhibitory responses. Strikingly, the GABA uptake inhibitor tiagabine (TGB) ameliorated abnormal gamma oscillations and levels of GABAAR subunits, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for early AD symptoms. These findings reveal increased gamma oscillations in the OB as a core indicator prior to onset of AD and uncover mechanisms underlying aberrant gamma activity in the OB. Conclusions This study suggests that the concomitant dysfunction of both olfactory behavior and gamma oscillations have important implications for early AD diagnosis: in particular, awareness of aberrant GABAergic signaling mechanisms might both aid diagnosis and suggest therapeutic strategies for olfactory damage in AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00434-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yunan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qingwei Huo
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuyi Tan
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Afzal Misrani
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinxiang Jiang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Sidra Tabassum
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jichen Wang
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Li Yang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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21
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Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Herrera-González A, Jiménez A, Candelas-Juárez A, Quiroga-Lozano C, Castillo-Díaz C, Orta-Salazar E, Organista-Juárez D, Díaz-Cintra S, Guevara-Guzmán R. Protective effects of intracerebroventricular adiponectin against olfactory impairments in an amyloid β 1-42 rat model. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:14. [PMID: 33653273 PMCID: PMC7927416 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment that eventually develops into dementia. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation is a widely described hallmark in AD, and has been reported to cause olfactory dysfunction, a condition considered an early marker of the disease associated with injuries in the olfactory bulb (OB), the hippocampus (HIPP) and other odor-related cortexes. Adiponectin (APN) is an adipokine with neuroprotective effects. Studies have demonstrated that APN administration decreases Aβ neurotoxicity and Tau hyperphosphorylation in the HIPP, reducing cognitive impairment. However, there are no studies regarding the neuroprotective effects of APN in the olfactory dysfunction observed in the Aβ rat model. The aim of the present study is to determine whether the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) administration of APN prevents the early olfactory dysfunction in an i.c.v Amyloid-beta1-42 (Aβ1-42) rat model. Hence, we evaluated olfactory function by using a battery of olfactory tests aimed to assess olfactory memory, discrimination and detection in the Aβ rat model treated with APN. In addition, we determined the number of cells expressing the neuronal nuclei (NeuN), as well as the number of microglial cells by using the ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) marker in the OB and, CA1, CA3, hilus and dentate gyrus (DG) in the HIPP. Finally, we determined Arginase-1 expression in both nuclei through Western blot. RESULTS We observed that the i.c.v injection of Aβ decreased olfactory function, which was prevented by the i.c.v administration of APN. In accordance with the olfactory impairment observed in i.c.v Aβ-treated rats, we observed a decrease in NeuN expressing cells in the glomerular layer of the OB, which was also prevented with the i.c.v APN. Furthermore, we observed an increase of Iba-1 cells in CA1, and DG in the HIPP of the Aβ rats, which was prevented by the APN treatment. CONCLUSION The present study describes the olfactory impairment of Aβ treated rats and evidences the protective role that APN plays in the brain, by preventing the olfactory impairment induced by Aβ1-42. These results may lead to APN-based pharmacological therapies aimed to ameliorate AD neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara A Guzmán-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Amor Herrera-González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Jiménez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alan Candelas-Juárez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Crystal Quiroga-Lozano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Castillo-Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Orta-Salazar
- Departamento de Neurobiología del desarrollo y neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Diana Organista-Juárez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del desarrollo y neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.
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22
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Son G, Yoo SJ, Kang S, Rasheed A, Jung DH, Park H, Cho B, Steinbusch HWM, Chang KA, Suh YH, Moon C. Region-specific amyloid-β accumulation in the olfactory system influences olfactory sensory neuronal dysfunction in 5xFAD mice. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33397474 PMCID: PMC7784287 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Hyposmia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a typical early symptom according to numerous previous clinical studies. Although amyloid-β (Aβ), which is one of the toxic factors upregulated early in AD, has been identified in many studies, even in the peripheral areas of the olfactory system, the pathology involving olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) remains poorly understood. Methods Here, we focused on peripheral olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and delved deeper into the direct relationship between pathophysiological and behavioral results using odorants. We also confirmed histologically the pathological changes in 3-month-old 5xFAD mouse models, which recapitulates AD pathology. We introduced a numeric scale histologically to compare physiological phenomenon and local tissue lesions regardless of the anatomical plane. Results We observed the odorant group that the 5xFAD mice showed reduced responses to odorants. These also did not physiologically activate OSNs that propagate their axons to the ventral olfactory bulb. Interestingly, the amount of accumulated amyloid-β (Aβ) was high in the OSNs located in the olfactory epithelial ectoturbinate and the ventral olfactory bulb glomeruli. We also observed irreversible damage to the ectoturbinate of the olfactory epithelium by measuring the impaired neuronal turnover ratio from the basal cells to the matured OSNs. Conclusions Our results showed that partial and asymmetrical accumulation of Aβ coincided with physiologically and structurally damaged areas in the peripheral olfactory system, which evoked hyporeactivity to some odorants. Taken together, partial olfactory dysfunction closely associated with peripheral OSN’s loss could be a leading cause of AD-related hyposmia, a characteristic of early AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-020-00730-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Son
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Shinwoo Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ameer Rasheed
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hae Jung
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongki Cho
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Zhao A, Li Y, Yan Y, Qiu Y, Li B, Xu W, Wang Y, Liu J, Deng Y. Increased prediction value of biomarker combinations for the conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's dementia. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:30. [PMID: 32741361 PMCID: PMC7397685 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia can be predicted by clinical features and a combination of biomarkers may increase the predictive power. In the present study, we investigated whether the combination of olfactory function and plasma neuronal-derived exosome (NDE) Aβ1-42 can best predict progression to AD dementia. METHODS 87 MCI patients were enrolled and received the cognitive assessment at 2-year and 3-year follow-up to reevaluate cognition. In the meanwhile, 80 healthy controls and 88 AD dementia patients were enrolled at baseline as well to evaluate the diagnose value in cross-section. Olfactory function was evaluated with the sniffin sticks (SS-16) and Aβ1-42 levels in NDEs were determined by ELISA. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the risk factors for cognitive decline in MCI at 2-year and 3-year revisits. RESULTS In the cross cohort, lower SS-16 scores and higher Aβ1-42 levels in NDEs were found in MCI and AD dementia compared to healthy controls. For the longitudinal set, 8 MCI individuals developed AD dementia within 2 years, and 16 MCI individuals developed AD dementia within 3 years. The two parameter-combination of SS-16 scores and Aβ1-42 level in NDEs showed better prediction in the conversion of MCI to AD dementia at 2-year and 3-year revisit. Moreover, after a 3-year follow-up, SS-16 scores also significantly predicted the conversion to AD dementia, where lower scores were associated with a 10-fold increased risk of developing AD dementia (p = 0.006). Similarly, higher Aβ1-42 levels in NDEs in patients with MCI increased the risk of developing AD dementia by 8.5-fold (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION A combination of two biomarkers of NDEs (Aβ1-42) and SS-16 predicted the conversion of MCI to AD dementia more accurately in combination. These findings have critical implications for understanding the pathophysiology of AD dementia and for developing preventative treatments for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aonan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Qiu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Binyin Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Neurology, RuiJin Hospital/LuWan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yulei Deng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Neurology, RuiJin Hospital/LuWan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Olfactory testing does not predict β-amyloid, MRI measures of neurodegeneration or vascular pathology in the British 1946 birth cohort. J Neurol 2020; 267:3329-3336. [PMID: 32583050 PMCID: PMC7311798 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the value of olfactory identification deficits as a predictor of cerebral β-amyloid status and other markers of brain health in cognitively normal adults aged ~ 70 years. Methods Cross-sectional observational cohort study. 389 largely healthy and cognitively normal older adults were recruited from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (1946 British Birth cohort) and investigated for olfactory identification deficits, as measured by the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Outcome measures were imaging markers of brain health derived from 3 T MRI scanning (cortical thickness, entorhinal cortex thickness, white matter hyperintensity volumes); 18F florbetapir amyloid-PET scanning; and cognitive testing results. Participants were assessed at a single centre between March 2015 and January 2018. Results Mean (± SD) age was 70.6 (± 0.7) years, 50.8% were female. 64.5% had hyposmia and 2.6% anosmia. Olfaction showed no association with β-amyloid status, hippocampal volume, entorhinal cortex thickness, AD signature cortical thickness, white matter hyperintensity volume, or cognition. Conclusion and relevance In the early 70s, olfactory function is not a reliable predictor of a range of imaging and cognitive measures of preclinical AD. Olfactory identification deficits are not likely to be a useful means of identifying asymptomatic amyloidosis. Further studies are required to assess if change in olfaction may be a proximity marker for the development of cognitive impairment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00415-020-10004-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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25
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Dibattista M, Pifferi S, Menini A, Reisert J. Alzheimer's Disease: What Can We Learn From the Peripheral Olfactory System? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:440. [PMID: 32508565 PMCID: PMC7248389 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell has been shown to deteriorate in patients with some neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), decreased ability to smell is associated with early disease stages. Thus, olfactory neurons in the nose and olfactory bulb (OB) may provide a window into brain physiology and pathophysiology to address the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Because nasal olfactory receptor neurons regenerate throughout life, the olfactory system offers a broad variety of cellular mechanisms that could be altered in AD, including odorant receptor expression, neurogenesis and neurodegeneration in the olfactory epithelium, axonal targeting to the OB, and synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in the OB. This review focuses on pathophysiological changes in the periphery of the olfactory system during the progression of AD in mice, highlighting how the olfactory epithelium and the OB are particularly sensitive to changes in proteins and enzymes involved in AD pathogenesis. Evidence reviewed here in the context of the emergence of other typical pathological changes in AD suggests that olfactory impairments could be used to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the early phases of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dibattista
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
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26
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Suh J, Romano DM, Nitschke L, Herrick SP, DiMarzio BA, Dzhala V, Bae JS, Oram MK, Zheng Y, Hooli B, Mullin K, Gennarino VA, Wasco W, Schmahmann JD, Albers MW, Zoghbi HY, Tanzi RE. Loss of Ataxin-1 Potentiates Alzheimer's Pathogenesis by Elevating Cerebral BACE1 Transcription. Cell 2020; 178:1159-1175.e17. [PMID: 31442405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats in ATXN1 causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), a neurodegenerative disease that impairs coordination and cognition. While ATXN1 is associated with increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, CAG repeat number in AD patients is not changed. Here, we investigated the consequences of ataxin-1 loss of function and discovered that knockout of Atxn1 reduced CIC-ETV4/5-mediated inhibition of Bace1 transcription, leading to increased BACE1 levels and enhanced amyloidogenic cleavage of APP, selectively in AD-vulnerable brain regions. Elevated BACE1 expression exacerbated Aβ deposition and gliosis in AD mouse models and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and olfactory axonal targeting. In SCA1 mice, polyglutamine-expanded mutant ataxin-1 led to the increase of BACE1 post-transcriptionally, both in cerebrum and cerebellum, and caused axonal-targeting deficit and neurodegeneration in the hippocampal CA2 region. These findings suggest that loss of ataxin-1 elevates BACE1 expression and Aβ pathology, rendering it a potential contributor to AD risk and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehong Suh
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Donna M Romano
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Larissa Nitschke
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott P Herrick
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Britt A DiMarzio
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Volodymyr Dzhala
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jun-Seok Bae
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mary K Oram
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yuejiao Zheng
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Basavaraj Hooli
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kristina Mullin
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Vincenzo A Gennarino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wilma Wasco
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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Uytingco CR, Green WW, Martens JR. Olfactory Loss and Dysfunction in Ciliopathies: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapies. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3103-3119. [PMID: 29303074 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180105102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciliopathies are a class of inherited pleiotropic genetic disorders in which alterations in cilia assembly, maintenance, and/or function exhibit penetrance in the multiple organ systems. Olfactory dysfunction is one such clinical manifestation that has been shown in both patients and model organisms. Existing therapies for ciliopathies are limited to the treatment or management of symptoms. The last decade has seen an increase in potential curative therapeutic options including small molecules and biologics. Recent work in multiciliated olfactory sensory neurons has demonstrated the capacity of targeted gene therapy to restore ciliation in terminally differentiated cells and rescue olfactory function. This review will discuss the current understanding of the penetrance of ciliopathies in the olfactory system. Importantly, it will highlight both pharmacological and biological approaches, and their potential therapeutic value in the olfactory system and other ciliated tissues. METHODS We undertook a structured and comprehensive search of peer-reviewed research literature encompassing in vitro, in vivo, model organism, and clinical studies. From these publications, we describe the olfactory system, and discuss the penetrance of ciliopathies and impact of cilia loss on olfactory function. In addition, we outlined the developing therapies for ciliopathies across different organ and cell culture systems, and discussed their potential therapeutic application to the mammalian olfactory system. RESULTS One-hundred sixty-one manuscripts were included in the review, centering on the understanding of olfactory penetrance of ciliopathies, and discussing the potential therapeutic options for ciliopathies in the context of the mammalian olfactory system. Forty-four manuscripts were used to generate a table listing the known congenital causes of olfactory dysfunction, with the first ten listed are linked to ciliopathies. Twenty-three manuscripts were used to outline the potential of small molecules for the olfactory system. Emphasis was placed on HDAC6 inhibitors and lithium, both of which were shown to stabilize microtubule structures, contributing to ciliogenesis and cilia lengthening. Seventy-five manuscripts were used to describe gene therapy and gene therapeutic strategies. Included were the implementation of adenoviral, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentiviral vectors to treat ciliopathies across different organ systems and application toward the olfactory system. Thus far, adenoviral and AAVmeditated ciliary restoration demonstrated successful proof-of-principle preclinical studies. In addition, gene editing, ex vivo gene therapy, and transplantation could serve as alternative therapeutic and long-term approaches. But for all approaches, additional assessment of vector immunogenicity, specificity, and efficacy need further investigation. Currently, ciliopathy treatments are limited to symptomatic management with no curative options. However, the accessibility and amenability of the olfactory system to treatment would facilitate development and advancement of a viable therapy. CONCLUSION The findings of this review highlight the contribution of ciliopathies to a growing list of congenial olfactory dysfunctions. Promising results from other organ systems imply the feasibility of biologics, with results from gene therapies proving to be a viable therapeutic option for ciliopathies and olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric R Uytingco
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.,University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Warren W Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.,University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.,University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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28
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Ubina T, Magallanes M, Srivastava S, Warden CD, Yee JK, Salvaterra PM. A Human Embryonic Stem Cell Model of Aβ-Dependent Chronic Progressive Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1007. [PMID: 31616241 PMCID: PMC6763609 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the construction and phenotypic analysis of a human embryonic stem cell model of progressive Aβ-dependent neurodegeneration (ND) with potential relevance to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We modified one allele of the normal APP locus to directly express a secretory form of Aβ40 or Aβ42, enabling expression from this edited allele to bypass the normal amyloidogenic APP processing pathway. Following neuronal differentiation, edited cell lines specifically accumulate intracellular aggregated/oligomeric Aβ, exhibit a synaptic deficit, and have an abnormal accumulation of endolysosomal vesicles. Edited cultures progress to a stage of overt ND. All phenotypes appear at earlier culture times for Aβ42 relative to Aβ40. Whole transcriptome RNA-Seq analysis identified 23 up and 70 down regulated genes (differentially expressed genes) with similar directional fold change but larger absolute values in the Aβ42 samples suggesting common underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Pathway/annotation analysis suggested that down regulation of extracellular matrix and cilia functions is significantly overrepresented. This cellular model could be useful for uncovering mechanisms directly linking Aβ to neuronal death and as a tool to screen for new therapeutic agents that slow or prevent human ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ubina
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute - City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.,Department of Biology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Martha Magallanes
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute - City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Saumya Srivastava
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute - City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Charles D Warden
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute - City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Jiing-Kuan Yee
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute - City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute - City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Paul M Salvaterra
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute - City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute - City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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Sudden Intrabulbar Amyloid Increase Simultaneously Disrupts Olfactory Bulb Oscillations and Odor Detection. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:3424906. [PMID: 31531013 PMCID: PMC6721117 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3424906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There seems to be a correlation between soluble amyloid beta protein (Aβ) accumulation in the main olfactory bulb (OB) and smell deterioration in both Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and animal models. Moreover, this loss of smell appears to be related to alterations in neural network activity in several olfactory-related circuits, including the OB, as has been observed in anesthetized animals and brain slices. It is possible that there is a correlation between these two pathological phenomena, but a direct and simultaneous evaluation of the acute and direct effect of Aβ on OB activity while animals are actually smelling has not been performed. Thus, here, we tested the effects of acute intrabulbar injection of Aβ at a low dose (200 pmol) on the OB local field potential before and during the presence of a hidden piece of smelly food. Our results show that Aβ decreases the power of OB network activity while impairing the animal's ability to reach the hidden food. We found a strong relationship between the power of the OB oscillations and the correlation between OBs and the olfactory detection test scores. These findings provide a direct link between Aβ-induced OB network dysfunction and smell loss in rodents, which could be extrapolated to AD patients.
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Abstract
Olfaction plays a critical role in several aspects of life. Olfactory disorders are very common in the general population, and can lead to malnutrition, weight loss, food poisoning, depression, and other disturbances. Odorants are first detected in the upper region of the nose by the main olfactory epithelium (OE). In this region, millions of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) interact with odor molecules through the odorant receptors (ORs), which belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. The binding of odors to the ORs initiates an electrical signal that travels along the axons to the main olfactory bulb of the brain. The information is then transmitted to other regions of the brain, leading to odorant perception and emotional and behavioral responses. In the OE, OSNs die and are continuously replaced from stem cells localized in the epithelium's basal region. Damage to this epithelium can be caused by multiple factors, leading to anosmia (smell loss). In this chapter, we introduce the basic organization of the OE and focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in odorant perception. We also describe recent experiments that address the mechanisms of OSNs regeneration in response to neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaías Glezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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31
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Uytingco CR, Martens JR. Intranasal Delivery of Adenoviral and AAV Vectors for Transduction of the Mammalian Peripheral Olfactory System. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1950:283-297. [PMID: 30783981 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9139-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal delivery of solutions is a straightforward methodology for viral vector transduction and gene transfer to the epithelia within the nasal cavity. Beyond the simplicity of the technique, intranasal delivery has demonstrated restricted transduction of the olfactory and respiratory epithelial tissues. Here we outline the procedure of viral vector intranasal delivery in early postnatal and adult mice, as well as adult rats. The procedure allows for robust transduction and ectopic gene delivery that can be used for the visualization of cellular structures, protein distribution, and assessment of viral vector-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric R Uytingco
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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32
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Kramarz B, Roncaglia P, Meldal BHM, Huntley RP, Martin MJ, Orchard S, Parkinson H, Brough D, Bandopadhyay R, Hooper NM, Lovering RC. Improving the Gene Ontology Resource to Facilitate More Informative Analysis and Interpretation of Alzheimer's Disease Data. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E593. [PMID: 30501127 PMCID: PMC6315915 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis and interpretation of high-throughput datasets relies on access to high-quality bioinformatics resources, as well as processing pipelines and analysis tools. Gene Ontology (GO, geneontology.org) is a major resource for gene enrichment analysis. The aim of this project, funded by the Alzheimer's Research United Kingdom (ARUK) foundation and led by the University College London (UCL) biocuration team, was to enhance the GO resource by developing new neurological GO terms, and use GO terms to annotate gene products associated with dementia. Specifically, proteins and protein complexes relevant to processes involving amyloid-beta and tau have been annotated and the resulting annotations are denoted in GO databases as 'ARUK-UCL'. Biological knowledge presented in the scientific literature was captured through the association of GO terms with dementia-relevant protein records; GO itself was revised, and new GO terms were added. This literature biocuration increased the number of Alzheimer's-relevant gene products that were being associated with neurological GO terms, such as 'amyloid-beta clearance' or 'learning or memory', as well as neuronal structures and their compartments. Of the total 2055 annotations that we contributed for the prioritised gene products, 526 have associated proteins and complexes with neurological GO terms. To ensure that these descriptive annotations could be provided for Alzheimer's-relevant gene products, over 70 new GO terms were created. Here, we describe how the improvements in ontology development and biocuration resulting from this initiative can benefit the scientific community and enhance the interpretation of dementia data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kramarz
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
| | - Paola Roncaglia
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Birgit H M Meldal
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Rachael P Huntley
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
| | - Maria J Martin
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Sandra Orchard
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Helen Parkinson
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - David Brough
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK.
| | - Nigel M Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Ruth C Lovering
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
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Rey NL, Wesson DW, Brundin P. The olfactory bulb as the entry site for prion-like propagation in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 109:226-248. [PMID: 28011307 PMCID: PMC5972535 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory deficits are present in numerous neurodegenerative disorders and are accompanied by pathology in related brain regions. In several of these disorders, olfactory disturbances appear early and are considered as prodromal symptoms of the disease. In addition, pathological protein aggregates affect olfactory regions prior to other regions, suggesting that the olfactory system might be particularly vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases. Exposed to the external environment, the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb allow pathogen and toxin penetration into the brain, a process that has been proposed to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Determining whether the olfactory bulb could be a starting point of pathology and of pathology spread is crucial to understanding how neurodegenerative diseases evolve. We argue that pathological changes following environmental insults contribute to the initiation of protein aggregation in the olfactory bulb, which then triggers the spread of the pathology within the brain by a templating mechanism in a prion-like manner. We review the evidence for the early involvement of olfactory structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the relationship between neuropathology and olfactory function. We discuss the vulnerability and putative underlying mechanisms by which pathology could be initiated in the olfactory bulb, from the entry of pathogens (promoted by increased permeability of the olfactory epithelium with aging or inflammation) to the sensitivity of the olfactory system to oxidative stress and inflammation. Finally, we review changes in protein expression and neural excitability triggered by pathogenic proteins that can promote pathogenesis in the olfactory bulb and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwen L Rey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Activity-Dependent Dysfunction in Visual and Olfactory Sensory Systems in Mouse Models of Down Syndrome. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9880-9888. [PMID: 28899917 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1045-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity plays a critical role in the refinement of circuitry during postnatal development and may be disrupted in conditions that cause intellectual disability, such as Down syndrome (DS). To test this hypothesis, visual cortical plasticity was assessed in Ts65Dn mice that harbor a chromosomal duplication syntenic to human chromosome 21q. We find that Ts65Dn mice demonstrate a defect in ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) following monocular deprivation. This phenotype is similar to that of transgenic mice that express amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is duplicated in DS and in Ts65DN mice; however, normalizing APP gene copy number in Ts65Dn mice fails to rescue plasticity. Ts1Rhr mice harbor a duplication of the telomeric third of the Ts65Dn-duplicated sequence and demonstrate the same ODP defect, suggesting a gene or genes sufficient to drive the phenotype are located in that smaller duplication. In addition, we find that Ts65Dn mice demonstrate an abnormality in olfactory system connectivity, a defect in the refinement of connections to second-order neurons in the olfactory bulb. Ts1Rhr mice do not demonstrate a defect in glomerular refinement, suggesting that distinct genes or sets of genes underlie visual and olfactory system phenotypes. Importantly, these data suggest that developmental plasticity and connectivity are impaired in sensory systems in DS model mice, that such defects may contribute to functional impairment in DS, and that these phenotypes, present in male and female mice, provide novel means for examining the genetic and molecular bases for neurodevelopmental impairment in model mice in vivoSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our understanding of the basis for intellectual impairment in Down syndrome is hindered by the large number of genes duplicated in Trisomy 21 and a lack of understanding of the effect of disease pathology on the function of neural circuits in vivo This work describes early postnatal developmental abnormalities in visual and olfactory sensory systems in Down syndrome model mice, which provide insight into defects in the function of neural circuits in vivo and provide an approach for exploring the genetic and molecular basis for impairment in the disease. In addition, these findings raise the possibility that basic dysfunction in primary sensory circuitry may illustrate mechanisms important for global learning and cognitive impairment in Down syndrome patients.
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35
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Yoo SJ, Lee JH, Kim SY, Son G, Kim JY, Cho B, Yu SW, Chang KA, Suh YH, Moon C. Differential spatial expression of peripheral olfactory neuron-derived BACE1 induces olfactory impairment by region-specific accumulation of β-amyloid oligomer. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2977. [PMID: 28796251 PMCID: PMC5596540 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although evidence exists to suggest that peripheral olfactory organs are involved in the olfactory dysfunction that accompanies AD pathology, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. As confirmed using behavioral tests, transgenic mice overexpressing a Swedish mutant form of human amyloid precursor proteins exhibited olfactory impairments prior to evidence of cognitive impairment. By measuring the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, we observed that specific regions of the olfactory bulb (OB) in Tg2576 mice, specifically the ventral portion exhibited significant decreases in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the periglomerular regions from the early stage of AD. To confirm the direct linkage between these olfactory impairments and AD-related pathology, β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)-the initiating enzyme in Aβ genesis-and β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), hallmarks of AD were analyzed. We found that an increase in BACE1 expression coincided with an elevation of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers in the ventral region of OB. Moreover, olfactory epithelium (OE), in particular the ectoturbinate in which axons of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) have direct connections with the dendrites of mitral/tufted cells in the ventral part of OB, exhibited significant decreases in both thickness and cell number even at early stages. This result suggests that Aβ oligomer toxicity in the OE may have induced a decline in the number of OSNs and functional impairment of the olfactory system. We first demonstrated that disproportionate levels of regional damage in the peripheral olfactory system may be a specific symptom of AD with Aβ oligomer accumulation occurring prior to damage within the CNS. This regional damage in the olfactory system early in the progression of AD may be closely related to AD-related pathological abnormality and olfactory dysfunction found in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - So Yeun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Gowoon Son
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bongki Cho
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Gachon Medical School, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Gachon Medical School, Incheon, Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
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36
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Vassilaki M, Christianson TJ, Mielke MM, Geda YE, Kremers WK, Machulda MM, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Lowe VJ, Jack CR, Roberts RO. Neuroimaging biomarkers and impaired olfaction in cognitively normal individuals. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:871-882. [PMID: 28543731 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a need for inexpensive noninvasive tests to identify older healthy persons at risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) for enrollment in AD prevention trials. Our objective was to examine whether abnormalities in neuroimaging measures of amyloid and neurodegeneration are correlated with odor identification (OI) in the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. METHODS Cognitively normal (CN) participants had olfactory function assessed using the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT), underwent magnetic resonance imaging (n = 829) to assess a composite AD signature cortical thickness and hippocampal volume (HVa), and underwent 11 C-Pittsburgh compound B (n = 306) and 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (n = 305) positron emission tomography scanning to assess amyloid accumulation and brain hypometabolism, respectively. The association of neuroimaging biomarkers with OI was examined using multinomial logistic regression and simple linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Among 829 CN participants (mean age = 79.2 years; 51.5% men), 248 (29.9%) were normosmic and 78 (9.4%) had anosmia (B-SIT score < 6). Abnormal AD signature cortical thickness and reduced HVa were associated with decreased OI as a continuous measure (slope = -0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.76 to -0.09, p = 0.01 and slope = -0.72, 95% CI = -1.15 to -0.28, p < 0.01, respectively). Reduced HVa, decreased AD signature cortical thickness, and increased amyloid accumulation were significantly associated with increased odds of anosmia. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that OI may be a noninvasive, inexpensive marker for risk stratification, for identifying participants at the preclinical stage of AD who may be at risk for cognitive impairment and eligible for inclusion in AD prevention clinical trials. These cross-sectional findings remain to be validated prospectively. Ann Neurol 2017;81:871-882.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vassilaki
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Michelle M Mielke
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yonas E Geda
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.,Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Walter K Kremers
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Ronald C Petersen
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Rosebud O Roberts
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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37
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Misiak M, Vergara Greeno R, Baptiste BA, Sykora P, Liu D, Cordonnier S, Fang EF, Croteau DL, Mattson MP, Bohr VA. DNA polymerase β decrement triggers death of olfactory bulb cells and impairs olfaction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2017; 16:162-172. [PMID: 27686631 PMCID: PMC5242308 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves the progressive degeneration of neurons critical for learning and memory. In addition, patients with AD typically exhibit impaired olfaction associated with neuronal degeneration in the olfactory bulb (OB). Because DNA base excision repair (BER) is reduced in brain cells during normal aging and AD, we determined whether inefficient BER due to reduced DNA polymerase‐β (Polβ) levels renders OB neurons vulnerable to degeneration in the 3xTgAD mouse model of AD. We interrogated OB histopathology and olfactory function in wild‐type and 3xTgAD mice with normal or reduced Polβ levels. Compared to wild‐type control mice, Polβ heterozygous (Polβ+/−), and 3xTgAD mice, 3xTgAD/Polβ+/− mice exhibited impaired performance in a buried food test of olfaction. Polβ deficiency did not affect the proliferation of OB neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone. However, numbers of newly generated neurons were reduced by approximately 25% in Polβ+/− and 3xTgAD mice, and by over 60% in the 3xTgAD/Polβ+/− mice compared to wild‐type control mice. Analyses of DNA damage and apoptosis revealed significantly greater degeneration of OB neurons in 3xTgAD/Polβ+/− mice compared to 3xTgAD mice. Levels of amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) accumulation in the OB were similar in 3xTgAD and 3xTgAD/Polβ+/− mice, and cultured Polβ‐deficient neurons exhibited increased vulnerability to Aβ‐induced death. Olfactory deficit is an early sign in human AD, but the mechanism is not yet understood. Our findings in a new AD mouse model demonstrate that diminution of BER can endanger OB neurons, and suggest a mechanism underlying early olfactory impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Misiak
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
- Laboratory of Neurosciences; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Rebeca Vergara Greeno
- Laboratory of Neurosciences; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Beverly A. Baptiste
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Peter Sykora
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Dong Liu
- Laboratory of Neurosciences; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Stephanie Cordonnier
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
- Laboratory of Neurosciences; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Evandro F. Fang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Deborah L. Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Vilhelm A. Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program; Biomedical Research Center; 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224 USA
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Yao ZG, Jing HY, Wang DM, Lv BB, Li JM, Liu FF, Fan H, Sun XC, Qin YJ, Zhao MQ. Valproic acid ameliorates olfactory dysfunction in APP/PS1 transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease: Ameliorations from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 144:53-9. [PMID: 26948859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common and early symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment, pointing to the progression to dementia. Recent studies have revealed that valproic acid (VPA) has neuroprotective effects in rodent models of AD. In this study, we investigated the effects of VPA on olfactory dysfunction of APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse models of AD. After continuous treatment with a 100mg/kg daily dose of VPA for 3 months, APP/PS1 mice showed improved olfactory performances. In agreement with the behavioral findings, VPA treatment reduced amyloid β (Aβ) burden in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of transgenic mice. And, VPA increased epithelial thickness of the olfactory mucosa through decreased cell apoptosis and increased cell proliferation. In the olfactory bulb (OB), VPA administration also reduced senile plaques and levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ42 peptides. Besides, VPA promoted the increase of mitral cells and decrease of neurofilament immunostaining. In hence, VPA treatment completely improved the olfactory performances and prevented degenerative changes of the OE and OB. Our study raises the possibility of AD diagnosis by OE biopsy. Moreover, VPA may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jing
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Building 6, Anhui Jianxi District, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Bei-Bei Lv
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Jia-Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Feng-Feng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xi-Chao Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Ye-Jun Qin
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Miao-Qing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
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Kam K, Duffy ÁM, Moretto J, LaFrancois JJ, Scharfman HE. Interictal spikes during sleep are an early defect in the Tg2576 mouse model of β-amyloid neuropathology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20119. [PMID: 26818394 PMCID: PMC4730189 DOI: 10.1038/srep20119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that neuronal hyperexcitability contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD), so we asked how hyperexcitability develops in a common mouse model of β-amyloid neuropathology - Tg2576 mice. Using video-EEG recordings, we found synchronized, large amplitude potentials resembling interictal spikes (IIS) in epilepsy at just 5 weeks of age, long before memory impairments or β-amyloid deposition. Seizures were not detected, but they did occur later in life, suggesting that IIS are possibly the earliest stage of hyperexcitability. Interestingly, IIS primarily occurred during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, which is notable because REM is associated with increased cholinergic tone and cholinergic impairments are implicated in AD. Although previous studies suggest that cholinergic antagonists would worsen pathophysiology, the muscarinic antagonist atropine reduced IIS frequency. In addition, we found IIS occurred in APP51 mice which overexpress wild type (WT)-APP, although not as uniformly or as early in life as Tg2576 mice. Taken together with results from prior studies, the data suggest that surprising and multiple mechanisms contribute to hyperexcitability. The data also suggest that IIS may be a biomarker for early detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey Kam
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Graduate Program in Physiology and Neuroscience New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Áine M Duffy
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jillian Moretto
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - John J LaFrancois
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA
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Rusznák Z, Kim WS, Hsiao JHT, Halliday GM, Paxinos G, Fu Y. Early in vivo Effects of the Human Mutant Amyloid-β Protein Precursor (hAβPPSwInd) on the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 49:443-57. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jen-Hsiang T. Hsiao
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M. Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - George Paxinos
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Early alterations in functional connectivity and white matter structure in a transgenic mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13780-9. [PMID: 25297104 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4762-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of brain functional connectivity (FC) is thought to be an early event occurring in diseases with cerebral amyloidosis, such as Alzheimer's disease. Regions sustaining altered functional networks have been shown to colocalize with regions marked with amyloid plaques burden suggesting a strong link between FC and amyloidosis. Whether the decline in FC precedes amyloid plaque deposition or is a consequence thereof is currently unknown. The sequence of events during early stages of the disease is difficult to capture in humans due to the difficulties in providing an early diagnosis and also in view of the heterogeneity among patients. Transgenic mouse lines overexpressing amyloid precursor proteins develop cerebral amyloidosis and constitute an attractive model system for studying the relationship between plaque and functional changes. In this study, ArcAβ transgenic and wild-type mice were imaged using resting-state fMRI methods across their life-span in a cross-sectional design to analyze changes in FC in relation to the pathology. Transgenic mice show compromised development of FC during the first months of postnatal life compared with wild-type animals, resulting in functional impairments that affect in particular the sensory-motor cortex already in preplaque stage. These functional alterations were accompanied by structural changes as reflected by reduced fractional anisotropy values, as derived from diffusion tensor imaging. Our results suggest cerebral amyloidosis in mice is preceded by impairment of neuronal networks and white matter structures. FC analysis in mice is an attractive tool for studying the implications of impaired neuronal networks in models of cerebral amyloid pathology.
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Dorostkar MM, Zou C, Blazquez-Llorca L, Herms J. Analyzing dendritic spine pathology in Alzheimer's disease: problems and opportunities. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:1-19. [PMID: 26063233 PMCID: PMC4469300 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic failure is an immediate cause of cognitive decline and memory dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Dendritic spines are specialized structures on neuronal processes, on which excitatory synaptic contacts take place and the loss of dendritic spines directly correlates with the loss of synaptic function. Dendritic spines are readily accessible for both in vitro and in vivo experiments and have, therefore, been studied in great detail in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models. To date, a large number of different mechanisms have been proposed to cause dendritic spine dysfunction and loss in Alzheimer’s disease. For instance, amyloid beta fibrils, diffusible oligomers or the intracellular accumulation of amyloid beta have been found to alter the function and structure of dendritic spines by distinct mechanisms. Furthermore, tau hyperphosphorylation and microglia activation, which are thought to be consequences of amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s disease, may also contribute to spine loss. Lastly, genetic and therapeutic interventions employed to model the disease and elucidate its pathogenetic mechanisms in experimental animals may cause alterations of dendritic spines on their own. However, to date none of these mechanisms have been translated into successful therapeutic approaches for the human disease. Here, we critically review the most intensely studied mechanisms of spine loss in Alzheimer’s disease as well as the possible pitfalls inherent in the animal models of such a complex neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Dorostkar
- />Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Chengyu Zou
- />Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- />Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- />German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lidia Blazquez-Llorca
- />Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- />German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- />German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- />Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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Daulatzai MA. Olfactory dysfunction: its early temporal relationship and neural correlates in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1475-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Growdon ME, Schultz AP, Dagley AS, Amariglio RE, Hedden T, Rentz DM, Johnson KA, Sperling RA, Albers MW, Marshall GA. Odor identification and Alzheimer disease biomarkers in clinically normal elderly. Neurology 2015; 84:2153-60. [PMID: 25934852 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to investigate cross-sectional associations between odor identification ability and imaging biomarkers of neurodegeneration and amyloid deposition in clinically normal (CN) elderly individuals, specifically testing the hypothesis that there may be an interaction between amyloid deposition and neurodegeneration in predicting odor identification dysfunction. METHODS Data were collected on 215 CN participants from the Harvard Aging Brain Study. Measurements included the 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and neuropsychological testing, hippocampal volume (HV) and entorhinal cortex (EC) thickness from MRI, and amyloid burden using Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET. A linear regression model with backward elimination (p < 0.05 retention) evaluated the cross-sectional association between the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and amyloid burden, HV, and EC thickness, assessing for effect modification by PiB status. Covariates included age, sex, premorbid intelligence, APOE ε4 carrier status, and Boston Naming Test. RESULTS In unadjusted univariate analyses, worse olfaction was associated with decreased HV (p < 0.001), thinner EC (p = 0.003), worse episodic memory (p = 0.03), and marginally associated with greater amyloid burden (binary PiB status, p = 0.06). In the multivariate model, thinner EC in PiB-positive individuals (interaction term) was associated with worse olfaction (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In CN elderly, worse odor identification was associated with markers of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, individuals with elevated cortical amyloid and thinner EC exhibited worse odor identification, elucidating the potential contribution of olfactory testing to detect preclinical AD in CN individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Growdon
- From Harvard Medical School (M.E.G., R.E.A., T.H., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.) and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.E.G.), Boston, MA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.S., A.S.D., T.H., R.A.S., M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Departments of Neurology (A.P.S., A.S.D., R.E.A., D.M.R., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.), Psychiatry (A.P.S., A.S.D.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.) and Department of Neurology (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Aaron P Schultz
- From Harvard Medical School (M.E.G., R.E.A., T.H., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.) and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.E.G.), Boston, MA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.S., A.S.D., T.H., R.A.S., M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Departments of Neurology (A.P.S., A.S.D., R.E.A., D.M.R., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.), Psychiatry (A.P.S., A.S.D.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.) and Department of Neurology (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander S Dagley
- From Harvard Medical School (M.E.G., R.E.A., T.H., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.) and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.E.G.), Boston, MA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.S., A.S.D., T.H., R.A.S., M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Departments of Neurology (A.P.S., A.S.D., R.E.A., D.M.R., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.), Psychiatry (A.P.S., A.S.D.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.) and Department of Neurology (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca E Amariglio
- From Harvard Medical School (M.E.G., R.E.A., T.H., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.) and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.E.G.), Boston, MA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.S., A.S.D., T.H., R.A.S., M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Departments of Neurology (A.P.S., A.S.D., R.E.A., D.M.R., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.), Psychiatry (A.P.S., A.S.D.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.) and Department of Neurology (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Trey Hedden
- From Harvard Medical School (M.E.G., R.E.A., T.H., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.) and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.E.G.), Boston, MA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.S., A.S.D., T.H., R.A.S., M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Departments of Neurology (A.P.S., A.S.D., R.E.A., D.M.R., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.), Psychiatry (A.P.S., A.S.D.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.) and Department of Neurology (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Dorene M Rentz
- From Harvard Medical School (M.E.G., R.E.A., T.H., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.) and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.E.G.), Boston, MA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.S., A.S.D., T.H., R.A.S., M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Departments of Neurology (A.P.S., A.S.D., R.E.A., D.M.R., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.), Psychiatry (A.P.S., A.S.D.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.) and Department of Neurology (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Keith A Johnson
- From Harvard Medical School (M.E.G., R.E.A., T.H., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.) and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.E.G.), Boston, MA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.S., A.S.D., T.H., R.A.S., M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Departments of Neurology (A.P.S., A.S.D., R.E.A., D.M.R., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.), Psychiatry (A.P.S., A.S.D.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.) and Department of Neurology (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- From Harvard Medical School (M.E.G., R.E.A., T.H., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.) and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.E.G.), Boston, MA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.S., A.S.D., T.H., R.A.S., M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Departments of Neurology (A.P.S., A.S.D., R.E.A., D.M.R., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.), Psychiatry (A.P.S., A.S.D.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.) and Department of Neurology (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark W Albers
- From Harvard Medical School (M.E.G., R.E.A., T.H., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.) and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.E.G.), Boston, MA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.S., A.S.D., T.H., R.A.S., M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Departments of Neurology (A.P.S., A.S.D., R.E.A., D.M.R., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.), Psychiatry (A.P.S., A.S.D.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.) and Department of Neurology (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gad A Marshall
- From Harvard Medical School (M.E.G., R.E.A., T.H., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.) and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.E.G.), Boston, MA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.S., A.S.D., T.H., R.A.S., M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Departments of Neurology (A.P.S., A.S.D., R.E.A., D.M.R., R.A.S., M.W.A., G.A.M.), Psychiatry (A.P.S., A.S.D.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (M.W.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.) and Department of Neurology (R.E.A., D.M.R., K.A.J., R.A.S., G.A.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
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Xu W, Fitzgerald S, Nixon RA, Levy E, Wilson DA. Early hyperactivity in lateral entorhinal cortex is associated with elevated levels of AβPP metabolites in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2015; 264:82-91. [PMID: 25500142 PMCID: PMC4324092 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly today. One of the earliest symptoms of AD is olfactory dysfunction. The present study investigated the effects of amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) metabolites, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and AβPP C-terminal fragments (CTF), on olfactory processing in the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) using the Tg2576 mouse model of human AβPP over-expression. The entorhinal cortex is an early target of AD related neuropathology, and the LEC plays an important role in fine odor discrimination and memory. Cohorts of transgenic and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice at 3, 6, and 16months of age (MO) were anesthetized and acute, single-unit electrophysiology was performed in the LEC. Results showed that Tg2576 exhibited early LEC hyperactivity at 3 and 6MO compared to WT mice in both local field potential and single-unit spontaneous activity. However, LEC single-unit odor responses and odor receptive fields showed no detectable difference compared to WT at any age. Finally, the very early emergence of olfactory system hyper-excitability corresponded not to detectable Aβ deposition in the olfactory system, but rather to high levels of intracellular AβPP-CTF and soluble Aβ in the anterior piriform cortex (aPCX), a major afferent input to the LEC, by 3MO. The present results add to the growing evidence of AβPP-related hyper-excitability, and further implicate both soluble Aβ and non-Aβ AβPP metabolites in its early emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xu
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shane Fitzgerald
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:70-98. [PMID: 25022540 PMCID: PMC4287457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that sensory and motor changes may precede the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by several years and may signify increased risk of developing AD. Traditionally, sensory and motor dysfunctions in aging and AD have been studied separately. To ascertain the evidence supporting the relationship between age-related changes in sensory and motor systems and the development of AD and to facilitate communication between several disciplines, the National Institute on Aging held an exploratory workshop titled "Sensory and Motor Dysfunctions in Aging and AD." The scientific sessions of the workshop focused on age-related and neuropathologic changes in the olfactory, visual, auditory, and motor systems, followed by extensive discussion and hypothesis generation related to the possible links among sensory, cognitive, and motor domains in aging and AD. Based on the data presented and discussed at this workshop, it is clear that sensory and motor regions of the central nervous system are affected by AD pathology and that interventions targeting amelioration of sensory-motor deficits in AD may enhance patient function as AD progresses.
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Beker S, Goldin M, Menkes-Caspi N, Kellner V, Chechik G, Stern EA. Amyloid-β disrupts ongoing spontaneous activity in sensory cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:1173-88. [PMID: 25523106 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The effect of Alzheimer's disease pathology on activity of individual neocortical neurons in the intact neural network remains obscure. Ongoing spontaneous activity, which constitutes most of neocortical activity, is the background template on which further evoked-activity is superimposed. We compared in vivo intracellular recordings and local field potentials (LFP) of ongoing activity in the barrel cortex of APP/PS1 transgenic mice and age-matched littermate CONTROLS, following significant amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and aggregation. We found that membrane potential dynamics of neurons in Aβ-burdened cortex significantly differed from those of nontransgenic CONTROLS durations of the depolarized state were considerably shorter, and transitions to that state frequently failed. The spiking properties of APP/PS1 neurons showed alterations from those of CONTROLS both firing patterns and spike shape were changed in the APP/PS1 group. At the population level, LFP recordings indicated reduced coherence within neuronal assemblies of APP/PS1 mice. In addition to the physiological effects, we show that morphology of neurites within the barrel cortex of the APP/PS1 model is altered compared to CONTROLS. These results are consistent with a process where the effect of Aβ on spontaneous activity of individual neurons amplifies into a network effect, reducing network integrity and leading to a wide cortical dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Beker
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miri Goldin
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Noa Menkes-Caspi
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Vered Kellner
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gal Chechik
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Edward A Stern
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Cerebral and blood correlates of reduced functional connectivity in mild cognitive impairment. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:631-45. [PMID: 25366971 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that decreased functional connectivity in cortical networks precedes clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although our knowledge about cerebral and biological correlates of this phenomenon is limited. To shed light on this issue, we have investigated whether resting-state oscillatory connectivity patterns in healthy older (HO) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) subjects are related to anatomical grey matter (GM) and functional (2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-PET) changes of neuroelectric sources of alpha rhythms, and/or to changes in plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ) and serum lipid levels, blood markers tied to AD pathogenesis and aging-related cognitive decline. We found that aMCI subjects showed decreased levels of cortical connectivity, reduced FDG-PET intake of the precuneus, and GM atrophy of the thalamus, together with higher levels of Aβ and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) compared to HO. Interestingly, levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were positively correlated with the strength of neural-phase coupling in aMCI subjects, and increased triglycerides accompanied bilateral GM loss in the precuneus of aMCI subjects. Together, these findings provide peripheral blood correlates of reduced resting-state cortical connectivity in aMCI, supported by anatomo-functional changes in cerebral sources of alpha rhythms. This framework constitutes an integrated approach to assess functional changes in cortical networks through neuroimaging and peripheral blood markers during early stages of neurodegeneration.
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Brai E, Marathe S, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Nimpf J, Kretz R, Scotti A, Alberi L. Notch1 activity in the olfactory bulb is odour-dependent and contributes to olfactory behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3436-49. [PMID: 25234246 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Notch signalling plays an important role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory functions in both Drosophila and rodents. In this paper, we report that this feature is not restricted to hippocampal networks but also involves the olfactory bulb (OB). Odour discrimination and olfactory learning in rodents are essential for survival. Notch1 expression is enriched in mitral cells of the mouse OB. These principal neurons are responsive to specific input odorants and relay the signal to the olfactory cortex. Olfactory stimulation activates a subset of mitral cells, which show an increase in Notch activity. In Notch1cKOKln mice, the loss of Notch1 in mitral cells affects the magnitude of the neuronal response to olfactory stimuli. In addition, Notch1cKOKln mice display reduced olfactory aversion to propionic acid as compared to wildtype controls. This indicates, for the first time, that Notch1 is involved in olfactory processing and may contribute to olfactory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Brai
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route de Gockel, 1, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Seo Y, Kim HS, Shin Y, Kang I, Choi SW, Yu KR, Seo KW, Kang KS. Excessive microglial activation aggravates olfactory dysfunction by impeding the survival of newborn neurons in the olfactory bulb of Niemann-Pick disease type C1 mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2193-203. [PMID: 25132229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Progressive olfactory impairment is one of the earliest markers of neurodegeneration. However, the underlying mechanism for this dysfunction remains unclear. The present study investigated the possible role of microgliosis in olfactory deficits using a mouse model of Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1), which is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder with disrupted lipid trafficking. At 7weeks of age, NPC1 mutants showed a distinct olfactory impairment in an olfactory test compared with age-matched wild-type controls (WT). The marked loss of olfactory sensory neurons within the NPC1 affected olfactory bulb (NPC1-OB) suggests that NPC1 dysfunction impairs olfactory structure. Furthermore, the pool of neuroblasts in the OB was diminished in NPC1 mice despite the intact proliferative capacity of neural stem/progenitor cells in the subventricular zone. Instead, pro-inflammatory proliferating microglia accumulated extensively in the NPC1-OB as the disease progressed. To evaluate the impact of abnormal microglial activation on olfaction in NPC1 mice, a microglial inhibition study was performed using the anti-inflammatory agent Cyclosporin A (CsA). Importantly, long-term CsA treatment in NPC1 mice reduced reactive microgliosis, restored the survival of newly generated neurons in the OB and improved overall performance on the olfactory test. Therefore, our study highlights the possible role of microglia in the regulation of neuronal turnover in the OB and provides insight into the possible therapeutic applications of microglial inhibition in the attenuation or reversal of olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Seo
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine at Kangstem Biotech, Biotechnology Incubating Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Yooyoung Shin
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Insung Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Soon Won Choi
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Rok Yu
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Seo
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine at Kangstem Biotech, Biotechnology Incubating Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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