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Xiang Z, Chen H, Xu B, Wang H, Zhang T, Guan X, Ma Z, Liang K, Shi Q. Gelatin/heparin coated bio-inspired polyurethane composite fibers to construct small-caliber artificial blood vessel grafts. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131849. [PMID: 38670202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Long-term patency and ability for revascularization remain challenges for small-caliber blood vessel grafts to treat cardiovascular diseases clinically. Here, a gelatin/heparin coated bio-inspired polyurethane composite fibers-based artificial blood vessel with continuous release of NO and biopeptides to regulate vascular tissue repair and maintain long-term patency is fabricated. A biodegradable polyurethane elastomer that can catalyze S-nitrosothiols in the blood to release NO is synthesized (NPU). Then, the NPU core-shell structured nanofiber grafts with requisite mechanical properties and biopeptide release for inflammation manipulation are fabricated by electrospinning and lyophilization. Finally, the surface of tubular NPU nanofiber grafts is coated with heparin/gelatin and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to obtain small-caliber artificial blood vessels (ABVs) with the ability of vascular revascularization. We demonstrate that artificial blood vessel grafts promote the growth of endothelial cells but inhibit the growth of smooth muscle cells by the continuous release of NO; vascular grafts can regulate inflammatory balance for vascular tissue remodel without excessive collagen deposition through the release of biological peptides. Vascular grafts prevent thrombus and vascular stenosis to obtain long-term patency. Hence, our work paves a new way to develop small-caliber artificial blood vessel grafts that can maintain long-term patency in vivo and remodel vascular tissue successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Honghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Baofeng Xu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the R&D of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China.
| | - Haozheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Tianci Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xinghua Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhifang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Kuntang Liang
- Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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Yang B, Lin Y, Huang Y, Zhu N, Shen YQ. Extracellular vesicles modulate key signalling pathways in refractory wound healing. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad039. [PMID: 38026441 PMCID: PMC10654481 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are wounds that cannot heal properly due to various factors, such as underlying diseases, infection or reinjury, and improper healing of skin wounds and ulcers can cause a serious economic burden. Numerous studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem/progenitor cells promote wound healing, reduce scar formation and have significant advantages over traditional treatment methods. EVs are membranous particles that carry various bioactive molecules from their cellular origins, such as cytokines, nucleic acids, enzymes, lipids and proteins. EVs can mediate cell-to-cell communication and modulate various physiological processes, such as cell differentiation, angiogenesis, immune response and tissue remodelling. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in EV-based wound healing, focusing on the signalling pathways that are regulated by EVs and their cargos. We discuss how EVs derived from different types of stem/progenitor cells can promote wound healing and reduce scar formation by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor β and JAK-STAT pathways. Moreover, we also highlight the challenges and opportunities for engineering or modifying EVs to enhance their efficacy and specificity for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yumeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yibo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nanxi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
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Zhao X, Li N, Yang N, Mi B, Dang W, Sun D, Ma S, Nian H, Wei R. Thymosin β4 Alleviates Autoimmune Dacryoadenitis via Suppressing Th17 Cell Response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:3. [PMID: 37531112 PMCID: PMC10405860 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We investigated the therapeutic effect of recombinant thymosin β4 (rTβ4) on rabbit autoimmune dacryoadenitis, an animal model of SS dry eye, and explore its mechanisms. Methods Rabbits were treated topically with rTβ4 or PBS solution after disease onset for 28 days, and clinical scores were determined by assessing tear secretion, break-up time, fluorescein, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and periodic acid-Schiff. The expression of inflammatory mediators in the lacrimal glands were measured by real-time PCR. The expression of T helper 17 (Th17) cell-related transcription factors and cytokines were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The molecular mechanism underlying the effects of rTβ4 on Th17 cell responses was investigated by Western blotting. Results Topical administration of rTβ4 after disease onset efficiently ameliorated the ocular surface inflammation and relieved the clinical symptoms. Further analysis revealed that rTβ4 treatment significantly inhibited the expression of Th17-related genes (RORC, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-1R1, IL-23R, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and IL-17 protein in lacrimal glands, and meanwhile decreased the inflammatory mediators expression. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that rTβ4 repressed the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) both in vivo and in vitro. Activation of the STAT3 signal pathway by Colivelin partly reversed the suppressive effects of rTβ4 on IL-17 expression in vitro. Conclusions rTβ4 could alleviate ongoing autoimmune dacryoadenitis in rabbits, probably by suppressing Th17 response via partly affecting the STAT3 pathway. These data may provide a new insight into the therapeutic effect and mechanism of rTβ4 in dry eye associated with Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoyue Mi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiyu Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hong Nian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruihua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Yuan L, Wang Y, Chen Y, Chen X, Li S, Liu X. Shikonin inhibits immune checkpoint PD-L1 expression on macrophage in sepsis by modulating PKM2. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110401. [PMID: 37302371 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, a life-threatening condition whereby immune dysregulation develops, is one of the major causes of death worldwide. To date, there is still no clinically effective therapeutic method for sepsis. As a natural product from traditional Chinese medicine, Shikonin has been demonstrated to have pleiotropic medical effects, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and relieving sepsis. PD-L1, as the receptor of PD-1, was also involved in exacerbating sepsis by inducing immunosuppression, but the relationship between them is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of Shikonin on modulating PD-L1 expression and its contact with PKM2. The results showed that Shikonin significantly decreased the levels of sepsis mice serum inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and maintain the percentage of T cells from the spleen and significantly reduce the apoptosis of splenocytes in LPS-induced sepsis mice. Our data also demonstrated that Shikonin significantly decreased PD-L1 expression on macrophages, not PD-1 expression on T cells in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, we revealed that Shikonin attenuated PD-L1 expression on macrophages and was associated with downregulating phosphorylation and nuclear import of PKM2, which could bind to the HRE-1 and HRE-4 sites of the PD-L1 promoter. As the present research was conducted in sepsis mice model and macrophage cell line, further study is required to evaluate Shikonin to regulate PD-L1 by targeting PKM2 in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Majory Biotechnology Company Limited, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Youlian Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xiaoyin Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Shun Li
- Majory Biotechnology Company Limited, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.
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Mason WJ, Vasilopoulou E. The Pathophysiological Role of Thymosin β4 in the Kidney Glomerulus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097684. [PMID: 37175390 PMCID: PMC10177875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases affecting the glomerulus, the filtration unit of the kidney, are a major cause of chronic kidney disease. Glomerular disease is characterised by injury of glomerular cells and is often accompanied by an inflammatory response that drives disease progression. New strategies are needed to slow the progression to end-stage kidney disease, which requires dialysis or transplantation. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), an endogenous peptide that sequesters G-actin, has shown potent anti-inflammatory function in experimental models of heart, kidney, liver, lung, and eye injury. In this review, we discuss the role of endogenous and exogenous Tβ4 in glomerular disease progression and the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Mason
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Munshaw S, Redpath AN, Pike BT, Smart N. Thymosin β4 preserves vascular smooth muscle phenotype in atherosclerosis via regulation of low density lipoprotein related protein 1 (LRP1). Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109702. [PMID: 37724952 PMCID: PMC10666903 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive, degenerative vascular disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In response to endothelial damage, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB induced phenotypic modulation of medial smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) promotes atherosclerotic lesion formation and destabilisation of the vessel wall. VSMC sensitivity to PDGF-BB is determined by endocytosis of Low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1)-PDGFR β complexes to balance receptor recycling with lysosomal degradation. Consequently, LRP1 is implicated in various arterial diseases. Having identified Tβ4 as a regulator of LRP1-mediated endocytosis to protect against aortic aneurysm, we sought to determine whether Tβ4 may additionally function to protect against atherosclerosis, by regulating LRP1-mediated growth factor signalling. By single cell transcriptomic analysis, Tmsb4x, encoding Tβ4, strongly correlated with contractile gene expression and was significantly down-regulated in cells that adopted a modulated phenotype in atherosclerosis. We assessed susceptibility to atherosclerosis of global Tβ4 knockout mice using the ApoE-/- hypercholesterolaemia model. Inflammation, elastin integrity, VSMC phenotype and signalling were analysed in the aortic root and descending aorta. Tβ4KO; ApoE-/- mice develop larger atherosclerotic plaques than control mice, with medial layer degeneration characterised by accelerated VSMC phenotypic modulation. Defects in Tβ4KO; ApoE-/- mice phenocopied those in VSMC-specific LRP1 nulls and, moreover, were underpinned by hyperactivated LRP1-PDGFRβ signalling. We identify an atheroprotective role for endogenous Tβ4 in maintaining differentiated VSMC phenotype via LRP1-mediated PDGFRβ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Munshaw
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Andia N Redpath
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, IMS-Tetsuya Nakamura Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7TY, UK
| | - Benjamin T Pike
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, IMS-Tetsuya Nakamura Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7TY, UK.
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P66Shc (Shc1) Zebrafish Mutant Line as a Platform for Testing Decreased Reactive Oxygen Species in Pathology. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9110385. [DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9110385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) dysregulation exacerbates many pathologies but must remain within normal ranges to maintain cell function. Since ROS-mediated pathology and routine cell function are coupled, in vivo models evaluating low-ROS background effects on pathology are limited. Some models alter enzymatic antioxidant expression/activity, while others involve small molecule antioxidant administration. These models cause non-specific ROS neutralization, decreasing both beneficial and detrimental ROS. This is detrimental in cardiovascular pathology, despite the negative effects excessive ROS has on these pathologies. Thus, current trends in ROS-mediated pathology have shifted toward selective inhibition of ROS producers that are dysregulated during pathological insults, such as p66Shc. In this study, we evaluated a zebrafish heterozygote p66Shc hypomorphic mutant line as a low-ROS myocardial infarction (MI) pathology model that mimics mammalian MI. Our findings suggest this zebrafish line does not have an associated negative phenotype, but has decreased body mass and tissue ROS levels that confer protection against ROS-mediated pathology. Therefore, this line may provide a low-ROS background leading to new insights into disease.
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Wang W, Jia W, Zhang C. The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13282. [PMID: 36362069 PMCID: PMC9655242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process in which parenchymal cells are necrotic and excess extracellular matrix (ECM) is accumulated due to dysregulation of tissue injury repair. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 43 amino acid multifunctional polypeptide that is involved in wound healing. Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is the main enzyme that hydrolyzes Tβ4 to produce its derivative N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) which is found to play a role in the regulation of fibrosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP axis widely exists in various tissues and organs including the liver, kidney, heart, and lung, and participates in the process of fibrogenesis. Herein, we aim to elucidate the role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP axis in hepatic fibrosis, renal fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Based on this, we attempted to provide novel therapeutic strategies for the regulation of tissue damage repair and anti-fibrosis therapy. The Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP axis exerts protective effects against organ fibrosis. It is promising that appropriate dosing regimens that rely on this axis could serve as a new therapeutic strategy for alleviating organ fibrosis in the early and late stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wenning Jia
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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Liao Y, Xiao N, Wang X, Dai S, Wang G. Promoting effect of Tmsb4x on the differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to dendritic cells during septicemia. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109002. [PMID: 35932611 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymosin beta 4 × (Tmsb4x) has been highlighted as an important regulator in immune and inflammation responses. Promoted differentiation of mononuclear cells into dendritic cells (DCs) exert a beneficial effect on septicemia. Herein, we investigated the effects of Tmsb4x on the mononuclear cells to affect immune responses during septicemia. METHODS Initially, we isolated peripheral blood samples from healthy individuals and patients with septicemia for extraction of mononuclear cells, followed by Tmsb4x expression quantification. A cell model was constructed with mononuclear cells through lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The viability and apoptosis were evaluated in response to Tmsb4x silencing or re-expression. Additionally, the proportion of DCs was assessed by determining levels of inflammatory factors as well as by flow cytometric analysis. A mouse septicemia model was developed for in vivo validation. RESULTS Cell and animal models demonstrated decreased Tmsb4x expression in the setting of septicemia, which led to increased inflammatory response and reduced proportion of DCs, along with inhibited mononuclear cell viability and promoted apoptosis. However, restoration of Tmsb4x facilitated the differentiation of mononuclear cells into DCs. CONCLUSION To conclude, upregulated Tmsb4x promoted the generation of DCs from mononuclear cells, which contributed to deep understanding of underpinning mechanisms in the development of septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337055, China.
| | - Ni Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Senhua Dai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Guiliang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337055, China
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Li X, Xu K, He Y, Tao B, Li K, Lin C, Hu J, Wu J, Wu Y, Liu S, Liu P, Wang H, Cai K. ROS-responsive hydrogel coating modified titanium promotes vascularization and osteointegration of bone defects by orchestrating immunomodulation. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121683. [PMID: 35870263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ideal titanium implants are required to participate in bone repair actively to improve in situ osteointegration. However, the traditional surface functionalization methods of titanium implants are difficult to both achieve the active regulation and long-term stability of bioactive components. Here, a novel functionalized titanium which loaded with thymosin β4 (Tβ4) and covered by a hydrogel coating was designed and evaluated. A strong adhesion between the coating and the titanium substrate was realized by the synergistic action of borate ester bonds and surface topological structure. The hydrogel coating also achieved an in vivo adhesion between implant and tissue through hydrogen bonds and borate bonds. In addition, based on the ROS response property of borate bonds, the implant can release Tβ4 in response to the immune reaction of bone healing by regulating the polarization of macrophages, thereby reducing the fibrosis formation around the implant interface and promoting vascularization and osteointegration of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ye He
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, 27708, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bailong Tao
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chuanchuan Lin
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jingwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shaopeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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Chen X, Zhang Q, Zhang Q. Predicting potential biomarkers and immune infiltration characteristics in heart failure. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:8671-8688. [PMID: 35942730 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that immune cell activation and their infiltration in the myocardium can have adverse effects on the heart, contributing to the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). The purpose of this study is used by bioinformatics analysis to determine the potential diagnostic markers of heart failure and establish an applicable model to predict the association between heart failure and immune cell infiltration. METHODS Firstly, gene expression profiles of dilated heart disease GSE3585 and GSE120895 were obtained in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. This study then selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 54 patients with HF and 13 healthy controls. In this study, biomarkers were identified using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation (LASSO) and Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE). Additionally, we evaluated the prognostic discrimination performance by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Cell type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) was used for analyzing immune cell infiltration in HF tissues. Lastly, immune biomarkers were correlated with each other. RESULT After 24 DEGs were analyzed using a combinatorial model of LASSO regression and SVM-RFE analysis, four key genes were obtained, namely NSG1, NPPB, PHLDA1, and SERPINE2.The area under the curve (AUC) of these four genes were greater than 0.8. Subsequently, using CIBERPORT, we also found that compared with normal people, the proportion of M1 macrophages and activated mast cells in heart failure tissues decreased. In addition, correlation analysis showed that NPPB, PHLDA1 and SERPINE2 were associated with immune cell infiltration. CONCLUSION NSG1, NPPB, PHLDA1 and SERPINE2 were identified as potential biomarkers of heart failure. It reveals the comprehensive role of relevant central genes in immune infiltration, which provides a new research idea for the treatment and early detection in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesi Chen
- Cardiovascular Department, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qijun Zhang
- Cardiovascular Department, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Cardiovascular Department, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Maselli D, Matos RS, Johnson RD, Chiappini C, Camelliti P, Campagnolo P. Epicardial slices: an innovative 3D organotypic model to study epicardial cell physiology and activation. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:7. [PMID: 35039552 PMCID: PMC8764051 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium constitutes an untapped reservoir for cardiac regeneration. Upon heart injury, the adult epicardium re-activates, leading to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and differentiation. While interesting mechanistic and therapeutic findings arose from lower vertebrates and rodent models, the introduction of an experimental system representative of large mammals would undoubtedly facilitate translational advancements. Here, we apply innovative protocols to obtain living 3D organotypic epicardial slices from porcine hearts, encompassing the epicardial/myocardial interface. In culture, our slices preserve the in vivo architecture and functionality, presenting a continuous epicardium overlaying a healthy and connected myocardium. Upon thymosin β4 treatment of the slices, the epicardial cells become activated, upregulating epicardial and EMT genes, resulting in epicardial cell mobilization and differentiation into epicardial-derived mesenchymal cells. Our 3D organotypic model enables to investigate the reparative potential of the adult epicardium, offering an advanced tool to explore ex vivo the complex 3D interactions occurring within the native heart environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maselli
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - R S Matos
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - R D Johnson
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - C Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Camelliti
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - P Campagnolo
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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13
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Galili U, Zhu Z, Chen J, Goldufsky JW, Schaer GL. Near Complete Repair After Myocardial Infarction in Adult Mice by Altering the Inflammatory Response With Intramyocardial Injection of α-Gal Nanoparticles. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:719160. [PMID: 34513957 PMCID: PMC8425953 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.719160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neonatal mice, but not older mice, can regenerate their hearts after myocardial-infarction (MI), a process mediated by pro-reparative macrophages. α-Gal nanoparticles applied to skin wounds in adult-mice bind the anti-Gal antibody, activate the complement cascade and generate complement chemotactic peptides that recruit pro-reparative macrophages which are further activated by these nanoparticles. The recruited macrophages decrease wound healing time by ~50%, restore the normal skin structure and prevent fibrosis and scar formation in mice. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine if α-gal nanoparticles injected into the reperfused myocardium after MI in adult-mice can induce myocardial repair that restores normal structure, similar to that observed in skin injuries. Methods and Results: MI was induced by occluding the mid-portion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery for 30 min. Immediately following reperfusion, each mouse received two 10 μl injections of 100 μg α-gal nanoparticles in saline into the LAD territory (n = 20), or saline for controls (n = 10). Myocardial infarct size was measured by planimetry following Trichrome staining and macrophage recruitment by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Left ventricular (LV) function was measured by echocardiography. Control mice displayed peak macrophage infiltration at 4-days, whereas treated mice had a delayed peak macrophage infiltration at 7-days. At 28-days, control mice demonstrated large transmural infarcts with extensive scar formation and poor contractile function. In contrast, mice treated with α-gal nanoparticles demonstrated after 28-days a marked reduction in infarct size (~10-fold smaller), restoration of normal myocardium structure and contractile function. Conclusions: Intramyocardial injection of α-gal nanoparticles post-MI in anti-Gal producing adult-mice results in near complete repair of the infarcted territory, with restoration of normal LV structure and contractile function. The mechanism responsible for this benefit likely involves alteration of the usual inflammatory response post-MI, as previously observed with regeneration of injured hearts in adult zebrafish, salamanders and neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Galili
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zhongkai Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Josef W Goldufsky
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gary L Schaer
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Choe CP, Choi SY, Kee Y, Kim MJ, Kim SH, Lee Y, Park HC, Ro H. Transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines that have revolutionized biomedical research. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:26. [PMID: 34496973 PMCID: PMC8424172 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its debut in the biomedical research fields in 1981, zebrafish have been used as a vertebrate model organism in more than 40,000 biomedical research studies. Especially useful are zebrafish lines expressing fluorescent proteins in a molecule, intracellular organelle, cell or tissue specific manner because they allow the visualization and tracking of molecules, intracellular organelles, cells or tissues of interest in real time and in vivo. In this review, we summarize representative transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines that have revolutionized biomedical research on signal transduction, the craniofacial skeletal system, the hematopoietic system, the nervous system, the urogenital system, the digestive system and intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.,Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences and Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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15
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Munshaw S, Bruche S, Redpath AN, Jones A, Patel J, Dubé KN, Lee R, Hester SS, Davies R, Neal G, Handa A, Sattler M, Fischer R, Channon KM, Smart N. Thymosin β4 protects against aortic aneurysm via endocytic regulation of growth factor signaling. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:127884. [PMID: 33784254 PMCID: PMC8121525 DOI: 10.1172/jci127884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular stability and tone are maintained by contractile smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, injury-induced growth factors stimulate a contractile-synthetic phenotypic modulation which increases susceptibility to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). As a regulator of embryonic VSMC differentiation, we hypothesized that Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) may function to maintain healthy vasculature throughout postnatal life. This was supported by the identification of an interaction with low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1), an endocytic regulator of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) signaling and VSMC proliferation. LRP1 variants have been implicated by genome-wide association studies with risk of AAA and other arterial diseases. Tβ4-null mice displayed aortic VSMC and elastin defects that phenocopy those of LRP1 mutants, and their compromised vascular integrity predisposed them to Angiotensin II-induced aneurysm formation. Aneurysmal vessels were characterized by enhanced VSMC phenotypic modulation and augmented PDGFR-β signaling. In vitro, enhanced sensitivity to PDGF-BB upon loss of Tβ4 was associated with dysregulated endocytosis, with increased recycling and reduced lysosomal targeting of LRP1-PDGFR-β. Accordingly, the exacerbated aneurysmal phenotype in Tβ4-null mice was rescued upon treatment with the PDGFR-β antagonist Imatinib. Our study identifies Tβ4 as a key regulator of LRP1 for maintaining vascular health, and provides insights into the mechanisms of growth factor-controlled VSMC phenotypic modulation underlying aortic disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/adverse effects
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/prevention & control
- Becaplermin/genetics
- Becaplermin/metabolism
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1/genetics
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Thymosin/genetics
- Thymosin/metabolism
- Thymosin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Munshaw
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susann Bruche
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andia N. Redpath
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alisha Jones
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Munich, Germany
| | - Jyoti Patel
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Regent Lee
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Svenja S. Hester
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Davies
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Neal
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashok Handa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Fischer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M. Channon
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Smart
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Desiderio C, Rossetti DV, Castagnola M, Massimi L, Tamburrini G. Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma: advances in proteomic research. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:789-797. [PMID: 32617710 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many efforts have been performed in the last decade to accomplish the genomic and proteomic characterization of pediatric adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma with the purpose to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and development of this pediatric brain tumor, its high recurrence rate, and, although classified as a histologically benign neoplasm, its aggressive behavior. METHODS The focus of this review is to perform the new comparison of the proteomic profiles of the solid component and the intracystic fluid of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma based on our previous results, obtained by both the top-down and the bottom-up proteomic approaches, to disclose differences and similarities, and to discuss the results in the context of the most recent literature. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Proteins and peptides identified in the cyst fluid and in the solid component of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (AC) include beyond markers of inflammation (i.e., alpha-defensins), proteins involved in cell migration and protein degradation (i.e., beta-thymosin and ubiquitin peptides), whose main role might be in tumor growth and infiltration of the surrounding neural structures. These last appeared different in the solid components compared with the cyst fluid, missing their terminal part in the solid tissue, a feature generally associated to malignancies, which might represent a distinct molecular site for an aggressive behavior of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Diana Valeria Rossetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Massimi
- UOC Neurochirurgia Infantile, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Tamburrini
- UOC Neurochirurgia Infantile, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Unlocking the Secrets of the Regenerating Fish Heart: Comparing Regenerative Models to Shed Light on Successful Regeneration. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8010004. [PMID: 33467137 PMCID: PMC7830602 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult human heart cannot repair itself after injury and, instead, forms a permanent fibrotic scar that impairs cardiac function and can lead to incurable heart failure. The zebrafish, amongst other organisms, has been extensively studied for its innate capacity to repair its heart after injury. Understanding the signals that govern successful regeneration in models such as the zebrafish will lead to the development of effective therapies that can stimulate endogenous repair in humans. To date, many studies have investigated cardiac regeneration using a reverse genetics candidate gene approach. However, this approach is limited in its ability to unbiasedly identify novel genes and signalling pathways that are essential to successful regeneration. In contrast, drawing comparisons between different models of regeneration enables unbiased screens to be performed, identifying signals that have not previously been linked to regeneration. Here, we will review in detail what has been learnt from the comparative approach, highlighting the techniques used and how these studies have influenced the field. We will also discuss what further comparisons would enhance our knowledge of successful regeneration and scarring. Finally, we focus on the Astyanax mexicanus, an intraspecies comparative fish model that holds great promise for revealing the secrets of the regenerating heart.
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18
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Liu M, Eckersall PD, Mrljak V, Horvatić A, Guillemin N, Galan A, Köster L, French A. Novel biomarkers in cats with congestive heart failure due to primary cardiomyopathy. J Proteomics 2020; 226:103896. [PMID: 32652222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of feline cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure (CHF) requires further understanding. In this study, we assessed serum proteome change in feline CHF, aiming to identify novel biomarker for both research and clinical use. The study comprised 15 cats in CHF, 5 cats in preclinical cardiomyopathy and 15 cats as healthy controls. Serum proteome profiles were obtained by tandem mass tag labelling followed by mass spectrometry. Protein concentrations in CHF cats were compared with healthy controls. Western blot was performed for proteomic validation. Correlations were assessed between the altered proteins in CHF and clinical variables in cats with cardiomyopathy to evaluate protein-cardiac association. Bioinformatic analysis was employed to identify pathophysiological pathways involved in feline CHF. Sixteen serum proteins were significantly different between CHF and healthy control cats (P < .05). These included serine protease inhibitors, apolipoproteins and other proteins associated with inflammation and coagulation. Clinical parameters from cats with cardiomyopathy significantly correlated with the altered proteins (P < .05). Bioinformatic analysis identified 13 most relevant functional profiles in feline CHF, which mostly associated with extracellular matrix organization and metabolism. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017761. SIGNIFICANCE: Cardiomyopathies affect both cats and humans, and they can cause serious consequence such as congestive heart failure (CHF). To date, the pathophysiological mechanism of CHF is not fully understood. In this study, for the first time, we used a proteomic approach combined with bioinformatic analysis to evaluate serum protein change in cats with CHF. Results indicate systemic inflammation, coagulation protein changes, innate immunity and extracellular matrix remodeling are involved in feline CHF, which are largely comparable with findings in previous human studies. Our study provides new insights into CHF and cardiomyopathy in cats, and the identified novel biomarkers and pathophysiological pathways provide valuable information for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - P David Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Laboratory for Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Laboratory for Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Horvatić
- Laboratory for Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicolas Guillemin
- Laboratory for Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Asier Galan
- Laboratory for Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Liza Köster
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Anne French
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts & Nevis, West Indies.
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19
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Chen W, Jia S, Zhang X, Zhang S, Liu H, Yang X, Zhang C, Wu W. Dimeric Thymosin β4 Loaded Nanofibrous Interface Enhanced Regeneration of Muscular Artery in Aging Body through Modulating Perivascular Adipose Stem Cell-Macrophage Interaction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903307. [PMID: 32328425 PMCID: PMC7175290 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Regenerating nonthrombotic and compliant artery, especially in the aging body, remains a major surgical challenge, mainly owing to the inadequate knowledge of the major cell sources contributing to arterial regeneration and insufficient bioactivity of delivered peptides in grafts. Ultrathin nanofibrous sheaths stented with biodegrading elastomer present opening channels and reduced material residue, enabling fast cell recruitment and host remodeling, while incorporating peptides offering developmental cues are challenging. In this study, a recombinant human thymosin β4 dimer (DTβ4) that contains two complete Tβ4 molecules is produced. The adult perivascular adipose is found as the dominant source of vascular progenitors which, when stimulated by the DTβ4-loaded nanofibrous sheath, enables 100% patency rates, near-complete structural as well as adequate functional regeneration of artery, and effectively ameliorates aging-induced defective regeneration. As compared with Tβ4, DTβ4 exhibits durable regenerative activity including recruiting more progenitors for endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, when incorporated into the ultrathin polycaprolactone sheath. Moreover, the DTβ4-loaded interface promotes smooth muscle cells differentiation, mainly through promoting M2 macrophage polarization and chemokines. Incorporating artificial DTβ4 into ultrathin sheaths of fast degrading vascular grafts creates an effective interface for sufficient muscular remodeling thus offering a robust tool for vessel replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of Oral & Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of Stomatologythe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Sansan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of Oral & Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of Stomatologythe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Xinchi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of Oral & Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of Stomatologythe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Siqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of Oral & Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of Stomatologythe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of PathophysiologyInstitute of Basic Medical ScienceXi'an Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of Oral & Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of Stomatologythe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyBiotechnology CenterSchool of Pharmacythe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of Oral & Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of Stomatologythe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
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20
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Thymosin β4-Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Mouse Ischemic Hindlimb Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062166. [PMID: 32245208 PMCID: PMC7139370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a G-actin sequestering protein that contributes to diverse cellular activities, such as migration and angiogenesis. In this study, the beneficial effects of combined cell therapy with Tβ4 and human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) in a mouse ischemic hindlimb model were investigated. We observed that exogenous treatment with Tβ4 enhanced endogenous TMSB4X mRNA expression and promoted morphological changes (increased cell length) in hASCs. Interestingly, Tβ4 induced the active state of hASCs by up-regulating intracellular signaling pathways including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways. Treatment with Tβ4 significantly increased cell migration and sprouting from microbeads. Moreover, additional treatment with Tβ4 promoted the endothelial differentiation potential of hASCs by up-regulating various angiogenic genes. To evaluate the in vivo effects of the Tβ4-hASCs combination on vessel recruitment, dorsal window chambers were transplanted, and the co-treated mice were found to have a significantly increased number of microvessel branches. Transplantation of hASCs in combination with Tβ4 was found to improve blood flow and attenuate limb or foot loss post-ischemia compared to transplantation with hASCs alone. Taken together, the therapeutic application of hASCs combined with Tβ4 could be effective in enhancing endothelial differentiation and vascularization for treating hindlimb ischemia.
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21
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Pronobis MI, Poss KD. Signals for cardiomyocyte proliferation during zebrafish heart regeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 14:78-85. [PMID: 32368708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The common laboratory zebrafish can regenerate functional cardiac muscle after cataclysmic damage or loss, by activating programs that direct the division of spared cardiomyocytes. Heart regeneration is not a linear series of molecular steps and synchronized cellular progressions, but rather an imperfect, relentless process that proceeds in an advantaged competition with scarring until recovery of the lost heart function. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of signaling events that have formative roles in injury-induced cardiomyocyte proliferation in zebrafish, and we forecast advances in the field that are needed to decipher heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira I Pronobis
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham NC 27710 USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham NC 27710 USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
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22
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Shwartz A, Goessling W, Yin C. Macrophages in Zebrafish Models of Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2840. [PMID: 31867007 PMCID: PMC6904306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages are key components of the liver immunity and consist of two main populations. Liver resident macrophages, known as Kupffer cells in mammals, are crucial for maintaining normal liver homeostasis. Upon injury, they become activated to release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and recruit a large population of inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages to the liver. During the progression of liver diseases, macrophages are highly plastic and have opposing functions depending on the signaling cues that they receive from the microenvironment. A comprehensive understanding of liver macrophages is essential for developing therapeutic interventions that target these cells in acute and chronic liver diseases. Mouse studies have provided the bulk of our current knowledge of liver macrophages. The emergence of various liver disease models and availability of transgenic tools to visualize and manipulate macrophages have made the teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) an attractive new vertebrate model to study liver macrophages. In this review, we summarize the origin and behaviors of macrophages in healthy and injured livers in zebrafish. We highlight the roles of macrophages in zebrafish models of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver regeneration, and how they compare with the roles that have been described in mammals. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of using zebrafish to study liver macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadi Shwartz
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Huang Q, Geng Z, Chen T, Cheng X, Gu H, Li Q, Li D, Liu R. Comparative proteomic analysis of plasma of children with congenital heart disease. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1848-1854. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Huang
- The First Affiliated HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrializationand National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative MedicineNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Zhi Geng
- Cardiovascular Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- The First Affiliated HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xiangjun Cheng
- The First Affiliated HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Haitao Gu
- The First Affiliated HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Cardiovascular Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Dianfu Li
- The First Affiliated HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrializationand National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative MedicineNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing P. R. China
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Zou SS, Wang J, Li BX, Yang GW, Sun JJ, Yang HT. Thymosin participates in antimicrobial immunity in zebrafish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:371-378. [PMID: 30703548 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thymosin hormones, which were shown to be involved in immune system development and differentiation in previous studies, have antimicrobial functions in different animals. Zebrafish are a useful model for immunology research. Although thymosin has been reported to be involved in the embryonic development of zebrafish, it is necessary to uncover the antimicrobial function of thymosin in zebrafish. In this study, we expressed thymosin β (Tβ) in zebrafish in vitro and studied its antimicrobial function. The Tβ protein consists of 45 amino acids and is conserved among its family members, especially the actin-binding motif (LKKTET). Tβ was expressed in all tested tissues and was highly expressed in the brain, liver and hindgut. After Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, the Tβ transcript level increased in the skin, liver, kidney, spleen, thymus, foregut, gills and midgut. Purified recombinant thymosin β (rTβ) protein was used to study the antimicrobial mechanism. rTβ could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. rTβ also binds to and agglutinates certain bacteria. Further study showed that rTβ could combine with the polysaccharides from gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial walls. All results suggested that the Tβ of zebrafish plays a significant role in innate antibacterial immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Song Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Bao-Xia Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Gui-Wen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jie-Jie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Renga G, Oikonomou V, Stincardini C, Pariano M, Borghi M, Costantini C, Bartoli A, Garaci E, Goldstein AL, Romani L. Thymosin β4 limits inflammation through autophagy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:171-175. [PMID: 30063848 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1473854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a thymic hormone with multiple and different intracellular and extracellular activities affecting wound healing, inflammation, fibrosis and tissue regeneration. As the failure to resolve inflammation leads to uncontrolled inflammatory pathology which underlies many chronic diseases, the endogenous pathway through which Tβ4 may promote inflammation resolution becomes of great interest. In this review, we discuss data highlighting the efficacy of Tβ4 in resolving inflammation by restoring autophagy. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an overview of the Tβ4's anti-inflammatory properties in several pathologies and provide preliminary evidence on the ability of Tβ4 to resolve inflammation via the promotion of non-canonical autophagy associated with the activation of the DAP kinase anti-inflammatory function. EXPERT OPINION Based on its multitasking activity in various animal studies, including tissue repair and prevention of chronic inflammation, Tβ4 may represent a potential, novel treatment for inflammatory diseases associated with defective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Renga
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Vasilis Oikonomou
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudia Stincardini
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Monica Borghi
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudio Costantini
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Andrea Bartoli
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- b University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele , Rome , Italy
| | - Allan L Goldstein
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , the George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Luigina Romani
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
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Pardon MC. Anti-inflammatory potential of thymosin β4 in the central nervous system: implications for progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:165-169. [PMID: 30063850 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1486817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The actin-sequestering thymosin beta4 (Tβ4) is the most abundant member of the β-thymosins, and is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), but its functions in the healthy and diseased brain are poorly understood. The expression of Tβ4 in neurons and microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, suggests that it can play a role in modulating behavioral processes and immunological mechanisms in the brain. The purpose of this review is to shed lights on the role of Tβ4 in CNS function and diseases without antecedent autoimmune inflammation or injury, and to question its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. AREAS COVERED This review presents the evidence supporting a role for Tβ4 in behaviors that are affected in CNS disorders, as well as studies linking Tβ4 upregulation in microglia to neuroinflammatory processes associated with these disorders. Finally, the implication of Tβ4 in the process of microglial activation and the mechanisms underlying its ability to suppress pro-inflammatory signaling in microglia are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Tβ4 has the potential to control inflammatory processes in the brain, opening avenues for new therapeutic applications to a range of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Pardon
- a School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Queens Medical Centre , The University of Nottingham Medical School , Nottingham , UK
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Wang L, Chopp M, Lu X, Szalad A, Jia L, Liu XS, Wu KH, Lu M, Zhang ZG. miR-146a mediates thymosin β4 induced neurovascular remodeling of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type-II diabetic mice. Brain Res 2018; 1707:198-207. [PMID: 30500399 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes induces neurovascular dysfunction leading to peripheral neuropathy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) affect many biological processes and the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In the present study, we investigated whether thymosin-β4 (Tβ4) ameliorates diabetic peripheral neuropathy and whether miR-146a mediates the effect of Tβ4 on improved neurovascular function. Male Type II diabetic BKS. Cg-m+/+Leprdb/J (db/db) mice at age 20 weeks were treated with Tβ4 for 8 consecutive weeks, and db/db mice treated with saline were used as a control group. Compared to non-diabetic mice, diabetic mice exhibited substantially reduced miR-146a expression, and increased IL-1R-associated kinase-1 (IRAK1), tumor necrosis factor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) levels and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB) activity in sciatic nerve tissues. Treatment of diabetic mice with Tβ4 significantly elevated miR-146a levels and overcame the effect of diabetes on these proteins. Tβ4 treatment substantially improved motor and sensory conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve, which was associated with improvements in sensory function. Tβ4 treatment significantly increased intraepidermal nerve fiber density and augmented local blood flow and the density of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran perfused vessels in the sciatic nerve tissue. In vitro, treatment of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and mouse dermal endothelial cells (MDEs) with Tβ4 significantly increased axonal outgrowth and capillary-like tube formation, whereas blocking miR-146a attenuated Tβ4-induced axonal outgrowth and capillary tube formation, respectively. Our data indicate that miR-146a may mediate Tβ4-induced neurovascular remodeling in diabetic mice, by suppressing pro-inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, United States; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States
| | - XueRong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Alexandra Szalad
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - LongFei Jia
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Xian Shuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Kuan-Han Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
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28
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Vasilopoulou E, Riley PR, Long DA. Thymosin-β4: A key modifier of renal disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:185-192. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1473371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Vasilopoulou
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Paul R. Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David A. Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Kumar N, Liao TD, Romero CA, Maheshwari M, Peterson EL, Carretero OA. Thymosin β4 Deficiency Exacerbates Renal and Cardiac Injury in Angiotensin-II-Induced Hypertension. Hypertension 2018; 71:1133-1142. [PMID: 29632102 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.10952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a ubiquitous peptide, regulates several cellular processes that include cell morphology, wound healing, and inflammatory response. Administration of exogenous Tβ4 is protective in diabetic nephropathy and in a unilateral ureteral obstruction model. However, the role of endogenous Tβ4 in health and disease conditions remains unclear. To elucidate the pathophysiological role of endogenous Tβ4 in hypertension, we examined angiotensin-II (Ang-II)-induced renal and cardiac damage in Tβ4 knockout (Tβ4 KO) mice. Tβ4 KO and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were infused continuously for 6 weeks with either vehicle or Ang-II (980 ng/kg per minute). At baseline, Tβ4 deficiency did not affect renal and cardiac function. Systolic blood pressure in the Ang-II group was similar in wild-type and Tβ4 KO mice (wild-type Ang-II, 179.25±10.11 mm Hg; Tβ4 KO Ang-II, 169.81±6.54 mm Hg). Despite the similar systolic blood pressure after Ang-II infusion, Tβ4-deficient mice had dramatically increased albuminuria and decreased nephrin expression in the kidney (P<0.005). In the heart of Tβ4 KO mice, Ang-II reduced ejection fraction and shortening fraction (ejection fraction: wild-type Ang-II 77.95%±1.03%; Tβ4 KO Ang-II 62.58%±3.25%; P<0.005), which was accompanied by cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular dilatation. In addition, renal and cardiac infiltration of CD68 macrophages, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and total collagen content were increased after Ang-II infusion in Tβ4 KO mice (P<0.005). Overall, our data indicate that endogenous Tβ4 is crucial in preventing tissue injury from Ang-II-induced hypertension. This study gives new insights into the protective role of endogenous Tβ4 in hypertensive end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar
- From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine (N.K., T.-D.L., C.A.R., M.M., O.A.C.)
| | - Tang-Dong Liao
- From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine (N.K., T.-D.L., C.A.R., M.M., O.A.C.)
| | - Cesar A Romero
- From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine (N.K., T.-D.L., C.A.R., M.M., O.A.C.)
| | - Mani Maheshwari
- From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine (N.K., T.-D.L., C.A.R., M.M., O.A.C.)
| | - Edward L Peterson
- and Department of Public Health Sciences (E.L.P.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine (N.K., T.-D.L., C.A.R., M.M., O.A.C.)
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Hao Q, He L, Zhou J, Yuan Y, Ma X, Pang Z, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhang C, Li M. A dimeric thymosin beta 4 with novel bio-activity protects post-ischemic cardiac function by accelerating vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Int J Cardiol 2018; 261:146-154. [PMID: 29550018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a 43-amino-acid peptide with protective properties in myocardium injury. Previously, we produced a recombinant human dimeric Tβ4 (DTβ4). Here, the cardioprotective effects of DTβ4 and the molecular mechanisms underlying its enhanced activity were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Echocardiography measurements showed that the cardioprotective effect of DTβ4 in myocardial infarction mice was significantly higher than that of wild-type Tβ4. Corresponding in vitro analyses demonstrated that the enhanced cardioprotection provided by DTβ4 was largely due to increased stimulation of angiogenesis. HPLC analysis, western blotting and qRT-PCR indicated that the enhanced pro-angiogenesis activity of DTβ4 was independent of the protein half-life and the known downstream pathways of wild-type Tβ4. Transcriptome deep sequencing (RNA-seq), BrdU incorporation assays, flow cytometry analysis and RNA interference demonstrated that the enhanced angiogenic activity of DTβ4 depended on MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1)-induced proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, which has not been reported for wild-type Tβ4. Moreover, transcription factor activation screening, luciferase promoter reporter assay and immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that DTβ4 enhanced MALAT1 transcription by inhibiting the degradation of prospero-related homeobox 1 (PROX1). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the potential applications and the novel bioactivity of the Tβ4 dimer. Moreover, to construct the dimer represents a new method for production of bioactive peptides that may have novel activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hao
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Lei He
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Jiming Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, 153 Central Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Zhijun Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Weina Li
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China.
| | - Cun Zhang
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China.
| | - Meng Li
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China.
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Comparative regenerative mechanisms across different mammalian tissues. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:6. [PMID: 29507774 PMCID: PMC5824955 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulating regeneration of complex tissues and organs after injury to effect complete structural and functional repair, is an attractive therapeutic option that would revolutionize clinical medicine. Compared to many metazoan phyla that show extraordinary regenerative capacity, which in some instances persists throughout life, regeneration in mammalians, particularly humans, is limited or absent. Here we consider recent insights in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of regeneration that have come from studies of tissue homeostasis and injury repair in mammalian tissues that span the spectrum from little or no self-renewal, to those showing active cell turnover throughout life. These studies highlight the diversity of factors that constrain regeneration, including immune responses, extracellular matrix composition, age, injury type, physiological adaptation, and angiogenic and neurogenic capacity. Despite these constraints, much progress has been made in elucidating key molecular mechanisms that may provide therapeutic targets for the development of future regenerative therapies, as well as previously unidentified developmental paradigms and windows-of-opportunity for improved regenerative repair.
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Barnette DN, Cahill TJ, Gunadasa-Rohling M, Carr CA, Freeman M, Riley PR. iRhom2-mediated proinflammatory signalling regulates heart repair following myocardial infarction. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98268. [PMID: 29415889 PMCID: PMC5821194 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of proinflammation, and specifically TNF-α, on downstream fibrosis and healing after cardiac injury remains unknown. Using iRhom2-deficient mice, which lack myeloid-specific shedding of TNF-α, we reveal increased macrophages (MΦs) that were skewed towards a more proinflammatory (M1) state at day 4, followed by more reparative, antiinflammatory (M2) state at day 7 after myocardial infarction (MI). However, associated functional cytokine expression was significantly reduced in iRhom2-mutant M1 and M2 MΦs, respectively. A dampened proinflammatory signature in iRhom2-deficient mice during the acute phase of injury and subsequent changes in MΦ polarization were associated with reduced phagocytosis and a more sparse distribution within the scar region. This resulted in impaired collagen deposition and fibrosis, and increased left ventricular remodelling and mortality in iRhom2-deficient mice after MI. Our findings reveal a requirement for an iRhom2-mediated proinflammatory response during downstream scarring and fibrosis, which is driven in part by TNF-α signaling. These conclusions challenge the existing model that infarct repair is determined exclusively by antiinflammatory signaling of M2 MΦs, and as such we propose an alternative view of immunomodulation to maintain effective healing after infarction. Optimal scarring and survival after myocardial infarction is dependent upon the initial wave of inflammation after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien N Barnette
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Thomas J Cahill
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (UK).,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Mala Gunadasa-Rohling
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul R Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (UK)
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Li X, Wang L, Chen C. Effects of exogenous thymosin β4 on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5872. [PMID: 28724974 PMCID: PMC5517632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of exogenous thymosin β4 (TB4) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury and fibrosis in rodent animals. Results showed that both in mice and rats CCl4 rendered significant increases in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, hepatic malondialdehyde formation, decreases in antioxidants including superoxide dismutase and glutathione, and up-regulated expressions of transforming growth factor-β1, α-smooth muscle actin, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in the liver tissues. Hydroxyproline contents in the rat livers were increased by CCl4. Histopathological examinations indicated that CCl4 induced extensive necrosis in mice livers and pseudo-lobule formations, collagen deposition in rats livers. However, all these changes in mice and rats were significantly attenuated by exogenous TB4 treatment. Furthermore, up-regulations of nuclear factor-κB p65 protein expression by CCl4 treatment in mice and rats livers were also remarkably reduced by exogenous TB4 administration. Taken together, findings in this study suggested that exogenous TB4 might prevent CCl4-induced acute liver injury and subsequent fibrosis through alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cai Chen
- Teaching and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Xinyang Vocational and Technical College, Xinyang, China
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Drum CL, Tan WKY, Chan SP, Pakkiri LS, Chong JPC, Liew OW, Ng TP, Ling LH, Sim D, Leong KTG, Yeo DPS, Ong HY, Jaufeerally F, Wong RCC, Chai P, Low AF, Davidsson P, Liljeblad M, Söderling AS, Gan LM, Bhat RV, Purnamawati K, Lam CSP, Richards AM. Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.005586. [PMID: 28611096 PMCID: PMC5669175 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an X-linked gene product with cardioprotective properties. Little is known about plasma concentration of TB4 in heart failure (HF), and its relationship with other cardiovascular biomarkers. We sought to evaluate circulating TB4 in HF patients with preserved (HFpEF) or reduced (HFrEF) ejection fraction compared to non-HF controls. METHODS AND RESULTS TB4 was measured using a liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry assay in age- and sex-matched HFpEF (n=219), HFrEF (n=219) patients, and controls (n=219) from a prospective nationwide study. Additionally, a 92-marker multiplex proximity extension assay was measured to identify biomarker covariates. Compared with controls, plasma TB4 was elevated in HFpEF (985 [421-1723] ng/mL versus 1401 [720-2379] ng/mL, P<0.001), but not in HFrEF (1106 [556-1955] ng/mL, P=0.642). Stratifying by sex, only women (1623 [1040-2625] ng/mL versus 942 [386-1891] ng/mL, P<0.001), but not men (1238.5 [586-1967] ng/mL versus 1004 [451-1538] ng/mL, P=1.0), had significantly elevated TB4 in the setting of HFpEF. Adjusted for New York Heart Association class, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, age, and myocardial infarction, hazard ratio to all-cause mortality is significantly higher in women with elevated TB4 (1.668, P=0.036), but not in men (0.791, P=0.456) with HF. TB4 is strongly correlated with a cluster of 7 markers from the proximity extension assay panel, which are either X-linked, regulated by sex hormones, or involved with NF-κB signaling. CONCLUSIONS We show that plasma TB4 is elevated in women with HFpEF and has prognostic information. Because TB4 can preserve EF in animal studies of cardiac injury, the relation of endogenous, circulating TB4 to X chromosome biology and differential outcomes in female heart disease warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester L Drum
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore .,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Warren K Y Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew-Pang Chan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Mathematics & Statistics, College of Science, Health & Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jenny P C Chong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oi-Wah Liew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze-Pin Ng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lieng-Hsi Ling
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Sim
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | | | - Hean-Yee Ong
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Cardiology, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Fazlur Jaufeerally
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Ping Chai
- National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian F Low
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pia Davidsson
- Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Liljeblad
- Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofi Söderling
- Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Li-Ming Gan
- Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ratan V Bhat
- Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristy Purnamawati
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - A Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore .,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, New Zealand
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Mescher AL. Macrophages and fibroblasts during inflammation and tissue repair in models of organ regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:39-53. [PMID: 28616244 PMCID: PMC5469729 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a concise summary of the changing phenotypes of macrophages and fibroblastic cells during the local inflammatory response, the onset of tissue repair, and the resolution of inflammation which follow injury to an organ. Both cell populations respond directly to damage and present coordinated sequences of activation states which determine the reparative outcome, ranging from true regeneration of the organ to fibrosis and variable functional deficits. Recent work with mammalian models of organ regeneration, including regeneration of full‐thickness skin, hair follicles, ear punch tissues, and digit tips, is summarized and the roles of local immune cells in these systems are discussed. New investigations of the early phase of amphibian limb and tail regeneration, including the effects of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory agents, are then briefly discussed, focusing on the transition from the normally covert inflammatory response to the initiation of the regeneration blastema by migrating fibroblasts and the expression of genes for limb patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Mescher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine - Bloomington Indiana University Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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36
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Rienks M, Carai P, Bitsch N, Schellings M, Vanhaverbeke M, Verjans J, Cuijpers I, Heymans S, Papageorgiou A. Sema3A promotes the resolution of cardiac inflammation after myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:42. [PMID: 28540528 PMCID: PMC5443852 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Optimal healing after myocardial infarction requires not only the induction of inflammation, but also its timely resolution. In patients, 30 days post myocardial infarction, circulating monocytes have increased expression of Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) as compared to directly after admission. This increased expression coincides with increased expression of Cx3CR1—a marker of non-classical monocytes that are important for immune resolution hence proper wound healing. In mice, the expression of Sema3A also increases in response to myocardial ischemia being expressed by infiltrating leukocytes. Comparing Sema3A heterozygote (HZ) and wild type (WT) mice post myocardial infarction, revealed increased presence of leukocytes in the cardiac tissues of HZ mice as compared to WT, with no differences in capillary density, collagen deposition, cardiomyocyte surface area, chemokine—or adhesion molecules expression. Whilst infarct sizes were similar 14 days after myocardial infarction in both genotypes, Sema3A HZ mice had thinner infarcts and reduced cardiac function as compared to their WT littermates. In vitro experiments were conducted to study the role of Sema3A in inflammation and resolution of inflammation as a potential explanation for the differences in leukocyte recruitment and cardiac function observed in our in vivo experiments. Here, recombinant Sema3A protein was able to affect the pro-inflammatory state of cultured bone marrow derived macrophages. First, the pro-inflammatory state was altered by the induced apoptosis of classical macrophages in the presence of Sema3A. Second, Sema3A promoted the polarization of classical macrophages to resolution-phase macrophages and enhanced their efferocytotic ability, findings that were reflected in the infarcted cardiac tissue of the Sema3A HZ mice. Finally, we demonstrated that besides promoting resolution of inflammation, Sema3A was also able to retard the migration of monocytes to the myocardium. Collectively our data demonstrate that Sema3A reduces cardiac inflammation and improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction by promoting the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Rienks
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Paolo Carai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Bitsch
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Schellings
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Verjans
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Ilona Cuijpers
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Papageorgiou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Huang Z, Song Y, Pang Z, Zhang B, Yang H, Shi H, Chen J, Gong H, Qian J, Ge J. Targeted delivery of thymosin beta 4 to the injured myocardium using CREKA-conjugated nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:3023-3036. [PMID: 28442910 PMCID: PMC5396927 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s131949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) has multiple beneficial facets for myocardial injury, but its efficiency is limited by the low local concentration within the infarct. Here, we established a Tβ4 delivery system for cardiac repair based on the interaction between the abundant fibrin in the infarct zone and the fibrin-targeting moiety clot-binding peptide cysteine–arginine–glutamic acid–lysine–alanine (CREKA). Methods and results CREKA and Tβ4 were conjugated to nanoparticles (CNP–Tβ4). In vitro binding test revealed that CNP–Tβ4 had a significant binding ability to the surface of fibrin clots when compared to the control clots (NP–Tβ4). Based on the validation of fibrin expression in the early stage of ischemia injury, CNP–Tβ4 was intravenously administered to mice with acute myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. CNP–Tβ4 revealed a stronger fibrin-targeting ability than the NP–Tβ4 group and accumulated mainly in the infarcted area and colocalized with fibrin. Subsequently, treatment with CNP–Tβ4 resulted in a better therapeutic effect. Conclusion CRKEA modification favored Tβ4 accumulation and retention in the infarcted region, leading to augmented functional benefits. Fibrin-targeting delivery system represents a generalizable platform technology for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyong Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Yanan Song
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Hongtao Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Hui Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Juying Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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38
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Voges HK, Mills RJ, Elliott DA, Parton RG, Porrello ER, Hudson JE. Development of a human cardiac organoid injury model reveals innate regenerative potential. Development 2017; 144:1118-1127. [PMID: 28174241 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adult human heart possesses a limited regenerative potential following an ischemic event, and undergoes a number of pathological changes in response to injury. Although cardiac regeneration has been documented in zebrafish and neonatal mouse hearts, it is currently unknown whether the immature human heart is capable of undergoing complete regeneration. Combined progress in pluripotent stem cell differentiation and tissue engineering has facilitated the development of human cardiac organoids (hCOs), which resemble fetal heart tissue and can be used to address this important knowledge gap. This study aimed to characterize the regenerative capacity of immature human heart tissue in response to injury. Following cryoinjury with a dry ice probe, hCOs exhibited an endogenous regenerative response with full functional recovery 2 weeks after acute injury. Cardiac functional recovery occurred in the absence of pathological fibrosis or cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Consistent with regenerative organisms and neonatal human hearts, there was a high basal level of cardiomyocyte proliferation, which may be responsible for the regenerative capacity of the hCOs. This study suggests that immature human heart tissue has an intrinsic capacity to regenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Voges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Mills
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David A Elliott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James E Hudson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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39
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Zheng XY, Lv YF, Li S, Li Q, Zhang QN, Zhang XT, Hao ZM. Recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin β 4 suppresses experimental colitis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:242-255. [PMID: 28127198 PMCID: PMC5236504 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i2.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the protective effect of a recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin β4 (AAV-Tβ4) on murine colitis via intracolonic administration.
METHODS AAV-Tβ4 was prepared and intracolonically used to mediate the secretory expression of Tβ4 in mouse colons. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was applied to induce the murine ulcerative colitis, and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) was used to establish a mouse colitis model resembling Crohn’s disease. The disease severity and colon injuries were observed and graded to reveal the effects of AAV-Tβ4 on colitis. The activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using biochemical assays. Colonic levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 were measured using ELISA, and mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis and proliferation were detected by TUNEL assay and immunochemistry, respectively.
RESULTS Recombinant AAVs efficiently delivered LacZ and Tβ4 into the colonic tissues of the mice, and AAV-Tβ4 led to a strong expression of Tβ4 in mouse colons. In both the DSS and TNBS colitis models, AAV-Tβ4-treated mice displayed distinctly attenuated colon injuries and reduced apoptosis rate of colonic mucosal epithelia. AAV-Tβ4 significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltrations and relieved oxidative stress in the inflamed colons of the mice, as evidenced by decreases in MPO activity and MDA content and increases in SOD activity. AAV-Tβ4 also modulated colonic TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 levels and suppressed the compensatory proliferation of colonic epithelial cells in DSS- and TNBS-treated mice.
CONCLUSION Tβ4 exerts a protective effect on murine colitis, indicating that AAV-Tβ4 could potentially be developed into a promising agent for the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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40
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Mescher AL, Neff AW, King MW. Inflammation and immunity in organ regeneration. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:98-110. [PMID: 26891614 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of vertebrates to regenerate amputated appendages is increasingly well-understood at the cellular level. Cells mediating an innate immune response and inflammation in the injured tissues are a prominent feature of the limb prior to formation of a regeneration blastema, with macrophage activity necessary for blastema growth and successful development of the new limb. Studies involving either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory agents suggest that the local inflammation produced by injury and its timely resolution are both important for regeneration, with blastema patterning inhibited in the presence of unresolved inflammation. Various experiments with Xenopus larvae at stages where regenerative competence is declining show improved digit formation after treatment with certain immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant agents. Similar work with the larval Xenopus tail has implicated adaptive immunity with regenerative competence and suggests a requirement for regulatory T cells in regeneration, which also occurs in many systems of tissue regeneration. Recent analyses of the human nail organ indicate a capacity for local immune tolerance, suggesting roles for adaptive immunity in the capacity for mammalian appendage regeneration. New information and better understanding regarding the neuroendocrine-immune axis in the response to stressors, including amputation, suggest additional approaches useful for investigating effects of the immune system during repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Mescher
- Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine - Bloomington, USA.
| | - Anton W Neff
- Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine - Bloomington, USA.
| | - Michael W King
- Center for Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine - Terre Haute, USA.
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41
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Duffey OJ, Smart N. Approaches to augment vascularisation and regeneration of the adult heart via the reactivated epicardium. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2016; 2016:e201628. [PMID: 28979901 PMCID: PMC5624183 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival rates following myocardial infarction have increased in recent years but current treatments for post-infarction recovery are inadequate and cannot induce regeneration of damaged hearts. Regenerative medicine could provide disease-reversing treatments by harnessing modern concepts in cell and developmental biology. A recently-established paradigm in regenerative medicine is that regeneration of a tissue can be achieved by reactivation of the coordinated developmental processes that originally formed the tissue. In the heart, the epicardium has emerged as an important regulator of cardiac development and reactivation of epicardial developmental processes may provide a means to enable cardiac regeneration. Indeed, in adult mouse hearts, treatment with thymosin β4 and other drug-like molecules reactivates the epicardium and improves outcomes after myocardial infarction by inducing regenerative paracrine signalling, neovascularisation and de novo cardiomyocyte production. However, there are considerable limitations to current methods of epicardial reactivation that prevent direct translation into clinical practice. Here, we describe the rationale for targeting the epicardium and the successes and limitations of this approach. We consider how several recent advances in epicardial biology could be used to overcome these limitations. These advances include insight into epicardial signalling and heterogeneity, epicardial modulation of inflammation and epicardial remodelling of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J. Duffey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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42
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Optical metrics of the extracellular matrix predict compositional and mechanical changes after myocardial infarction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35823. [PMID: 27819334 PMCID: PMC5098140 DOI: 10.1038/srep35823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the organization and mechanical function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies that regulate wound healing following disease or injury. However, these relationships are challenging to elucidate during remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI) due to rapid changes in cellularity and an inability to characterize both ECM microstructure and function non-destructively. In this study, we overcome those challenges through whole organ decellularization and non-linear optical microscopy to directly relate the microstructure and mechanical properties of myocardial ECM. We non-destructively quantify collagen organization, content, and cross-linking within decellularized healthy and infarcted myocardium using second harmonic generation (SHG) and two photon excited autofluorescence. Tensile mechanical testing and compositional analysis reveal that the cumulative SHG intensity within each image volume and the average collagen autofluorescence are significantly correlated with collagen content and elastic modulus of the ECM, respectively. Compared to healthy ECM, infarcted tissues demonstrate a significant increase in collagen content and fiber alignment, and a decrease in cross-linking and elastic modulus. These findings indicate that cross-linking plays a key role in stiffness at the collagen fiber level following infarction, and highlight how this non-destructive approach to assessing remodeling can be used to understand ECM structure-function relationships.
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43
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Santini MP, Forte E, Harvey RP, Kovacic JC. Developmental origin and lineage plasticity of endogenous cardiac stem cells. Development 2016; 143:1242-58. [PMID: 27095490 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, several populations of cardiac stem cells have been described in the adult mammalian heart. For the most part, however, their lineage origins and in vivo functions remain largely unexplored. This Review summarizes what is known about different populations of embryonic and adult cardiac stem cells, including KIT(+), PDGFRα(+), ISL1(+)and SCA1(+)cells, side population cells, cardiospheres and epicardial cells. We discuss their developmental origins and defining characteristics, and consider their possible contribution to heart organogenesis and regeneration. We also summarize the origin and plasticity of cardiac fibroblasts and circulating endothelial progenitor cells, and consider what role these cells have in contributing to cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Santini
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Elvira Forte
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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44
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Liu Y, Liu M, Shi Y, Liu Y. Serum Thymosin β4 Concentrations in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 30:736-40. [PMID: 27086675 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation is a potential mechanism of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Thymosin β4, a member of thymic protein family, exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect. We determine to investigate whether serum thymosin β4 concentrations is correlated with the occurrence and disease severity of OSAS. METHODS Serum thymosin β4 concentrations were examined in a cross-sectional population including 158 patients with OSAS and 94 healthy subjects. RESULTS Elevated serum thymosin β4 concentrations were found in OSAS patients than the controls. Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated a significant association between serum thymosin β4 concentrations and OSAS development. Severe OSAS patients showed increased serum thymosin β4 concentrations compared with mild and moderate patients. Spearman correlation analysis suggested that serum thymosin β4 concentrations were correlated with the severity of OSAS. Simple linear regression analyses showed that serum thymosin β4 in OSAS patients was correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, apnea hypopnea index, disease severity, and osteoarthritis development. Then multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that only disease severity remained to be associated with serum thymosin β4. CONCLUSIONS Serum thymosin β4 concentrations were correlated with the occurrence and severity of OSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong, PR China
| | - Meijuan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Youkui Shi
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong, PR China
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45
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Loss of endogenous thymosin β 4 accelerates glomerular disease. Kidney Int 2016; 90:1056-1070. [PMID: 27575556 PMCID: PMC5073078 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular disease is characterized by morphologic changes in podocyte cells accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis. Thymosin β4 regulates cell morphology, inflammation, and fibrosis in several organs and administration of exogenous thymosin β4 improves animal models of unilateral ureteral obstruction and diabetic nephropathy. However, the role of endogenous thymosin β4 in the kidney is unknown. We demonstrate that thymosin β4 is expressed prominently in podocytes of developing and adult mouse glomeruli. Global loss of thymosin β4 did not affect healthy glomeruli, but accelerated the severity of immune-mediated nephrotoxic nephritis with worse renal function, periglomerular inflammation, and fibrosis. Lack of thymosin β4 in nephrotoxic nephritis led to the redistribution of podocytes from the glomerular tuft toward the Bowman capsule suggesting a role for thymosin β4 in the migration of these cells. Thymosin β4 knockdown in cultured podocytes also increased migration in a wound-healing assay, accompanied by F-actin rearrangement and increased RhoA activity. We propose that endogenous thymosin β4 is a modifier of glomerular injury, likely having a protective role acting as a brake to slow disease progression.
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Xiang MSW, Kikuchi K. Endogenous Mechanisms of Cardiac Regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 326:67-131. [PMID: 27572127 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish possess a remarkable capacity for cardiac regeneration throughout their lifetime, providing a model for investigating endogenous cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating myocardial regeneration. By contrast, adult mammals have an extremely limited capacity for cardiac regeneration, contributing to mortality and morbidity from cardiac diseases such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. However, the viewpoint of the mammalian heart as a postmitotic organ was recently revised based on findings that the mammalian heart contains multiple undifferentiated cell types with cardiogenic potential as well as a robust regenerative capacity during a short period early in life. Although it occurs at an extremely low level, continuous cardiomyocyte turnover has been detected in adult mouse and human hearts, which could potentially be enhanced to restore lost myocardium in damaged human hearts. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in the understanding of endogenous mechanisms of cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S W Xiang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst NSW, Australia
| | - K Kikuchi
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
Treatment with thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) reduces infarct volume and preserves cardiac function in preclinical models of cardiac ischemic injury. These effects stem in part from decreased infarct size, but additional benefits are likely due to specific antifibrotic and proangiogenic activities. Injected or transgenic Tβ4 increase blood vessel growth in large and small animal models, consistent with Tβ4 converting hibernating myocardium to an actively contractile state following ischemia. Tβ4 and its degradation products have antifibrotic effects in in vitro assays and in animal models of fibrosis not related to cardiac injury. This large number of pleiotropic effects results from Tβ4's many interactions with cellular signaling pathways, particularly indirect regulation of cellular motility and movement via the SRF-MRTF-G-actin transcriptional pathway. Variation in effects and effect sizes in animal models may potentially be due to variable distribution of Tβ4. Preclinical studies of PK/PD relationships and a reliable pharmacodynamic biomarker would facilitate clinical development of Tβ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Pipes
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Discovery Biology Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, United States.
| | - J Yang
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Discovery Biology Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, United States
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Bednarek D, González-Rosa JM, Guzmán-Martínez G, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Ó, Aguado T, Sánchez-Ferrer C, Marques IJ, Galardi-Castilla M, de Diego I, Gómez MJ, Cortés A, Zapata A, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Mercader N, Flores I. Telomerase Is Essential for Zebrafish Heart Regeneration. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1691-703. [PMID: 26321646 PMCID: PMC4589159 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
After myocardial infarction in humans, lost cardiomyocytes are replaced by an irreversible fibrotic scar. In contrast, zebrafish hearts efficiently regenerate after injury. Complete regeneration of the zebrafish heart is driven by the strong proliferation response of its cardiomyocytes to injury. Here we show that, after cardiac injury in zebrafish, telomerase becomes hyperactivated, and telomeres elongate transiently, preceding a peak of cardiomyocyte proliferation and full organ recovery. Using a telomerase-mutant zebrafish model, we found that telomerase loss drastically decreases cardiomyocyte proliferation and fibrotic tissue regression after cryoinjury and that cardiac function does not recover. The impaired cardiomyocyte proliferation response is accompanied by the absence of cardiomyocytes with long telomeres and an increased proportion of cardiomyocytes showing DNA damage and senescence characteristics. These findings demonstrate the importance of telomerase function in heart regeneration and highlight the potential of telomerase therapy as a means of stimulating cell proliferation upon myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Bednarek
- Regeneration and Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel González-Rosa
- Development of the Epicardium and Its Role during Regeneration Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela Guzmán-Martínez
- Cardiovascular Imaging in Humans, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez
- Regeneration and Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Aguado
- Regeneration and Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Sánchez-Ferrer
- Regeneration and Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inês João Marques
- Development of the Epicardium and Its Role during Regeneration Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Galardi-Castilla
- Development of the Epicardium and Its Role during Regeneration Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene de Diego
- Regeneration and Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel José Gómez
- Bioinformatic Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cortés
- Electron Microscopy Center, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Agustín Zapata
- Electron Microscopy Center, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Luis Jesús Jiménez-Borreguero
- Cardiovascular Imaging in Humans, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Development of the Epicardium and Its Role during Regeneration Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Flores
- Regeneration and Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Hinkel R, Ball HL, DiMaio JM, Shrivastava S, Thatcher JE, Singh AN, Sun X, Faskerti G, Olson EN, Kupatt C, Bock-Marquette I. C-terminal variable AGES domain of Thymosin β4: the molecule's primary contribution in support of post-ischemic cardiac function and repair. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 87:113-25. [PMID: 26255251 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repairing defective cardiac cells is important towards improving heart function. Due to the frequency and severity of ischemic heart disease, management of patients featuring this type of cardiac failure receives significant interest. Previously we discovered that Thymosin β4 (TB4), a 43 amino-acid secreted actin sequestering peptide, is beneficial for myocardial cell survival and coronary re-growth after infarction in adult mammals. Considering the regenerative potential of full-length TB4 in the heart, and that minimal structural variations alter TB4's influence on actin assembly and cell movement, we investigated how various TB4 domains affect cardiac cell behavior and post-ischemic mammalian heart function. We synthesized 17 domain combinations of full-length TB4 and analyzed their impact on embryonic cardiac cells in vitro, and after cardiac infarction in vivo. We discovered the domains of TB4 affect cardiac cell behavior distinctly. We revealed TB4 specific C-terminal tetrapeptide, AGES, increases embryonic cardiac cell migration and myocyte beating in culture, and improves adult mammalian heart function following ischemia. Investigating the molecular background and mechanism we discovered systemic injection of AGES enhances early myocyte survival by activating Akt-mediated signaling mechanisms, increases coronary vessel growth and inhibits inflammation in mice and pigs. Biodistribution analyses revealed cardiomyocytes uptake AGES efficiently in vitro and in vivo projecting a potential independent clinical utilization for the tetrapeptide. Our comprehensive domain investigations also suggest, preservation and/or restoration of cardiomyocyte communication is a target of TB4 and AGES, and critical to improve post-ischemic heart function in pigs. In summary, we identified the C-terminal four amino-acid variable end of TB4 as the essential and responsible domain for the molecule's full benefits in the hypoxic heart. Additionally, we introduced AGES as a novel, systemically applicable drug candidate to aid cardiac infarction in adult mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Hinkel
- Internal Medicine I, University Clinic Grosshadern, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Haydn L Ball
- Protein Chemistry Technology Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - J Michael DiMaio
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Santwana Shrivastava
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Thatcher
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ajay N Singh
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gabor Faskerti
- University of Pecs, Faculty of Medicine, Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs 7624, Hungary
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christian Kupatt
- Internal Medicine I, University Clinic Grosshadern, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Ildiko Bock-Marquette
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; University of Pecs, Faculty of Medicine, Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
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50
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Matrone G, Maqsood S, Taylor J, Mullins JJ, Tucker CS, Denvir MA. Targeted laser ablation of the zebrafish larval heart induces models of heart block, valvular regurgitation, and outflow tract obstruction. Zebrafish 2015; 11:536-41. [PMID: 25272304 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian models of cardiac disease have provided unique and important insights into human disease but have become increasingly challenging to produce. The zebrafish could provide inexpensive high-throughput models of cardiac injury and repair. We used a highly targeted laser, synchronized to fire at specific phases of the cardiac cycle, to induce regional injury to the ventricle, atrioventricular (AV) cushion, and bulbus arteriosus (BA). We assessed the impact of laser injury on hearts of zebrafish early larvae at 72 h postfertilization, to different regions, recording the effects on ejection fraction (EF), heart rate (HR), and blood flow at 2 and 24 h postinjury (hpi). Laser injury to the apex, midzone, and outflow regions of the ventricle resulted in reductions of the ventricle EF at 2 hpi with full recovery of function by 24 hpi. Laser injury to the ventricle, close to the AV cushion, was more likely to cause bradycardia and atrial-ventricular dysfunction, suggestive of an electrical conduction block. At 2 hpi, direct injury to the AV cushion resulted in marked regurgitation of blood from the ventricle to the atrium. Laser injury to the BA caused temporary outflow tract obstruction with cessation of ventricle contraction and circulation. Despite such damage, 80% of embryos showed complete recovery of the HR and function within 24 h of laser injury. Precision laser injury to key structures in the zebrafish developing heart provides a range of potentially useful models of hemodynamic overload, injury, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Matrone
- 1 British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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