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Park J, Lee Y, Cho S, Choe A, Yeom J, Ro YG, Kim J, Kang DH, Lee S, Ko H. Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human-Machine Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1464-1534. [PMID: 38314694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Haptic human-machine interfaces (HHMIs) combine tactile sensation and haptic feedback to allow humans to interact closely with machines and robots, providing immersive experiences and convenient lifestyles. Significant progress has been made in developing wearable sensors that accurately detect physical and electrophysiological stimuli with improved softness, functionality, reliability, and selectivity. In addition, soft actuating systems have been developed to provide high-quality haptic feedback by precisely controlling force, displacement, frequency, and spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss the latest technological advances of soft sensors and actuators for the demonstration of wearable HHMIs. We particularly focus on highlighting material and structural approaches that enable desired sensing and feedback properties necessary for effective wearable HHMIs. Furthermore, promising practical applications of current HHMI technology in various areas such as the metaverse, robotics, and user-interactive devices are discussed in detail. Finally, this Review further concludes by discussing the outlook for next-generation HHMI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
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Reynolds MF, Miskin MZ. Materials for electronically controllable microactuators. MRS BULLETIN 2024; 49:107-114. [PMID: 38435786 PMCID: PMC10907459 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Abstract Electronically controllable actuators have shrunk to remarkably small dimensions, thanks to recent advances in materials science. Currently, multiple classes of actuators can operate at the micron scale, be patterned using lithographic techniques, and be driven by complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible voltages, enabling new technologies, including digitally controlled micro-cilia, cell-sized origami structures, and autonomous microrobots controlled by onboard semiconductor electronics. This field is poised to grow, as many of these actuator technologies are the firsts of their kind and much of the underlying design space remains unexplored. To help map the current state of the art and set goals for the future, here, we overview existing work and examine how key figures of merit for actuation at the microscale, including force output, response time, power consumption, efficiency, and durability are fundamentally intertwined. In doing so, we find performance limits and tradeoffs for different classes of microactuators based on the coupling mechanism between electrical energy, chemical energy, and mechanical work. These limits both point to future goals for actuator development and signal promising applications for these actuators in sophisticated electronically integrated microrobotic systems. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Reynolds
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Marc Z. Miskin
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Nguyen VH, Oh S, Mahato M, Tabassian R, Yoo H, Lee SG, Garai M, Kim KJ, Oh IK. Functionally antagonistic polyelectrolyte for electro-ionic soft actuator. Nat Commun 2024; 15:435. [PMID: 38200009 PMCID: PMC10781978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Electro-active ionic soft actuators have been intensively investigated as an artificial muscle for soft robotics due to their large bending deformations at low voltages, small electric power consumption, superior energy density, high safety and biomimetic self-sensing actuation. However, their slow responses, poor durability and low bandwidth, mainly resulting from improper distribution of ionic conducting phase in polyelectrolyte membranes, hinder practical applications to real fields. We report a procedure to synthesize efficient polyelectrolyte membranes that have continuous conducting network suitable for electro-ionic artificial muscles. This functionally antagonistic solvent procedure makes amphiphilic Nafion molecules to assemble into micelles with ionic surfaces enclosing non-conducting cores. Especially, the ionic surfaces of these micelles combine together during casting process and form a continuous ionic conducting phase needed for high ionic conductivity, which boosts the performance of electro-ionic soft actuators by 10-time faster response and 36-time higher bending displacement. Furthermore, the developed muscle shows exceptional durability over 40 days under continuous actuation and broad bandwidth below 10 Hz, and is successfully applied to demonstrate an inchworm-mimetic soft robot and a kinetic tensegrity system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Hiep Nguyen
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Saewoong Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Manmatha Mahato
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Rassoul Tabassian
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Aarhus University, Katrinebjergvej 89 G-F, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Hyunjoon Yoo
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Lee
- Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory, KAIST Analysis Center for Research Advancement, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mousumi Garai
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Kim
- Active Materials and Smart Living Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Lu C, Zhang X. Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites: From Material Engineering to Flexible Applications. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:131-139. [PMID: 38095618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusIonic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are one kind of artificial muscles that can realize energy conversions in response to external stimulus with merits of lightweight, scalability, quick response, and flexibility and have been treated as an important platform in artificial intelligence, such as bionic robotics, smart sensors, and micro-electromechanical systems. It is well-known that IPMC devices are mainly composed of one electrolyte layer laminated with symmetric electrode layers and realize energy conversion based on ion migration and redistribution inside the devices. However, several critical issues have greatly impeded the practical applications of IPMC devices, including metal electrode cracks, metal-polymer interface detachment, and water loss in the electrolyte. In the past decade, our group and collaborators have made attempts to address the mentioned critical issues with the purpose of accelerating practical applications of IPMC devices. First, in order to address the metal electrode cracks, we have developed various electrode materials to replace the metal electrode material, such as black phosphorus and graphdiyne. These materials display superior electrical and mechanical properties with enhanced material stability without cracking. Second, to address metal-polymer interface detachment, we have designed robust interfaces for IMPC devices with vertical array structures. The as-prepared interfaces present high ionic conductivity with excellent mechanical stability under bending states. As a result, the IPMC devices deliver high working stability exceeding a million cycles under air conditions. Third, in order to avoid water loss in the electrolyte, especially at ambient conditions, we have developed ionogel electrolytes containing highly stable ionic liquids as active ion sources. The ionogel electrolytes effectively prevent water loss in conventional water-containing electrolytes, just like Nafion electrolytes and greatly improve the working stability of IPMC devices. After addressing the key issues of IPMC devices, we finally obtained many high-performing IPMC devices and explored various intelligent applications of them. For instance, we have demonstrated the smart functions of IPMC devices as sensitive strain sensors, such as sign language recognition, handwriting detection, and human muscle monitoring. In addition, we have developed bionic flying robots with a vibration frequency as high as 30 Hz with the aid of high-performance IPMC actuators. A medical catheter based on IPMC actuators has been put forward by our group and can realize multiple degrees of freedom deformation under a low driving voltage of 2.5 V, which presents great potential for application in medical instruments. Lastly, a perspective on critical challenges and future research directions on IPMC materials and devices is highlighted for accelerating practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Yadav D, Sharma PK, Malviya R, Mishra PS, Surendra AV, Rao GSNK, Rani BR. Stimuli-responsive Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:981-999. [PMID: 37594093 DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666230818121821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of ''smart materials,'' or ''stimulus responsive'' materials, has proven useful in a variety of fields, including tissue engineering and medication delivery. Many factors, including temperature, pH, redox state, light, and magnetic fields, are being studied for their potential to affect a material's properties, interactions, structure, and/or dimensions. New tissue engineering and drug delivery methods are made possible by the ability of living systems to respond to both external stimuli and their own internal signals) for example, materials composed of stimuliresponsive polymers that self assemble or undergo phase transitions or morphology transformation. The researcher examines the potential of smart materials as controlled drug release vehicles in tissue engineering, aiming to enable the localized regeneration of injured tissue by delivering precisely dosed drugs at precisely timed intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Shankar Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - G S N Koteswara Rao
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy, NMIMS Deemed University, Mumbai, India
| | - Budha Roja Rani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, A.P., India
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6
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Mahato M, Garai M, Nguyen VH, Oh S, Nam S, Zeng X, Yoo H, Tabassian R, Oh IK. Polysulfonated covalent organic framework as active electrode host for mobile cation guests in electrochemical soft actuator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk9752. [PMID: 38091394 PMCID: PMC10848701 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Tailoring transfer dynamics of mobile cations across solid-state electrolyte-electrode interfaces is crucial for high-performance electrochemical soft actuators. In general, actuation performance is directly proportional to the affinity of cations and anions in the electrolyte for the opposite electrode surfaces under an applied field. Herein, to maximize electrochemical actuation, we report an electronically conjugated polysulfonated covalent organic framework (pS-COF) used as a common electrolyte-electrode host for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation embedded into a Nafion membrane. The pS-COF-based electrochemical actuator exhibits remarkable bending deflection at near-zero voltage (~0.01 V) and previously unattainable blocking force, which is 34 times higher than its own weight. The ultrafast step response shows a very short rising time of 1.59 seconds without back-relaxation, and substantial ultralow-voltage actuation at higher frequencies up to 5.0 hertz demonstrates good application prospects of common electrolyte-electrode hosts. A soft fluidic switch is constructed using the proposed soft actuator as a potential engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmatha Mahato
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mousumi Garai
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Hiep Nguyen
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Saewoong Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Nam
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangrong Zeng
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Yoo
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Rassoul Tabassian
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Aarhus University, Katrinebjergvej 89 G-F, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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7
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Min J, Bae S, Kawaguchi D, Tanaka K, Park MJ. Enhanced ionic conductivity in block copolymer electrolytes through interfacial passivation using mixed ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174906. [PMID: 37921254 DOI: 10.1063/5.0173322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a strategic approach for enhancing the ionic conductivity of block copolymer electrolytes. This was achieved by introducing mixed ionic liquids (ILs) with varying molar ratios, wherein the imidazolium cation was paired with either tetrafluoroborate (BF4) anion or bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI) anion. Two polymer matrices, poly(4-styrenesulfonate)-b-polymethylbutylene (SSMB) and poly(4-styrenesulfonyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide)-b-polymethylbutylene (STMB), were synthesized for this purpose. All the SSMB and STMB containing mixed ILs showed hexagonal cylindrical structures, but the type of tethered acid group significantly influenced the interfacial properties. STMB electrolytes demonstrated enhanced segregation strength, which was attributed to strengthened Coulomb and hydrogen bonding interactions in the ionic domains, where the ILs were uniformly distributed. In contrast, the SSMB electrolytes exhibited increased concentration fluctuations because the BF4 anions were selectively sequestered at the block interfaces. This resulted in the effective confinement of imidazolium TFSI along the ionic domains, thereby preventing ion trapping in dead zones and facilitating rapid ion diffusion. Consequently, the SSMB electrolytes with mixed ILs demonstrated significantly improved ionic conductivities, surpassing the expected values based on the arithmetic average of the conductivities of each IL, whereas the ionic conductivity of the STMB was aligned with the expected average. The methodology explored in this study holds great promise for the development of solid-state polymer electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Min
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Daisuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Bernal RAO, Olekhnovich RO, Uspenskaya MV. Influence of Thermal Treatment and Acetic Acid Concentration on the Electroactive Properties of Chitosan/PVA-Based Micro- and Nanofibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3719. [PMID: 37765573 PMCID: PMC10534511 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents, for the first time, a comprehensive investigation of the influence of pre- and post-fabrication parameters for the electroactive properties of electrospun chitosan/PVA-based micro- and nanofibers. Chitosan/PVA fibers were fabricated using electrospinning, characterized, and tested as electroactive materials. Solutions with different acetic acid contents (50, 60, 70, and 80 v/v%) were used, and the rheological properties of the solutions were analyzed. Characterization techniques, such as rheology, conductivity, optical microscopy, a thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, a tensile test, and FT-IR spectroscopy, were utilized. Fiber mats from the various solutions were thermally treated, and their electroactive behavior was examined under a constant electric potential (10 V) at different pHs (2-13). The results showed that fibers electrospun from 80% acetic acid had a lower electroactive response and dissolved quickly. However, thermal treatment improved the stability and electroactive response of all fiber samples, particularly the ones spun with 80% acetic acid, which exhibited a significant increase in speed displacement from 0 cm-1 (non-thermally treated) to 1.372 cm-1 (thermally treated) at a pH of 3. This study sheds light on the influence of pre- and post-fabrication parameters on the electroactive properties of chitosan/PVA fibers, offering valuable insights for the development of electroactive materials in various applications.
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Wang B, Huang P, Li B, Wu Z, Xing Y, Zhu J, Liu L. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Electrodes of Ionic Soft Actuators: From Initial 1D Structure to 3D Composite Structure for Flexible Intelligent Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2304246. [PMID: 37635123 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of autonomous and intelligent devices driven by soft actuators, ion soft actuators in flexible intelligent devices have several advantages over other actuators, including their light weight, low voltage drive, large strain, good flexibility, fast response, etc. Traditional ionic polymer metal composites have received a lot of attention over the past decades, but they suffer from poor driving performance and short service lives since the precious metal electrodes are not only expensive, heavy, and labor-intensive, but also prone to cracking with repeated actuation. As excellent candidates for the electrode materials of ionic soft actuators, carbon-based nanomaterials have received a lot of interest because of their plentiful reserves, low cost, and excellent mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties. This research reviewed carbon-based nanomaterial electrodes of ion soft actuators for flexible smart devices from a fresh perspective from 1D to 3D combinations. The design of the electrode structure is introduced after the driving mechanism of ionic soft actuators. The details of ionic soft actuator electrodes made of carbon-based nanomaterials are then provided. Additionally, a summary of applications for flexible intelligent devices is provided. Finally, suggestions for challenges and prospects are made to offer direction and inspiration for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Peng Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Bingjue Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Ze Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Youqiang Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Jianxiong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
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Ye Y, Yu L, Lizundia E, Zhu Y, Chen C, Jiang F. Cellulose-Based Ionic Conductor: An Emerging Material toward Sustainable Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9204-9264. [PMID: 37419504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Ionic conductors (ICs) find widespread applications across different fields, such as smart electronic, ionotronic, sensor, biomedical, and energy harvesting/storage devices, and largely determine the function and performance of these devices. In the pursuit of developing ICs required for better performing and sustainable devices, cellulose appears as an attractive and promising building block due to its high abundance, renewability, striking mechanical strength, and other functional features. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary regarding ICs fabricated from cellulose and cellulose-derived materials in terms of fundamental structural features of cellulose, the materials design and fabrication techniques for engineering, main properties and characterization, and diverse applications. Next, the potential of cellulose-based ICs to relieve the increasing concern about electronic waste within the frame of circularity and environmental sustainability and the future directions to be explored for advancing this field are discussed. Overall, we hope this review can provide a comprehensive summary and unique perspectives on the design and application of advanced cellulose-based ICs and thereby encourage the utilization of cellulosic materials toward sustainable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Ye
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Le Yu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain
- BCMaterials Lab, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Yeling Zhu
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chaoji Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Li K, Wang J, Song Y, Wang Y. Machine learning-guided discovery of ionic polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2789. [PMID: 37188717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As essential components of ionic polymer electrolytes (IPEs), ionic liquids (ILs) with high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical window are promising candidates to enable safe and high-energy-density lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Here, we describe a machine learning workflow embedded with quantum calculation and graph convolutional neural network to discover potential ILs for IPEs. By selecting subsets of the recommended ILs, combining with a rigid-rod polyelectrolyte and a lithium salt, we develop a series of thin (~50 μm) and robust (>200 MPa) IPE membranes. The Li|IPEs|Li cells exhibit ultrahigh critical-current-density (6 mA cm-2) at 80 °C. The Li|IPEs|LiFePO4 (10.3 mg cm-2) cells deliver outstanding capacity retention in 350 cycles (>96% at 0.5C; >80% at 2C), fast charge/discharge capability (146 mAh g-1 at 3C) and excellent efficiency (>99.92%). This performance is rarely reported by other single-layer polymer electrolytes without any flammable organics for LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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12
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Wu CH, Meng W, Iakoubovskii K, Yoshio M. Photocured Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Electrolytes with 3D Ion Transport Pathways for Electromechanical Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4495-4504. [PMID: 36646628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of ionic molecules into hierarchical ordered structures is a promising route to new types of solid electrolytes with enhanced ion transport. Herein, we report a liquid-crystalline polymer electrolyte membrane that contains three-dimensionally (3D) interconnected ionic pathways. To build this membrane, we used wedge-shaped amphiphilic molecules that have two ionic heads and a lipophilic tail. These molecules were combined with a low content of ionic liquid (5.6 wt %) to form a hexagonal columnar phase, where the self-assembled lipophilic cylinders were surrounded by the ionic shell. Photopolymerization of this phase produced flexible nanostructured films with 3D ionic pathways, which can serve as an electrolyte layer in soft robotic actuators. Ionic transport in the 3D pathways leads to shape memory capability as well as durable bending actuation with a voltage-controllable blocking force. Furthermore, we find a significant enhancement of actuation for the nanostructured electrolyte compared with the corresponding amorphous electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hao Wu
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-8628, Japan
| | - Wenjing Meng
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-0047, Japan
| | - Konstantin Iakoubovskii
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-0047, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yoshio
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-8628, Japan
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13
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Jeong KJ, Jeong S, Lee S, Son CY. Predictive Molecular Models for Charged Materials Systems: From Energy Materials to Biomacromolecules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204272. [PMID: 36373701 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions play a dominant role in charged materials systems. Understanding the complex correlation between macroscopic properties with microscopic structures is of critical importance to develop rational design strategies for advanced materials. But the complexity of this challenging task is augmented by interfaces present in the charged materials systems, such as electrode-electrolyte interfaces or biological membranes. Over the last decades, predictive molecular simulations that are founded in fundamental physics and optimized for charged interfacial systems have proven their value in providing molecular understanding of physicochemical properties and functional mechanisms for diverse materials. Novel design strategies utilizing predictive models have been suggested as promising route for the rational design of materials with tailored properties. Here, an overview of recent advances in the understanding of charged interfacial systems aided by predictive molecular simulations is presented. Focusing on three types of charged interfaces found in energy materials and biomacromolecules, how the molecular models characterize ion structure, charge transport, morphology relation to the environment, and the thermodynamics/kinetics of molecular binding at the interfaces is discussed. The critical analysis brings two prominent field of energy materials and biological science under common perspective, to stimulate crossover in both research field that have been largely separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Seungwon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Chang Yun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
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14
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Morozov OS, Ivanchenko AV, Nechausov SS, Bulgakov BA. Effect of Electrode Morphology on Performance of Ionic Actuators Based on Vat Photopolymerized Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1110. [PMID: 36363665 PMCID: PMC9696670 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bucky gel electrodes are composed of morphology-determining polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filled with carbon nanotubes (CNT). The electrodes are commonly fabricated via the casting of a CNT dispersion containing PVDF and ionic liquid. In this study, several pore-forming additives such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and the common ionic liquid BMIMBF4 were used to control the morphology of the bucky gel electrodes. The crystalline phase type and content of PVDF in the electrodes were determined by FT-IR and DSC, respectively. SEM revealed a sponge-like structure in the case of the use of BMIMBF4 and a spherulite structure if PEG and DBP were used as additives. A strong influence of morphology on the anisotropic increase in the volume of electrodes upon impregnation with electrolyte was observed. The PEG-based electrode elongated more than the others, while the BMIMBF4-based electrode thickened to a greater extent. Ionic actuators were fabricated to experimentally reveal the effect of electrode morphology on their electromechanical efficiency. A high-precision vat photopolymerization technique was used to fabricate identical ionic membranes and minimize their influence on the properties of the actuators. The electrodes were characterized by the same porosity and electrical capacitance, while the actuators differ significantly in performance. As a result, a simple method of using pore-forming additives made it possible to increase the maximum deformation of bucky gel ionic actuators by 1.5 times by changing the morphology of the electrodes.
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15
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Cho KG, Seol KH, Kim MS, Hong K, Lee KH. Tuning Threshold Voltage of Electrolyte-Gated Transistors by Binary Ion Doping. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50004-50012. [PMID: 36301020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) operating at low voltages have attracted significant attention in widespread applications, including neuromorphic devices, nonvolatile memories, chemical/biosensors, and printed electronics. To increase the practicality of the EGTs in electronic circuits, systematic control of threshold voltage (Vth), which determines the power consumption and noise margin of the circuits, is essential. In this study, we present a simple strategy for systematically tuning Vth to almost half of the operating potential range of the EGT by controlling the electrochemical doping of electrolyte ions into organic p-type semiconductors. The type of anion in the ionogel determines Vth as well as other transistor characteristics, such as the subthreshold swing and mobility, because the positive hole carriers are the majority carriers. More importantly, Vth can be finely controlled by binary anion doping using ionogels with two anions with varying molar fractions at a fixed cation. In addition, the binary anion doping successfully controls the inversion characteristics of ion-gated inverters. As unlimited combinations of ion pairs are possible for ionogels, this study opens a route for controlling the device characteristics to expand the practicality and applicability of ionogel-based EGTs for next-generation ionic/electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwan Seol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyon Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University (CNU), Daejeon34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon22212, Republic of Korea
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16
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Li R, Han Y, Akcora P. Ion channels in sulfonated copolymer-grafted nanoparticles in ionic liquids. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5402-5409. [PMID: 35815406 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00725h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of ionic liquids as solvents for polymers or polymer-grafted nanoparticles provides an exciting feature to explore electrolyte-polymer interactions. 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (HMIm-TFSI) can have specific interactions with the polymer through ion-dipole forces or hydrogen bonding. In this work, poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PMMA-b-PSS) copolymer-grafted Fe3O4 nanoparticles with different sulfonation levels (∼4.9 to 10.9 mol% SS) were synthesized, and their concentration dependent ionic conductivities were reported in acetonitrile and HMIm-TFSI/acetonitrile mixtures. We found that conductivity enhancement with the particle concentration in acetonitrile was due to the aggregation of grafted particles, resulting in sulfonic domain connectivity. The ionic conductivity was found to be related to the effective hopping transfer within ionic channels. On the contrary, the conductivity decreased or remained constant with increasing particle concentration in HMIm-TFSI/acetonitrile. This result was attributed to the ion coupling between ionic liquids and copolymer domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - Yuke Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - Pinar Akcora
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
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17
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Park M, Chun Y, Kim S, Sohn KY, Jeon M. Effects of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Insulating Layers on the Driving Performance of Ionic Electroactive Polymer Actuators for Light-Weight Artificial Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4981. [PMID: 35563372 PMCID: PMC9101070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the energy efficiency and driving performance of ionic electroactive polymer actuators, we propose inserting insulating layers of 170 nm hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) particles between the ionic polymer membrane and electrodes. In experiments, actuators exhibited better capacitance (4.020 × 10-1 F), displacement (6.01 mm), and curvature (35.59 m-1) with such layers than without them. The excellent insulating properties and uniform morphology of the layers reduced the interfacial resistance, and the ion conductivity (0.071 S m-1) within the ionic polymer improved significantly. Durability was enhanced because the h-BN layer is chemically and thermally stable and efficiently blocks heat diffusion and ion hydrate evaporation during operation. The results demonstrate a close relationship between the capacitance and driving performance of actuators. A gripper prepared from the proposed ionic electroactive polymer actuator can stably hold an object even under strong external vibration and fast or slow movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Park
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea;
| | - Youngjae Chun
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Seonpil Kim
- Department of Military Information Science, Gyeongju University, Gyeongju 38065, Korea;
| | - Keun Yong Sohn
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea;
| | - Minhyon Jeon
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea;
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18
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Morozov OS, Babkin AV, Ivanchenko AV, Shachneva SS, Nechausov SS, Alentiev DA, Bermeshev MV, Bulgakov BA, Kepman AV. Ionomers Based on Addition and Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerized 5-phenyl-2-norbornene as a Membrane Material for Ionic Actuators. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:316. [PMID: 35323790 PMCID: PMC8953079 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Two types of poly(5-phenyl-2-norbornene) were synthesized via ring opening metathesis and addition polymerization. The polymers sulfonation reaction under homogeneous conditions resulted in ionomer with high sulfonation degree up to 79% (IEC 3.36 meq/g). The prepared ionomer was characterized by DSC, GPC, 1H NMR and FT-IR. Polymers for electromechanical applications soluble in common polar organic solvents were obtained by replacing proton of sulfonic group with imidazolium and 1-methylimidazlium. Membranes were prepared using the above-mentioned polymers and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF4), as well as mixtures with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Mechanical, morphological, and conductive properties of the membranes were examined by tensile testing, SEM, and impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Dry and air-stable actuators with electrodes based on SWCNT were fabricated via hot-pressing. Actuators with membranes based on methylimidazolium containing ionomers outperformed classical bucky gel actuator and demonstrated high strain (up to 1.14%) and generated stress (up to 1.21 MPa) under low voltage of 2 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg S. Morozov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.B.); (A.V.I.); (S.S.N.); (B.A.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Alexander V. Babkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.B.); (A.V.I.); (S.S.N.); (B.A.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Anna V. Ivanchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.B.); (A.V.I.); (S.S.N.); (B.A.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Svetlana S. Shachneva
- Faculty of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey S. Nechausov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.B.); (A.V.I.); (S.S.N.); (B.A.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Dmitry A. Alentiev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.A.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Maxim V. Bermeshev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.A.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Boris A. Bulgakov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.B.); (A.V.I.); (S.S.N.); (B.A.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Alexey V. Kepman
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.B.); (A.V.I.); (S.S.N.); (B.A.B.); (A.V.K.)
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19
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Sun L, Du Y, Yu H, Wei H, Xu W, Xu W. An Artificial Reflex Arc That Perceives Afferent Visual and Tactile Information and Controls Efferent Muscular Actions. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9851843. [PMID: 35252874 PMCID: PMC8858381 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9851843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural perception and action-inspired electronics is becoming important for interactive human-machine interfaces and intelligent robots. A system that implements neuromorphic environmental information coding, synaptic signal processing, and motion control is desired. We report a neuroinspired artificial reflex arc that possesses visual and somatosensory dual afferent nerve paths and an efferent nerve path to control artificial muscles. A self-powered photoelectric synapse between the afferent and efferent nerves was used as the key information processor. The artificial reflex arc successfully responds to external visual and tactile information and controls the actions of artificial muscle in response to these external stimuli and thus emulates reflex activities through a full reflex arc. The visual and somatosensory information is encoded as impulse spikes, the frequency of which exhibited a sublinear dependence on the obstacle proximity or pressure stimuli. The artificial reflex arc suggests a promising strategy toward developing soft neurorobotic systems and prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300350, China.,Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China.,National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Du
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300350, China.,Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China.,National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300350, China.,Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China.,National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huanhuan Wei
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300350, China.,Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China.,National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300350, China.,Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China.,National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300350, China.,Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China.,National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin 300350, China
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20
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Rotjanasuworapong K, Thummarungsan N, Lerdwijitjarud W, Sirivat A. Electromechanical responses of agarose ionogels as highly soft and compliant actuators. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Ionic covalent organic framework based electrolyte for fast-response ultra-low voltage electrochemical actuators. Nat Commun 2022; 13:390. [PMID: 35046389 PMCID: PMC8770580 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrically activated soft actuators with large deformability are important for soft robotics but enhancing durability and efficiency of electrochemical actuators is challenging. Herein, we demonstrate that the actuation performance of an ionic two-dimensional covalent-organic framework based electrochemical actuator is improved through the ordered pore structure of opening up efficient ion transport routes. Specifically, the actuator shows a large peak to peak displacement (9.3 mm, ±0.5 V, 1 Hz), a fast-response time to reach equilibrium-bending (~1 s), a correspondingly high bending strain difference (0.38%), a broad response frequency (0.1–20 Hz) and excellent durability (>99%) after 23,000 cycles. The present study ascertains the functionality of soft electrolyte as bionic artificial actuators while providing ideas for expanding the limits in applications for robots. Electrically activated soft actuators with large deformability are important for soft robotics but enhancing durability and efficiency of electrochemical actuators is challenging. Here the authors demonstrate that the actuation performance of an ionic two-dimensional covalent-organic framework based electrochemical actuator is improved through the ordered pore structure of opening up efficient ion transport routes
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22
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Min J, Barpuzary D, Ham H, Kang GC, Park MJ. Charged Block Copolymers: From Fundamentals to Electromechanical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4024-4035. [PMID: 34559505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charged block copolymers are promising materials for next-generation battery technologies and soft electronics. Although once it was only possible to prepare randomly organized structures, nowadays, well-ordered charged block copolymers can be prepared. In addition, theoretical and experimental analyses of the thermodynamic properties of charged polymers have provided insights into how to control nanostructures via electrostatic interactions and improve the ionic conductivity without compromising mechanical strength, which is crucial for practical applications. In this Account, we discuss methods to control the self-assembly and ion diffusion behavior of charged block copolymers by varying the type of tethered ionic moieties, local concentration of embedded ions with controlled electrostatic interactions, and nanoscale morphology. We discuss with particular emphasis on the structure-transport relationship of charged block copolymers using various ionic additives to control the phase behavior electrostatically as well as the ion transport properties. Through this, we establish the role of interconnected ionic channels in promoting ion-conduction and the importance of developing three-dimensional interconnected morphologies such as gyroid, orthorhombic Fddd (O70) networks, body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), and A15 structures with well-defined interfaces in creating less tortuous ion-conduction pathways. Our prolonged surge and synthetic advances are pushing the frontiers of charged block copolymers to have virtually homogeneous ionic domains with suppressed ion agglomeration via the nanoconfinement of closely bound ionic moieties, resulting in efficient ion conduction and high mechanical strength.Subsequently, we discuss how, by using zwitterions, we have radically improved the ionic conductivity of single-ion conducting polymers, which have potential for use in next-generation electrochemical devices owing to the constrained anion depletion. Key to the improvement stems from hierarchically ordered ionic crystals in nanodomains of the single-ion block copolymers through the self-organization of the dipolar/ionic moieties under confinement. By precisely tuning the distances between ionic sites and the dipolar orientation in the ionic domains with varied zwitterion contents, unprecedented dielectric constants close to those of aqueous electrolytes have been achieved, leading to the development of high-conductivity solid-state single-ion conducting polymers with leak-free characteristics. Further, using these materials, low-voltage-driven artificial muscles have been prepared that show a large bending strain and millisecond-scale mechanical deformations at 1 V in air without fatigue, exceeding the performance of previously reported polymer actuators. Finally, smart multiresponsive actuators based on tailor-made charged polymers capable of programmable deformation with high force and self-locking without power consumption are suggested as candidates for use in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Min
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Dipankar Barpuzary
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseong Ham
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Chan Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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23
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Barpuzary D, Ham H, Park D, Kim K, Park MJ. Smart Bioinspired Actuators: Crawling, Linear, and Bending Motions through a Multilayer Design. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50381-50391. [PMID: 34657431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To fulfill the insatiable demand for wearable technologies, ionic electroactive polymer actuators have been entrenched as promising candidates that can convert low-input-voltage energy into high mechanical throughput. However, a ubiquitous trilayer design of actuators allows exclusively bending deformation and their highly nonlinear response restricts the true potential of low-voltage actuators for next-generation technology. Herein, we report an unprecedented multilayer design for soft actuators that enables complex deformations shown by skeletal muscles, mechanoreceptors, and plant roots in response to various environmental stimuli. Hierarchically ordered pores in a stretchable interlayer provide excellent electromechanical properties and fast charging kinetics, which enable linear motion by soft actuators at 3 V and under ambient conditions. Our actuators demonstrate astonishing levels of performance, including a 6.5% linear actuation strain, 0.8 s rapid switching speed, and 5000 cycle stable performance in air, producing a 4.2 mN linear blocking force at a ±3 V alternating square-wave voltage. This actuator design demonstrating a walkable spider capable of controlled back-and-forth propelling motion at low driving voltages provides the platform to envision a complex functionality using a portable battery as a power source for soft robotics, wearable exosuits, and biomimetic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Barpuzary
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseong Ham
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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24
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Polarization of ionic liquid and polymer and its implications for polymerized ionic liquids: An overview towards a new theory and simulation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Rajapaksha CPH, Gunathilaka MDT, Narute S, Albehaijan H, Piedrahita C, Paudel P, Feng C, Lüssem B, Kyu T, Jákli A. Flexo-Ionic Effect of Ionic Liquid Crystal Elastomers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144234. [PMID: 34299509 PMCID: PMC8304522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first study of the flexo-ionic effect, i.e., mechanical deformation-induced electric signal, of the recently discovered ionic liquid crystal elastomers (iLCEs) is reported. The measured flexo-ionic coefficients were found to strongly depend on the director alignment of the iLCE films and can be over 200 µC/m. This value is orders of magnitude higher than the flexo-electric coefficient found in insulating liquid crystals and is comparable to the well-developed ionic polymers (iEAPs). The shortest response times, i.e., the largest bandwidth of the flexo-ionic responses, is achieved in planar alignment, when the director is uniformly parallel to the substrates. These results render high potential for iLCE-based devices for applications in sensors and wearable micropower generators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suresh Narute
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (S.N.); (H.A.); (C.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Hamad Albehaijan
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (S.N.); (H.A.); (C.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Camilo Piedrahita
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (S.N.); (H.A.); (C.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Pushpa Paudel
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA; (C.P.H.R.); (P.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Chenrun Feng
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA; (M.D.T.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Björn Lüssem
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA; (C.P.H.R.); (P.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Thein Kyu
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (S.N.); (H.A.); (C.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Antal Jákli
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA; (C.P.H.R.); (P.P.); (B.L.)
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA; (M.D.T.G.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Zhu X, Hu Y, Wu G, Chen W, Bao N. Two-Dimensional Nanosheets-Based Soft Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Actuators: Recent Advances in Design, Construction, and Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9273-9298. [PMID: 34018737 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soft electro-chemo-mechanical actuators have received enormous interest in biomimetic technologies, wearable electronics, and microelectromechanical systems due to their low voltage-driven large deformation, fast response, high strain, and working durability. Two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets, which can highly promote ion-induced micromotion to macrodeformation, have outstandingly been used as prime actuator electrodes because of their ordered microstructures, tunable interlayer spaces, controllable electrochemical activities, and excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Here, this review primarily focuses on the recent advances in key 2D electro-chemo-mechanical actuator electrodes, including graphene, MXenes, graphitic carbon nitride, molybdenum disulfide, black phosphorus, and graphdiyne. Various synthetic strategies of electrode design, such as microstructural architecture, active-site regulation, and channel construction, for achieving high ionic kinetic transport, charge storage, and electrochemical-mechanical performances are discussed. The advanced structures with diverse building principles that provide ordered and active ionic pathways for high actuation speed and strain are emphasized. Furthermore, the innovative applications of electro-chemo-mechanical actuators toward biomimetic robots and smart devices are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are also proposed. The aim of this review is to provide the guiding significance for scientific researchers and industrial engineers to design higher performance next-generation electro-chemo-mechanical actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ying Hu
- Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P.R. China
| | - Guan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
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27
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Zhang S, Guo K, Sun L, Ni Y, Liu L, Xu W, Yang L, Xu W. Selective Release of Different Neurotransmitters Emulated by a p-i-n Junction Synaptic Transistor for Environment-Responsive Action Control. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007350. [PMID: 33543514 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The design of the first p-i-n junction synaptic transistor (JST) based on n-type TiO2 film covered with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and with a p-type P3HT/PEO nanowire (NW) on top. Except for basic synaptic functions that can be realized by a single neurotransmitter, the electronic device emulates the multiplexed neurotransmission of different neurotransmissions, i.e., glutamate and acetylcholine, for fast switching between short- and long-term plasticity (STP and LTP). This is realized by the special p-i-n junction with hole transport in the p-type P3HT NW to form STP, and electron transport in the n-type TiO2 layer and trapped under the PMMA inversion layer to form LTP. Altering the external input induces changes of the polarity of the charge carriers in the conductive channel, promoting fast switching between STP and LTP modes. When stimulated using two parallel inputs, the response of PMMA/TiO2 emulates the synergistic effect of taste and aroma on the control of food-intake in the brain. Because of the bipolarity, the p-i-n JST has excellent reconfigurability, which importantly is attributed to simulate the plasticity of synapses and to mimic how distinct types of gustatory receptor neurons respond to different concentrations of salt. The electronic device lays the technical foundation for the realization of the future complex artificial neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kexin Guo
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yao Ni
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, National Institute of Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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28
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Manikandan G, Murali A, Kumar R, Satapathy DK. Rapid Moisture-Responsive Silk Fibroin Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8880-8888. [PMID: 33576225 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the unique actuation characteristics of moisture-driven, fully reversible soft biopolymer films fabricated from Bombyx mori silk. The instantaneous actuation is driven by the water vapor induced stress gradient generated across the thickness of the film, and it possesses subsecond response and actuation times. The excellent durability and consistent performance of the film without any noticeable fatigue are established by subjecting it to more than a thousand continuous actuation cycles. The weight-lifting capability of the film is fascinating, where a few tens of micrograms of water generate a colossal force required to lift hundreds of milligrams of weight. Several other potential uses of silk fibroin based soft actuators, such as an intelligent textile layer with the crescent-shaped windows that open on perspiring skin and an autonomous crawler, are also demonstrated. Interestingly, even moisture emanating from the human palm triggers the ultrafast actuation process. These silk films are fabricated using a simple facile solution-casting technique, which can be scaled up with relative ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Manikandan
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Aathira Murali
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, 678557, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Dillip K Satapathy
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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29
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Kang S, Park MJ. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Block Copolymers with Tethered Acid Groups: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1527-1541. [PMID: 35617073 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Scientific research on advanced polymer electrolytes has led to the emergence of all-solid-state energy storage/transfer systems. Early research began with acid-tethered polymers half a century ago, and research interest has gradually shifted to high-precision polymers with controllable acid functional groups and nanoscale morphologies. Consequently, various self-assembled acid-tethered block polymer morphologies have been produced. Their ion properties are profoundly affected by the multiscale intermolecular interactions in confinements. The creation of hierarchically organized ion/dipole arrangements inside the block copolymer nanostructures has been highlighted as a future method for developing advanced single-ion polymers with decoupled ion dynamics and polymer chain relaxation. Several emerging practical applications of the acid-tethered block copolymers have been explored to draw attention to the challenges and opportunities in developing state-of-the-art electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
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30
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Shen C, Zhao Q, Shan N, Jing BB, Evans CM. Conductivity–modulus–
T
g
relationships in solvent‐free, single lithium ion conducting network electrolytes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengtian Shen
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Qiujie Zhao
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Naisong Shan
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Brian B. Jing
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
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31
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Gough CR, Rivera-Galletti A, Cowan DA, Salas-de la Cruz D, Hu X. Protein and Polysaccharide-Based Fiber Materials Generated from Ionic Liquids: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3362. [PMID: 32722182 PMCID: PMC7435976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural biomacromolecules such as structural proteins and polysaccharides are composed of the basic building blocks of life: amino acids and carbohydrates. Understanding their molecular structure, self-assembly and interaction in solvents such as ionic liquids (ILs) is critical for unleashing a flora of new materials, revolutionizing the way we fabricate multi-structural and multi-functional systems with tunable physicochemical properties. Ionic liquids are superior to organic solvents because they do not produce unwanted by-products and are considered green substitutes because of their reusability. In addition, they will significantly improve the miscibility of biopolymers with other materials while maintaining the mechanical properties of the biopolymer in the final product. Understanding and controlling the physicochemical properties of biopolymers in ionic liquids matrices will be crucial for progress leading to the ability to fabricate robust multi-level structural 1D fiber materials. It will also help to predict the relationship between fiber conformation and protein secondary structures or carbohydrate crystallinity, thus creating potential applications for cell growth signaling, ionic conductivity, liquid diffusion and thermal conductivity, and several applications in biomedicine and environmental science. This will also enable the regeneration of biopolymer composite fiber materials with useful functionalities and customizable options critical for additive manufacturing. The specific capabilities of these fiber materials have been shown to vary based on their fabrication methods including electrospinning and post-treatments. This review serves to provide basic knowledge of these commonly utilized protein and polysaccharide biopolymers and their fiber fabrication methods from various ionic liquids, as well as the effect of post-treatments on these fiber materials and their applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical research, wound healing, environmental filters and sustainable and green chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Gough
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (C.R.G.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Ashley Rivera-Galletti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (C.R.G.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Darrel A. Cowan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (C.R.G.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - David Salas-de la Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, USA;
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; (C.R.G.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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32
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Saun SB, Kim J, Hwang RY, Ahn Y, Kim D, Park DK, Lee S, Han OH. Nanometer-Scale Water Dynamics in Nafion Polymer Electrolyte Membranes: Influence of Molecular Hydrophobicity and Water Content Revisited. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1013-1018. [PMID: 35648613 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) is an essential parameter for their device applications. In water-swollen PEMs, protons and other ions are transferred through hydrophilic channels of a few nanometers in diameter at most. Thus, optimizing the chemical and physical properties of the channels can enhance the conductivity of PEMs. However, the factors controlling the conductivity have not been completely clarified. Here, we report that measurements taken near the channel walls by a special nuclear magnetic resonance technique with ≤1 nm spatial resolution showed the largest water diffusivity when ∼80% of hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups were blocked, but the proton conductivity was low. The water diffusivity was much less affected by differences in water content. Our results provide a concept for changing the properties of PEMs and a challenge to implement the improved diffusivity in a way that enhances net ion conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Bo Saun
- Western-Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - JiWon Kim
- Western-Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo Yun Hwang
- Western-Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho Ahn
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dukjoon Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel K Park
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonchil Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Oc Hee Han
- Western-Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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33
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Municoy S, Álvarez Echazú MI, Antezana PE, Galdopórpora JM, Olivetti C, Mebert AM, Foglia ML, Tuttolomondo MV, Alvarez GS, Hardy JG, Desimone MF. Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4724. [PMID: 32630690 PMCID: PMC7369929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart or stimuli-responsive materials are an emerging class of materials used for tissue engineering and drug delivery. A variety of stimuli (including temperature, pH, redox-state, light, and magnet fields) are being investigated for their potential to change a material's properties, interactions, structure, and/or dimensions. The specificity of stimuli response, and ability to respond to endogenous cues inherently present in living systems provide possibilities to develop novel tissue engineering and drug delivery strategies (for example materials composed of stimuli responsive polymers that self-assemble or undergo phase transitions or morphology transformations). Herein, smart materials as controlled drug release vehicles for tissue engineering are described, highlighting their potential for the delivery of precise quantities of drugs at specific locations and times promoting the controlled repair or remodeling of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Municoy
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - María I. Álvarez Echazú
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Pablo E. Antezana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Juan M. Galdopórpora
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Christian Olivetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Andrea M. Mebert
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - María L. Foglia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - María V. Tuttolomondo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Gisela S. Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Faraday Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YB, UK
- Materials Science Institute, Faraday Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Martin F. Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
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Abstract
Structures that can change their shape are advantageous in a wide variety of applications such as aerospace, renewables, and robotics. The problem with current shape-changing technologies is that they are either heavy, lack mechanical stiffness, or are hard to control. This paper demonstrates a shape-changing carbon fiber composite material, which is lightweight, has a stiffness higher than aluminum, and is electrically controlled. Future applications for this material could include trimming of aerodynamic surfaces for steady-state conditions in aircraft and wind turbines, and deployment of satellite booms. Structures that are capable of changing shape can increase efficiency in many applications, but are often heavy and maintenance intensive. To reduce the mass and mechanical complexity solid-state morphing materials are desirable but are typically nonstructural and problematic to control. Here we present an electrically controlled solid-state morphing composite material that is lightweight and has a stiffness higher than aluminum. It is capable of producing large deformations and holding them with no additional power, albeit at low rates. The material is manufactured from commercial carbon fibers and a structural battery electrolyte, and uses lithium-ion insertion to produce shape changes at low voltages. A proof-of-concept material in a cantilever setup is used to show morphing, and analytical modeling shows good correlation with experimental observations. The concept presented shows considerable promise and paves the way for stiff, solid-state morphing materials.
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Tabassian R, Nguyen VH, Umrao S, Mahato M, Kim J, Porfiri M, Oh I. Graphene Mesh for Self-Sensing Ionic Soft Actuator Inspired from Mechanoreceptors in Human Body. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901711. [PMID: 31832318 PMCID: PMC6891913 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Here, inspired by mechanoreceptors in the human body, a self-sensing ionic soft actuator is developed that precisely senses the bending motions during actuating utilizing a 3D graphene mesh electrode. The graphene mesh electrode has the permeability of mobile ions inside the ionic exchangeable polymer and shows low electrical resistance of 6.25 Ω Sq-1, maintaining high electrical conductivity in large bending deformations of 180°. In this sensing system, the graphene woven mesh is embedded inside ionic polymer membrane to interact with mobile ions and to trace their movements. The migration of mobile ions inside the membrane induces an electrical signal on the mesh and provides the information regarding ion distribution, which is proven to be highly correlated with the bending deformation of the actuator. Using this integrated self-sensing system, the responses of an ionic actuator to various input stimulations are precisely estimated for both direct current and alternating current inputs. Even though the generated displacement is extremely small around 300 µm at very low driving voltage of 0.1 V, high level accuracy (96%) of estimated deformations could be achieved using the self-sensing actuator system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassoul Tabassian
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Van Hiep Nguyen
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Sima Umrao
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Manmatha Mahato
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Maurizio Porfiri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringTandon School of EngineeringNew York University6 MetroTech CenterBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringTandon School of EngineeringNew York University6 MetroTech CenterBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Il‐Kwon Oh
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
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Umrao S, Tabassian R, Kim J, Nguyen VH, Zhou Q, Nam S, Oh IK. MXene artificial muscles based on ionically cross-linked Ti3C2Tx electrode for kinetic soft robotics. Sci Robot 2019; 4:4/33/eaaw7797. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aaw7797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Existing ionic artificial muscles still require a technology breakthrough for much faster response speed, higher bending strain, and longer durability. Here, we report an MXene artificial muscle based on ionically cross-linked Ti3C2Tx with poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate), showing ultrafast rise time of within 1 s in DC responses, extremely large bending strain up to 1.37% in very low input voltage regime (0.1 to 1 V), long-term cyclic stability of 97% up to 18,000 cycles, markedly reduced phase delay, and very broad frequency bandwidth up to 20 Hz with good structural reliability without delamination under continuous electrical stimuli. These artificial muscles were successfully applied to make an origami-inspired narcissus flower robot as a wearable brooch and dancing butterflies and leaves on a tree as a kinetic art piece. These successful demonstrations elucidate the wide potential of MXene-based soft actuators for the next-generation soft robotic devices including wearable electronics and kinetic art pieces.
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Li L, Commins P, Al-Handawi MB, Karothu DP, Halabi JM, Schramm S, Weston J, Rezgui R, Naumov P. Martensitic organic crystals as soft actuators. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7327-7332. [PMID: 31768232 PMCID: PMC6837004 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Being capable of rapid and complete structure switching, the martensitic phase transitions in molecular crystals are thought to hold a tremendous potential as thermally driven organic actuators. However, the mechanical engineering parlance in the assessment of their performance is not immediately legible to the chemistry research community that starts to explore these materials, and the unavailability of performance indices has precluded molecular crystals from being considered in the device design process. Here, we demonstrate that an organic martensite, hexamethylbenzene, can be used to perform work that is comparable to that of most actuator classes. Millimeter-size single crystals of this material undergo a transition between two forms by uniaxial expansion at a rate of 6.36(2) mm s-1, exerting force in the range 10-100 mN. The force-to-weight ratio of the crystals is on the order of 104 and is superior to that of some living creatures. An actuator performance chart reveals that the performance of this material is close to that of nanomuscles, electrostatic actuators and voice coils, with a strain higher than that of electro/magnetostrictive actuators and ceramic piezoelectrics and stress higher than that of the electroactive polymers, MEMS devices, nanomuscles, voice coils, and some solenoids. Moreover, the crystals of this material are mechanically compliant and can be reversibly bent and shaped to fit the desired application. Altogether, the results point to the untapped potential of molecular crystals as rapid and efficient soft, organic actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , POB 129188 , United Arab Emirates .
| | - Patrick Commins
- New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , POB 129188 , United Arab Emirates .
| | - Marieh B Al-Handawi
- New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , POB 129188 , United Arab Emirates .
| | | | - Jad Mahmoud Halabi
- New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , POB 129188 , United Arab Emirates .
| | - Stefan Schramm
- New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , POB 129188 , United Arab Emirates .
| | - James Weston
- New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , POB 129188 , United Arab Emirates .
| | - Rachid Rezgui
- New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , POB 129188 , United Arab Emirates .
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , POB 129188 , United Arab Emirates .
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study , Harvard University , 10 Garden St. , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA
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Kim SY, Kim Y, Cho C, Choi H, Park HW, Lee D, Heo E, Park S, Lee H, Kim DH. Deformable Ionic Polymer Artificial Mechanotransducer with an Interpenetrating Nanofibrillar Network. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29350-29359. [PMID: 31313573 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an ionic polymer artificial mechanotransducer (i-PAM) capable of simultaneously yielding an efficient wide bandwidth and a blocking force to maximize human tactile recognition in soft tactile feedback. The unique methodology in the i-PAM relies on an ionic interpenetrating nanofibrillar network that is formed at the interface of (i) an ionic thermoplastic polyurethane nanofibrillar matrix with an ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM]+[TFSI]-) and (ii) ionic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) conducting polymer electrodes with dimethyl sulfoxide and [EMIM]+[TFSI]- as additives. The i-PAM-based actuator with the ionic PEDOT:PSS exhibits a stable operation up to 200 Hz at low voltage as well as a blocking force of 0.4 mN, which can be potentially adapted to soft tactile feedback. Furthermore, on the basis of this fast i-PAM, we realized alphabet tactile rendering by using a 3 × 3 i-PAM array stimulated by a dc input of 2 V. We believe that our proposed approach can provide a rational guide to the human-machine soft haptic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | | | | | - Hanbin Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Han Wool Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | | | | | - Sangsik Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | | | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
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Kanik M, Orguc S, Varnavides G, Kim J, Benavides T, Gonzalez D, Akintilo T, Tasan CC, Chandrakasan AP, Fink Y, Anikeeva P. Strain-programmable fiber-based artificial muscle. Science 2019; 365:145-150. [PMID: 31296764 PMCID: PMC7262675 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Artificial muscles may accelerate the development of robotics, haptics, and prosthetics. Although advances in polymer-based actuators have delivered unprecedented strengths, producing these devices at scale with tunable dimensions remains a challenge. We applied a high-throughput iterative fiber-drawing technique to create strain-programmable artificial muscles with dimensions spanning three orders of magnitude. These fiber-based actuators are thermally and optically controllable, can lift more than 650 times their own weight, and withstand strains of >1000%. Integration of conductive nanowire meshes within these fiber-based muscles offers piezoresistive strain feedback and demonstrates long-term resilience across >105 deformation cycles. The scalable dimensions of these fiber-based actuators and their strength and responsiveness may extend their impact from engineering fields to biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kanik
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sirma Orguc
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Georgios Varnavides
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Benavides
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dani Gonzalez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy Akintilo
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Cem Tasan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anantha P Chandrakasan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yoel Fink
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Wu G, Wu X, Xu Y, Cheng H, Meng J, Yu Q, Shi X, Zhang K, Chen W, Chen S. High-Performance Hierarchical Black-Phosphorous-Based Soft Electrochemical Actuators in Bioinspired Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806492. [PMID: 31012167 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired methods allowing artificial actuators to perform controllably are potentially important for various principles and may offer fundamental insight into chemistry and engineering. To date, the main challenges persist regarding the achievement of large deformation in fast response-time and potential-engineering applications in which electrode materials and structures limit ion diffusion and accumulation processes. Herein, a novel electrochemical actuator is developed that presents both higher electromechanical performances and biomimetic applications based on hierachically structured covalently bridged black phosphorous/carbon nanotubes. The new actuator demonstrates astonishing actuation properties, including low power consumption/strain (0.04 W cm-2 %-1 ), a large peak-to-peak strain (1.67%), a controlled frequency response (0.1-20 Hz), faster strain and stress rates (11.57% s-1 ; 28.48 MPa s-1 ), high power (29.11 kW m-3 ), and energy (8.48 kJ m-3 ) densities, and excellent cycling stability (500 000 cycles). More importantly, bioinspired applications such as artificial-claw, wings-vibrating, bionic-flower, and hand actuators have been realized. The key to high performances stems from hierachically structured materials with an ordered lamellar structure, large redox activity, and electrochemical capacitance (321.4 F g-1 ) for ions with smooth diffusion and flooding accommodation, which will guide substantial progress of next-generation electrochemical actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xingjiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Xu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hengyang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jinku Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Yu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xinyiao Shi
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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Zhu L, Gao YY, Han B, Zhang YL, Sun HB. Laser fabrication of graphene-based electrothermal actuators enabling predicable deformation. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1363-1366. [PMID: 30874651 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrothermal actuators (ETAs) that can convert electric energy into mechanical works have been extensively studied for their great potential in artificial muscles and robotics. However, the production of ETAs that enable complex and predictable deformation is still challenging. In this Letter, an ETA based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and polyethylene (PE) bimorph is developed through a facile laser-scribing method. Since the laser-scribing technology permits flexible patterning, conductive RGO electrodes with complex circuit patterns can be readily produced on a thermally active PE film, forming an ETA capable of fast and reversible deformation. In addition, the laser-scribed ETA demonstrated orientation-defined bending performance, enabling more sophisticated deformation control. The laser scribing of graphene oxide has opened up a new way to produce ETAs towards cutting-edge applications such as soft robotics and intelligent systems.
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Song Y, Qin S, Gerringer J, Grunlan JC. Unusually fast and large actuation from multilayer polyelectrolyte thin films. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2311-2314. [PMID: 30672575 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymers responsive to external stimuli (e.g., electric field, chemical vapor, light) are of great interest for smart materials such as sensors and soft robotics. A vapor-driven multilayer polymer actuator, capable of fast and large-scale actuation, is described here. This Janus-like actuator is prepared with two polyelectrolyte multilayer systems (polyethylenimine (PEI)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyurethane (PU)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)) using layer-by-layer assembly (LbL). The differing hydrophilicity of these two nanocoatings results in different swelling behavior in water and organic solvents, which leads to vapor-responsive mechanical motion. The bending/curling degree of this polymeric actuator can be precisely controlled by changing the thickness ratio of the two layers. A vapor sensor was constructed to demonstrate the environmental detection ability of this unique actuator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Nguyen VH, Kim J, Tabassian R, Kotal M, Jun K, Oh J, Son J, Manzoor MT, Kim KJ, Oh I. Electroactive Artificial Muscles Based on Functionally Antagonistic Core-Shell Polymer Electrolyte Derived from PS- b-PSS Block Copolymer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801196. [PMID: 30886790 PMCID: PMC6402454 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive ionic soft actuators, a type of artificial muscles containing a polymer electrolyte membrane sandwiched between two electrodes, have been intensively investigated owing to their potential applications to bioinspired soft robotics, wearable electronics, and active biomedical devices. However, the design and synthesis of an efficient polymer electrolyte suitable for ion migration have been major challenges in developing high-performance ionic soft actuators. Herein, a highly bendable ionic soft actuator based on an unprecedented block copolymer is reported, i.e., polystyrene-b-poly(1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-4-styrenesulfonate) (PS-b-PSS-EMIm), with a functionally antagonistic core-shell architecture that is specifically designed as an ionic exchangeable polymer electrolyte. The corresponding actuator shows exceptionally good actuation performance, with a high displacement of 8.22 mm at an ultralow voltage of 0.5 V, a fast rise time of 5 s, and excellent durability over 14 000 cycles. It is envisaged that the development of this high-performance ionic soft actuator could contribute to the progress toward the realization of the aforementioned applications. Furthermore, the procedure described herein can also be applied for developing novel polymer electrolytes related to solid-state lithium batteries and fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Hiep Nguyen
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roYuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roYuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Rassoul Tabassian
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roYuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Moumita Kotal
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roYuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwoo Jun
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roYuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jung‐Hwan Oh
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roYuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Myeong Son
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roYuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Taha Manzoor
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roYuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Kim
- Active Materials and Smart Living LaboratoryDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of NevadaLas Vegas (UNLV)Las VegasNV89154USA
| | - Il‐Kwon Oh
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roYuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
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Guo D, Han Y, Huang J, Meng E, Ma L, Zhang H, Ding Y. Hydrophilic Poly(vinylidene Fluoride) Film with Enhanced Inner Channels for Both Water- and Ionic Liquid-Driven Ion-Exchange Polymer Metal Composite Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2386-2397. [PMID: 30604952 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel and facile strategy to fabricate a hydrophilic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) electrolyte film with enhanced inner channels for a high-performance and cost-effective ion-exchange polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuator. The resultant PVDF composite film is composed of hierarchical micro/nanoscale structures: well-defined polymer grains with a diameter of ∼20 μm and much finer particles with a diameter of ∼390 nm, producing three-dimensional interconnected, hierarchical inner channels to facilitate ion migration of IPMC. Interestingly, the electrolyte matrix film has a high porosity of 15.8% and yields a high water uptake of 44.2% and an ionic liquid (IL, [EMIm]·[BF4]) uptake of 38.1% to make both water-driven and IL-driven IPMC actuators because of the introduction of polar polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Compared to the conventional PVDF/IL-based IPMC, both water-driven and IL-driven PVDF-based IPMCs exhibit high ion migration rates, thus effectively improving the actuation frequency and producing remarkably higher levels of actuation force and displacement. Specifically, the force outputs are increased by 13.4 and 3.0 folds, and the displacement outputs are increased by 2.2 and 1.9 folds. Using an identical electrolyte matrix, water-driven IPMC exhibits stronger electromechanical performance, benefiting to make IPMC actuator with high levels of force and power outputs, whereas IL-driven IPMC exhibits a more stable electromechanical performance, benefiting to make long lifetime IPMC actuator in air. Thus, the resultant IPMCs are promising in the design of artificial muscles with tunable electromechanical performance for flexible actuators or displacement/vibration sensors at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Guo
- State Laboratory of Surface & Interface , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Yubing Han
- State Laboratory of Surface & Interface , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Jianjian Huang
- State Laboratory of Surface & Interface , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Erchao Meng
- State Laboratory of Surface & Interface , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Li Ma
- State Laboratory of Surface & Interface , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016 , China
| | - Yonghui Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
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Abstract
As industrial needs for healthcare sensors, electronic skin, and flexible/stretchable displays increase, interest in stretchable materials is increasing as well. In recent years, the studies on stretchable materials have spread to various pivot components, such as electrodes, circuits, substrates, semiconductors, dielectric layers, membranes, and active nanocomposite films. The block copolymer (BC) elastomers have been playing considerable role in the development of stretchable materials. Since BCs are soft elastomers based on physical cross-links, they show differences in physical properties from normal elastomers formed with chemical cross-linking. BC elastomers does not require additional chemical cross-linking procedure, so they can be easily processed after dissolved in various solvents. Their viscoelasticity and thermoplasticity enable the BCs to become moldable and sticky. Although their unique physical properties may serve as disadvantages in some cases, they have been actively applied to create various stretchable electronic materials and their uses are expected to be enlarged more than ever. In this Account, we summarize recent successful applications of BCs for the stretchable electronic devices and discuss the possibility of further uses and the challenges to be addressed for practical uses. Studies on BC-based stretchable materials have focused initially on the fabrication process of stretchable conductors; mixing conductive fillers physically with BCs, infiltrating BCs in a conductive filler layer, and converting metal precursors into metal nanoparticles inside BCs. When conductive fillers with high aspect ratios, such as nanowires or nanosheets are used, the fillers can be infiltrated by the BCs after deposited. Since the contacts between the fillers are maintained during the infiltration process, even thin composite films possess high conductivity and stretchability. The metal precursor solution printing is suggested as a promising approach because it is compatible with traditional printing techniques without clogging the nozzles and allows high filler loading efficiency. When using a BC as a substrate, it is advisable to use a BC/PDMS double layer because of viscoelastic and thermoplastic properties of BCs. If BC/PDMS double layer is used with much thicker PDMS layer instead of viscoelastic BC alone, the double layer substrate can show a perfect elastomeric behavior, and the advantages of the BC substrate are preserved. Additionally, the use of conventional manufacturing techniques is important for commercialization of the stretchable devices. BC substrates having preformed microfibril network on their surfaces facilitate the fabrication of high-resolution circuitry by directly depositing metals through a mask on the substrate. Recent successes of fabricating stretchable organic transistors were obtained based on in situ phase separation of polymer semiconductors to form nanofibril bundles on the surface of a BC substrate. They have led to the achievement of high resolution transistor array printed in large area. BCs are expected to expand their applicability, including stretchable batteries, since they make it feasible to fabricate various hybrid nanocomposites, pore size-controlled membranes, and microstructured surfaces. However, it is necessary to secure long-term stability under heat, solvent, and UV; in addition, there is a need for the synthesis of functional BCs for use in stretchable implanted biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insang You
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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46
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Nakamura I, Shock CJ, Eggart L, Gao T. Theoretical Aspects of Ionic Liquids for Soft‐Matter Sciences. Isr J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Issei Nakamura
- Department of PhysicsMichigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Cameron J. Shock
- Department of PhysicsMichigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Lisa Eggart
- Department of PhysicsMichigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Tong Gao
- Department of PhysicsMichigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
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47
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Dai B, Li S, Xu T, Wang Y, Zhang F, Gu Z, Wang S. Artificial Asymmetric Cilia Array of Dielectric Elastomer for Cargo Transportation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:42979-42984. [PMID: 30380294 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural ciliary movement, artificial cilia systems have recently been developed to transport microparticles and target biomolecules by the external stimuli-induced bend and twist. However, the directional transportation of cargo meets a major challenge. Here, we present an artificial asymmetric cilia array of dielectric elastomer and realize the cargo directional transportation under alternating-current (ac) electric field. Such a dielectric elastomer is composed of elastomer matrix and dielectric barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles, which can be polarized under an ac electric field and results in the swinging of artificial elastomer cilia. The asymmetry of the cilia endows themselves with the capability of asymmetric recovery stroke, which is essential for directional transportation of cargo. Transporting performance is also optimized by adjusting the applied frequencies and voltages. This study may provide a new clue to construct functional "smart" devices in electromechanical systems and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Siheng Li
- Shenzhen Wamat New Material Technology Co. Ltd. , Shenzhen 518106 , P. R. China
| | - Tailin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Yuefeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Zhen Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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48
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Lattice-contraction triggered synchronous electrochromic actuator. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4798. [PMID: 30442958 PMCID: PMC6237766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials with synchronous capabilities of color change and actuation have prospects for application in biomimetic dual-stealth camouflage and artificial intelligence. However, color/shape dual-responsive devices involve stimuli that are difficult to control such as gas, light or magnetism, and the devices show poor coordination. Here, a flexible composite film with electrochromic/actuating (238° bending angle) dual-responsive phenomena, excellent reversibility, high synchronization, and fast response speed (< 5 s) utilizes a single active component, W18O49 nanowires. From in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, first principles calculations/numerical simulations, and a series of control experiments, the actuating mechanism for macroscopic deformation is elucidated as pseudocapacitance-based reversible lattice contraction/recovery of W18O49 nanowires (i.e. nanostructure change at the atomic level) during lithium ion intercalation/de-intercalation. In addition, we demonstrate the W18O49 nanowires in a solid-state ionic polymer-metal composite actuator that operates stably in air with a significant pseudocapacitive actuation. Materials that exhibit synchronous color change and actuation may benefit biomimetic camouflage, but stimuli can be difficult to control. Here the authors report a composite with electricity-driven electrochromic and actuating capabilities for use in a solid-state ionic polymer-metal composite actuator.
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49
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Sahrash R, Siddiqa A, Razzaq H, Iqbal T, Qaisar S. PVDF based ionogels: applications towards electrochemical devices and membrane separation processes. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00847. [PMID: 30450432 PMCID: PMC6226564 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionogels have emerged as one of the most interesting and captivating form of composites which credits to the outstanding characteristics. One of the most important constituent of ionogels is ionic liquid, which show many attractive properties notably non-volatility, in-flammability, negligible vapor pressure, tunability, thermal stability and solvating ability. A large variety of matrix materials have been under consideration for ionogels, presently, polymer/ionic liquid based ionogels have attracted much attention. Numerous polymeric materials such as have been utilized for these polymer/ionic liquids based ionogels. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has been on top of the line as a matrix material for polymer based ionogels owing to its stability, aging and chemical resistance and mechanical strength. This review is primarily concerned with the properties of polyvinylidene fluoride based ionogels with an emphasis on their applications in various domains electrochemical devices, gas separation and liquid/liquid separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafida Sahrash
- NanoScience and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Physics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Asima Siddiqa
- NanoScience and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Razzaq
- NanoScience and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Iqbal
- NanoScience and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Physics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Sara Qaisar
- NanoScience and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
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50
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Lee Y, Oh JY, Xu W, Kim O, Kim TR, Kang J, Kim Y, Son D, Tok JBH, Park MJ, Bao Z, Lee TW. Stretchable organic optoelectronic sensorimotor synapse. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat7387. [PMID: 30480091 PMCID: PMC6251720 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat7387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Emulation of human sensory and motor functions becomes a core technology in bioinspired electronics for next-generation electronic prosthetics and neurologically inspired robotics. An electronic synapse functionalized with an artificial sensory receptor and an artificial motor unit can be a fundamental element of bioinspired soft electronics. Here, we report an organic optoelectronic sensorimotor synapse that uses an organic optoelectronic synapse and a neuromuscular system based on a stretchable organic nanowire synaptic transistor (s-ONWST). The voltage pulses of a self-powered photodetector triggered by optical signals drive the s-ONWST, and resultant informative synaptic outputs are used not only for optical wireless communication of human-machine interfaces but also for light-interactive actuation of an artificial muscle actuator in the same way that a biological muscle fiber contracts. Our organic optoelectronic sensorimotor synapse suggests a promising strategy toward developing bioinspired soft electronics, neurologically inspired robotics, and electronic prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongjun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 PLUS SNU Materials Division for Educating Creative Global Leaders, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Young Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Wentao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Onnuri Kim
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Roy Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yeongin Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeffery B.-H. Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.-W.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 PLUS SNU Materials Division for Educating Creative Global Leaders, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Nano Systems Institute (NSI), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (T.-W.L.); (Z.B.)
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