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Bashan G, Eyal A, Tur M, Arie A. All-optical Stern-Gerlach effect in the time domain. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:9589-9601. [PMID: 38571189 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The Stern-Gerlach experiment, a seminal quantum physics experiment, demonstrated the intriguing phenomenon of particle spin quantization, leading to applications in matter-wave interferometry and weak-value measurements. Over the years, several optical experiments have exhibited similar behavior to the Stern-Gerlach experiment, revealing splitting in both spatial and angular domains. Here we show, theoretically and experimentally, that the Stern-Gerlach effect can be extended into the time and frequency domains. By harnessing Kerr nonlinearity in optical fibers, we couple signal and idler pulses using two pump pulses, resulting in the emergence of two distinct eigenstates whereby the signal and idler are either in phase or out of phase. This nonlinear coupling emulates a synthetic magnetization, and by varying it linearly in time, one eigenstate deflects towards a higher frequency, while the other deflects towards a lower frequency. This effect can be utilized to realize an all-optical, phase-sensitive frequency beam splitter, establishing a new paradigm for classical and quantum data processing of frequency-bin superposition states.
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2
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Bose S, Mazumdar A, Schut M, Toroš M. Entanglement Witness for the Weak Equivalence Principle. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:448. [PMID: 36981336 PMCID: PMC10047996 DOI: 10.3390/e25030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Einstein equivalence principle is based on the equality of gravitational and inertial mass, which has led to the universality of a free-fall concept. The principle has been extremely well tested so far and has been tested with a great precision. However, all these tests and the corresponding arguments are based on a classical setup where the notion of position and velocity of the mass is associated with a classical value as opposed to the quantum entities.Here, we provide a simple quantum protocol based on creating large spatial superposition states in a laboratory to test the quantum regime of the equivalence principle where both matter and gravity are treated at par as a quantum entity. The two gravitational masses of the two spatial superpositions source the gravitational potential for each other. We argue that such a quantum protocol is unique with regard to testing especially the generalisation of the weak equivalence principle by constraining the equality of gravitational and inertial mass via witnessing quantum entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougato Bose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anupam Mazumdar
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Schut
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Toroš
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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3
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Fein YY, Pedalino S, Shayeghi A, Kiałka F, Gerlich S, Arndt M. Nanoscale Magnetism Probed in a Matter-Wave Interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:123001. [PMID: 36179211 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We explore a wide range of fundamental magnetic phenomena by measuring the dephasing of matter-wave interference fringes upon application of a variable magnetic gradient. The versatility of our interferometric Stern-Gerlach technique enables us to study the magnetic properties of alkali atoms, organic radicals, and fullerenes in the same device, with magnetic moments ranging from a Bohr magneton to less than a nuclear magneton. We find evidence for magnetization of a supersonic beam of organic radicals and, most notably, observe a strong magnetic response of a thermal C_{60} beam consistent with high-temperature atomlike deflection of rotational magnetic moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaakov Y Fein
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Pedalino
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Shayeghi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Filip Kiałka
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Gerlich
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Arndt
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Abstract
Originally conceived as a thought experiment, an apparatus consisting of two Stern–Gerlach apparatuses joined in an inverted manner touched on the fundamental question of the reversibility of evolution in quantum mechanics. Theoretical analysis showed that uniting the two partial beams requires an extreme level of experimental control, making the proposal in its original form unrealizable in practice. In this work, we revisit the above question in a numerical study concerning the possibility of partial-beam recombination in a spin-coherent manner. Using the Suzuki–Trotter numerical method of wave propagation and a configurable, approximation-free magnetic field, a simulation of a transversal Stern–Gerlach interferometer under ideal conditions is performed. The result confirms what has long been hinted at by theoretical analyses: the transversal Stern–Gerlach interferometer quantum dynamics is fundamentally irreversible even when perfect control of the associated magnetic fields and beams is assumed.
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Margalit Y, Dobkowski O, Zhou Z, Amit O, Japha Y, Moukouri S, Rohrlich D, Mazumdar A, Bose S, Henkel C, Folman R. Realization of a complete Stern-Gerlach interferometer: Toward a test of quantum gravity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg2879. [PMID: 34049876 PMCID: PMC8163084 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Stern-Gerlach effect, found a century ago, has become a paradigm of quantum mechanics. Unexpectedly, until recently, there has been little evidence that the original scheme with freely propagating atoms exposed to gradients from macroscopic magnets is a fully coherent quantum process. Several theoretical studies have explained why a Stern-Gerlach interferometer is a formidable challenge. Here, we provide a detailed account of the realization of a full-loop Stern-Gerlach interferometer for single atoms and use the acquired understanding to show how this setup may be used to realize an interferometer for macroscopic objects doped with a single spin. Such a realization would open the door to a new era of fundamental probes, including the realization of previously inaccessible tests at the interface of quantum mechanics and gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Margalit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be'er Sheva, Israel.
| | - Or Dobkowski
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Zhifan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Omer Amit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonathan Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Samuel Moukouri
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Rohrlich
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Anupam Mazumdar
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sougato Bose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Carsten Henkel
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Be'er Sheva, Israel
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6
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Nonlocal single particle steering generated through single particle entanglement. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6744. [PMID: 33762587 PMCID: PMC7990968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1927, at the Solvay conference, Einstein posed a thought experiment with the primary intention of showing the incompleteness of quantum mechanics; to prove it, he employed the instantaneous nonlocal effects caused by the collapse of the wavefunction of a single particle-the spooky action at a distance-, when a measurement is done. This historical event preceded the well-know Einstein-Podolsk-Rosen criticism over the incompleteness of quantum mechanics. Here, by using the Stern-Gerlach experiment, we demonstrate how the instantaneous nonlocal feature of the collapse of the wavefunction together with the single-particle entanglement can be used to produce the nonlocal effect of steering, i.e. the single-particle steering. In the steering process Bob gets a quantum state depending on which observable Alice decides to measure. To accomplish this, we fully exploit the spreading (over large distances) of the entangled wavefunction of the single-particle. In particular, we demonstrate that the nonlocality of the single-particle entangled state allows the particle to "know" about the kind of detector Alice is using to steer Bob's state. Therefore, notwithstanding strong counterarguments, we prove that the single-particle entanglement gives rise to truly nonlocal effects at two faraway places. This opens the possibility of using the single-particle entanglement for implementing truly nonlocal task.
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Zhou Z, Margalit Y, Moukouri S, Meir Y, Folman R. An experimental test of the geodesic rule proposition for the noncyclic geometric phase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay8345. [PMID: 32158945 PMCID: PMC7048419 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The geometric phase due to the evolution of the Hamiltonian is a central concept in quantum physics and may become advantageous for quantum technology. In noncyclic evolutions, a proposition relates the geometric phase to the area bounded by the phase-space trajectory and the shortest geodesic connecting its end points. The experimental demonstration of this geodesic rule proposition in different systems is of great interest, especially due to the potential use in quantum technology. Here, we report a previously unshown experimental confirmation of the geodesic rule for a noncyclic geometric phase by means of a spatial SU(2) matter-wave interferometer, demonstrating, with high precision, the predicted phase sign change and π jumps. We show the connection between our results and the Pancharatnam phase. Last, we point out that the geodesic rule may be applied to obtain the red shift in general relativity, enabling a new quantum tool to measure gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yair Margalit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samuel Moukouri
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yigal Meir
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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8
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Compact chip-scale guided cold atom gyrometers for inertial navigation: Enabling technologies and design study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5120348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Amit O, Margalit Y, Dobkowski O, Zhou Z, Japha Y, Zimmermann M, Efremov MA, Narducci FA, Rasel EM, Schleich WP, Folman R. T^{3} Stern-Gerlach Matter-Wave Interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:083601. [PMID: 31491196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.083601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a unique matter-wave interferometer whose phase scales with the cube of the time the atom spends in the interferometer. Our scheme is based on a full-loop Stern-Gerlach interferometer incorporating four magnetic field gradient pulses to create a state-dependent force. In contrast to typical atom interferometers that make use of laser light for the splitting and recombination of the wave packets, this realization uses no light and can therefore serve as a high-precision surface probe at very close distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Amit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Y Margalit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - O Dobkowski
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Z Zhou
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Y Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - M Zimmermann
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M A Efremov
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - F A Narducci
- Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943, USA
| | - E M Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - W P Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
- Institute of Quantum Technologies, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - R Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
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10
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Palmer JE, Hogan SD. Electric Rydberg-Atom Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:250404. [PMID: 31347868 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.250404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An electric analogue of the longitudinal Stern-Gerlach matter-wave interferometer has been realized for atoms in Rydberg states with high principal quantum number n. The experiments were performed with He atoms prepared in coherent superpositions of the n=55 and n=56 circular Rydberg states in a zero electric field by a π/2 pulse of resonant microwave radiation. These atoms were subjected to a pulsed inhomogeneous electric field to generate a superposition of momentum states before a π pulse was applied to invert the internal states. The same pulsed inhomogeneous electric field was then reapplied for a second time to transform the motional states to have equal momenta before a further π/2 pulse was employed to interrogate the final Rydberg state populations. This Hahn-echo microwave pulse sequence, interspersed with a pair of equivalent inhomogeneous electric field pulses, yielded two spatially separated matter waves. Interferences between these matter waves were observed as oscillations in the final Rydberg state populations as the amplitude of the pulsed electric field gradients was adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Palmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S D Hogan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Palmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - S. D. Hogan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
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12
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Jaffe M, Xu V, Haslinger P, Müller H, Hamilton P. Efficient Adiabatic Spin-Dependent Kicks in an Atom Interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:040402. [PMID: 30095957 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present an atom interferometry technique in which the beam splitter is split into two separate operations. A microwave pulse first creates a spin-state superposition, before optical adiabatic passage spatially separates the arms of that superposition. Despite using a thermal atom sample in a small (600 μm) interferometry beam, this procedure delivers an efficiency of 99% per ℏk of momentum separation. Utilizing this efficiency, we first demonstrate interferometry with up to 16ℏk momentum splitting and free-fall limited interrogation times. We then realize a single-source gradiometer, in which two interferometers measuring a relative phase originate from the same atomic wave function. Finally, we demonstrate a resonant interferometer with over 100 adiabatic passages, and thus over 400ℏk total momentum transferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Jaffe
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Victoria Xu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Philipp Haslinger
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Holger Müller
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Paul Hamilton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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13
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Piceno Martínez AE, Benítez Rodríguez E, Mendoza Fierro JA, Méndez Otero MM, Arévalo Aguilar LM. Quantum Nonlocality and Quantum Correlations in the Stern-Gerlach Experiment. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20040299. [PMID: 33265390 PMCID: PMC7512817 DOI: 10.3390/e20040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Stern–Gerlach experiment (SGE) is one of the foundational experiments in quantum physics. It has been used in both the teaching and the development of quantum mechanics. However, for various reasons, some of its quantum features and implications are not fully addressed or comprehended in the current literature. Hence, the main aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the SGE possesses a quantum nonlocal character that has not previously been visualized or presented before. Accordingly, to show the nonlocality into the SGE, we calculate the quantum correlations C(z,θ) by redefining the Banaszek–Wódkiewicz correlation in terms of the Wigner operator, that is C(z,θ)=〈Ψ|W^(z,pz)σ^(θ)|Ψ〉, where W^(z,pz) is the Wigner operator, σ^(θ) is the Pauli spin operator in an arbitrary direction θ and |Ψ〉 is the quantum state given by an entangled state of the external degree of freedom and the eigenstates of the spin. We show that this correlation function for the SGE violates the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt Bell inequality. Thus, this feature of the SGE might be interesting for both the teaching of quantum mechanics and to investigate the phenomenon of quantum nonlocality.
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Bose S, Mazumdar A, Morley GW, Ulbricht H, Toroš M, Paternostro M, Geraci AA, Barker PF, Kim MS, Milburn G. Spin Entanglement Witness for Quantum Gravity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:240401. [PMID: 29286711 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.240401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding gravity in the framework of quantum mechanics is one of the great challenges in modern physics. However, the lack of empirical evidence has lead to a debate on whether gravity is a quantum entity. Despite varied proposed probes for quantum gravity, it is fair to say that there are no feasible ideas yet to test its quantum coherent behavior directly in a laboratory experiment. Here, we introduce an idea for such a test based on the principle that two objects cannot be entangled without a quantum mediator. We show that despite the weakness of gravity, the phase evolution induced by the gravitational interaction of two micron size test masses in adjacent matter-wave interferometers can detectably entangle them even when they are placed far apart enough to keep Casimir-Polder forces at bay. We provide a prescription for witnessing this entanglement, which certifies gravity as a quantum coherent mediator, through simple spin correlation measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougato Bose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Anupam Mazumdar
- Van Swinderen Institute University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gavin W Morley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Ulbricht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Toroš
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Paternostro
- CTAMOP, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Geraci
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, 89557 Nevada, USA
| | - Peter F Barker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - M S Kim
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Milburn
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
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15
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Cerisola F, Margalit Y, Machluf S, Roncaglia AJ, Paz JP, Folman R. Using a quantum work meter to test non-equilibrium fluctuation theorems. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1241. [PMID: 29093453 PMCID: PMC5665923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Work is an essential concept in classical thermodynamics, and in the quantum regime, where the notion of a trajectory is not available, its definition is not trivial. For driven (but otherwise isolated) quantum systems, work can be defined as a random variable, associated with the change in the internal energy. The probability for the different values of work captures essential information describing the behaviour of the system, both in and out of thermal equilibrium. In fact, the work probability distribution is at the core of “fluctuation theorems” in quantum thermodynamics. Here we present the design and implementation of a quantum work meter operating on an ensemble of cold atoms, which are controlled by an atom chip. Our device not only directly measures work but also directly samples its probability distribution. We demonstrate the operation of this new tool and use it to verify the validity of the quantum Jarzynksi identity. Defining and measuring work and heat are non-trivial tasks in the quantum regime. Here, the authors design a scheme to directly sample from the work probability distribution, and use it to verify the validity of the quantum version of the Jarzynksi identity using cold atoms on an atomic chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cerisola
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Yair Margalit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Shimon Machluf
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94485, 1090 GL, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Augusto J Roncaglia
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Paz
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, 84105, Israel
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16
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Keil M, Amit O, Zhou S, Groswasser D, Japha Y, Folman R. Fifteen years of cold matter on the atom chip: promise, realizations, and prospects. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2016; 63:1840-1885. [PMID: 27499585 PMCID: PMC4960518 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2016.1178820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the field of atom chips in the context of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) as well as cold matter in general. Twenty years after the first realization of the BEC and 15 years after the realization of the atom chip, the latter has been found to enable extraordinary feats: from producing BECs at a rate of several per second, through the realization of matter-wave interferometry, and all the way to novel probing of surfaces and new forces. In addition, technological applications are also being intensively pursued. This review will describe these developments and more, including new ideas which have not yet been realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Keil
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Omer Amit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Shuyu Zhou
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - David Groswasser
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonathan Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
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17
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Yu J, Xu ZF, Lü R, You L. Dynamical Generation of Topological Magnetic Lattices for Ultracold Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:143003. [PMID: 27104703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.143003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme to dynamically synthesize a space-periodic effective magnetic field for neutral atoms by time-periodic magnetic field pulses. When atomic spin adiabatically follows the direction of the effective magnetic field, an adiabatic scalar potential together with a geometric vector potential emerges for the atomic center-of-mass motion, due to the Berry phase effect. While atoms hop between honeycomb lattice sites formed by the minima of the adiabatic potential, complex Peierls phase factors in the hopping coefficients are induced by the vector potential, and these phase factors facilitate a topological Chern insulator. With further tuning of external parameters, both a topological phase transition and topological flat bands can be achieved, highlighting realistic prospects for studying strongly correlated phenomena in this system. Our Letter presents an alternative pathway towards creating and manipulating topological states of ultracold atoms by magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Zhi-Fang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurements, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Rong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100084, China
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Luo X, Wu L, Chen J, Guan Q, Gao K, Xu ZF, You L, Wang R. Tunable atomic spin-orbit coupling synthesized with a modulating gradient magnetic field. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18983. [PMID: 26752786 PMCID: PMC4707438 DOI: 10.1038/srep18983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the observation of synthesized spin-orbit coupling (SOC) for ultracold spin-1 87Rb atoms. Different from earlier experiments where a one dimensional (1D) atomic SOC of pseudo-spin-1/2 is synthesized with Raman laser fields, the scheme we demonstrate employs a gradient magnetic field (GMF) and ground-state atoms, thus is immune to atomic spontaneous emission. The strength of SOC we realize can be tuned by changing the modulation amplitude of the GMF, and the effect of the SOC is confirmed through the studies of: 1) the collective dipole oscillation of an atomic condensate in a harmonic trap after the synthesized SOC is abruptly turned on; and 2) the minimum energy state at a finite adiabatically adjusted momentum when SOC strength is slowly ramped up. The condensate coherence is found to remain very good after driven by modulating GMFs. Our scheme presents an alternative means for studying interacting many-body systems with synthesized SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lingna Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Guan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Kuiyi Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurements, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - L You
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
| | - Ruquan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
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Margalit Y, Zhou Z, Machluf S, Rohrlich D, Japha Y, Folman R. A self-interfering clock as a “which path” witness. Science 2015; 349:1205-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yair Margalit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Zhifan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Shimon Machluf
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Daniel Rohrlich
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yonathan Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Roncaglia AJ, Cerisola F, Paz JP. Work measurement as a generalized quantum measurement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:250601. [PMID: 25554867 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.250601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method to measure the work w performed on a driven quantum system and to sample its probability distribution P(w). The method is based on a simple fact that remained unnoticed until now: Work on a quantum system can be measured by performing a generalized quantum measurement at a single time. Such measurement, which technically speaking is denoted as a positive operator valued measure reduces to an ordinary projective measurement on an enlarged system. This observation not only demystifies work measurement but also suggests a new quantum algorithm to efficiently sample the distribution P(w). This can be used, in combination with fluctuation theorems, to estimate free energies of quantum states on a quantum computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto J Roncaglia
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 1, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina and IFIBA CONICET, FCEyN, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 1, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Cerisola
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 1, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Paz
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 1, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina and IFIBA CONICET, FCEyN, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 1, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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