1
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Cai G, Li Y, Fu Y, Yang H, Mei L, Nie Z, Li T, Liu H, Ke Y, Wang XL, Brédas JL, Tang MC, Chen X, Zhan X, Lu X. Deuteration-enhanced neutron contrasts to probe amorphous domain sizes in organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunction films. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2784. [PMID: 38555349 PMCID: PMC10981694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
An organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunction comprises of a mixture of donor and acceptor materials, forming a semi-crystalline thin film with both crystalline and amorphous domains. Domain sizes critically impact the device performance; however, conventional X-ray scattering techniques cannot detect the contrast between donor and acceptor materials within the amorphous intermixing regions. In this study, we employ neutron scattering and targeted deuteration of acceptor materials to enhance the scattering contrast by nearly one order of magnitude. Remarkably, the PM6:deuterated Y6 system reveals a new length scale, indicating short-range aggregation of Y6 molecules in the amorphous intermixing regions. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations confirm that this short-range aggregation is an inherent morphological advantage of Y6 which effectively assists charge extraction and suppresses charge recombination as shown by capacitance spectroscopy. Our findings uncover the amorphous nanomorphology of organic photovoltaic thin films, providing crucial insights into the morphology-driven device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilong Cai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China.
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China.
| | - Yuang Fu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Le Mei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhaoyang Nie
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tengfei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yubin Ke
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Xun-Li Wang
- Department of Physics and Center for Neutron Scattering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0041, USA
| | - Man-Chung Tang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiankai Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Wang SF, Zhou DY, Kuo KH, Wang CH, Hung CM, Yan J, Liao LS, Hung WY, Chi Y, Chou PT. Effects of Deuterium Isotopes on Pt(II) Complexes and Their Impact on Organic NIR Emitters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317571. [PMID: 38230818 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Insight into effect of deuterium isotopes on organic near-IR (NIR) emitters was explored by the use of self-assembled Pt(II) complexes H-3-f and HPh-3-f, and their deuterated analogues D-3-f and DPh-3-f, respectively (Scheme 2). In vacuum deposited thin film, albeit having nearly identical emission spectral feature maximized at ~810 nm, H-3-f and D-3-f exhibit remarkable difference in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 29 % and 50 %, respectively. Distinction in PLQY is also observed for HPh-3-f (800 nm, 50 %) and DPh-3-f (798 nm, 67 %). We then elucidated the theoretical differences in the impact on near-infrared (NIR) luminescence between Pt(II) complexes and organic small molecules upon deuteration. The results establish a general guideline for the deuteration on NIR emission efficiency. From a perspective of practical application, NIR OLEDs based on D-3-f and DPh-3-f emitters attain EQEmax of 15.5 % (radiance 31,287 mW Sr-1 m-2 ) and 16.6 % (radiance of 32,279 mW Sr-1 m-2 ) at 764 nm and 796 nm, respectively, both of which set new records for NIR OLEDs of >750 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, 106319, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai-Hua Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, 106319, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, 106319, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ming Hung
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, 106319, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Liang-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yi Hung
- Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, 20224, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, 106319, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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3
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Yu Y, Turkowski V, Hachtel JA, Puretzky AA, Ievlev AV, Din NU, Harris SB, Iyer V, Rouleau CM, Rahman TS, Geohegan DB, Xiao K. Anomalous isotope effect on the optical bandgap in a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj0758. [PMID: 38381831 PMCID: PMC10881028 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Isotope effects have received increasing attention in materials science and engineering because altering isotopes directly affects phonons, which can affect both thermal properties and optoelectronic properties of conventional semiconductors. However, how isotopic mass affects the optoelectronic properties in 2D semiconductors remains unclear because of measurement uncertainties resulting from sample heterogeneities. Here, we report an anomalous optical bandgap energy red shift of 13 (±7) milli-electron volts as mass of Mo isotopes is increased in laterally structured 100MoS2-92MoS2 monolayers grown by a two-step chemical vapor deposition that mitigates the effects of heterogeneities. This trend, which is opposite to that observed in conventional semiconductors, is explained by many-body perturbation and time-dependent density functional theories that reveal unusually large exciton binding energy renormalizations exceeding the ground-state renormalization energy due to strong coupling between confined excitons and phonons. The isotope effect on the optical bandgap reported here provides perspective on the important role of exciton-phonon coupling in the physical properties of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Yu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Volodymyr Turkowski
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jordan A. Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Alexander A. Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Anton V. Ievlev
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Naseem U. Din
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Sumner B. Harris
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Vasudevan Iyer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Christopher M. Rouleau
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Talat S. Rahman
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - David B. Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Kai Xiao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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4
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Yuan M, Ma F, Chen L, Li B, Dai X, Shu J, He L, Chen J, Lin S, Xie G, Chai Z, Wang S. Hydrogen Isotope Effect Endows a Breakthrough in Photoluminescent Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1250-1256. [PMID: 38189233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent covalent organic frameworks (LCOFs) have emerged as indispensable candidates in various applications due to their greater tunable emitting properties and structural robustness compared to small molecule emitters. An unsolved issue in this area is developing highly luminescent LCOFs of which the nonradiative quenching pathways were suppressed as much as possible. Here, a robust aminal-linked COF (DD-COF) possessing perdeuterated light-emitting monomers was designed and synthesized. The solid-state photoluminescence quantum yield of the DD-COF reaches 81%, significantly outcompeting all state-of-the-art LCOFs reported so far. The exceptional luminescent efficiency is attributed to the inhibition of different pathways of nonradiative decay, especially from bond vibrations where only substitution by a heavier isotope with a lower zero-point vibration frequency works. Furthermore, the prepared deuterated COF not only boosts higher photostability under UV irradiation but also enables superior fluorescence sensing performance for iodine detection compared to nondeuterated COF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fuyin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Baoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jie Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Linwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Junchang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shujing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guohua Xie
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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5
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Jung S, Cheung WL, Li SJ, Wang M, Li W, Wang C, Song X, Wei G, Song Q, Chen SS, Cai W, Ng M, Tang WK, Tang MC. Enhancing operational stability of OLEDs based on subatomic modified thermally activated delayed fluorescence compounds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6481. [PMID: 37838720 PMCID: PMC10576749 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The realization of operationally stable blue organic light-emitting diodes is a challenging issue across the field. While device optimization has been a focus to effectively prolong device lifetime, strategies based on molecular engineering of chemical structures, particularly at the subatomic level, remains little. Herein, we explore the effect of targeted deuteration on donor and/or acceptor units of thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters and investigate the structure-property relationship between intrinsic molecular stability, based on isotopic effect, and device operational stability. We show that the deuteration of the acceptor unit is critical to enhance the photostability of thermally activated delayed fluorescence compounds and hence device lifetime in addition to that of the donor units, which is commonly neglected due to the limited availability and synthetic complexity of deuterated acceptors. Based on these isotopic analogues, we observe a gradual increase in the device operational stability and achieve the long-lifetime time to 90% of the initial luminance of 23.4 h at the luminance of 1000 cd m-2 for thermally activated delayed fluorescence-sensitized organic light-emitting diodes. We anticipate our strategic deuteration approach provides insights and demonstrates the importance on structural modification materials at a subatomic level towards prolonging the device operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinyeong Jung
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wai-Lung Cheung
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Si-Jie Li
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wansi Li
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cangyu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoge Song
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guodan Wei
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qinghua Song
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Season Si Chen
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518005, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Wanqing Cai
- Faculty of Materials Science, MSU-BIT University, 518172, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wai Kit Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Man-Chung Tang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
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6
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Wei YC, Kuo KH, Chi Y, Chou PT. Efficient Near-Infrared Luminescence of Self-Assembled Platinum(II) Complexes: From Fundamentals to Applications. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:689-699. [PMID: 36882976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusDesigning bright and efficient near-infrared (NIR) emitters has drawn much attention due to numerous applications ranging from biological imaging, medical therapy, optical communication, and night-vision devices. However, polyatomic organic and organometallic molecules with energy gaps close to the deep red and NIR regime are subject to dominant nonradiative internal conversion (IC) processes, which drastically reduces the emission intensity and exciton diffusion length of organic materials and hence hampers the optoelectronic performances. To suppress nonradiative IC rates, we suggested two complementary approaches to solve the issues: exciton delocalization and molecular deuteration. First, exciton delocalization efficiently suppresses the molecular reorganization energy through partitioning to all aggregated molecules. According to the IC theory together with the effect of exciton delocalization, the simulated nonradiative rates with the energy gap ΔE = 104 cm-1 decrease by around 104 fold when the exciton delocalization length equals 5 (promoting vibronic frequency ωl = 1500 cm-1). Second, molecular deuterations reduce Franck-Condon vibrational overlaps and vibrational frequencies of promoting modes, which decreases IC rates by 1 order of magnitude in comparison to the rates of nondeuterated molecules under ΔE of 104 cm-1. Although deuteration of molecules has long been attempted to increase emission intensity, the results have been mixed. Here, we provide a robust derivation of the IC theory to demonstrate its validity, especially to emission in the NIR region.The concepts are experimentally verified by the strategic design and synthesis of a class of square-planar Pt(II) complexes, which form crystalline aggregates in vapor deposited thin films. The packing geometries are well characterized by the grazing angle X-ray diffraction (GIXD), showing domino-like packing arrangements with the short ππ separation of 3.4-3.7 Å. Upon photoexcitation, such closely packed assemblies exhibit intense NIR emission maximized in the 740-970 nm region through metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MMLCT) transition with unprecedented photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) of 8-82%. To validate the existence of exciton delocalization, we applied time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform UV-vis spectroscopy to probe the exciton delocalization length of Pt(II) aggregates, which is 5-9 molecules (2.1-4.5 nm) assuming that excitons mainly delocalized along the direction of ππ stacking. According to the dependence of delocalization length vs simulated IC rates, we verify that the observed delocalization lengths contribute to the high NIR PLQY of the aggregated Pt(II) complexes. To probe the isotope effect, both partially and completely deuterated Pt(II) complexes were synthesized. For the case of the 970 nm Pt(II) emitter, the vapor deposited films of per-deuterated Pt(II) complexes exhibit the same emission peak as that of the nondeuterated one, whereas PLQY increases ∼50%. To put the fundamental studies into practice, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated with a variety of NIR Pt(II) complexes as the emitting layer, showing the outstanding external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 2-25% and the remarkable radiances 10-40 W sr-1 m-2 at 740-1002 nm. The prominent device performances not only successfully prove our designed concept but also reach a new milestone for highly efficient NIR OLED devices.This Account thus summarizes our approaches about how to boost the efficiency of the NIR emission of organic molecules from an in-depth fundamental basis, i.e., molecular design, photophysical characterization, and device fabrication. The concept of the exciton delocalization and molecular deuteration may also be applicable to a single molecular system to achieve efficient NIR radiance, which is worth further investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Hua Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 999077 Hong Kong SAR
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
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7
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Sheng FF, Gu JG, Liu KH, Zhang HH. Synthesis of β-Deuterated Amino Acids via Palladium-Catalyzed H/D Exchange. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16084-16089. [PMID: 36395460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite several synthetic approaches that have been developed for α-deuterated amino acids, the synthesis of β-deuterated amino acids has remained a challenge. Herein, we disclose a palladium catalyzed H/D exchange protocol for a β-deuterated N-protected amino amide, which can be converted to a β-deuterated amino acid simply by removal of protecting groups. This protocol is highly efficient, simply manipulated, and appliable for deuterium-labeling of many amino amides. In addition, deuterium labeling of phenylalanine derivatives was also successful when pivalic acid served as an additive to promote the H/D exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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8
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Li H, Lai Z, Peng M, Ning L, Dong Q, Hou Y, An J. One-Pot Sequential Hydrogen Isotope Exchange/Reductive Deuteration for the Preparation of α,β-Deuterated Alcohols using Deuterium Oxide. Org Lett 2022; 24:5319-5323. [PMID: 35856804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot sequential hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE)/reductive deuteration approach was developed for the preparation of α,β-deuterated alcohols using ketones as the precursors. The HIE step can also be used for the synthesis of α-deuterated ketones. This method has been applied in the synthesis of four deuterated drug and MS internal standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zemin Lai
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengqi Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Ning
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qixin Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Bourriquen F, Rockstroh N, Bartling S, Junge K, Beller M. Manganese‐Catalysed Deuterium Labelling of Anilines and Electron‐Rich (Hetero)Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202423. [PMID: 35484978 PMCID: PMC9322005 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a constant need for deuterium‐labelled products for multiple applications in life sciences and beyond. Here, a new class of heterogeneous catalysts is reported for practical deuterium incorporation in anilines, phenols, and heterocyclic substrates. The optimal material can be conveniently synthesised and allows for high deuterium incorporation using deuterium oxide as isotope source. This new catalyst has been fully characterised and successfully applied to the labelling of natural products as well as marketed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bourriquen
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Nils Rockstroh
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Stephan Bartling
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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10
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Bourriquen F, Rockstroh N, Bartling S, Junge K, Beller M. Manganese Catalysed Deuterium Labelling of Anilines and Electron‐Rich (Hetero)Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils Rockstroh
- LIKAT: Leibniz-Institut fur Katalyse eV Analytics GERMANY
| | | | - Kathrin Junge
- LIKAT: Leibniz-Institut fur Katalyse eV Applied Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse Homogeneous Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock GERMANY
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11
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Sheng FF, Li EC, Bai JW, Wang CX, Hu GQ, Liu KH, Sun ZY, Shen K, Zhang HH. Silver salt enabled H/D exchange at the β-position of thiophene rings: synthesis of fully deuterated thiophene derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1176-1180. [PMID: 35044395 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We disclose a silver catalyzed H/D exchange reaction, which can introduce the deuterium atom at the β position of thiophene rings without the assistance of any coordinating groups. The advantages of this reaction include operation in open air, usage of D2O as the deuterium source, good tolerance to a range of functional groups and obtaining high atom% deuterium incorporation. In addition, this H/D exchange reaction is employed for direct deuteration of a thiophene based monomer, which is usually prepared by multistep synthesis from expensive deuterated starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - En-Ci Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Jing-Wen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Cai-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Guang-Qi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Kai-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Zheng-Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Kang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China. .,Neutron Scattering Division & Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA.
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12
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Pytlarczyk M, Herman J, Arakawa Y, Tsuji H, Kula P. Deuterated Liquid Crystals – practical synthesis of deuterium labeled 4-alkyl-4″-isothiocyanato-[1,1ʹ:4ʹ,1″]terphenyls. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Ma C, Xiao Z, Bonnesen PV, Liang L, Puretzky AA, Huang J, Kolmer M, Sumpter BG, Lu W, Hong K, Bernholc J, Li AP. On-surface cyclodehydrogenation reaction pathway determined by selective molecular deuterations. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15637-15644. [PMID: 35003594 PMCID: PMC8653995 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the reaction mechanisms of dehydrogenative Caryl–Caryl coupling is the key to directed formation of π-extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Here we utilize isotopic labeling to identify the exact pathway of cyclodehydrogenation reaction in the on-surface synthesis of model atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). Using selectively deuterated molecular precursors, we grow seven-atom-wide armchair GNRs on a Au(111) surface that display a specific hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) pattern with characteristic Raman modes. A distinct hydrogen shift across the fjord of Caryl–Caryl coupling is revealed by monitoring the ratios of gas-phase by-products of H2, HD, and D2 with in situ mass spectrometry. The identified reaction pathway consists of a conrotatory electrocyclization and a distinct [1,9]-sigmatropic D shift followed by H/D eliminations, which is further substantiated by nudged elastic band simulations. Our results not only clarify the cyclodehydrogenation process in GNR synthesis but also present a rational strategy for designing on-surface reactions towards nanographene structures with precise hydrogen/deuterium isotope labeling patterns. Selective deuterations were exploited to synthesize graphene nanoribbons on Au(111) surface with a specific H/D pattern on edges, allowing the determination of cyclodehydrogenation reaction pathway within the framework of pericyclic reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxu Ma
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA .,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Zhongcan Xiao
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Peter V Bonnesen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Liangbo Liang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Alexander A Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Jingsong Huang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Marek Kolmer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA .,Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Wenchang Lu
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA.,Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Jerzy Bernholc
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA.,Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - An-Ping Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
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14
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Yuan M, Ma F, Dai X, Chen L, Zhai F, He L, Zhang M, Chen J, Shu J, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Fu X, Li Z, Guo C, Chen L, Chai Z, Wang S. Deuterated Covalent Organic Frameworks with Significantly Enhanced Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21250-21255. [PMID: 34269505 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent covalent organic frameworks (COFs) find promising applications in chemical sensing, photocatalysis, and optoelectronic devices, however, the majority of COFs are non or weakly emissive owing to the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) or the molecular thermal motion-based energy dissipation. Here, we report a previously unperceived approach to improve luminescence performance of COFs by introducing isotope effect, which is achieved through substitution of hydrogen from high-frequency oscillators X-H (X=O, N, C) by heavier isotope deuterium. Combining the "bottom-up" and in situ deuteration methods generates the first deuterated COF, which exhibits an impressively 19-fold enhancement in quantum yield over that of the non-deuterated counterpart. These results are interpreted by theoretical calculations as the consequence of slower C/N-D and OD⋅⋅⋅O vibrations that impede the nonradiative deactivation process. The proposed strategy is proved applicable to many other types of emissive COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fuyin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fuwan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Linwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Junchang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jie Shu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaobin Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chenglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shuao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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15
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Yuan M, Ma F, Dai X, Chen L, Zhai F, He L, Zhang M, Chen J, Shu J, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Fu X, Li Z, Guo C, Chen L, Chai Z, Wang S. Deuterated Covalent Organic Frameworks with Significantly Enhanced Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Fuyin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Lixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Fuwan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Linwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District Shanghai 201800 China
| | - Junchang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jie Shu
- Analysis and Testing Center Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiaobin Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics No. 2019 Jialuo Road, Jiading District Shanghai 201800 China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Chenglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment East China University of Technology Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Shuao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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16
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Chen J. Advanced Electron Microscopy of Nanophased Synthetic Polymers and Soft Complexes for Energy and Medicine Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2405. [PMID: 34578720 PMCID: PMC8470047 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After decades of developments, electron microscopy has become a powerful and irreplaceable tool in understanding the ionic, electrical, mechanical, chemical, and other functional performances of next-generation polymers and soft complexes. The recent progress in electron microscopy of nanostructured polymers and soft assemblies is important for applications in many different fields, including, but not limited to, mesoporous and nanoporous materials, absorbents, membranes, solid electrolytes, battery electrodes, ion- and electron-transporting materials, organic semiconductors, soft robotics, optoelectronic devices, biomass, soft magnetic materials, and pharmaceutical drug design. For synthetic polymers and soft complexes, there are four main characteristics that differentiate them from their inorganic or biomacromolecular counterparts in electron microscopy studies: (1) lower contrast, (2) abundance of light elements, (3) polydispersity or nanomorphological variations, and (4) large changes induced by electron beams. Since 2011, the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been working with numerous facility users on nanostructured polymer composites, block copolymers, polymer brushes, conjugated molecules, organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials, organic-inorganic interfaces, organic crystals, and other soft complexes. This review crystalizes some of the essential challenges, successes, failures, and techniques during the process in the past ten years. It also presents some outlooks and future expectations on the basis of these works at the intersection of electron microscopy, soft matter, and artificial intelligence. Machine learning is expected to automate and facilitate image processing and information extraction of polymer and soft hybrid nanostructures in aspects such as dose-controlled imaging and structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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17
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Stereodefined rhodium-catalysed 1,4-H/D delivery for modular syntheses and deuterium integration. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Li H, Peng M, Lai Z, Ning L, Chen X, Zhang X, Wang P, Szostak R, Szostak M, An J. Acyl fluorides as direct precursors to fluoride ketyl radicals: reductive deuteration using SmI 2 and D 2O. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5195-5198. [PMID: 33908475 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01381e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly chemoselective reductive deuteration of acyl fluorides to provide α,α-dideuterio alcohols with exquisite levels of deuterium incorporation was developed using SmI2 and D2O as the deuterium source. This method introduces acyl fluorides as attractive radical precursors for the generation of reactive acyl-type fluoride ketyls that should find widespread application in many synthetic strategies involving single electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. and Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengqi Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zemin Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Ning
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingyue Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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19
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20
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Lepron M, Daniel-Bertrand M, Mencia G, Chaudret B, Feuillastre S, Pieters G. Nanocatalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1465-1480. [PMID: 33622033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions have experienced impressive development due to the growing importance of isotope containing compounds in various fields including materials and life sciences, in addition to their classical use for mechanistic studies in chemistry and biology. Tritium-labeled compounds are also of crucial interest to study the in vivo fate of a bioactive substance or in radioligand binding assays. Over the past few years, deuterium-labeled drugs have been extensively studied for the improvement of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) properties of existing bioactive molecules as a consequence of the primary kinetic isotope effect. Furthermore, in the emergent "omic" fields, the need for new stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SILS) for quantitative GC- or LC-MS analyses is increasing. Because of their numerous applications, the development of powerful synthetic methods to access deuterated and tritiated molecules with either high isotope incorporation and/or selectivities is of paramount importance.HIE reactions allow a late-stage incorporation of hydrogen isotopes in a single synthetic step, thus representing an advantageous alternative to conventional multistep synthesis approaches which are time- and resource-consuming. Moreover, HIE reactions can be considered as the most fundamental C-H functionalization processes and are therefore of great interest for the chemists' community. Depending on the purpose, HIE reactions must either be highly regioselective or allow a maximal incorporation of hydrogen isotopes, sometimes both. In this context, metal-catalyzed HIE reactions are generally performed using either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis which may have considerable drawbacks including an insufficient isotope incorporation and a lack of chemo- and/or regioselectivity, respectively.Over the past 6 years, we have shown that nanocatalysis can be considered as a powerful tool to access complex labeled molecules (e.g., pharmaceuticals, peptides and oligonucleotides) via regio- and chemoselective or even enantiospecific labeling processes occurring at the surface of metallic nanoclusters (Ru or Ir). Numerous heterocyclic (both saturated and unsaturated) and acyclic scaffolds have been labeled with an impressive functional group tolerance, and highly deuterated compounds or high molar activity tritiated drugs have been obtained. An insight into mechanisms has also been provided by theoretical calculations to explain the regioselectivities of the isotope incorporation. Our studies have suggested that undisclosed key intermediates, including 4- and 5-membered dimetallacycles, account for the particular regioselectivities observed during the process, in contrast to the 5- or 6-membered metallacycle key intermediates usually encountered in homogeneous catalysis. These findings together with the important number of available coordination sites explain the compelling reactivity of metal nanoparticles, in between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. They represent innovative tools combining the advantages of both methods for the isotopic labeling and activation of C-H bonds of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lepron
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bat 547, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marion Daniel-Bertrand
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bat 547, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gabriel Mencia
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bat 547, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bat 547, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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21
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Huang L, Liu W, Zhao LL, Zhang Z, Yan X. Base-Catalyzed H/D Exchange Reaction of Difluoromethylarenes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3981-3988. [PMID: 33591190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The budding deuteriodifluoromethyl group (CF2D) is a potentially significant functional group in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we investigated t-BuOK-catalyzed H/D exchange reaction of difluoromethylarenes in DMSO-d6 solution. The method provides excellent deuterium incorporation at the difluoromethyl group. Meanwhile, the effect of a trace amount of D2O in DMSO-d6 solution on the deuteration reaction was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Liang-Liang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zengyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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22
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Hu GQ, Bai JW, Li EC, Liu KH, Sheng FF, Zhang HH. Synthesis of Multideuterated (Hetero)aryl Bromides by Ag(I)-Catalyzed H/D Exchange. Org Lett 2021; 23:1554-1560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Wen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - En-Ci Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Fei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
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23
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Ning L, Li H, Lai Z, Szostak M, Chen X, Dong Y, Jin S, An J. Synthesis of α-Deuterated Primary Amines via Reductive Deuteration of Oximes Using D 2O as a Deuterium Source. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2907-2916. [PMID: 33486945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective introduction of the deuterium atom into the α-position of amines is important for the development of all types of novel deuterated drugs and agrochemicals due to the pervasive presence of amines. In this study, we report the first general single-electron-transfer reductive deuteration of both ketoximes and aldoximes using SmI2 as an electron donor and D2O as a deuterium source for the synthesis of α-deuterated primary amines with excellent levels of deuterium incorporations (>95% [D]). This protocol exhibits excellent chemoselectivity and tolerates a variety of functional groups. The potential application of this new method was showcased in the synthesis of deuterated drugs, such as rimantadine-d4, the tebufenpyrad analogue, derivatives of nabumetone and pregnenolone, and a series of building blocks for the rapid and general assembly of deuterated drugs and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ning
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hengzhao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zemin Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Xingyue Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuhui Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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24
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Cao Z, Li Z, Zhang S, Galuska L, Li T, Do C, Xia W, Hong K, Gu X. Decoupling Poly(3-alkylthiophenes)’ Backbone and Side-Chain Conformation by Selective Deuteration and Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Zhaofan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Luke Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Tianyu Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Changwoo Do
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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25
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Ledovskaya MS, Voronin VV, Polynski MV, Lebedev AN, Ananikov VP. Primary Vinyl Ethers as Acetylene Surrogate: A Flexible Tool for Deuterium-Labeled Pyrazole Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Ledovskaya
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetsky prospect 26 198504 Peterhof Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Voronin
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetsky prospect 26 198504 Peterhof Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Polynski
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetsky prospect 26 198504 Peterhof Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky prospect 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Andrey N. Lebedev
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetsky prospect 26 198504 Peterhof Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetsky prospect 26 198504 Peterhof Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky prospect 47 119991 Moscow Russia
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26
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Atom-economical Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(oxindolidene thienylene vinylene) Based on Aldol Polycondensation Reaction. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that π-conjugated polymers can be easily synthesized using monomers which possess metals or halogen atoms as well as transition-metal catalysts. However, in the polymer materials synthesized by such reactions, small amounts of halogens and transition-metal-catalysts remain, often negatively affecting their optoelectronic device performances. Herein, we report a new polycondensation method based on the aldol condensation reaction utilizing the intramolecular resonance effect of the anionic monomer through π-conjugation. We have designed a novel AB type monomer to synthesize the semiconducting poly(oxindolidene thienylene vinylene) (POTV) using the proposed system. Indeed, the polymerization readily proceeded by adding 5-nitro-2-thiophenecarbaldehyde as an initiator after the α-proton abstraction of the oxindole group by the reaction of the monomer precursor with lithium hexamethylsilazide (LiHMDS)/12-crown-4. As a result, the objective POTV with Mn = 3700 and ÐM = 1.47 could be obtained with a good yield (65%). In addition, an organic field effect transistor (OFET) was based on POTV exhibited p-type characteristics, with a hole mobility of 2.24 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1.
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27
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Hage FS, Radtke G, Kepaptsoglou DM, Lazzeri M, Ramasse QM. Single-atom vibrational spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope. Science 2020; 367:1124-1127. [PMID: 32139541 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Single-atom impurities and other atomic-scale defects can notably alter the local vibrational responses of solids and, ultimately, their macroscopic properties. Using high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the electron microscope, we show that a single substitutional silicon impurity in graphene induces a characteristic, localized modification of the vibrational response. Extensive ab initio calculations reveal that the measured spectroscopic signature arises from defect-induced pseudo-localized phonon modes-that is, resonant states resulting from the hybridization of the defect modes and the bulk continuum-with energies that can be directly matched to the experiments. This finding realizes the promise of vibrational spectroscopy in the electron microscope with single-atom sensitivity and has broad implications across the fields of physics, chemistry, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Hage
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK
| | - G Radtke
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - D M Kepaptsoglou
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK.,York Nanocentre and Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - M Lazzeri
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Q M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK. .,School of Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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28
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Liu W, Cao L, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Huang S, Huang L, Zhao P, Yan X. Mesoionic Carbene–Iridium Complex Catalyzed Ortho-Selective Hydrogen Isotope Exchange of Anilines with High Functional Group Tolerance. Org Lett 2020; 22:2210-2214. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linwei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Schweicher G, Garbay G, Jouclas R, Vibert F, Devaux F, Geerts YH. Molecular Semiconductors for Logic Operations: Dead-End or Bright Future? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905909. [PMID: 31965662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic electronics has been prolific in the last couple of years, leading to the design and synthesis of several molecular semiconductors presenting a mobility in excess of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 . However, it is also started to recently falter, as a result of doubtful mobility extractions and reduced industrial interest. This critical review addresses the community of chemists and materials scientists to share with it a critical analysis of the best performing molecular semiconductors and of the inherent charge transport physics that takes place in them. The goal is to inspire chemists and materials scientists and to give them hope that the field of molecular semiconductors for logic operations is not engaged into a dead end. To the contrary, it offers plenty of research opportunities in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Garbay
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - François Vibert
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Félix Devaux
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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30
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Li H, Hou Y, Liu C, Lai Z, Ning L, Szostak R, Szostak M, An J. Pentafluorophenyl Esters: Highly Chemoselective Ketyl Precursors for the Synthesis of α,α-Dideuterio Alcohols Using SmI2 and D2O as a Deuterium Source. Org Lett 2020; 22:1249-1253. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Zemin Lai
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Ning
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Jie An
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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31
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Dutra M, Wickramasinghe S, Garashchuk S. Quantum Dynamics with the Quantum Trajectory-Guided Adaptable Gaussian Bases. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 16:18-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dutra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sachith Wickramasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sophya Garashchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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32
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Liu W, Zhao LL, Melaimi M, Cao L, Xu X, Bouffard J, Bertrand G, Yan X. Mesoionic Carbene (MIC)-Catalyzed H/D Exchange at Formyl Groups. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Li EC, Hu GQ, Zhu YX, Zhang HH, Shen K, Hang XC, Zhang C, Huang W. Ag2CO3-Catalyzed H/D Exchange of Five-Membered Heteroarenes at Ambient Temperature. Org Lett 2019; 21:6745-6749. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En-Ci Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Technical University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Qi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Technical University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Technical University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Technical University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Kang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Technical University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chun Hang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Technical University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Technical University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Technical University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
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34
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1,2,3-triazole functionalized polystyrene and perdeuterated polystyrene chelating latexes. Colloid Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-019-04509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Garashchuk S, Rassolov V. Quantum Trajectory Dynamics Based on Local Approximations to the Quantum Potential and Force. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:3906-3916. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophya Garashchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Vitaly Rassolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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36
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Yamashita T, Nishikawa H, Kawamoto T. Scale-up synthesis of a deuterium-labeled cis-cyclobutane-1,3-Dicarboxylic acid derivative using continuous photo flow chemistry. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Overcoming efficiency and stability limits in water-processing nanoparticular organic photovoltaics by minimizing microstructure defects. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5335. [PMID: 30559396 PMCID: PMC6297219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong market driven need for processing organic photovoltaics from eco-friendly solvents. Water-dispersed organic semiconducting nanoparticles (NPs) satisfy these premises convincingly. However, the necessity of surfactants, which are inevitable for stabilizing NPs, is a major obstacle towards realizing competitive power conversion efficiencies for water-processed devices. Here, we report on a concept for minimizing the adverse impact of surfactants on solar cell performance. A poloxamer facilitates the purification of organic semiconducting NPs through stripping excess surfactants from aqueous dispersion. The use of surfactant-stripped NPs based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) / non-fullerene acceptor leads to a device efficiency and stability comparable to the one from devices processed by halogenated solvents. A record efficiency of 7.5% is achieved for NP devices based on a low-band gap polymer system. This elegant approach opens an avenue that future organic photovoltaics processing may be indeed based on non-toxic water-based nanoparticle inks. Water-based semiconducting polymer nanoparticles are eco-friendly and non-toxic but their performance suffers from the surfactants. Here Xie et al. design an approach to minimize the amount of residual surfactant in these nanoparticles and make high-efficiency and stability solar cells.
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38
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Chang D, Li T, Li L, Jakowski J, Huang J, Keum JK, Lee B, Bonnesen PV, Zhou M, Garashchuk S, Sumpter BG, Hong K. Selectively Deuterated Poly(ε-caprolactone)s: Synthesis and Isotope Effects on the Crystal Structures and Properties. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsook Chang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Tianyu Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Lengwan Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jacek Jakowski
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jingsong Huang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jong Kahk Keum
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Peter V. Bonnesen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Sophya Garashchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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39
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Wang C, Zhang Z, Pejić S, Li R, Fukuto M, Zhu L, Sauvé G. High Dielectric Constant Semiconducting Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s from Side Chain Modification with Polar Sulfinyl and Sulfonyl Groups. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upon, New York 11973, United States
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upon, New York 11973, United States
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40
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Colebatch AL, Hawkey Gilder BW, Whittell GR, Oldroyd NL, Manners I, Weller AS. A General, Rhodium-Catalyzed, Synthesis of Deuterated Boranes andN-Methyl Polyaminoboranes. Chemistry 2018; 24:5450-5455. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie L. Colebatch
- Department of Chemistry; Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Benjamin W. Hawkey Gilder
- Department of Chemistry; Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - George R. Whittell
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Nicola L. Oldroyd
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department of Chemistry; Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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41
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42
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Shi C, Zhang X, Yu CH, Yao YF, Zhang W. Geometric isotope effect of deuteration in a hydrogen-bonded host-guest crystal. Nat Commun 2018; 9:481. [PMID: 29396512 PMCID: PMC5797174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deuteration of a hydrogen bond by replacing protium (H) with deuterium (D) can cause geometric changes in the hydrogen bond, known as the geometric H/D isotope effect (GIE). Understanding the GIEs on global structures and bulk properties is of great importance to study structure–property relationships of hydrogen-bonded systems. Here, we report a hydrogen-bonded host–guest crystal, imidazolium hydrogen terephthalate, that exemplifies striking GIEs on its hydrogen bonds, phases, and bulk dielectric transition property. Upon deuteration, the donor–acceptor distance in the O–H···O hydrogen bonds in the host structure is found to increase, which results in a change in the global hydrogen-bonded supramolecular structure and the emergence of a new phase (i.e., isotopic polymorphism). Consequently, the dynamics of the confined guest, which depend on the internal pressure exerted by the host framework, are substantially altered, showing a downward shift of the dielectric switching temperature. Deuterating a hydrogen bond can change the bond’s geometry, a phenomenon known as the geometric isotope effect (GIE). Here, the authors find that a hydrogen-bonded host–guest crystal, imidazolium hydrogen terephthalate, exhibits significant GIE on its hydrogen bonds, changing its crystal phases and bulk dielectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shi
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physics & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Hua Yu
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye-Feng Yao
- Department of Physics & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, 200062, Shanghai, China. .,NYU-ECNU Institute of Physics at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing, China.
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Ahmed BM, Mezei G. Selective, Ambient-Temperature C-4 Deuteration of Pyrazole Derivatives by D2O. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1649-1653. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basil M. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Gellert Mezei
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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Mulderig AJ, Jin Y, Yu F, Keum J, Hong K, Browning JF, Beaucage G, Smith GS, Kuppa VK. Determination of active layer morphology in all-polymer photovoltaic cells. J Appl Crystallogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717010457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the structure of films spin-coated from blends of the semiconducting polymers poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly{2,6-[4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene]-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)} (PCPDTBT). Such blends are of potential use in all-polymer solar cells in which both the acceptor and the donor material generate excitons to contribute to the photocurrent. Prompted by threefold performance gains seen in polymer/fullerene and polymer blend solar cells upon addition of pristine graphene, devices are prepared from P3HT/PCPDTBT blends both with and without graphene. This report focuses on the morphology of the active layer since this is of critical importance in determining performance. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is utilized to study this polymer blend with deuterated P3HT to provide contrast and permit the investigation of buried structure in neat and graphene-doped films. SANS reveals the presence of P3HT crystallites dispersed in an amorphous blend matrix of P3HT and PCPDTBT. The crystallites are approximately disc shaped and do not show any evidence of higher-order structure or aggregation. While the structure of the films does not change with the addition of graphene, there is a perceptible effect on the electronic properties and energy conversion efficiency in solar cells made from such films. Determination of the active layer morphology yields crucial insight into structure–property relationships in organic photovoltaic devices.
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Jakowski J, Huang J, Garashchuk S, Luo Y, Hong K, Keum J, Sumpter BG. Deuteration as a Means to Tune Crystallinity of Conducting Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4333-4340. [PMID: 28840732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of deuterium isotope substitution on conjugated polymer chain stacking of poly(3-hexylthiophene) is studied experimentally by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in combination with gel permeation chromatography and theoretically using density functional theory and quantum molecular dynamics. For four P3HT materials with different levels of deuteration (pristine, main-chain deuterated, side-chain deuterated, and fully deuterated), the XRD measurements show that main-chain thiophene deuteration significantly reduces crystallinity, regardless of the side-chain deuteration. The reduction of crystallinity due to the main-chain deuteration is a quantum nuclear effect resulting from a static zero-point vibrational energy combined with a dynamic correlation of the dipole fluctuations. The quantum molecular dynamics simulations confirm the interchain correlation of the proton-proton and deuteron-deuteron motions but not of the proton-deuteron motion. Thus, isotopic purity is an important factor affecting stability and properties of conjugated polymer crystals, which should be considered in the design of electronic and spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jakowski
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jingsong Huang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sophya Garashchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Yingdong Luo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jong Keum
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Li J, Koshnick C, Diallo SO, Ackling S, Huang DM, Jacobs IE, Harrelson TF, Hong K, Zhang G, Beckett J, Mascal M, Moulé AJ. Quantitative Measurements of the Temperature-Dependent Microscopic and Macroscopic Dynamics of a Molecular Dopant in a Conjugated Polymer. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sophia Ackling
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - David M. Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Vegso K, Siffalovic P, Jergel M, Nadazdy P, Nadazdy V, Majkova E. Kinetics of Polymer-Fullerene Phase Separation during Solvent Annealing Studied by Table-Top X-ray Scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8241-8247. [PMID: 28218829 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Solvent annealing is an efficient way of phase separation in polymer-fullerene blends to optimize bulk heterojunction morphology of active layer in polymer solar cells. To track the process in real time across all relevant stages of solvent evaporation, laboratory-based in situ small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements were applied simultaneously to a model P3HT:PCBM blend dissolved in dichlorobenzene. The PCBM molecule agglomeration starts at ∼7 wt % concentration of solid content of the blend in solvent. Although PCBM agglomeration is slowed-down at ∼10 wt % of solid content, the rate constant of phase separation is not changed, suggesting agglomeration and reordering of P3HT molecular chains. Having the longest duration, this stage most affects BHJ morphology. Phase separation is accelerated rapidly at concentration of ∼25 wt %, having the same rate constant as the growth of P3HT crystals. P3HT crystallization is driving force for phase separation at final stages before a complete solvent evaporation, having no visible temporal overlap with PCBM agglomeration. For the first time, such a study was done in laboratory demonstrating potential of the latest generation table-top high-brilliance X-ray source as a viable alternative before more sophisticated X-ray scattering experiments at synchrotron facilities are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Vegso
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , 1-1-1 Kouto, 679-5198 Hyogo, Japan
- Institute of Physics SAS , Dubravska cesta 9, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Siffalovic
- Institute of Physics SAS , Dubravska cesta 9, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Jergel
- Institute of Physics SAS , Dubravska cesta 9, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Nadazdy
- Institute of Physics SAS , Dubravska cesta 9, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vojtech Nadazdy
- Institute of Physics SAS , Dubravska cesta 9, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Majkova
- Institute of Physics SAS , Dubravska cesta 9, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
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