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Hu Z, Yang S. Endohedral metallofullerene molecular nanomagnets. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2863-2897. [PMID: 38324027 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00991b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic lanthanide (Ln) metal complexes exhibiting magnetic bistability can behave as molecular nanomagnets, also known as single-molecule magnets (SMMs), suitable for storing magnetic information at the molecular level, thus attracting extensive interest in the quest for high-density information storage and quantum information technologies. Upon encapsulating Ln ion(s) into fullerene cages, endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) have been proven as a promising and versatile platform to realize chemically robust SMMs, in which the magnetic properties are able to be readily tailored by altering the configurations of the encapsulated species and the host cages. In this review, we present critical discussions on the molecular structures and magnetic characterizations of EMF-SMMs, with the focus on their peculiar molecular and electronic structures and on the intriguing molecular magnetism arising from such structural uniqueness. In this context, different families of magnetic EMFs are summarized, including mononuclear EMF-SMMs wherein single-ion anisotropy is decisive, dinuclear clusterfullerenes whose magnetism is governed by intramolecular magnetic interaction, and radical-bridged dimetallic EMFs with high-spin ground states that arise from the strong ferromagnetic coupling. We then discuss how molecular assemblies of SMMs can be constructed, in a way that the original SMM behavior is either retained or altered in a controlled manner, thanks to the chemical robustness of EMFs. Finally, on the basis of understanding the structure-magnetic property correlation, we propose design strategies for high-performance EMF-SMMs by engineering ligand fields, electronic structures, magnetic interactions, and molecular vibrations that can couple to the spin states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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2
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Guan R, Huang J, Xin J, Chen M, Du P, Li Q, Tan YZ, Yang S, Xie SY. A stabilization rule for metal carbido cluster bearing μ 3-carbido single-atom-ligand encapsulated in carbon cage. Nat Commun 2024; 15:150. [PMID: 38167842 PMCID: PMC10761991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal carbido complexes bearing single-carbon-atom ligand such as nitrogenase provide ideal models of adsorbed carbon atoms in heterogeneous catalysis. Trimetallic μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes found recently represent the simplest metal carbido complexes with the ligands being only carbon atoms, but only few are crystallographically characterized, and its formation prerequisite is unclear. Herein, we synthesize and isolate three vanadium-based μ3-CCFs featuring V = C double bonds and high valence state of V (+4), including VSc2C@Ih(7)-C80, VSc2C@D5h(6)-C80 and VSc2C@D3h(5)-C78. Based on a systematic theoretical study of all reported μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes, we further propose a supplemental Octet Rule, i.e., an eight-electron configuration of the μ3-carbido ligand is needed for stabilization of metal carbido clusters within μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes. Distinct from the classic Effective Atomic Number rule based on valence electron count of metal proposed in the 1920s, this rule counts the valence electrons of the single-carbon-atom ligand, and offers a general rule governing the stabilities of μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jinpeng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Xiang W, Hu Z, Xin J, Jin H, Jiang Z, Han X, Chen M, Yao YR, Yang S. Steering Single-Electron Metal-Metal Bonds and Hyperfine Coupling between a Transition Metal-Lanthanide Heteronuclear Bimetal Confined in Carbon Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22599-22608. [PMID: 37787921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal complexes bearing single-electron metal-metal bonds (SEMBs) exhibit unusual electronic structures evoking strong magnetic coupling, and such bonds can be stabilized in the form of dimetallofullerenes (di-EMFs) in which two metals are confined in a carbon cage. Up to now, only a few di-EMFs containing SEMBs are reported, which are all based on a high-symmetry icosahedral (Ih) C80 cage embedding homonuclear rare-earth bimetals, and a chemical modification of the Ih-C80 cage is required to stabilize the SEMB. Herein, by introducing 3d-block transition metal titanium (Ti) along with 4f-block lanthanum (La) into the carbon cage, we synthesized the first crystallographically characterized SEMB-containing 3d-4f heteronuclear di-EMFs based on pristine fullerene cages. Four novel La-Ti heteronuclear di-EMFs were isolated, namely, LaTi@D3h(5)-C78, LaTi@Ih(7)-C80, LaTi@D5h(6)-C80, and LaTi@C2v(9)-C82, and their molecular structures were unambiguously determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Upon increasing the cage size from C78 to C82, the La-Ti distance decreases from 4.31 to 3.97 Å, affording fine-tuning of the metal-metal bonding and hyperfine coupling, as evidenced by an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopic study. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the existence of SEMB in all four LaTi@C2n di-EMFs, and the accumulation of electron density between La and Ti atoms shifts gradually from the proximity of the Ti atom inside C78 to the center of the LaTi bimetal inside C82 due to the decrease of the La-Ti distance. The electronic properties of LaTi@C2n heteronuclear dimetallofullerenes differ apparently from their homonuclear La2@C2n counterparts, revealing the peculiarity of heteronuclear dimetallofullerenes with the involvement of 3d-block transition metal Ti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziqi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinpeng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huaimin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhanxin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xinyi Han
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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4
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Jiang H, Yu X, Guo M, Yao YR, Meng Q, Echegoyen L, Autschbach J, Chen N. USc 2C 2 and USc 2NC Clusters with U-C Triple Bond Character Stabilized Inside Fullerene Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5645-5654. [PMID: 36800216 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of f-block metal-carbon multiple bonds is underdeveloped compared to well-established carbene complexes of the d-block transition metals. Herein, we report two new actinide-rare earth mixed metal carbides and nitrogen carbide cluster fullerenes, USc2C2@D5h(6)-C80 and USc2NC@D5h(6)-C80, which contain U-C bonds with triple bond character and were successfully synthesized and characterized by mass spectrometry, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and DFT calculations. Crystallographic studies show that the two previously unreported clusters, USc2C2 and USc2NC, are stabilized in the D5h(6)-C80 carbon cage and adopt unique trifoliate configurations, in which C2/NC units are almost vertically inserted into the plane defined by the U and two Sc atoms. Combined experimental and theoretical studies further reveal the bonding structure of USc2C2 and USc2NC, which contain C═U(VI)═C and C═U(V)═N bonding motifs. The electronic structures of the two compounds are determined as U6+(Sc2)6+(C4-)2@D5h(6)-C804- and U5+(Sc2)6+(N)3-(C)4-@D5h(6)-C804-, respectively. Quantum-chemical studies confirm that the U-C bonds in both molecules show unprecedented multicenter triple-bond character. The discovery of this unique U-C multiple bond offers a deeper understanding of the fundamentals of uranium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Min Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Meng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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Paukov M, Kramberger C, Begichev I, Kharlamova M, Burdanova M. Functionalized Fullerenes and Their Applications in Electrochemistry, Solar Cells, and Nanoelectronics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1276. [PMID: 36770286 PMCID: PMC9919315 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials have rapidly advanced over the last few decades. Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide, nanodiamonds, and carbon-based quantum dots have been developed and intensively studied. Among them, fullerenes have attracted increasing research attention due to their unique chemical and physical properties, which have great potential in a wide range of applications. In this article, we offer a comprehensive review of recent progress in the synthesis and the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes and related composites. The review begins with the introduction of various methods for the synthesis of functionalized fullerenes. A discussion then follows on their chemical and physical properties. Thereafter, various intriguing applications, such as using carbon nanotubes as nanoreactors for fullerene chemical reactions, are highlighted. Finally, this review concludes with a summary of future research, major challenges to be met, and possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Paukov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilia Begichev
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143026 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marianna Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Material Application (CEMEA), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 854 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9-BC-2, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii Pereulok 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Maria Burdanova
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
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6
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Meng Q, Abella L, Yao YR, Sergentu DC, Yang W, Liu X, Zhuang J, Echegoyen L, Autschbach J, Chen N. A charged diatomic triple-bonded U≡N species trapped in C 82 fullerene cages. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7192. [PMID: 36418311 PMCID: PMC9684569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinide diatomic molecules are ideal models to study elusive actinide multiple bonds, but most of these diatomic molecules have so far only been studied in solid inert gas matrices. Herein, we report a charged U≡N diatomic species captured in fullerene cages and stabilized by the U-fullerene coordination interaction. Two diatomic clusterfullerenes, viz. UN@Cs(6)-C82 and UN@C2(5)-C82, were successfully synthesized and characterized. Crystallographic analysis reveals U-N bond lengths of 1.760(7) and 1.760(20) Å in UN@Cs(6)-C82 and UN@C2(5)-C82. Moreover, U≡N was found to be immobilized and coordinated to the fullerene cages at 100 K but it rotates inside the cage at 273 K. Quantum-chemical calculations show a (UN)2+@(C82)2− electronic structure with formal +5 oxidation state (f1) of U and unambiguously demonstrate the presence of a U≡N bond in the clusterfullerenes. This study constitutes an approach to stabilize fundamentally important actinide multiply bonded species. Diatomic actinide molecules are ideal models for studying rare multiple-bond motifs. Here, the authors report host-guest structures of metastable charged U≡N diatoms confined in fullerene cages and stabilized by coordinative electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Meng
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Laura Abella
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000 USA
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 P. R. China
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- grid.8168.70000000419371784A.I. Cuza University of Iași, RA-03 Laboratory (RECENT AIR), Iași, 700506 Romania
| | - Wei Yang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xinye Liu
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhuang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- grid.267324.60000 0001 0668 0420Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968 USA
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000 USA
| | - Ning Chen
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
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Self-driven carbon atom implantation into fullerene embedding metal-carbon cluster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202563119. [PMID: 36122234 PMCID: PMC9522327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202563119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of members have been synthesized and versatile applications have been promised for endofullerenes (EFs) in the past 30 y. However, the formation mechanism of EFs is still a long-standing puzzle to chemists, especially the mechanism of embedding clusters into charged carbon cages. Here, based on synthesis and structures of two representative vanadium-scandium-carbido/carbide EFs, VSc2C@Ih (7)-C80 and VSc2C2@Ih (7)-C80, a reasonable mechanism-C1 implantation (a carbon atom is implanted into carbon cage)-is proposed to interpret the evolution from VSc2C carbido to VSc2C2 carbide cluster. Supported by theoretical calculations together with crystallographic characterization, the single electron on vanadium (V) in VSc2C@Ih (7)-C80 is proved to facilitate the C1 implantation. While the V=C double bond is identified for VSc2C@Ih (7)-C80, after C1 implantation the distance between V and C atoms in VSc2C2@Ih (7)-C80 falls into the range of single bond lengths as previously shown in typical V-based organometallic complexes. This work exemplifies in situ self-driven implantation of an outer carbon atom into a charged carbon cage, which is different from previous heterogeneous implantation of nonmetal atoms (Group-V or -VIII atoms) driven by high-energy ion bombardment or high-pressure offline, and the proposed C1 implantation mechanism represents a heretofore unknown metal-carbon cluster encapsulation mechanism and can be the fundamental basis for EF family genesis.
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Chen M, Zhao Y, Jin F, Li M, Guan R, Xin J, Yao YR, Zhao X, Wang GW, Zhang Q, Xie SY, Yang S. Decisive role of non-rare earth metals in high-regioselectivity addition of μ 3-carbido clusterfullerene. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01442d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of μ3-CCF Dy2TiC@Ih-C80 with AdN2 affords only one [6,6]-open monoadduct along with the addition sites adjacent to the Ti4+ ion instead of the two Dy3+ ions, revealing the decisive role of the non-rare earth metal Ti(IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Chen
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- School of materials science and chemical engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinpeng Xin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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9
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Abstract
Carbide complexes remain a rare class of molecules. Their paucity does not reflect exceptional instability but is rather due to the generally narrow scope of synthetic procedures for constructing carbide complexes. The preparation of carbide complexes typically revolves around generating LnM-CEx fragments, followed by cleavage of the C-E bonds of the coordinated carbon-based ligands (the alternative being direct C atom transfer). Prime examples involve deoxygenation of carbonyl ligands and deprotonation of methyl ligands, but several other p-block fragments can be cleaved off to afford carbide ligands. This Review outlines synthetic strategies toward terminal carbide complexes, bridging carbide complexes, as well as carbide-carbonyl cluster complexes. It then surveys the reactivity of carbide complexes, covering stoichiometric reactions where the carbide ligands act as C1 reagents, engage in cross-coupling reactions, and enact Fischer-Tropsch-like chemistry; in addition, we discuss carbide complexes in the context of catalysis. Finally, we examine spectroscopic features of carbide complexes, which helps to establish the presence of the carbide functionality and address its electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Li W, Wang C, Wang T. Molecular structures and magnetic properties of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10317-10326. [PMID: 34542549 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes have fascinating core-shell structures, with metal atoms or metal clusters encaged in fullerene cages, and they display various chemical, optical and magnetic properties derived from different types of fullerene cages and metal moieties. Fullerene cages can act as carriers to stabilize unusual cluster moieties. Many bizarre species that are hard to produce via synthetic methods survive well under the protection of a fullerene cage, making metallofullerenes ideal platforms for generating new clusters and bonds. Fullerene cages can also be carriers to hold active unpaired electrons. Some metallofullerenes possess electron spin and show intriguing magnetic properties, making them applicable for use in quantum computing, high density information storage and magnetoreception systems. The exploration of new metallofullerenes is still ongoing, while function-oriented studies are also promoted for the future application of metallofullerenes. Herein, we highlight the recent progress in the synthesis, electron spin characteristics and magnetic properties of metallofullerenes. Discussions and an outlook on the future development of metallofullerenes are also stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
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11
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Yu P, Bao L, Yang L, Hao D, Jin P, Shen W, Fang H, Akasaka T, Lu X. Crystallographic Characterization of Ti 2C 2@ D3h(5)-C 78, Ti 2C 2@ C3v(8)-C 82, and Ti 2C 2@ Cs(6)-C 82: Identification of Unsupported Ti 2C 2 Cluster with Cage-Dependent Configurations. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9416-9423. [PMID: 32551612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene cages are ideal hosts to encapsulate otherwise unstable metallic clusters to form endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs). Herein, a novel Ti2C2 cluster with two titanium atoms bridged by a C2-unit has been stabilized by three different fullerene cages to form Ti2C2@D3h(5)-C78, Ti2C2@C3v(8)-C82, and Ti2C2@Cs(6)-C82, representing the first examples of unsupported titanium carbide clusters. Crystallographic results show that the configuration of the Ti2C2 cluster changes upon cage variation. In detail, the Ti2C2 cluster adopts a butterfly shape in Ti2C2@C3v(8)-C82 and Ti2C2@Cs(6)-C82 with Ti-C2-Ti dihedral angles of 156.35 and 147.52° and Ti-Ti distances of 3.633 and 3.860 Å, respectively. In sharp contrast, a stretched planar geometry of Ti2C2 is observed in Ti2C2@D3h(5)-C78, where a Ti-C2-Ti angle of 176.87° and a long Ti-Ti distance of 5.000 Å are presented. Consistently, theoretical calculations reveal that the cluster configuration is very sensitive to the cage shape which eventually determines the electronic structures of the hybrid EMF-molecules, thus adding new insights into modern coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Lipiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Debo Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Wangqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Hongyun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074 China
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12
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Zhao C, Tan K, Nie M, Lu Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Lu X, Wang T. Scandium Tetrahedron Supported by H Anion and CN Pentaanion inside Fullerene C 80. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8284-8290. [PMID: 32437143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes have greatly expanded the range of the fullerene family due to their nesting structure and unusual encapsulated clusters protected by a fullerene cage. Herein, we report a metallofullerene Sc4CNH@Ih-C80, which has a scandium tetrahedron supported by H and CN anions inside fullerene C80. Sc4CNH@Ih-C80 has a rare multilayer nesting structure, and the internal Sc4CNH is the most complex endohedral cluster disclosed to date. Sc4CNH@Ih-C80 has so many bonding types (metal-carbide, metal-nitride, and metal-hydride), which weave a polyhedron of Sc4CNH clusters. This work shows that the endohedral metallofullerenes have the potential to build inorganic nesting polyhedra that have distinctive architectures and unique electronic properties. Sc4CNH@Ih-C80 was synthesized by means of the arc-discharge method using scandium and graphite under the mixed atmosphere of hydrogen, nitrogen, and helium. It is the first time to disclose an unprecedented metal-hydride bond in a fullerene cage. This result shows that the endohedral fullerenes bearing hydrogen species can be synthesized by the arc-discharge technique under an atmosphere of hydrogen. This work demonstrates that a fullerene cage can be an ample carrier to encapsulate unusual cluster moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Kai Tan
- Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingzhe Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yuxi Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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13
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Daugherty NT, Robilotto TJ, Bacsa J, Gray TG, Sadighi JP. A trigold carbide cation stabilized as a labile pyridine adduct. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Shen W, Hu S, Lu X. Endohedral Metallofullerenes: New Structures and Unseen Phenomena. Chemistry 2020; 26:5748-5757. [PMID: 31886563 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), namely fullerenes with metallic species encapsulated inside, represent an ideal platform to investigate metal-metal or metal-carbon interactions at the sub-nanometer scale by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystallography. Herein, recent progress in the identification of new structures and unprecedented properties are discussed according to the categories of monometallofullerenes, dimetallofullerenes, carbide clusterfullerenes, and nitride clusterfullerenes. In particular, the dimerization and the cage-isomer dependent oxidation state of the inner metal atom are summarized in terms of pristine monometallofullerenes. Metal-metal bonds involving lanthanide-lanthanides or actinide-actinides are discussed based on both experimental and theoretical studies. The cluster-cage matching and/or mutual selections, as well as the rarely seen M=C double bonds, are discovered in M2 C2 @C2n , U2 C@C80 , M2 TiC@C80 , and Ti3 C3 @C80 . Subsequently, the geometries of different M3 N clusters in various cages are discussed, revealing size-matching between the internal M3 N cluster and the outer cage induced by the planarity of the cluster. Finally, an outlook regarding the future developments of the molecular structures and applications of EMFs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shuaifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
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15
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Hyre AS, Doerrer LH. A structural and spectroscopic overview of molecular lanthanide complexes with fluorinated O-donor ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Li X, Yao YR, Yang W, Zhuang J, Echegoyen L, Chen N. Crystallographic and spectroscopic characterization of a mixed actinide–lanthanide carbide cluster stabilized inside an Ih(7)-C80 fullerene cage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3867-3870. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, crystallographic and spectroscopic analyses identified that a mixed actinide–lanthanide carbide cluster Sc2UC, with a very short UC bond, is stabilized inside an Ih(7)-C80 cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Texas at El Paso
- El Paso
- USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Jiaxin Zhuang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Texas at El Paso
- El Paso
- USA
| | - Ning Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
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17
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Shen W, Hu Z, Yu P, Wei Z, Jin P, Shi Z, Lu X. An experimental and theoretical study of LuNC@C76,82 revealing a cage-cluster selection rule. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00781a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Four novel Lu-based monometallic cyanide clusterfullerenes were successfully obtained and characterized. X-ray and theoretical results demonstrated that the configuration of internal LuNC unit is governed by the Lu-cage coordination interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Ziqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Pengwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Zhan Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Zujin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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18
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Patil R, Bahadur P, Tiwari S. Dispersed graphene materials of biomedical interest and their toxicological consequences. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 275:102051. [PMID: 31753296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is one-atom thick nanocarbon displaying a unique honeycomb structure and extensive conjugation. In addition to high surface area to mass ratio, it displays unique optical, thermal, electronic and mechanical properties. Atomic scale tunability of graphene has attracted immense research interest with a prospective utility in electronics, desalination, energy sectors, and beyond. Its intrinsic opto-thermal properties are appealing from the standpoint of multimodal drug delivery, imaging and biosensing applications. Hydrophobic basal plane of sheets can be efficiently loaded with aromatic molecules via non-specific forces. With intense biomedical interest, methods are evolving to produce defect-free and dispersion stable sheets. This review summarizes advancements in synthetic approaches and strategies of stabilizing graphene derivatives in aqueous medium. We have described the interaction of colloidal graphene with cellular and sub-cellular components, and subsequent physiological signaling. Finally, a systematic discussion is provided covering toxicological challenges and possible solutions on utilizing graphene formulations for high-end biomedical applications.
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19
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Yu P, Shen W, Bao L, Pan C, Slanina Z, Lu X. Trapping an unprecedented Ti 3C 3 unit inside the icosahedral C 80 fullerene: a crystallographic survey. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10925-10930. [PMID: 32190248 PMCID: PMC7066662 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sub-nanometer cavity of fullerene cages is an ideal platform to accommodate otherwise unstable species for accurate structural characterization with, for example, rather accurate single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystallography. Herein, we report the successful entrapment of an isolated Ti3C3 moiety inside the icosahedral-C80 cage to form Ti3C3@Ih-C80 via an arc-evaporation process in the gas phase. The single crystal XRD crystallographic results unambiguously reveal that the C3-unit adopts an unprecedented cyclopropane-like structure which coordinates with the three titanium atoms in an unexpected fashion where the triangular C3-unit is nearly perpendicular to the Ti3-plane. The intercalation of a cyclopropanated C3-unit into the titanium layer is thus unambiguously confirmed. The theoretical results reveal that the Ti3C3 cluster transfers six electrons to the Ih-C80 cage so that each titanium atom has a positive charge slightly above +2 and the C3-unit is negatively charged with about -1. It is noteworthy that this is the first observation of the cyclopropane-coordination fashion in any reported organometallic complex, providing new insights into coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan , 430074 China .
| | - Wangqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan , 430074 China .
| | - Lipiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan , 430074 China .
| | - Changwang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan , 430074 China .
| | - Zdenek Slanina
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan , 430074 China .
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan , 430074 China .
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20
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Yang W, Velkos G, Liu F, Sudarkova SM, Wang Y, Zhuang J, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang X, Büchner B, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA, Chen N. Single Molecule Magnetism with Strong Magnetic Anisotropy and Enhanced Dy∙∙∙Dy Coupling in Three Isomers of Dy-Oxide Clusterfullerene Dy 2O@C 82. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901352. [PMID: 31637168 PMCID: PMC6794633 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new class of single-molecule magnets (SMMs) based on Dy-oxide clusterfullerenes is synthesized. Three isomers of Dy2O@C82 with C s(6), C 3v(8), and C 2v(9) cage symmetries are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which shows that the endohedral Dy-(µ2-O)-Dy cluster has bent shape with very short Dy-O bonds. Dy2O@C82 isomers show SMM behavior with broad magnetic hysteresis, but the temperature and magnetization relaxation depend strongly on the fullerene cage. The short Dy-O distances and the large negative charge of the oxide ion in Dy2O@C82 result in the very strong magnetic anisotropy of Dy ions. Their magnetic moments are aligned along the Dy-O bonds and are antiferromagnetically (AFM) coupled. At low temperatures, relaxation of magnetization in Dy2O@C82 proceeds via the ferromagnetically (FM)-coupled excited state, giving Arrhenius behavior with the effective barriers equal to the AFM-FM energy difference. The AFM-FM energy differences of 5.4-12.9 cm-1 in Dy2O@C82 are considerably larger than in SMMs with {Dy2O2} bridges, and the Dy∙∙∙Dy exchange coupling in Dy2O@C82 is the strongest among all dinuclear Dy SMMs with diamagnetic bridges. Dy-oxide clusterfullerenes provide a playground for the further tuning of molecular magnetism via variation of the size and shape of the fullerene cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Georgios Velkos
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden)Helmholtzstrasse 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden)Helmholtzstrasse 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Svetlana M. Sudarkova
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden)Helmholtzstrasse 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Yaofeng Wang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhuang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Hanning Zhang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Bernd Büchner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden)Helmholtzstrasse 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Stanislav M. Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden)Helmholtzstrasse 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden)Helmholtzstrasse 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Ning Chen
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
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21
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Zhao Y, Li M, Xiong Y, Rahmani S, Yuan K, Zhao R, Ehara M, Nagase S, Zhao X. Pivotal Role of Nonmetal Atoms in the Stabilities, Geometries, Electronic Structures, and Isoelectronic Chemistry of Sc
3
X@C
80
(X = C, N, and O). J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2730-2738. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao‐Xiao Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Meng‐Yang Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Yi‐Ming Xiong
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Shirin Rahmani
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Kun Yuan
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Rui‐Sheng Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | | | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University Kyoto 606‐8103 Japan
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
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22
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Zhao YX, Yuan K, Li MY, Ehara M, Zhao X. In-Depth Theoretical Probe into Novel Mixed-Metal Uranium-Based Endohedral Clusterfullerenes Sc2UX@Ih(31924)-C80 (X = C, N). Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10769-10777. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Xiao Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Yuan
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yang Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Feng L, Hao Y, Liu A, Slanina Z. Trapping Metallic Oxide Clusters inside Fullerene Cages. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1802-1811. [PMID: 31241888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The sub-nanometer sized void inside a fullerene cage permits the accommodation of a single atom, atomic cluster, or even small molecule, resulting in the formation of endohedral fullerenes. Particularly, clusterfullerenes can be formed by encapsulating multiple metallic ions in most cases along with nonmetal ions (i.e., N3-, C22-, S2-, O2-) inside the fullerene cage. Such an association makes clusterfullerene more functional than empty fullerenes and conventional mono-metallofullerenes. To date, a variety of clusterfullerenes have been reported, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides, and so on. Among them, oxide clusterfullerenes (OCFs) can contain variable oxide clusters (i.e., M4O2, M4O3, M3O, and M2O; M = Sc or other metal), yielding one of the most versatile families. Thus, OCFs may provide a more convenient platform for developing new functional molecules and for studying previously less-explored topics such as formation mechanisms of clusterfullerenes. In this Account, we review recent progress in the field of OCFs, including their synthesis, isolation, and structural and electrochemical studies as well as the preliminary exploration into their potential functions and applications. Thanks to the concrete crystallographic results of an OCF series, we can track the transition of endohedral cluster and fullerene cage. It is suggested that the configuration and internal dynamics of the oxide cluster are highly dependent on not only the cage size but also cage structure. On the other hand, based on the experimental observations, two competitive transformation pathways are established for the majority of OCFs, verifying the bottom-up or top-down formation mechanism. It is also found that the redox behaviors of OCFs are more or less comparable to their isoelectronic species with common cage structure and similar cluster geometry but varied greatly with the cluster variety (i.e., Sc2O vs Sc4O2-3). The mechanism behind such phenomena has been discussed. In addition, the potential of Dy-based OCFs as single molecular magnets (SMMs) is presented theoretically. Nevertheless, experimental advance remains to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Feng
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations & Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yajuan Hao
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations & Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Along Liu
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations & Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zdenek Slanina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
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Atzori M, Sessoli R. The Second Quantum Revolution: Role and Challenges of Molecular Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11339-11352. [PMID: 31287678 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of modern Quantum Technologies might benefit from the remarkable quantum properties shown by molecular spin systems. In this Perspective, we highlight the role that molecular chemistry can have in the current second quantum revolution, i.e., the use of quantum physics principles to create new quantum technologies, in this specific case by means of molecular components. Herein, we briefly review the current status of the field by identifying the key advances recently made by the molecular chemistry community, such as for example the design of molecular spin qubits with long spin coherence and the realization of multiqubit architectures for quantum gates implementation. With a critical eye to the current state-of-the-art, we also highlight the main challenges needed for the further advancement of the field toward quantum technologies development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Atzori
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, UPR 3228-CNRS , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Roberta Sessoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" & INSTM RU , Università degli Studi di Firenze , I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
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25
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Structures and properties of metal oxide cluster fullerene Sc2O2@C80. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Spree L, Popov AA. Recent advances in single molecule magnetism of dysprosium-metallofullerenes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2861-2871. [PMID: 30756104 PMCID: PMC6394203 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt05153d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article outlines the magnetic properties of single molecule magnets based on Dy-encapsulating endohedral metallofullerenes. The factors that govern these properties, such as the influence of different non-metal species in clusterfullerenes, the cage size, and cage isomerism are discussed, as well as the recent successful isolation of dimetallofullerenes with unprecedented magnetic properties. Finally, recent advances towards the organization of endohedral metallofullerenes in 1D, 2D, and 3D ordered structures with potential for devices are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Spree
- IFW Dresden
,
Helmhotzstraße 20
, 01069 Dresden
, Germany
.
;
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- IFW Dresden
,
Helmhotzstraße 20
, 01069 Dresden
, Germany
.
;
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27
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Dubrovin V, Gan LH, Büchner B, Popov AA, Avdoshenko SM. Endohedral metal-nitride cluster ordering in metallofullerene-Ni II(OEP) complexes and crystals: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8197-8200. [PMID: 30816387 PMCID: PMC6839963 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00634f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ordering of endohedral clusterfullerenes Sc3N@C80 and YSc2N@C80 co-crystallized with Ni(OEP) and isolated complexes with Ni(OEP) have been investigated theoretically. Having used multiple orientations of M3N clusters inside the cages with Fibonacci sampling, we describe the effect of intermolecular interactions on the orientation of the endohedral cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-Hua Gan
- IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bernd Büchner
- IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexey A Popov
- IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Brandenburg A, Krylov DS, Beger A, Wolter AUB, Büchner B, Popov AA. Carbide clusterfullerene DyYTiC@C 80 featuring three different metals in the endohedral cluster and its single-ion magnetism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10683-10686. [PMID: 30087957 PMCID: PMC6839965 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbide clusterfullerene DyYTiC@C80-Ih with three different metal atoms in the endohedral cluster is obtained by arc-discharge synthesis with methane as reactive gas and is successfully isolated by HPLC. The compound shows single-molecule magnetism (SMM) with magnetic hysteresis below 8 K. The SMM properties of DyYTiC@C80 are compared to those of DySc2N@C80 and the influence of the central atom in the endohedral cluster is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Brandenburg
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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29
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Yang W, Abella L, Wang Y, Li X, Gu J, Poblet JM, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Chen N. Mixed Dimetallic Cluster Fullerenes: ScGdO@C3v(8)-C82 and ScGdC2@C2v(9)-C82. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11597-11605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Laura Abella
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yaofeng Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Gu
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ning Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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30
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Fuertes-Espinosa C, Gómez-Torres A, Morales-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Fortea A, García-Simón C, Gándara F, Imaz I, Juanhuix J, Maspoch D, Poblet JM, Echegoyen L, Ribas X. Purification of Uranium-based Endohedral Metallofullerenes (EMFs) by Selective Supramolecular Encapsulation and Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11294-11299. [PMID: 29917307 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular nanocapsule 1⋅(BArF)8 is able to sequentially and selectively entrap recently discovered U2 @C80 and unprecedented Sc2 CU@C80 , simply by soaking crystals of 1⋅(BArF)8 in a toluene solution of arc-produced soot. These species, selectively and stepwise absorbed by 1⋅(BArF)8 , are easily released, obtaining highly pure fractions of U2 @C80 and Sc2 CU@C80 in one step. Sc2 CU@C80 represents the first example of a mixed metal actinide-based endohedral metallofullerene (EMF). Remarkably, the host-guest studies revealed that 1⋅(BArF)8 is able to discriminate EMFs with the same carbon cage but with different encapsulated cluster and computational studies provide support for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Fuertes-Espinosa
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alejandra Gómez-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Roser Morales-Martínez
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Simón
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Felipe Gándara
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judith Juanhuix
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Xavi Ribas
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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31
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Fuertes-Espinosa C, Gómez-Torres A, Morales-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Fortea A, García-Simón C, Gándara F, Imaz I, Juanhuix J, Maspoch D, Poblet JM, Echegoyen L, Ribas X. Purification of Uranium-based Endohedral Metallofullerenes (EMFs) by Selective Supramolecular Encapsulation and Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Fuertes-Espinosa
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus de Montilivi 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Alejandra Gómez-Torres
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; 500 West University Avenue El Paso TX 79968 USA
| | - Roser Morales-Martínez
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Cristina García-Simón
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus de Montilivi 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Felipe Gándara
- Materials Science Factory; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2); CSIC and BIST; Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Judith Juanhuix
- ALBA Synchrotron; Carrer de la llum 2-26 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2); CSIC and BIST; Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- ICREA; Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; 500 West University Avenue El Paso TX 79968 USA
| | - Xavi Ribas
- QBIS-CAT group, IQCC and Dept. Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus de Montilivi 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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32
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Zhang X, Li W, Feng L, Chen X, Hansen A, Grimme S, Fortier S, Sergentu DC, Duignan TJ, Autschbach J, Wang S, Wang Y, Velkos G, Popov AA, Aghdassi N, Duhm S, Li X, Li J, Echegoyen L, Schwarz WHE, Chen N. A diuranium carbide cluster stabilized inside a C 80 fullerene cage. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2753. [PMID: 30013067 PMCID: PMC6048043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsupported non-bridged uranium-carbon double bonds have long been sought after in actinide chemistry as fundamental synthetic targets in the study of actinide-ligand multiple bonding. Here we report that, utilizing Ih(7)-C80 fullerenes as nanocontainers, a diuranium carbide cluster, U=C=U, has been encapsulated and stabilized in the form of UCU@Ih(7)-C80. This endohedral fullerene was prepared utilizing the Krätschmer-Huffman arc discharge method, and was then co-crystallized with nickel(II) octaethylporphyrin (NiII-OEP) to produce UCU@Ih(7)-C80·[NiII-OEP] as single crystals. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a cage-stabilized, carbide-bridged, bent UCU cluster with unexpectedly short uranium-carbon distances (2.03 Å) indicative of covalent U=C double-bond character. The quantum-chemical results suggest that both U atoms in the UCU unit have formal oxidation state of +5. The structural features of UCU@Ih(7)-C80 and the covalent nature of the U(f1)=C double bonds were further affirmed through various spectroscopic and theoretical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Wanlu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lai Feng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Skye Fortier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Thomas J Duignan
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Shuao Wang
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yaofeng Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Giorgios Velkos
- Nanoscale Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Nanoscale Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nabi Aghdassi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Steffen Duhm
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Siegen, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Ning Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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Yang S, Wei T, Jin F. When metal clusters meet carbon cages: endohedral clusterfullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5005-5058. [PMID: 28681052 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes have the characteristic of a hollow interior, and this unique feature triggers intuitive inspiration to entrap atoms, ions or clusters inside the carbon cage in the form of endohedral fullerenes. In particular, upon entrapping an otherwise unstable metal cluster into a carbon cage, the so-called endohedral clusterfullerenes fulfil the mutual stabilization of the inner metal cluster and the outer fullerene cage with a specific isomeric structure which is often unstable as an empty fullerene. A variety of metal clusters have been reported to form endohedral clusterfullerenes, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides and so on, making endohedral clusterfullerenes the most variable and intriguing branch of endohedral fullerenes. In this review article, we present an exhaustive review on all types of endohedral clusterfullerenes reported to date, including their discoveries, syntheses, separations, molecular structures and properties as well as their potential applications in versatile fields such as biomedicine, energy conversion, and so on. At the end, we present an outlook on the prospect of endohedral clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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Junghans K, Rosenkranz M, Popov AA. Sc3CH@C80: selective (13)C enrichment of the central carbon atom. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 52:6561-4. [PMID: 27109443 PMCID: PMC4902131 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sc3CH@C80 is synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C, and 45Sc NMR. A large negative chemical shift of the proton, −11.73 ppm in the Ih and −8.79 ppm in the D5h C80 cage isomers, is found. 13C satellites in the 1H NMR spectrum enabled indirect determination of the 13C chemical shift for the central carbon at 173 ± 1 ppm. Intensity of the satellites allowed determination of the 13C content for the central carbon atom. This unique possibility is applied to analyze the cluster/cage 13C distribution in mechanistic studies employing either 13CH4 or 13C powder to enrich Sc3CH@C80 with 13C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Junghans
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Transformation of doped graphite into cluster-encapsulated fullerene cages. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1222. [PMID: 29089497 PMCID: PMC5663703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultimate goal in carbon nanoscience is to decipher formation mechanisms of highly ordered systems. Here, we disclose chemical processes that result in formation of high-symmetry clusterfullerenes, which attract interest for use in applications that span biomedicine to molecular electronics. The conversion of doped graphite into a C80 cage is shown to occur through bottom-up self-assembly reactions. Unlike conventional forms of fullerene, the iconic Buckminsterfullerene cage, Ih-C60, is entirely avoided in the bottom-up formation mechanism to afford synthesis of group 3-based metallic nitride clusterfullerenes. The effects of structural motifs and cluster–cage interactions on formation of compounds in the solvent-extractable C70–C100 region are determined by in situ studies of defined clusterfullerenes under typical synthetic conditions. This work establishes the molecular origin and mechanism that underlie formation of unique carbon cage materials, which may be used as a benchmark to guide future nanocarbon explorations. An understanding of how caged carbon materials self-assemble from doped graphite is a long-standing challenge. Here, the authors show that distinct bottom-up processes lead to the synthesis of high-symmetry clusterfullerenes.
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Reinholdt A, Bendix J. Weakening of Carbide–Platinum Bonds as a Probe for Ligand Donor Strengths. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12492-12497. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Chen CH, Krylov DS, Avdoshenko S, Liu F, Spree L, Yadav R, Alvertis A, Hozoi L, Nenkov K, Kostanyan A, Greber T, Wolter AUB, Popov AA. Selective arc-discharge synthesis of Dy 2S-clusterfullerenes and their isomer-dependent single molecule magnetism. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6451-6465. [PMID: 29263779 PMCID: PMC5734629 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02395b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the selective synthesis of sulfide clusterfullerenes Dy2S@C2n is developed. Addition of methane to the reactive atmosphere reduces the formation of empty fullerenes in the arc-discharge synthesis, whereas the use of Dy2S3 as a source of metal and sulfur affords sulfide clusterfullerenes as the main fullerene products along with smaller amounts of carbide clusterfullerenes. Two isomers of Dy2S@C82 with Cs(6) and C3v(8) cage symmetry, Dy2S@C72-Cs(10528), and a carbide clusterfullerene Dy2C2@C82-Cs(6) were isolated. The molecular structure of both Dy2S@C82 isomers was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. SQUID magnetometry demonstrates that all of these clusterfullerenes exhibit hysteresis of magnetization, with Dy2S@C82-C3v(8) being the strongest single molecule magnet in the series. DC- and AC-susceptibility measurements were used to determine magnetization relaxation times in the temperature range from 1.6 K to 70 K. Unprecedented magnetization relaxation dynamics with three consequent Orbach processes and energy barriers of 10.5, 48, and 1232 K are determined for Dy2S@C82-C3v(8). Dy2S@C82-Cs(6) exhibits faster relaxation of magnetization with two barriers of 15.2 and 523 K. Ab initio calculations were used to interpret experimental data and compare the Dy-sulfide clusterfullerenes to other Dy-clusterfullerenes. The smallest and largest barriers are ascribed to the exchange/dipolar barrier and relaxation via crystal-field states, respectively, whereas an intermediate energy barrier of 48 K in Dy2S@C82-C3v(8) is assigned to the local phonon mode, corresponding to the librational motion of the Dy2S cluster inside the carbon cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Denis S. Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Stanislav M. Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Lukas Spree
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Antonis Alvertis
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Liviu Hozoi
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Konstantin Nenkov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Aram Kostanyan
- Physik-Institut , Universität Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Greber
- Physik-Institut , Universität Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Anja U. B. Wolter
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
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39
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Xu L, Zangeneh Z, Yadav R, Avdoshenko S, van den Brink J, Jesche A, Hozoi L. Spin-reversal energy barriers of 305 K for Fe 2+ d 6 ions with linear ligand coordination. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10596-10600. [PMID: 28726949 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03041j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A remarkably large magnetic anisotropy energy of 305 K is computed by quantum chemistry methods for divalent Fe2+ d6 substitutes at Li-ion sites with D6h point-group symmetry within the solid-state matrix of Li3N. This is similar to values calculated by the same approach and confirmed experimentally for linearly coordinated monovalent Fe1+ d7 species, among the largest so far in the research area of single-molecule magnets. Our ab initio results therefore mark a new exciting exploration path in the search for superior single-molecule magnets, rooted in the configuration of d6 transition-metal ions with linear or quasilinear nearest-neighbor coordination. This d6 axial anisotropy may be kept robust even for symmetries lower than D6h, provided the ligand and farther-neighbor environment is engineered such that the splitting remains large enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Institute for Theoretical Solid State Physics, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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40
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Takemoto S, Tsujita M, Matsuzaka H. Diruthenium Carbido Complexes as N-Heterocyclic Carbene Like C-Donor Ligands to Group 11 Metals. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takemoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsujita
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuzaka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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41
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Krylov DS, Liu F, Avdoshenko SM, Spree L, Weise B, Waske A, Wolter AUB, Büchner B, Popov AA. Record-high thermal barrier of the relaxation of magnetization in the nitride clusterfullerene Dy 2ScN@C 80-I h. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:7901-7904. [PMID: 28656179 PMCID: PMC5730045 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03580b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Dy-Sc nitride clusterfullerene Dy2ScN@C80-Ih exhibits slow relaxation of magnetization up to 76 K. Above 60 K, thermally-activated relaxation proceeds via the fifth-excited Kramers doublet with the energy of 1735 ± 21 K, which is the highest barrier ever reported for dinuclear lanthanide single molecule magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - F Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - S M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - L Spree
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - B Weise
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - A Waske
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - A U B Wolter
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - B Büchner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - A A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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42
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Dang JS, Wang WW, Zheng JJ, Zhao X, Nagase S. Fused-Pentagon-Configuration-Dependent Electron Transfer of Monotitanium-Encapsulated Fullerenes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6890-6896. [PMID: 28548829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce monotitanium-based endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) using density functional theory calculations. Isomeric C64 fullerenes are initially employed as hosts, and Ti@C64 species show novel features on the electronic structures. Energetically, the preference of titanium residing on triple-fused-pentagon subunits is proposed in theory. More importantly, different from current knowledge on mono-EMFs, electron transfer between titanium and carbon cages is not unified but is essentially dependent on the pentagon distribution of the binding sites, giving rise to variations of the cationic titanium of Ti@C64. Such selective electron-transfer character is extended to the study of the encapsulation of other neighboring metal atoms (i.e., calcium and scandium). Because of their different capabilities to accept d electrons, fullerene cages with distinct fused-pentagon motifs show selective metal encapsulation characters. In addition, some other fullerenes (C44-C48 and C82) are selected as hosts to study the electron-transfer behavior of titanium in smaller fullerenes and larger systems without pentagon adjacency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shuang Dang
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China.,Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Jia-Jia Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China.,Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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43
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Samoylova NA, Avdoshenko SM, Krylov DS, Thompson HR, Kirkhorn AC, Rosenkranz M, Schiemenz S, Ziegs F, Wolter AUB, Yang S, Stevenson S, Popov AA. Confining the spin between two metal atoms within the carbon cage: redox-active metal-metal bonds in dimetallofullerenes and their stable cation radicals. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7977-7990. [PMID: 28574078 PMCID: PMC5544111 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02288c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-lanthanide bonds are exceptionally rare, and dimetallofullerenes provide a unique possibility to stabilize and study these unusual bonding patterns. The presence of metal-metal bonds and consequences thereof for the electronic properties of M2@C82 (M = Sc, Er, Lu) are addressed by electrochemistry, electron paramagnetic resonance, SQUID magnetometry and other spectroscopic techniques. A simplified non-chromatographic separation procedure is developed for the isolation of Er2@C82 (Cs(6) and C3v(8) cage isomers) and Sc2@C82 (C3v(8) isomer) from fullerene mixtures. Sulfide clusterfullerenes Er2S@C82 with Cs(6) and C3v(8) fullerene cages are synthesized for the first time. The metal-metal bonding orbital of the spd hybrid character in M2@C82 is shown to be the highest occupied molecular orbital, which undergoes reversible single-electron oxidation with a metal-dependent oxidation potential. Sulfide clusterfullerenes with a fullerene-based HOMO have more positive oxidation potentials. The metal-based oxidation of Sc2@C82-C3v is confirmed by the EPR spectrum of the cation radical [Sc2@C82-C3v]+ generated by chemical oxidation in solution. The spectrum exhibits an exceptionally large a(45Sc) hyperfine coupling constant of 199.2 G, indicating a substantial 4s contribution to the metal-metal bonding orbital. The cationic salt [Er2@C82-C3v]+SbCl6- is prepared, and its magnetization behavior is compared to that of pristine Er2@C82-C3v and Er2S@C82-C3v. The formation of the single-electron Er-Er bond in the cation dramatically changes the coupling between magnetic moments of Er ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A. Samoylova
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stanislav M. Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis S. Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah R. Thompson
- Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
| | - Amelia C. Kirkhorn
- Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Ziegs
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja U. B. Wolter
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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44
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Wang Y, Morales-Martínez R, Zhang X, Yang W, Wang Y, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Poblet JM, Feng L, Wang S, Chen N. Unique Four-Electron Metal-to-Cage Charge Transfer of Th to a C82 Fullerene Cage: Complete Structural Characterization of Th@C3v(8)-C82. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5110-5116. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Wang
- Laboratory
of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Roser Morales-Martínez
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Laboratory
of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Laboratory
of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yaxing Wang
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lai Feng
- Soochow
Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), College of
Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Shuao Wang
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- Laboratory
of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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45
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Wang Y, Tang Q, Feng L, Chen N. Sc2C2@D3h(14246)-C74: A Missing Piece of the Clusterfullerene Puzzle. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:1974-1980. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced
Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qiangqiang Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced
Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Lai Feng
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced
Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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46
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Liu F, Gao CL, Deng Q, Zhu X, Kostanyan A, Westerström R, Wang S, Tan YZ, Tao J, Xie SY, Popov AA, Greber T, Yang S. Triangular Monometallic Cyanide Cluster Entrapped in Carbon Cage with Geometry-Dependent Molecular Magnetism. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14764-14771. [PMID: 27755875 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clusterfullerenes are capable of entrapping a variety of metal clusters within carbon cage, for which the entrapped metal cluster generally keeps its geometric structure (e.g., bond distance and angle) upon changing the isomeric structure of fullerene cage, and whether the properties of the entrapped metal cluster is geometry-dependent remains unclear. Herein we report an unusual triangular monometallic cluster entrapped in fullerene cage by isolating several novel terbium cyanide clusterfullerenes (TbNC@C82) with different cage isomeric structures. Upon varying the isomeric structure of C82 cage from C2(5) to Cs(6) and to C2v(9), the entrapped triangular TbNC cluster exhibits significant distortions as evidenced by the changes of Tb-C(N) and C-N bond distances and variation of the Tb-C(N)-N(C) angle by up to 20°, revealing that the geometric structure of the entrapped triangular TbNC cluster is variable. All three TbNC@C82 molecules are found to be single-ion magnets, and the change of the geometric structure of TbNC cluster directly leads to the alternation of the magnetic relaxation time of the corresponding TbNC@C82 clusterfullerene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupin Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cong-Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qingming Deng
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Aram Kostanyan
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rasmus Westerström
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Song Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Thomas Greber
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
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47
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Junghans K, Ghiassi KB, Samoylova NA, Deng Q, Rosenkranz M, Olmstead MM, Balch AL, Popov AA. Synthesis and Isolation of the Titanium-Scandium Endohedral Fullerenes-Sc2 TiC@Ih -C80 , Sc2 TiC@D5h -C80 and Sc2 TiC2 @Ih -C80 : Metal Size Tuning of the Ti(IV) /Ti(III) Redox Potentials. Chemistry 2016; 22:13098-107. [PMID: 27459520 PMCID: PMC5029561 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) in an electric arc is reported for the mixed‐metal Sc–Ti system utilizing methane as a reactive gas. Comparison of these results with those from the Sc/CH4 and Ti/CH4 systems as well as syntheses without methane revealed a strong mutual influence of all key components on the product distribution. Whereas a methane atmosphere alone suppresses the formation of empty cage fullerenes, the Ti/CH4 system forms mainly empty cage fullerenes. In contrast, the main fullerene products in the Sc/CH4 system are Sc4C2@C80 (the most abundant EMF from this synthesis), Sc3C2@C80, isomers of Sc2C2@C82, and the family Sc2C2 n (2 n=74, 76, 82, 86, 90, etc.), as well as Sc3CH@C80. The Sc–Ti/CH4 system produces the mixed‐metal Sc2TiC@C2 n (2 n=68, 78, 80) and Sc2TiC2@C2 n (2 n=80) clusterfullerene families. The molecular structures of the new, transition‐metal‐containing endohedral fullerenes, Sc2TiC@Ih‐C80, Sc2TiC@D5h‐C80, and Sc2TiC2@Ih‐C80, were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The structure of Sc2TiC@Ih‐C80 was also determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, which demonstrated the presence of a short Ti=C double bond. Both Sc2TiC‐ and Sc2TiC2‐containing clusterfullerenes have Ti‐localized LUMOs. Encapsulation of the redox‐active Ti ion inside the fullerene cage enables analysis of the cluster–cage strain in the endohedral fullerenes through electrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Junghans
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kamran B Ghiassi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Nataliya A Samoylova
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Qingming Deng
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Alan L Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
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48
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2014. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Solola LA, Zabula AV, Dorfner WL, Manor BC, Carroll PJ, Schelter EJ. An Alkali Metal-Capped Cerium(IV) Imido Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6928-31. [PMID: 27163651 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structurally authenticated, terminal lanthanide-ligand multiple bonds are rare and expected to be highly reactive. Even capped with an alkali metal cation, poor orbital energy matching and overlap of metal and ligand valence orbitals should result in strong charge polarization within such bonds. We expand on a new strategy for isolating terminal lanthanide-ligand multiple bonds using cerium(IV) complexes. In the current case, our tailored tris(hydroxylaminato) ligand framework, TriNOx(3-), provides steric protection against ligand scrambling and metal complex oligomerization and electronic protection against reduction. This strategy culminates in isolation of the first formal Ce═N bonded moiety in the complex [K(DME)2][Ce═N(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)(TriNOx)], whose Ce═N bond is the shortest known at 2.119(3) Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukman A Solola
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alexander V Zabula
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Walter L Dorfner
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brian C Manor
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric J Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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50
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Tang Q, Abella L, Hao Y, Li X, Wan Y, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Poblet JM, Feng L, Chen N. Sc2O@C(3v)(8)-C82: A Missing Isomer of Sc2O@C82. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1926-33. [PMID: 26840749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By introducing CO2 as the oxygen source during the arcing process, a new isomer of Sc2O@C82, Sc2O@C(3v)(8)-C82, previously investigated only by computational studies, was discovered and characterized by mass spectrometry, UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, (45)Sc NMR, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystallographic analysis unambiguously elucidated that the cage symmetry was assigned to C(3v)(8) and suggests that Sc2O cluster is disordered inside the cage. The comparative studies of crystallographic data further reveal that the Sc1-O-Sc2 angle is in the range of 131.0-148.9°, much larger than that of the Sc2S@C(3v)(8)-C82, demonstrating a significant flexibility of dimetallic clusters inside the cages. The electrochemical studies show that the electrochemical gap of Sc2O@C(3v)(8)-C82 is 1.71 eV, the largest among those of the oxide cluster fullerenes (OCFs) reported so far, well correlated with its rich abundance in the reaction mixture of OCF synthesis. Moreover, the comparative electrochemical studies suggest that both the dimetallic clusters and the cage structures have major influences on the electronic structures of the cluster fullerenes. Computational studies show that the cluster can rotate and change the Sc-O-Sc angle easily at rather low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Laura Abella
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yajuan Hao
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yingbo Wan
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lai Feng
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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