1
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Nagai H, Adachi Y, Nakasugi T, Takigawa E, Ui J, Makino T, Miura M, Nakajima YI. Highly regenerative species-specific genes improve age-associated features in the adult Drosophila midgut. BMC Biol 2024; 22:157. [PMID: 39090637 PMCID: PMC11295675 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The remarkable regenerative abilities observed in planarians and cnidarians are closely linked to the active proliferation of adult stem cells and the precise differentiation of their progeny, both of which typically deteriorate during aging in low regenerative animals. While regeneration-specific genes conserved in highly regenerative organisms may confer regenerative abilities and long-term maintenance of tissue homeostasis, it remains unclear whether introducing these regenerative genes into low regenerative animals can improve their regeneration and aging processes. RESULTS Here, we ectopically express highly regenerative species-specific JmjC domain-encoding genes (HRJDs) in Drosophila, a widely used low regenerative model organism. Surprisingly, HRJD expression impedes tissue regeneration in the developing wing disc but extends organismal lifespan when expressed in the intestinal stem cell lineages of the adult midgut under non-regenerative conditions. Notably, HRJDs enhance the proliferative activity of intestinal stem cells while maintaining their differentiation fidelity, ameliorating age-related decline in gut barrier functions. CONCLUSIONS These findings together suggest that the introduction of highly regenerative species-specific genes can improve stem cell functions and promote a healthy lifespan when expressed in aging animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yuya Adachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tenki Nakasugi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ema Takigawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junichiro Ui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Makino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichiro Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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2
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Nano M, Montell DJ. Apoptotic signaling: Beyond cell death. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:22-34. [PMID: 37988794 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the best described form of regulated cell death, and was, until relatively recently, considered irreversible once particular biochemical points-of-no-return were activated. In this manuscript, we examine the mechanisms cells use to escape from a self-amplifying death signaling module. We discuss the role of feedback, dynamics, propagation, and noise in apoptotic signaling. We conclude with a revised model for the role of apoptosis in animal development, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Nano
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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3
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Sun Z, Cai Y, Zhong G, Yi X. Camptothecin Effectively Regulates Germline Differentiation through Bam-Cyclin A Axis in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021617. [PMID: 36675143 PMCID: PMC9864452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT), first isolated from Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminate, produces rapid and prolonged inhibition of DNA synthesis and induction of DNA damage by targeting topoisomerase I (top1), which is highly activated in cancer cells. CPT thus exhibits remarkable anticancer activities in various cancer types, and is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancers. However, it remains to be uncovered underlying its cytotoxicity toward germ cells. In this study we found that CPT, a cell cycle-specific anticancer agent, reduced fecundity and exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward GSCs and two-cell cysts. We showed that CPT induced GSC loss and retarded two-cell cysts differentiation in a niche- or apoptosis-independent manner. Instead, CPT induced ectopic expression of a differentiation factor, bag of marbles (Bam), and regulated the expression of cyclin A, which contributed to GSC loss. In addition, CPT compromised two-cell cysts differentiation by decreasing the expression of Bam and inducing cell arrest at G1/S phase via cyclin A, eventually resulting in two-cell accumulation. Collectively, this study demonstrates, for the first time in vivo, that the Bam-cyclin A axis is involved in CPT-mediated germline stem cell loss and two-cell cysts differentiation defects via inducing cell cycle arrest, which could provide information underlying toxicological effects of CPT in the productive system, and feature its potential to develop as a pharmacology-based germline stem cell regulation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.Y.)
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4
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Taslim TH, Hussein AM, Keshri R, Ishibashi JR, Chan TC, Nguyen BN, Liu S, Brewer D, Harper S, Lyons S, Garver B, Dang J, Balachandar N, Jhajharia S, Castillo DD, Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. Stress-induced reversible cell-cycle arrest requires PRC2/PRC1-mediated control of mitophagy in Drosophila germline stem cells and human iPSCs. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 18:269-288. [PMID: 36493777 PMCID: PMC9860083 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following acute genotoxic stress, both normal and tumorous stem cells can undergo cell-cycle arrest to avoid apoptosis and later re-enter the cell cycle to regenerate daughter cells. However, the mechanism of protective, reversible proliferative arrest, "quiescence," remains unresolved. Here, we show that mitophagy is a prerequisite for reversible quiescence in both irradiated Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). In GSCs, mitofission (Drp1) or mitophagy (Pink1/Parkin) genes are essential to enter quiescence, whereas mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1α) or fusion (Mfn2) genes are crucial for exiting quiescence. Furthermore, mitophagy-dependent quiescence lies downstream of mTOR- and PRC2-mediated repression and relies on the mitochondrial pool of cyclin E. Mitophagy-dependent reduction of cyclin E in GSCs and in hiPSCs during mTOR inhibition prevents the usual G1/S transition, pushing the cells toward reversible quiescence (G0). This alternative method of G1/S control may present new opportunities for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy H Taslim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abdiasis M Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Riya Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julien R Ishibashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tung C Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bich N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shuozhi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stuart Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott Lyons
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ben Garver
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jimmy Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nanditaa Balachandar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Samriddhi Jhajharia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Debra Del Castillo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Mathieu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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5
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Riley JS, Bock FJ. Voices from beyond the grave: The impact of apoptosis on the microenvironment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119341. [PMID: 35987283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death, in particular apoptosis, has vital functions in every healthy organism. In a highly regulated manner cells which are no longer needed or are harmful to the organism undergo suicide. More than just the mere elimination of a cell, apoptosis is increasingly being recognized performing important roles in cellular communication with the microenvironment. These interactions with surrounding cells can have various, and sometimes competing outcomes. Apoptotic cells can promote survival, proliferation and inflammation, but depending on the context also prevent survival and inflammation. In this review, we will summarize the emerging literature on how dying cells can transfer information to their neighbours, and which outcomes this communication has for the whole tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Riley
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Florian J Bock
- Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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6
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Mashruwala AA, Qin B, Bassler BL. Quorum-sensing- and type VI secretion-mediated spatiotemporal cell death drives genetic diversity in Vibrio cholerae. Cell 2022; 185:3966-3979.e13. [PMID: 36167071 PMCID: PMC9623500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial colonies composed of genetically identical individuals can diversify to yield variant cells with distinct genotypes. Variant outgrowth manifests as sectors. Here, we show that Type VI secretion system (T6SS)-driven cell death in Vibrio cholerae colonies imposes a selective pressure for the emergence of variant strains that can evade T6SS-mediated killing. T6SS-mediated cell death occurs in two distinct spatiotemporal phases, and each phase is driven by a particular T6SS toxin. The first phase is regulated by quorum sensing and drives sectoring. The second phase does not require the T6SS-injection machinery. Variant V. cholerae strains isolated from colony sectors encode mutated quorum-sensing components that confer growth advantages by suppressing T6SS-killing activity while simultaneously boosting T6SS-killing defenses. Our findings show that the T6SS can eliminate sibling cells, suggesting a role in intra-specific antagonism. We propose that quorum-sensing-controlled T6SS-driven killing promotes V. cholerae genetic diversity, including in natural habitats and during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya A. Mashruwala
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Boyang Qin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bonnie L. Bassler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA,Lead Contact,Correspondence:
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7
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Ehnes DD, Alghadeer A, Hanson-Drury S, Zhao YT, Tilmes G, Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. Sci-Seq of Human Fetal Salivary Tissue Introduces Human Transcriptional Paradigms and a Novel Cell Population. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022; 3:887057. [PMID: 36540608 PMCID: PMC9762771 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.887057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple pathologies and non-pathological factors can disrupt the function of the non-regenerative human salivary gland including cancer and cancer therapeutics, autoimmune diseases, infections, pharmaceutical side effects, and traumatic injury. Despite the wide range of pathologies, no therapeutic or regenerative approaches exist to address salivary gland loss, likely due to significant gaps in our understanding of salivary gland development. Moreover, identifying the tissue of origin when diagnosing salivary carcinomas requires an understanding of human fetal development. Using computational tools, we identify developmental branchpoints, a novel stem cell-like population, and key signaling pathways in the human developing salivary glands by analyzing our human fetal single-cell sequencing data. Trajectory and transcriptional analysis suggest that the earliest progenitors yield excretory duct and myoepithelial cells and a transitional population that will yield later ductal cell types. Importantly, this single-cell analysis revealed a previously undescribed population of stem cell-like cells that are derived from SD and expresses high levels of genes associated with stem cell-like function. We have observed these rare cells, not in a single niche location but dispersed within the developing duct at later developmental stages. Our studies introduce new human-specific developmental paradigms for the salivary gland and lay the groundwork for the development of translational human therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Duron Ehnes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ammar Alghadeer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sesha Hanson-Drury
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yan Ting Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Gwen Tilmes
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Mathieu
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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8
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Baonza A, Tur-Gracia S, Pérez-Aguilera M, Estella C. Regulation and coordination of the different DNA damage responses in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:993257. [PMID: 36147740 PMCID: PMC9486394 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.993257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved mechanisms that allow them to respond to DNA damage to preserve genomic integrity and maintain tissue homeostasis. These responses include the activation of the cell cycle checkpoints and the repair mechanisms or the induction of apoptosis that eventually will eliminate damaged cells. These “life” vs. “death” decisions differ depending on the cell type, stages of development, and the proliferation status of the cell. The apoptotic response after DNA damage is of special interest as defects in its induction could contribute to tumorigenesis or the resistance of cancer cells to therapeutic agents such as radiotherapy. Multiples studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms that mediate the activation of the DNA damage response pathway (DDR) and specifically the role of p53. However, much less is known about how the different cellular responses such as cell proliferation control and apoptosis are coordinated to maintain tissue homeostasis. Another interesting question is how the differential apoptotic response to DNA damage is regulated in distinct cell types. The use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism has been fundamental to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered by genotoxic stress. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the cellular responses to ionizing radiation as the cause of DNA damage with special attention to apoptosis in Drosophila: how these responses are regulated and coordinated in different cellular contexts and in different tissues. The existence of intrinsic mechanisms that might attenuate the apoptotic pathway in response to this sort of DNA damage may well be informative for the differences in the clinical responsiveness of tumor cells after radiation therapy.
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9
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Kapoor A, Padmavathi A, Madhwal S, Mukherjee T. Dual control of dopamine in Drosophila myeloid-like progenitor cell proliferation and regulation of lymph gland growth. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52951. [PMID: 35476897 PMCID: PMC9171693 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, definitive haematopoiesis takes place in a specialized organ termed "lymph gland". It harbours multi-potent stem-like blood progenitor cells whose development controls overall growth of this haematopoietic tissue and formation of mature blood cells. With respect to its development, neurotransmitters have emerged as potent regulators of blood-progenitor cell development and function. In this study, we extend our understanding of neurotransmitters and show that progenitors are self-sufficient with regard to synthesizing dopamine, a well-established neurotransmitter. These cells also have modules for dopamine sensing through the receptor and transporter. We found that modulating expression of these components in progenitor cells affected lymph gland growth, which suggested growth-promoting function of dopamine in blood-progenitor cells. Cell-cycle analysis of developing lymph glands revealed an unexpected requirement for intracellular dopamine in moderating the progression of early progenitor cells from S to G2 phase of the cell cycle, while activation of dopamine receptor signalling later in development regulated their progression from G2 and entry into mitosis. The dual capacity in which dopamine operated, first intracellularly to coordinate S/G2 transition and later extracellularly in G2/M transition, was critical for the growth of the lymph gland. Overall, the data presented highlight a novel non-canonical use of dopamine in the myeloid system that reveals an uncharacterized function of intracellular dopamine in cell-cycle phasing with outcomes on haematopoietic growth and immunity as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Kapoor
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Achalla Padmavathi
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Sukanya Madhwal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Tina Mukherjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
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10
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Zipper L, Batchu S, Kaya NH, Antonello ZA, Reiff T. The MicroRNA miR-277 Controls Physiology and Pathology of the Adult Drosophila Midgut by Regulating the Expression of Fatty Acid β-Oxidation-Related Genes in Intestinal Stem Cells. Metabolites 2022; 12:315. [PMID: 35448502 PMCID: PMC9028014 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division, growth, and differentiation are energetically costly and dependent processes. In adult stem cell-based epithelia, cellular identity seems to be coupled with a cell's metabolic profile and vice versa. It is thus tempting to speculate that resident stem cells have a distinct metabolism, different from more committed progenitors and differentiated cells. Although investigated for many stem cell types in vitro, in vivo data of niche-residing stem cell metabolism is scarce. In adult epithelial tissues, stem cells, progenitor cells, and their progeny have very distinct functions and characteristics. In our study, we hypothesized and tested whether stem and progenitor cell types might have a distinctive metabolic profile in the intestinal lineage. Here, taking advantage of the genetically accessible adult Drosophila melanogaster intestine and the availability of ex vivo single cell sequencing data, we tested that hypothesis and investigated the metabolism of the intestinal lineage from stem cell (ISC) to differentiated epithelial cell in their native context under homeostatic conditions. Our initial in silico analysis of single cell RNAseq data and functional experiments identify the microRNA miR-277 as a posttranscriptional regulator of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) in the intestinal lineage. Low levels of miR-277 are detected in ISC and progressively rising miR-277 levels are found in progenitors during their growth and differentiation. Supporting this, miR-277-regulated fatty acid β-oxidation enzymes progressively declined from ISC towards more differentiated cells in our pseudotime single-cell RNAseq analysis and in functional assays on RNA and protein level. In addition, in silico clustering of single-cell RNAseq data based on metabolic genes validates that stem cells and progenitors belong to two independent clusters with well-defined metabolic characteristics. Furthermore, studying FAO genes in silico indicates that two populations of ISC exist that can be categorized in mitotically active and quiescent ISC, of which the latter relies on FAO genes. In line with an FAO dependency of ISC, forced expression of miR-277 phenocopies RNAi knockdown of FAO genes by reducing ISC size and subsequently resulting in stem cell death. We also investigated miR-277 effects on ISC in a benign and our newly developed CRISPR-Cas9-based colorectal cancer model and found effects on ISC survival, which as a consequence affects tumor growth, further underlining the importance of FAO in a pathological context. Taken together, our study provides new insights into the basal metabolic requirements of intestinal stem cell on β-oxidation of fatty acids evolutionarily implemented by a sole microRNA. Gaining knowledge about the metabolic differences and dependencies affecting the survival of two central and cancer-relevant cell populations in the fly and human intestine might reveal starting points for targeted combinatorial therapy in the hope for better treatment of colorectal cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zipper
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Sai Batchu
- Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; (S.B.); (Z.A.A.)
| | - Nida Hatice Kaya
- Institute for Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Department of Biology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Zeus Andrea Antonello
- Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; (S.B.); (Z.A.A.)
- Cooper University Hospital, Cooper University Health Care, Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Tobias Reiff
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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11
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Chakravarti A, Thirimanne HN, Brown S, Calvi BR. Drosophila p53 isoforms have overlapping and distinct functions in germline genome integrity and oocyte quality control. eLife 2022; 11:61389. [PMID: 35023826 PMCID: PMC8758136 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 gene family members in humans and other organisms encode a large number of protein isoforms whose functions are largely undefined. Using Drosophila as a model, we find that a p53B isoform is expressed predominantly in the germline where it colocalizes with p53A into subnuclear bodies. It is only p53A, however, that mediates the apoptotic response to ionizing radiation in the germline and soma. In contrast, p53A and p53B are both required for the normal repair of meiotic DNA breaks, an activity that is more crucial when meiotic recombination is defective. We find that in oocytes with persistent DNA breaks p53A is also required to activate a meiotic pachytene checkpoint. Our findings indicate that Drosophila p53 isoforms have DNA lesion and cell type-specific functions, with parallels to the functions of mammalian p53 family members in the genotoxic stress response and oocyte quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Savanna Brown
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
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12
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Wagle R, Song YH. Sensitive-stage embryo irradiation affects embryonic neuroblasts and adult motor function. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cranial radiation therapy for treating childhood malignancies in the central nervous system or accidental radiation exposure may result in neurological side effects in surviving adults. As tissue homeostasis is maintained by stem cells, understanding the effect of radiation on neural stem cells will provide clues for managing the neurological effects. Drosophila embryos were used as a model system whose sensitivity to irradiation-induced cell death changes from the sensitive to resistant stage during development.
Objective
Drosophila embryos at the radiation-sensitive stage were irradiated at various doses and the radiation sensitivity was tested regarding the appearance of apoptotic cells in the embryos and the embryonic lethality. Cell fates of the neural stem cells called neuroblasts (NBs) and adult motor function after irradiation were also investigated.
Result
Irradiation of Drosophila embryos at the radiation-sensitive stage resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the number of embryos containing apoptotic cells 75 min after treatment starting at 3 Gy. Embryonic lethality assayed by hatch rate was induced by 1 Gy irradiation, which did not induce cell death. Notably, no apoptosis was detected in NBs up to 2 h after irradiation at doses as high as 40 Gy. At 3 h after irradiation, as low as 3 Gy, the number of NBs marked by Dpn and Klu was decreased by an unidentified mechanism regardless of the cell death status of the embryo. Furthermore, embryonic irradiation at 3 Gy, but not 1 Gy, resulted in locomotor defects in surviving adults.
Conclusion
Embryonic NBs survived irradiation at doses as high as 40 Gy, while cells in other parts of the embryos underwent apoptosis at doses higher than 3 Gy within 2 h after treatment. Three hours after exposure to a minimum dose of 3 Gy, the number of NBs marked by Dpn and Klu decreased, and the surviving adults exhibited defects in locomotor ability.
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13
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Zhao YT, Fallas JA, Saini S, Ueda G, Somasundaram L, Zhou Z, Xavier Raj I, Xu C, Carter L, Wrenn S, Mathieu J, Sellers DL, Baker D, Ruohola-Baker H. F-domain valency determines outcome of signaling through the angiopoietin pathway. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e53471. [PMID: 34698433 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietins 1 and 2 (Ang1 and Ang2) regulate angiogenesis through their similar F-domains by activating Tie2 receptors on endothelial cells. Despite the similarity in the underlying receptor-binding interaction, the two angiopoietins have opposite effects: Ang1 induces phosphorylation of AKT, strengthens cell-cell junctions, and enhances endothelial cell survival while Ang2 can antagonize these effects, depending on cellular context. To investigate the molecular basis for the opposing effects, we examined the phenotypes of a series of computationally designed protein scaffolds presenting the Ang1 F-domain in a wide range of valencies and geometries. We find two broad phenotypic classes distinguished by the number of presented F-domains: Scaffolds presenting 3 or 4 F-domains have Ang2-like activity, upregulating pFAK and pERK but not pAKT, while scaffolds presenting 6, 8, 12, 30, or 60 F-domains have Ang1-like activity, upregulating pAKT and inducing migration and vascular stability. The scaffolds with 6 or more F-domains display super-agonist activity, producing stronger phenotypes at lower concentrations than Ang1. Tie2 super-agonist nanoparticles reduced blood extravasation and improved blood-brain barrier integrity four days after a controlled cortical impact injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ting Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jorge A Fallas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shally Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - George Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Logeshwaran Somasundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ziben Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Infencia Xavier Raj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chunfu Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel Wrenn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Mathieu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Ishibashi JR, Keshri R, Taslim TH, Brewer DK, Chan TC, Lyons S, McManamen AM, Chen A, Del Castillo D, Ruohola-Baker H. Chemical Genetic Screen in Drosophila Germline Uncovers Small Molecule Drugs That Sensitize Stem Cells to Insult-Induced Apoptosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102771. [PMID: 34685753 PMCID: PMC8534514 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells, in contrast to their more differentiated daughter cells, can endure genotoxic insults, escape apoptosis, and cause tumor recurrence. Understanding how normal adult stem cells survive and go to quiescence may help identify druggable pathways that cancer stem cells have co-opted. In this study, we utilize a genetically tractable model for stem cell survival in the Drosophila gonad to screen drug candidates and probe chemical-genetic interactions. Our study employs three levels of small molecule screening: (1) a medium-throughput primary screen in male germline stem cells (GSCs), (2) a secondary screen with irradiation and protein-constrained food in female GSCs, and (3) a tertiary screen in breast cancer organoids in vitro. Herein, we uncover a series of small molecule drug candidates that may sensitize cancer stem cells to apoptosis. Further, we have assessed these small molecules for chemical-genetic interactions in the germline and identified the NF-κB pathway as an essential and druggable pathway in GSC quiescence and viability. Our study demonstrates the power of the Drosophila stem cell niche as a model system for targeted drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Roy Ishibashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (J.R.I.); (R.K.); (T.H.T.); (D.K.B.); (T.C.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.M.); (A.C.); (D.D.C.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Riya Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (J.R.I.); (R.K.); (T.H.T.); (D.K.B.); (T.C.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.M.); (A.C.); (D.D.C.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tommy Henry Taslim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (J.R.I.); (R.K.); (T.H.T.); (D.K.B.); (T.C.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.M.); (A.C.); (D.D.C.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Kennedy Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (J.R.I.); (R.K.); (T.H.T.); (D.K.B.); (T.C.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.M.); (A.C.); (D.D.C.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tung Ching Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (J.R.I.); (R.K.); (T.H.T.); (D.K.B.); (T.C.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.M.); (A.C.); (D.D.C.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Scott Lyons
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (J.R.I.); (R.K.); (T.H.T.); (D.K.B.); (T.C.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.M.); (A.C.); (D.D.C.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anika Marie McManamen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (J.R.I.); (R.K.); (T.H.T.); (D.K.B.); (T.C.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.M.); (A.C.); (D.D.C.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ashley Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (J.R.I.); (R.K.); (T.H.T.); (D.K.B.); (T.C.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.M.); (A.C.); (D.D.C.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Debra Del Castillo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (J.R.I.); (R.K.); (T.H.T.); (D.K.B.); (T.C.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.M.); (A.C.); (D.D.C.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (J.R.I.); (R.K.); (T.H.T.); (D.K.B.); (T.C.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.M.); (A.C.); (D.D.C.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Nguyen TTN, Shim J, Song YH. Chk2-p53 and JNK in irradiation-induced cell death of hematopoietic progenitors and differentiated cells in Drosophila larval lymph gland. Biol Open 2021; 10:271116. [PMID: 34328173 PMCID: PMC8411456 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) induces DNA double-strand breaks that activate the DNA damage response (DDR), which leads to cell cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptotic cell death. Understanding the DDR of stem cells is critical to tissue homeostasis and the survival of the organism. Drosophila hematopoiesis serves as a model system for sensing stress and environmental changes; however, their response to DNA damage remains largely unexplored. The Drosophila lymph gland is the larval hematopoietic organ, where stem-like progenitors proliferate and differentiate into mature blood cells called hemocytes. We found that apoptotic cell death was induced in progenitors and hemocytes after 40 Gy irradiation, with progenitors showing more resistance to IR-induced cell death compared to hemocytes at a lower dose. Furthermore, we found that Drosophila ATM (tefu), Chk2 (lok), p53, and reaper were necessary for IR-induced cell death in the progenitors. Notably, IR-induced cell death in mature hemocytes required tefu, Drosophila JNK (bsk), and reaper, but not lok or p53. In summary, we found that DNA damage induces apoptotic cell death in the late third instar larval lymph gland and identified lok/p53-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in progenitors and mature hemocytes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram Thi Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.,Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Han Song
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.,Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
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16
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Zhao YT, Fallas JA, Saini S, Ueda G, Somasundaram L, Zhou Z, Xavier I, Ehnes D, Xu C, Carter L, Wrenn S, Mathieu J, Sellers DL, Baker D, Ruohola-Baker H. F-domain valency determines outcome of signaling through the angiopoietin pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33501432 PMCID: PMC7836102 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.19.304188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin 1 and 2 (Ang1 and Ang2) modulate angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis through engagement of their very similar F-domain modules with the Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase on endothelial cells. Despite this similarity in the underlying receptor binding interaction, the two angiopoietins have opposite effects: Ang1 induces phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), strengthens cell-cell junctions and enhances endothelial cell survival while Ang2 antagonizes these effects1–4. To investigate the molecular basis for the opposing effects, we examined the protein kinase activation and morphological phenotypes produced by a series of computationally designed protein scaffolds presenting the Ang1 F-domain in a wide range of valencies and geometries. We find two broad phenotypic classes distinguished by the number of presented F-domains: scaffolds presenting 4 F-domains have Ang2 like activity, upregulating pFAK and pERK but not pAKT, and failing to induce cell migration and tube formation, while scaffolds presenting 6 or more F-domains have Ang1 like activity, upregulating pAKT and inducing migration and tube formation. The scaffolds with 8 or more F-domains display superagonist activity, producing stronger phenotypes at lower concentrations than Ang1. When examined in vivo, superagonist icosahedral self-assembling nanoparticles caused significant revascularization in hemorrhagic brains after a controlled cortical impact injury.
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17
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Molecular basis of reproductive senescence: insights from model organisms. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 38:17-32. [PMID: 33006069 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Reproductive decline due to parental age has become a major barrier to fertility as couples have delayed having offspring into their thirties and forties. Advanced parental age is also associated with increased incidence of neurological and cardiovascular disease in offspring. Thus, elucidating the etiology of reproductive decline is of clinical importance. METHODS Deciphering the underlying processes that drive reproductive decline is particularly challenging in women in whom a discrete oocyte pool is established during embryogenesis and may remain dormant for tens of years. Instead, our understanding of the processes that drive reproductive senescence has emerged from studies in model organisms, both vertebrate and invertebrate, that are the focus of this literature review. CONCLUSIONS Studies of reproductive aging in model organisms not only have revealed the detrimental cellular changes that occur with age but also are helping identify major regulator proteins controlling them. Here, we discuss what we have learned from model organisms with respect to the molecular mechanisms that maintain both genome integrity and oocyte quality.
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18
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Shiroor DA, Bohr TE, Adler CE. Injury Delays Stem Cell Apoptosis after Radiation in Planarians. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2166-2174.e3. [PMID: 32386527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are continuously exposed to multiple stresses, including radiation and tissue injury. As central drivers of tissue repair and regeneration, it is necessary to understand how their behavior is influenced by these stressors. Planarians have an abundant population of stem cells that are rapidly eliminated after radiation exposure via apoptosis. Low doses of radiation eliminate the majority of these stem cells, allowing a few to remain [1]. Here, we combine radiation with injury to define how stem cells respond to tissue damage. We find that a variety of injuries induced within a defined window of time surrounding radiation cause stem cells to outlast those in uninjured animals. Injury stimulates localized cell death adjacent to wounds [2], in the same regions where stem cells persist. This persistence occurs in the absence of proliferation. Instead, stem cells are retained near the wound due to delayed apoptosis, which we quantify by combining fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with annexin V staining. Pharmacological inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) prevents stem cell persistence after injury, implicating wound-induced ERK activity in this response. By combining radiation with injury, our work reveals a novel connection between dying cells and stem cells that remain. Furthermore, the ability to induce stem cell persistence after radiation provides a paradigm to study mechanisms that may contribute to unanticipated consequences of injury, such as tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya A Shiroor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tisha E Bohr
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carolyn E Adler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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19
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Zhang F, Pirooznia M, Xu H. Mitochondria regulate intestinal stem cell proliferation and epithelial homeostasis through FOXO. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1538-1549. [PMID: 32374658 PMCID: PMC7359575 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-10-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A metabolic transition from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation is often associated with differentiation of many types of stem cells. However, the link between mitochondrial respiration and stem cells' behavior is not fully understood. We genetically disrupted electron transport chain (ETC) complexes in the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) of Drosophila. We found that ISCs carrying impaired ETC proliferated much more slowly than normal and produced very few enteroblasts, which failed to further differentiate into enterocytes. One of the main impediments to ISC proliferation and lineage specification appeared to be abnormally elevated forkhead box O (FOXO) signaling in the ETC-deficient ISCs, as genetically suppressing the signaling pathway partially restored the number of enterocytes. Contrary to common belief, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation did not appear to mediate the ETC mutant phenotype. Our results demonstrate that mitochondrial respiration is essential for Drosophila ISC proliferation and lineage specification in vivo and acts at least partially by repressing endogenous FOXO signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hong Xu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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20
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Jiang MJ, Gu DN, Dai JJ, Huang Q, Tian L. Dark Side of Cytotoxic Therapy: Chemoradiation-Induced Cell Death and Tumor Repopulation. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:419-431. [PMID: 32348737 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated tumor repopulation following chemoradiation is often observed in the clinic, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In recent years, dying cells caused by chemoradiation have attracted much attention, and they may manifest diverse forms of cell death and release complex factors and thus orchestrate tumor repopulation cascades. Dying cells potentiate the survival of residual living tumor cells, remodel the tumor microenvironment, boost cell proliferation, and accelerate cancer cell metastasis. Moreover, dying cells also mediate the side effects of chemoradiation. These findings suggest more caution when weighing the benefits of cytotoxic therapy and the need to accordingly develop new strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dian-Na Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Juan-Juan Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.
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21
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Ishibashi JR, Taslim TH, Ruohola-Baker H. Germline stem cell aging in the Drosophila ovary. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 37:57-62. [PMID: 32120010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The age-related decline of adult stem cells leads to loss of tissue homeostasis and contributes to organismal aging. Though the phenotypic hallmarks of aging are well-characterized at the organ or tissue level, the molecular processes that govern stem cell aging remain unclear. This review seeks to highlight recent research in stem cell aging in the Drosophila ovary and connect the discoveries in the fly to ongoing questions in stem cell aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Roy Ishibashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Tommy Henry Taslim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
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22
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Kelleher ES, Lama J, Wang L. Uninvited guests: how transposable elements take advantage of Drosophila germline stem cells, and how stem cells fight back. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 37:49-56. [PMID: 32113144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic parasites that spread through host genomes by replicating in germline cells. New TE copies that arise in the genomes of germline stem cells (GSCs) are of particular value, because they are potentially transmitted to multiple offspring through the plethora of gametes arising from the same progenitor GSC. However, the fidelity of GSC genomes is also of utmost importance to the host in ensuring the production of abundant and fit offspring. Here we review tactics that TEs employ to replicate in Drosophila female GSCs, as well as mechanisms those cells use to defend against TEs. We also discuss the relationship between transposition and GSC loss, which is arbitrated through reduced signaling for self renewal, increased signaling for differentiation, and DNA damage response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Kelleher
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, United States.
| | - Jyoti Lama
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, United States
| | - Luyang Wang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, United States
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23
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Wagle R, Song YH. Ionizing radiation reduces larval brain size by inducing premature differentiation of Drosophila neural stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:555-560. [PMID: 31864707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR), induce cell cycle arrest, senescence, differentiation, or cell death of stem cells, which may affect tissue homeostasis. The specific response of stem cells upon irradiation seems to vary depending on the cell type and their developmental stages. Drosophila larval brain contains neural stem cells called neuroblasts (NBs) and maintaining an appropriate number of NBs is critical to maintain brain size. Irradiation of larvae at early larval stage results in microcephaly, whereas the DNA damage response of NBs that could explain this small brain size is not clearly understood. We observed that the irradiation of larvae in the second instar retarded brain growth, accompanied by fewer NBs. The IR-induced microcephaly does not seem to result from apoptosis since the irradiated larval brain was not stained with activated Caspase nor was the microcephaly affected by the ectopic expression of the apoptosis inhibitor. When analyzed for the percentage of mitotic cells, irradiated NBs recovered their proliferative potential within 6 h post-irradiation after transient cell cycle arrest. However, IR eventually reduced the proliferation of NBs at later time points and induced the premature differentiation of NBs. In summary, IR-induced microcephaly occurs by NB loss due to premature differentiation, rather than apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Wagle
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Han Song
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Park JH, Nguyen TTN, Lee EM, Castro-Aceituno V, Wagle R, Lee KS, Choi J, Song YH. Role of p53 isoforms in the DNA damage response during Drosophila oogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11473. [PMID: 31391501 PMCID: PMC6685966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is involved in the DNA damage response and induces cell cycle arrest or apoptosis upon DNA damage. Drosophila p53 encodes two isoforms, p53A and p53B, that induce apoptosis in somatic cells. To investigate the roles of Drosophila p53 isoforms in female germline cells, the DNA damage response was analyzed in the adult ovary. Early oogenesis was sensitive to irradiation and lok-, p53-, and hid-dependent cell death occurred rapidly after both low- and high-dose irradiation. Both p53 isoforms were responsible for this cell death. On the other hand, delayed cell death in mid-oogenesis was induced at a low level only after high-dose irradiation in a p53-independent manner. The daily egg production, which did not change after low-dose irradiation, was severely reduced after high-dose irradiation in p53 mutant females due to the loss of germline stem cells. When the p53A or p53B isoform was expressed in the germline cells in the p53 mutant females at levels that do not affect normal oogenesis, p53A, but not p53B, restored the fertility of the irradiated female. In summary, moderate expression of p53A is critical to maintain the function of germline stem cells during normal oogenesis as well as after high-dose irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tram Thi Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ram Wagle
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Han Song
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea. .,Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Brás R, Sunkel CE, Resende LP. Tissue stem cells: the new actors in the aneuploidy field. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1813-1823. [PMID: 31242809 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1635867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms and the maintenance of its tissues relies on mitosis. However, this process represents a major challenge for genomic stability as each time a cell division occurs there are multiple steps where errors can lead to an abnormal chromosomal content in daughter cells - aneuploidy. Aneuploidy was first postulated to act as a tumour promoting agent over one century ago. Since then, we have learned to appreciate the complexity involving the cellular responses to aneuploidy and to value the importance of models where aneuploidy is induced in vivo and in a cell-type specific manner. Recent data suggests that stem cells evolved a distinct response to aneuploidy, being able to survive and proliferate as aneuploid. Since stem cells are the main cells responsible for tissue renewal, it is of the utmost importance to place the spotlight on stem cells within the aneuploidy field. Here, we briefly review some of the biological mechanisms implicated in aneuploidy, the relationship between aneuploidy and tissue pathologies, and summarize the most recent findings in Drosophila on how tissue stem cells respond to aneuploidy. Once we understand how stem cell behavior is impacted by aneuploidy, we might be able to better describe the complicated link between aneuploidy and tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Brás
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Claudio E Sunkel
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Luís Pedro Resende
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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26
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Loss of putzig in the germline impedes germ cell development by inducing cell death and new niche like microenvironments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9108. [PMID: 31235815 PMCID: PMC6591254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline stem cell development and differentiation is tightly controlled by the surrounding somatic cells of the stem cell niche. In Drosophila females, cells of the niche emit various signals including Dpp and Wg to balance stem cell renewal and differentiation. Here, we show that the gene pzg is autonomously required in cells of the germline to sustain the interplay between niche and stem cells. Loss of pzg impairs stem cell differentiation and provokes the death of cells in the germarium. As a consequence of pzg loss, increased growth signalling activity predominantly of Dpp and Wg/Wnt, was observed, eventually disrupting the balance of germ cell self-renewal and differentiation. Whereas in the soma, apoptosis-induced compensatory growth is well established, the induction of self-renewal signals during oogenesis cannot compensate for dying germ cells, albeit inducing a new niche-like microenvironment. Instead, they impair the further development of germ cells and cause in addition a forward and feedback loop of cell death.
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27
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Shcherbata HR. miRNA functions in stem cells and their niches: lessons from the Drosophila ovary. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 31:29-36. [PMID: 31109670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
From the very beginning of the miRNA era, Drosophila has served as an excellent model for explanation of miRNA biogenesis. Now Drosophila continues to be used in numerous studies aiming to decipher biological roles of individual miRNAs in a living organism. MiRNAs have emerged as an important regulatory class that adjusts gene expression in response to stress; therefore, it is particularly important to elucidate miRNA-based regulatory networks that appear in response to fluctuations in intrinsic and extrinsic environments. This review explores the major advances in understanding condition-dependent roles of miRNAs in adult stem cell biology using the Drosophila ovarian germline stem cell niche community as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna R Shcherbata
- Max Planck Research Group of Gene Expression and Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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28
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Singh SR, Aggarwal P, Hou SX. Cancer Stem Cells and Stem Cell Tumors in Drosophila. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1167:175-190. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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29
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Resende LP, Monteiro A, Brás R, Lopes T, Sunkel CE. Aneuploidy in intestinal stem cells promotes gut dysplasia in Drosophila. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3930-3946. [PMID: 30282810 PMCID: PMC6219720 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is associated with different human diseases including cancer. However, different cell types appear to respond differently to aneuploidy, either by promoting tumorigenesis or causing cell death. We set out to study the behavior of adult Drosophila melanogaster intestinal stem cells (ISCs) after induction of chromosome missegregation either by abrogation of the spindle assembly checkpoint or through kinetochore disruption or centrosome amplification. These conditions induce moderate levels of aneuploidy in ISCs, and we find no evidence of apoptosis. Instead, we observe a significant accumulation of ISCs associated with increased stem cell proliferation and an excess of enteroendocrine cells. Moreover, aneuploidy causes up-regulation of the JNK pathway throughout the posterior midgut, and specific inhibition of JNK signaling in ISCs is sufficient to prevent dysplasia. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the behavior of different stem cell populations to aneuploidy and how these can act as reservoirs for genomic alterations that can lead to tissue pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pedro Resende
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusta Monteiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Brás
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio E Sunkel
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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30
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Barton LJ, Duan T, Ke W, Luttinger A, Lovander KE, Soshnev AA, Geyer PK. Nuclear lamina dysfunction triggers a germline stem cell checkpoint. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3960. [PMID: 30262885 PMCID: PMC6160405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LEM domain (LEM-D) proteins are conserved components of the nuclear lamina (NL) that contribute to stem cell maintenance through poorly understood mechanisms. The Drosophila emerin homolog Otefin (Ote) is required for maintenance of germline stem cells (GSCs) and gametogenesis. Here, we show that ote mutants carry germ cell-specific changes in nuclear architecture that are linked to GSC loss. Strikingly, we found that both GSC death and gametogenesis are rescued by inactivation of the DNA damage response (DDR) kinases, ATR and Chk2. Whereas the germline checkpoint draws from components of the DDR pathway, genetic and cytological features of the GSC checkpoint differ from the canonical pathway. Instead, structural deformation of the NL correlates with checkpoint activation. Despite remarkably normal oogenesis, rescued oocytes do not support embryogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest that NL dysfunction caused by Otefin loss triggers a GSC-specific checkpoint that contributes to maintenance of gamete quality. Otefin is a nuclear lamina protein required for survival of Drosophila germ stem cells. Here the authors show that nuclear lamina dysfunction resulting from loss of Otefin activates a DNA damage-independent germ stem cell-specific checkpoint, mediated by the ATR and Chk2 kinases, which ensures that healthy gametes are passed on to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute, NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Tingting Duan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Wenfan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Amy Luttinger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kaylee E Lovander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alexey A Soshnev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Pamela K Geyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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31
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Seong KM, Coates BS, Sun W, Clark JM, Pittendrigh BR. Changes in Neuronal Signaling and Cell Stress Response Pathways are Associated with a Multigenic Response of Drosophila melanogaster to DDT Selection. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:3356-3372. [PMID: 29211847 PMCID: PMC5737697 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of insect populations to insecticidal control is a continual threat to human health and sustainable agricultural practices, but many complex genomic mechanisms involved in this adaption remain poorly understood. This study applied a systems approach to investigate the interconnections between structural and functional variance in response to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) within the Drosophila melanogaster strain 91-R. Directional selection in 6 selective sweeps coincided with constitutive gene expression differences in DDT resistant flies, including the most highly upregulated transcript, Unc-115 b, which plays a central role in axon guidance, and the most highly downregulated transcript, the angiopoietin-like CG31832, which is involved in directing vascular branching and dendrite outgrowth but likely may be under trans-regulatory control. Direct functions and protein–protein interactions mediated by differentially expressed transcripts control changes in cell migration, signal transduction, and gene regulatory cascades that impact the nervous system. Although changes to cellular stress response pathways involve 8 different cytochrome P450s, stress response, and apoptosis is controlled by a multifacetted regulatory mechanism. These data demonstrate that DDT selection in 91-R may have resulted in genome-wide adaptations that impacts genetic and signal transduction pathways that converge to modify stress response, cell survival, and neurological functions. This study implicates the involvement of a multigenic mechanism in the adaptation to a chemical insecticide, which impact interconnected regulatory cascades. We propose that DDT selection within 91-R might act systemically, wherein pathway interactions function to reinforce the epistatic effects of individual adaptive changes on an additive or nonadditive basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Mook Seong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brad S Coates
- Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Weilin Sun
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barry R Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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32
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Volin M, Zohar-Fux M, Gonen O, Porat-Kuperstein L, Toledano H. microRNAs selectively protect hub cells of the germline stem cell niche from apoptosis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3829-3838. [PMID: 30093492 PMCID: PMC6219711 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic stress such as irradiation causes a temporary halt in tissue regeneration. The ability to regain regeneration depends on the type of cells that survived the assault. Previous studies showed that this propensity is usually held by the tissue-specific stem cells. However, stem cells cannot maintain their unique properties without the support of their surrounding niche cells. In this study, we show that exposure of Drosophila melanogaster to extremely high levels of irradiation temporarily arrests spermatogenesis and kills half of the stem cells. In marked contrast, the hub cells that constitute a major component of the niche remain completely intact. We further show that this atypical resistance to cell death relies on the expression of certain antiapoptotic microRNAs (miRNAs) that are selectively expressed in the hub and keep the cells inert to apoptotic stress signals. We propose that at the tissue level, protection of a specific group of niche cells from apoptosis underlies ongoing stem cell turnover and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Volin
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maayan Zohar-Fux
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oren Gonen
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lilach Porat-Kuperstein
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hila Toledano
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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33
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Artoni F, Kreipke RE, Palmeira O, Dixon C, Goldberg Z, Ruohola-Baker H. Loss of foxo rescues stem cell aging in Drosophila germ line. eLife 2017; 6:27842. [PMID: 28925355 PMCID: PMC5644957 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging stem cells lose the capacity to properly respond to injury and regenerate their residing tissues. Here, we utilized the ability of Drosophila melanogaster germline stem cells (GSCs) to survive exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) as a model of adult stem cell injury and identified a regeneration defect in aging GSCs: while aging GSCs survive exposure to IR, they fail to reenter the cell cycle and regenerate the germline in a timely manner. Mechanistically, we identify foxo and mTOR homologue, Tor as important regulators of GSC quiescence following exposure to ionizing radiation. foxo is required for entry in quiescence, while Tor is essential for cell cycle reentry. Importantly, we further show that the lack of regeneration in aging germ line stem cells after IR can be rescued by loss of foxo. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the unique ability to replace dead cells and repair damaged tissues. To give rise to new cells, stem cells need to divide. This process, known as the cell cycle, includes several stages and is regulated by many different genes. For example, in many organisms, a gene called foxo helps cells respond to stress and to regulate the cell cycle and cell death. Defects in this gene have been linked to age-related diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Previous research has shown that foxo can also regulate Tor – a gene that helps cells to divide and grow. As we age, stem cells become less efficient at regenerating tissues, especially after exposure to toxins and radiation. However, until now, it was not known how stem cells control their division after injury and during aging, and what role these two genes play in injured and aging stem cells. Now, Artoni, Kreipke et al. used germline stem cells from fly ovaries to investigate how young and old stem cells respond to injury. In young flies, foxo paused the cell cycle of the damaged stem cells. After 24 hours, Tor was able to overcome the action of foxo, and the stem cells resumed dividing and regenerating the damaged tissue. However, in old stem cells, foxo and Tor were misregulated and the stem cells could not restart dividing or repairing tissue after injury. When the levels of foxo in old stem cells were experimentally reduced, their ability to regenerate the tissue was restored. These discoveries provide new insights into how stem cells respond to injury and suggest that stem cell aging may be a reversible process. A next step will be to investigate why foxo and Tor are misregulated during aging and how these two genes interact with each another. In future, this could help develop new anti-aging therapies that can restore the body’s natural ability to repair itself following injury. Moreover, since cancer cells can become resistant to conventional cancer treatment by withdrawing from the cell cycle, developing new treatments that target foxo and Tor could help beat cancer and prevent its reoccurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Artoni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Rebecca E Kreipke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Ondina Palmeira
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States.,Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Connor Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Zachary Goldberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
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34
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Zhang C, Montooth KL, Calvi BR. Incompatibility between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes during oogenesis results in ovarian failure and embryonic lethality. Development 2017; 144:2490-2503. [PMID: 28576772 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction can cause female infertility. An important unresolved issue is the extent to which incompatibility between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes contributes to female infertility. It has previously been shown that a mitochondrial haplotype from D. simulans (simw501 ) is incompatible with a nuclear genome from the D. melanogaster strain Oregon-R (OreR), resulting in impaired development, which was enhanced at higher temperature. This mito-nuclear incompatibility is between alleles of the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (Aatm) and the mitochondrial-encoded tyrosyl-tRNA that it aminoacylates. Here, we show that this mito-nuclear incompatibility causes a severe temperature-sensitive female infertility. The OreR nuclear genome contributed to death of ovarian germline stem cells and reduced egg production, which was further enhanced by the incompatibility with simw501 mitochondria. Mito-nuclear incompatibility also resulted in aberrant egg morphology and a maternal-effect on embryonic chromosome segregation and survival, which was completely dependent on the temperature and mito-nuclear genotype of the mother. Our findings show that maternal mito-nuclear incompatibility during Drosophila oogenesis has severe consequences for egg production and embryonic survival, with important broader relevance to human female infertility and mitochondrial replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Kristi L Montooth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
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35
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Wang XR, Ling LB, Huang HH, Lin JJ, Fugmann SD, Yang SY. Evidence for parallel evolution of a gene involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.0324. [PMID: 28539513 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PHD finger protein 7 (Phf7) is a male germline specific gene in Drosophila melanogaster that can trigger the male germline sexual fate and regulate spermatogenesis, and its human homologue can rescue fecundity defects in male flies lacking this gene. These findings prompted us to investigate conservation of reproductive strategies through studying the evolutionary origin of this gene. We find that Phf7 is present only in select species including mammals and some insects, whereas the closely related G2/M-phase specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (G2e3) is in the genome of most metazoans. Interestingly, phylogenetic analyses showed that vertebrate and insect Phf7 genes did not evolve from a common Phf7 ancestor but rather through independent duplication events from an ancestral G2e3 This is an example of parallel evolution in which a male germline factor evolved at least twice from a pre-existing template to develop new regulatory mechanisms of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Rui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Li Bin Ling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao Han Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Jau Jyun Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Sebastian D Fugmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shu Yuan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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36
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Ma X, Han Y, Song X, Do T, Yang Z, Ni J, Xie T. DNA damage-induced Lok/CHK2 activation compromises germline stem cell self-renewal and lineage differentiation. Development 2016; 143:4312-4323. [PMID: 27729408 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells in adult tissues are constantly exposed to genotoxic stress and also accumulate DNA damage with age. However, it remains largely unknown how DNA damage affects both stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. In this study, we show that DNA damage retards germline stem cell (GSC) self-renewal and progeny differentiation in a Lok kinase-dependent manner in the Drosophila ovary. Both heatshock-inducible endonuclease I-CreI expression and X-ray irradiation can efficiently introduce double-strand breaks in GSCs and their progeny, resulting in a rapid GSC loss and a GSC progeny differentiation defect. Surprisingly, the elimination of Lok or its kinase activity can almost fully rescue the GSC loss and the progeny differentiation defect caused by DNA damage induced by I-CreI or X-ray. In addition, the reduction in bone morphogenetic protein signaling and Shotgun expression only makes a limited contribution to DNA damage-induced GSC loss. Finally, DNA damage also decreases the expression of the master differentiation factor Bam in a Lok-dependent manner, which helps explain the GSC progeny differentiation defect. Therefore, this study demonstrates, for the first time in vivo, that Lok kinase activation is required for the DNA damage-mediated disruption of adult stem cell self-renewal and lineage differentiation, and might also offer novel insight into how DNA damage causes tissue aging and cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ma
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yingying Han
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Trieu Do
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Zhihao Yang
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianquan Ni
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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37
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Drosophila Wnt and STAT Define Apoptosis-Resistant Epithelial Cells for Tissue Regeneration after Irradiation. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002536. [PMID: 27584613 PMCID: PMC5008734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster larvae irradiated with doses of ionizing radiation (IR) that kill about half of the cells in larval imaginal discs still develop into viable adults. How surviving cells compensate for IR-induced cell death to produce organs of normal size and appearance remains an active area of investigation. We have identified a subpopulation of cells within the continuous epithelium of Drosophila larval wing discs that shows intrinsic resistance to IR- and drug-induced apoptosis. These cells reside in domains of high Wingless (Wg, Drosophila Wnt-1) and STAT92E (sole Drosophila signal transducer and activator of transcription [STAT] homolog) activity and would normally form the hinge in the adult fly. Resistance to IR-induced apoptosis requires STAT and Wg and is mediated by transcriptional repression of the pro-apoptotic gene reaper. Lineage tracing experiments show that, following irradiation, apoptosis-resistant cells lose their identity and translocate to areas of the wing disc that suffered abundant cell death. Our findings provide a new paradigm for regeneration in which it is unnecessary to invoke special damage-resistant cell types such as stem cells. Instead, differences in gene expression within a population of genetically identical epithelial cells can create a subpopulation with greater resistance, which, following damage, survive, alter their fate, and help regenerate the tissue. After widespread radiation damage in the developing fruit fly, organs are formed by regeneration from an apoptosis-resistant subpopulation of cells marked by high levels of Wingless and STAT. Like other insects, Drosophila larvae have epithelial structures called imaginal discs that will give rise to most of the external adult structures, such as wings, limbs, or antennae; these organ precursors are formed by a single layer of epithelial cells that folds into a sac. Imaginal discs manage to regenerate efficiently if they are damaged. Previous studies have shown that dying cells produce signals that activate cell proliferation of some of their neighbors, allowing them to regenerate the disc and thereby enabling the flies to develop into normal adults. But a dedicated stem cell population that contributes to regeneration, if any, remained to be identified. Here, we report the identification of a subpopulation of cells in wing imaginal discs that is more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of radiation and drugs. We show that the protection of these cells depends on two signaling pathways—Wingless and STAT—that are conserved in humans. Following tissue damage by radiation, we observe that protected cells change their location and their identity, allowing them to fill in for dead cells in other parts of the same organ precursor. In sum, this work identified ways in which a subset of cells in Drosophila imaginal wing discs is preserved through radiation exposure so that they could participate in regeneration of the organ after radiation damage. We also discuss how this situation may resemble human cancers.
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38
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that a small subset of cells within a tumor, the so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs), are responsible for tumor propagation, relapse, and the eventual death of most cancer patients. CSCs may derive from a few tumor-initiating cells, which are either transformed normal stem cells or reprogrammed differentiated cells after acquiring initial cancer-causing mutations. CSCs and normal stem cells share some properties, but CSCs differ from normal stem cells in their tumorigenic ability. Notably, CSCs are usually resistant to chemo- and radiation therapies. Despite the apparent roles of CSCs in human cancers, the biology underlying their behaviors remains poorly understood. Over the past few years, studies in Drosophila have significantly contributed to this new frontier of cancer research. Here, we first review how stem-cell tumors are initiated and propagated in Drosophila, through niche appropriation in the posterior midgut and through stem-cell competition for niche occupancy in the testis. We then discuss the differences between normal and tumorigenic stem cells, revealed by studying RasV12-transformed stem-cell tumors in the Drosophila kidney. Finally, we review the biology behind therapy resistance, which has been elucidated through studies of stem-cell resistance and sensitivity to death inducers using female germline stem cells and intestinal stem cells of the posterior midgut. We expect that screens using adult Drosophila neoplastic stem-cell tumor models will be valuable for identifying novel and effective compounds for treating human cancers.
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39
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Ding AX, Sun G, Argaw YG, Wong JO, Easwaran S, Montell DJ. CasExpress reveals widespread and diverse patterns of cell survival of caspase-3 activation during development in vivo. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27058168 PMCID: PMC4865370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-3 carries out the executioner phase of apoptosis, however under special circumstances, cells can survive its activity. To document systematically where and when cells survive caspase-3 activation in vivo, we designed a system, CasExpress, which drives fluorescent protein expression, transiently or permanently, in cells that survive caspase-3 activation in Drosophila. We discovered widespread survival of caspase-3 activity. Distinct spatial and temporal patterns emerged in different tissues. Some cells activated caspase-3 during their normal development in every cell and in every animal without evidence of apoptosis. In other tissues, such as the brain, expression was sporadic both temporally and spatially and overlapped with periods of apoptosis. In adults, reporter expression was evident in a large fraction of cells in most tissues of every animal; however the precise patterns varied. Inhibition of caspase activity in wing discs reduced wing size demonstrating functional significance. The implications of these patterns are discussed. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10936.001 Every day, individual cells in our body actively decide whether to live or die. There are enzymes called executioner caspases that help cells to die in a carefully controlled process called apoptosis. Although the activation of executioner caspases generally leads to apoptosis, there are some circumstances in which cells are able to survive. Fruit flies are often used in research as models of how animals grow and develop. Ding, Sun et al. set out to find out more about the circumstances in which cells manage to survive caspase activation in fruit flies. The experiments used a new method that results in cells that survive caspase activity producing a fluorescent marker protein. This allowed Ding, Sun et al. to track when and where these events occurred in the flies. Few cells in fruit fly embryos survive the activation of executioner caspase. However, in later stages of development, more and more cells survive this process. Cells in different parts of the body responded differently. For some types of cells, every cell seemed to survive caspase activity with no evidence of apoptosis. In other tissues like the central brain, in which a few cells normally choose to die, some cells occasionally managed to survive the activation of caspases. This rescue from the brink of death was more common than Ding, Sun et al. had anticipated. The next step will be to uncover the molecular mechanisms that enable the cells to survive caspase activity. This knowledge may help us to develop treatments that can promote the survival of useful cells like heart muscle cells and brain cells, or trigger the death of cancer cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10936.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Xun Ding
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Gongping Sun
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Yewubdar G Argaw
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Jessica O Wong
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Sreesankar Easwaran
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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40
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Carthew RW, Agbu P, Giri R. MicroRNA function in Drosophila melanogaster. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 65:29-37. [PMID: 27000418 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, microRNAs have emerged as critical regulators in the expression and function of animal genomes. This review article discusses the relationship between microRNA-mediated regulation and the biology of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We focus on the roles that microRNAs play in tissue growth, germ cell development, hormone action, and the development and activity of the central nervous system. We also discuss the ways in which microRNAs affect robustness. Many gene regulatory networks are robust; they are relatively insensitive to the precise values of reaction constants and concentrations of molecules acting within the networks. MicroRNAs involved in robustness appear to be nonessential under uniform conditions used in conventional laboratory experiments. However, the robust functions of microRNAs can be revealed when environmental or genetic variation otherwise has an impact on developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Pamela Agbu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ritika Giri
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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41
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Simmons AJ, Banerjee A, McKinley ET, Scurrah CR, Herring CA, Gewin LS, Masuzaki R, Karp SJ, Franklin JL, Gerdes MJ, Irish JM, Coffey RJ, Lau KS. Cytometry-based single-cell analysis of intact epithelial signaling reveals MAPK activation divergent from TNF-α-induced apoptosis in vivo. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:835. [PMID: 26519361 PMCID: PMC4631206 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20156282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding heterogeneous cellular behaviors in a complex tissue requires the evaluation of signaling networks at single-cell resolution. However, probing signaling in epithelial tissues using cytometry-based single-cell analysis has been confounded by the necessity of single-cell dissociation, where disrupting cell-to-cell connections inherently perturbs native cell signaling states. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy (Disaggregation for Intracellular Signaling in Single Epithelial Cells from Tissue-DISSECT) that preserves native signaling for Cytometry Time-of-Flight (CyTOF) and fluorescent flow cytometry applications. A 21-plex CyTOF analysis encompassing core signaling and cell-identity markers was performed on the small intestinal epithelium after systemic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) stimulation. Unsupervised and supervised analyses robustly selected signaling features that identify a unique subset of epithelial cells that are sensitized to TNF-α-induced apoptosis in the seemingly homogeneous enterocyte population. Specifically, p-ERK and apoptosis are divergently regulated in neighboring enterocytes within the epithelium, suggesting a mechanism of contact-dependent survival. Our novel single-cell approach can broadly be applied, using both CyTOF and multi-parameter flow cytometry, for investigating normal and diseased cell states in a wide range of epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Simmons
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amrita Banerjee
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eliot T McKinley
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cherie' R Scurrah
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles A Herring
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Leslie S Gewin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryota Masuzaki
- The Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seth J Karp
- The Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jonathan M Irish
- Departments of Cancer Biology, and Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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