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Shimura T, Sunaga K, Yamazaki M, Honoka N, Sasatani M, Kamiya K, Ushiyama A. Nuclear DNA damage-triggered ATM-dependent AMPK activation regulates the mitochondrial radiation response. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:584-594. [PMID: 38166485 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2295297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a cellular energy sensor and is essential for controlling mitochondrial homeostasis. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms involved in AMPK activation to elucidate how networks of intracellular signaling pathways respond to stress conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Inhibitors of ATM, DNA-PK, and AKT were tested in normal TIG-3 and MRC-5 human fibroblasts to determine which upstream kinases are responsible for AMPK activation. SV40 transformed-human ATM-deficient fibroblasts (AT5BIVA) and their ATM-complemented cells (i.e., AT5BIVA/ATMwt) were also used. Protein expression associated with AMPK signaling was examined by immunostaining and/or Western blotting. RESULTS Radiation-induced nuclear DNA damage activates ATM-dependent AMPK signaling pathways that regulate mitochondrial quality control. In contrast, hypoxia and glucose starvation caused ATP depletion and activated AMPK via a pathway independent of ATM. DNA-PK and AKT are not involved in AMPK-mediated mitochondrial signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Activation of the AMPK signaling pathway differs depending on the stimulus. Radiation activates AMPK through two pathways: depletion of ATP-mediated LKB1 signaling and nuclear DNA damage-induced ATM signaling. Nuclear DNA damage signaling to mitochondria therefore plays a pivotal role in determining the cell fates of irradiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenta Sunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Student, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Student, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Nara Honoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Student, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental Oncology; Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiya
- Department of Experimental Oncology; Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health Wako, Saitama, Japan
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2
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Shimura T. Mitochondrial Signaling Pathways Associated with DNA Damage Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076128. [PMID: 37047099 PMCID: PMC10094106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Under physiological and stress conditions, mitochondria act as a signaling platform to initiate biological events, establishing communication from the mitochondria to the rest of the cell. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactive oxygen species, cytochrome C, and damage-associated molecular patterns act as messengers in metabolism, oxidative stress response, bystander response, apoptosis, cellular senescence, and inflammation response. In this review paper, the mitochondrial signaling in response to DNA damage was summarized. Mitochondrial clearance via fusion, fission, and mitophagy regulates mitochondrial quality control under oxidative stress conditions. On the other hand, damaged mitochondria release their contents into the cytoplasm and then mediate various signaling pathways. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in radiation carcinogenesis was discussed, and the recent findings on radiation-induced mitochondrial signaling and radioprotective agents that targeted mitochondria were presented. The analysis of the mitochondrial radiation effect, as hypothesized, is critical in assessing radiation risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako 351-0197, Saitama, Japan
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3
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Shimura T. ATM-Mediated Mitochondrial Radiation Responses of Human Fibroblasts. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071015. [PMID: 34208940 PMCID: PMC8305810 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is characterized by extreme sensitivity to ionizing radiation. The gene mutated in AT, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), has serine/threonine protein kinase activity and mediates the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways involved in the processing of DNA double-strand breaks. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) created as a byproduct of the mitochondria's oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) has been proposed to be the source of intracellular ROS. Mitochondria are uniquely vulnerable to ROS because they are the sites of ROS generation. ROS-induced mitochondrial mutations lead to impaired mitochondrial respiration and further increase the likelihood of ROS generation, establishing a vicious cycle of further ROS production and mitochondrial damage. AT patients and ATM-deficient mice display intrinsic mitochondrial dysfunction and exhibit constitutive elevations in ROS levels. ATM plays a critical role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. However, the precise mechanism of ATM-mediated mitochondrial antioxidants remains unclear. The aim of this review paper is to introduce our current research surrounding the role of ATM on maintaining cellular redox control in human fibroblasts. ATM-mediated signal transduction is important in the mitochondrial radiation response. Perturbation of mitochondrial redox control elevates ROS which are key mediators in the development of cancer by many mechanisms, including ROS-mediated genomic instability, tumor microenvironment formation, and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health 2-3-6 Minami, Wako 351-0197, Saitama, Japan
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4
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Toriola AT, Luo S, Thomas TS, Drake BF, Chang SH, Sanfilippo KM, Carson KR. Metformin Use and Pancreatic Cancer Survival among Non-Hispanic White and African American U.S. Veterans with Diabetes Mellitus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 29:169-175. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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5
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Lam YWF, Duggirala R, Jenkinson CP, Arya R. The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Diabetes. Pharmacogenomics 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812626-4.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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6
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Chan P, Shao L, Tomlinson B, Zhang Y, Liu ZM. Metformin transporter pharmacogenomics: insights into drug disposition-where are we now? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:1149-1159. [PMID: 30375241 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1541981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metformin is recommended as first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) by all major diabetes guidelines. With appropriate usage it is safe and effective overall, but its efficacy and tolerability show considerable variation between individuals. It is a substrate for several drug transporters and polymorphisms in these transporter genes have shown effects on metformin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Areas covered: This article provides a review of the current status of the influence of transporter pharmacogenomics on metformin efficacy and tolerability. The transporter variants identified to have an important influence on the absorption, distribution, and elimination of metformin, particularly those in organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1, gene SLC22A1), are reviewed. Expert opinion: Candidate gene studies have shown that genetic variations in SLC22A1 and other drug transporters influence the pharmacokinetics, glycemic responses, and gastrointestinal intolerance to metformin, although results are somewhat discordant. Conversely, genome-wide association studies of metformin response have identified signals in the pharmacodynamic pathways rather than the transporters involved in metformin disposition. Currently, pharmacogenomic testing to predict metformin response and tolerability may not have a clinical role, but with additional data from larger studies and availability of safe and effective alternative antidiabetic agents, this is likely to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chan
- a Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital , Taipei Medical University , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Li Shao
- b The VIP Department, Shanghai East Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- c Research Center for Translational Medicine , Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,d Department of Medicine & Therapeutics , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- c Research Center for Translational Medicine , Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhong-Min Liu
- e Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital , Tongji University , Shanghai , China
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7
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Broadhurst PJ, Hart AR. Metformin as an Adjunctive Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer: A Review of the Literature on Its Potential Therapeutic Use. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:2840-2852. [PMID: 30159732 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has the worst prognosis of any cancer. New adjuvant chemotherapies are urgently required, which are well tolerated by patients with unresectable cancers. This paper reviews the existing proof of concept data, namely laboratory, pharmacoepidemiological, experimental medicine and clinical trial evidence for investigating metformin in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Laboratory evidence shows metformin inhibits mitochondrial ATP synthesis which directly and indirectly inhibits carcinogenesis. Drug-drug interactions of metformin with proton pump inhibitors and histamine H2-receptor antagonists may be of clinical relevance and pertinent to future research of metformin in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. To date, most cohort studies have demonstrated a positive association with metformin on survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, although there are many methodological limitations with such study designs. From experimental medicine studies, there are sparse data in humans. The current trials of metformin have methodological limitations. Two small randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported null findings, but there were potential inequalities in cancer staging between groups and poor compliance with the intervention. Proof of concept data, predominantly from laboratory work, supports assessing metformin as an adjunct for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in RCTs. Ideally, more experimental medicine studies are needed for proof of concept. However, many feasibility criteria need to be answered before such trials can progress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew R Hart
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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8
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Lee J, Pappalardo Z, Chopra DG, Hennings TG, Vaughn I, Lan C, Choe JJ, Ang K, Chen S, Arkin M, McManus MT, German MS, Ku GM. A Genetic Interaction Map of Insulin Production Identifies Mfi as an Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Fission. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3321-3330. [PMID: 30059978 PMCID: PMC6112596 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin production by the pancreatic β cell is critical for the glucose homeostasis of the whole organism. Although the transcription factors required for insulin production are known, the upstream pathways that control insulin production are less clear. To further elucidate this regulatory network, we created a genetic interaction map of insulin production by performing ∼20,000 pairwise RNA interference knockdowns of insulin promoter regulators. Our map correctly predicted known physical complexes in the electron transport chain and a role for Spry2 in the unfolded protein response. To further validate our map, we used it to predict the function of an unannotated gene encoding a 37-kDa protein with no identifiable domains we have termed mitochondrial fission factor interactor (Mfi). We have shown that Mfi is a binding partner of the mitochondrial fission factor and that Mfi inhibits dynamin-like protein 1 recruitment to mitochondria. Our data provide a resource to understand the regulatory network of insulin promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lee
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Zachary Pappalardo
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Thomas G Hennings
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ian Vaughn
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Christopher Lan
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Justin J Choe
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kenny Ang
- Small Molecules Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven Chen
- Small Molecules Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michelle Arkin
- Small Molecules Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael T McManus
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael S German
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gregory M Ku
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence: Gregory M. Ku, MD, PhD, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW 1002A, Box 0534, San Francisco, California 94143. E-mail:
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9
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Out M, Becker ML, van Schaik RH, Lehert P, Stehouwer CD, Kooy A. A gene variant near ATM affects the response to metformin and metformin plasma levels: a post hoc analysis of an RCT. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:715-726. [PMID: 29790415 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the influence of polymorphisms on the effects of metformin on HbA1c, daily dose of insulin and metformin plasma concentration. Methods: In a post hoc analysis of a 4.3 year placebo-controlled randomized trial with 390 patients with Type 2 diabetes already on insulin, we analyzed the influence of polymorphisms in genes coding for ATM and the transporters OCT1 and MATE1. Outcome measures were a combined HbA1c + daily dose of insulin Z score and metformin plasma concentrations. RESULTS rs11212617 (ATM) was associated with an improved Z score and a lower metformin plasma concentration. In addition, the major allele of rs2289669 (MATE1) was also associated with an improved Z score. CONCLUSION The ATM SNP rs11212617 significantly affected the effect of metformin and metformin plasma concentration. Further research is needed to determine the clinical importance of these findings, in particular the effects on metformin plasma concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattijs Out
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda Hospital Hoogeveen - Care Group Treant, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands.,Bethesda Diabetes Research Center Hoogeveen, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs L Becker
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Pharmacy Foundation of Haarlem Hospitals, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lehert
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics, Louvain Academy, Mons, Belgium
| | - Coen D Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine & Cardiovascular Research, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Kooy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda Hospital Hoogeveen - Care Group Treant, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands.,Bethesda Diabetes Research Center Hoogeveen, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Srinivasan S, Yee SW, Giacomini KM. Pharmacogenetics of Antidiabetic Drugs. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2018; 83:361-389. [PMID: 29801583 PMCID: PMC10999281 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic studies of antidiabetic drugs have so far focused largely on response to metformin, which is the first-line therapy for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The first studies of metformin pharmacogenetics were focused on candidate genes that were implicated in metformin pharmacokinetics and transport. Since 2011, genome-wide association studies have been conducted in large cohorts of individuals with T2D identifying genes that are associated with glycemic response to metformin. There have been fewer pharmacogenetic studies of other antidiabetic drugs, and those have been largely limited to candidate gene studies with small sample sizes. Understanding the pharmacogenetics of antidiabetes medications is important for the integration of genetic screening into therapeutic decision making, and to achieve the goal of "precision medicine" for patients with T2D. In this chapter, we provide a review of the pharmacogenetics investigations of metformin and other antidiabetes medications. In addition, we highlight the importance of collaborative efforts with large sample size and representation from multiple ethnic groups in pharmacogenetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shylaja Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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11
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Dawed AY, Ali A, Zhou K, Pearson ER, Franks PW. Evidence-based prioritisation and enrichment of genes interacting with metformin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2231-2239. [PMID: 28842730 PMCID: PMC6448905 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There is an extensive body of literature suggesting the involvement of multiple loci in regulating the action of metformin; most findings lack replication, without which distinguishing true-positive from false-positive findings is difficult. To address this, we undertook evidence-based, multiple data integration to determine the validity of published evidence. METHODS We (1) built a database of published data on gene-metformin interactions using an automated text-mining approach (n = 5963 publications), (2) generated evidence scores for each reported locus, (3) from which a rank-ordered gene set was generated, and (4) determined the extent to which this gene set was enriched for glycaemic response through replication analyses in a well-powered independent genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset from the Genetics of Diabetes and Audit Research Tayside Study (GoDARTS). RESULTS From the literature search, seven genes were identified that are related to the clinical outcomes of metformin. Fifteen genes were linked with either metformin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, and the expression profiles of a further 51 genes were found to be responsive to metformin. Gene-set enrichment analysis consisting of the three sets and two more composite sets derived from the above three showed no significant enrichment in four of the gene sets. However, we detected significant enrichment of genes in the least prioritised category (a gene set in which their expression is affected by metformin) with glycaemic response to metformin (p = 0.03). This gene set includes novel candidate genes such as SLC2A4 (p = 3.24 × 10-04) and G6PC (p = 4.77 × 10-04). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We have described a semi-automated text-mining and evidence-scoring algorithm that facilitates the organisation and extraction of useful information about gene-drug interactions. We further validated the output of this algorithm in a drug-response GWAS dataset, providing novel candidate loci for gene-metformin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Y Dawed
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Level 5, Mailbox 12, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Ashfaq Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kaixin Zhou
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Level 5, Mailbox 12, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Level 5, Mailbox 12, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Yu ACS, Li JW, Chan TF. Using genetics to inform new therapeutics for diabetes. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:159-169. [PMID: 30063460 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1323631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The genetic architecture of diabetes has been extensively studied. Numerous genetic markers for diabetes have been reported. However, the translation of such knowledge into clinical interventions has been inadequate. Areas covered: We performed a literature search on various frontiers in diabetes treatment that could be improved using genetic information: (1) understanding the mechanisms of existing antidiabetic drugs, (2) repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of diabetes, (3) complementing clinical trial findings; (4) finding novel treatment approaches; (5) better estimation of the efficacy of metabolic surgery. Expert commentary: The translation of genetic information to clinical intervention requires further study, including the development of an appropriate genetic risk score algorithm for type 2 diabetes. Genomic studies provide empirical explanations for clinical trial findings. Moreover, the mechanisms of antidiabetic drugs should be thoroughly investigated to enable clinical trials and pharmacogenomics studies of these drugs. As metabolic surgery becomes more prevalent for the treatment of diabetes, genetic approaches may improve patient prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Chi-Shing Yu
- a School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jing-Woei Li
- a School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR
- b Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- a School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR
- c CUHK-BGI Innovation Institute of Transomics , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR
- d Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR
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13
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Khan AS, Frigo DE. A spatiotemporal hypothesis for the regulation, role, and targeting of AMPK in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 14:164-180. [PMID: 28169991 PMCID: PMC5672799 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular homeostasis. Despite AMPK's known function in physiology, its role in pathological processes such as prostate cancer is enigmatic. However, emerging evidence is now beginning to decode the paradoxical role of AMPK in cancer and, therefore, inform clinicians if - and how - AMPK could be therapeutically targeted. Spatiotemporal regulation of AMPK complexes could be one of the mechanisms that governs this kinase's role in cancer. We hypothesize that different upstream stimuli will activate select subcellular AMPK complexes. This hypothesis is supported by the distinct subcellular locations of the various AMPK subunits. Each of these unique AMPK complexes regulates discrete downstream processes that can be tumour suppressive or oncogenic. AMPK's final biological output is then determined by the weighted net function of these downstream signalling events, influenced by additional prostate-specific signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha S. Khan
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Daniel E. Frigo
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
- Genomic Medicine Program, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
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14
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Spears LD, Renth AL, McKuin MR, Kennedy AR, Andrisse S, Briggs NE, Fisher JS. A role for ataxia telangiectasia mutated in insulin-independent stimulation of glucose transport. TRENDS IN CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 12:49-56. [PMID: 30542240 PMCID: PMC6287632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Literature reports suggest that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) can activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a protein that can stimulate glucose transport in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), an AMPK activator, would increase glucose transport in mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in an ATM-dependent manner. AICAR-stimulated glucose transport was prevented by the ATM inhibitor KU-55933 despite normal stimulation of AMPK phosphorylation. Consistent with this, AICAR caused AMPK phosphorylation but not an increase of glucose transport in ATM-deficient (ATM-/-) muscles. S231 of TBC1D1 matches the sequence motif of ATM substrates, and phosphorylation of this site is known to inhibit TBC1D1 and lead to increased glucose transport. Accordingly, we assessed TBC1D1 phosphorylation and found that AICAR-stimulated phosphorylation of TBC1D1 at S231 did not occur in ATM-/- muscles. However, activation of ATM without activation of AMPK was insufficient to increase TBC1D1 phosphorylation. The data suggest that ATM plays a role in AICAR-stimulated glucose transport downstream of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allyson L. Renth
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael R. McKuin
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anne R. Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Nell E. Briggs
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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15
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Ravindran S, Kuruvilla V, Wilbur K, Munusamy S. Nephroprotective Effects of Metformin in Diabetic Nephropathy. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:731-742. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kerry Wilbur
- College of Pharmacy; Qatar University; Doha Qatar
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16
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Wang G, Song Y, Feng W, Liu L, Zhu Y, Xie X, Pan Y, Ke R, Li S, Li F, Yang L, Li M. Activation of AMPK attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury by upregulation of PGC1α and SOD1. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1551-1555. [PMID: 27602077 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that an imbalance between oxidation and antioxidation is involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to inhibit the occurrence of ALI/ARDS. However, it is unknown whether activation of AMPK benefits ALI/ARDS by restoration of the oxidant and antioxidant balance, and which mechanisms are responsible for this process. The present study aimed to address these issues. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced pronounced pathological changes of ALI in mice; these were accompanied by elevated production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared with control mice. Prior treatment of mice with the AMPK agonist metformin significantly suppressed the LPS-induced development of ALI, reduced the elevation of MDA and increased the activity of SOD. Further analysis indicated that activation of AMPK also stimulated the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). This study suggests that activation of AMPK by metformin inhibits oxidative stress by upregulation of PGC1α and SOD1, thereby suppressing the development of ALI/ARDS, and has potential value in the clinical treatment of such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizuo Wang
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xinming Xie
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Pan
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ke
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Fangwei Li
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
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17
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Staiger H, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M, Häring HU. Pharmacogenetics: Implications for Modern Type 2 Diabetes Therapy. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 12:363-76. [PMID: 27111121 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many clinical treatment studies have reported remarkable interindividual variability in the response to pharmaceutical drugs, and uncovered the existence of inadequate treatment response, non-response, and even adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenetics addresses the impact of genetic variants on treatment outcome including side-effects. In recent years, it has also entered the field of clinical diabetes research. In modern type 2 diabetes therapy, metformin is established as first-line drug. The latest pharmaceutical developments, including incretin mimetics, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (gliptins), and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (gliflozins), are currently experiencing a marked increase in clinical use, while the prescriptions of α-glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylureas, meglitinides (glinides), and thiazolidinediones (glitazones) are declining, predominantly because of reported side-effects. This review summarizes the current knowledge about gene-drug interactions observed in therapy studies with the above drugs. We report drug interactions with candidate genes involved in the pharmacokinetics (e.g., drug transporters) and pharmacodynamics (drug targets and downstream signaling steps) of the drugs, with known type 2 diabetes risk genes and previously unknown genes derived from hypothesis-free approaches such as genome-wide association studies. Moreover, some new and promising candidate genes for future pharmacogenetic assessment are highlighted. Finally, we critically appraise the current state of type 2 diabetes pharmacogenetics in the light of its impact on therapeutic decisions, and we refer to major problems, and make suggestions for future efforts in this field to help improve the clinical relevance of the results, and to establish genetically determined treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Staiger
- Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Pharmacogenetics and individual responses to treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 25:475-84. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Xiao D, Zhang SM, Li X, Yin JY, Gong WJ, Zheng Y, Xu XJ, Lin X, Ji LN, Liu RR, Tang Q, Zhang W, Zhou HH, Han XY, Liu ZQ. IL-1B rs1143623 and EEF1A1P11-RPL7P9 rs10783050 polymorphisms affect the glucose-lowing efficacy of metformin in Chinese overweight or obese Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1621-9. [PMID: 26401715 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the potential genetic effect on metformin efficacy in overweight or obese Chinese Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Patients & methods: 768 SNPs in or close to 207 genes were genotyped in 84 patients treated with metformin + glibenclamide/Xiaoke Pill. Significant SNPs were then verified in 107 recent-onset overweight or obese T2DM patients treated with metformin alone. Genotyping was done by Illumina GoldenGate Assay. Results: In the discovery stage, 22 SNPs were nominally significant. IL1B rs1143623 (p = 0.011) and EEF1A1P11-RPL7P9 rs10783050 (p = 0.021) were still significantly associated with the relative change of HbA1c in the replication stage. Conclusion: IL1B rs1143623 and EEF1A1P11-RPL7P9 rs10783050 polymorphisms may contribute to metformin's glucose-lowing efficacy in overweight or obese Chinese T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Min Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jing Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- The Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Lin
- Institute of Nutrition Science of Shanghai School for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 20031, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Nong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Rang-Ru Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Huaihua Third People's Hospital, Huaihua 418000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yao Han
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, People's Republic of China
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Todd JN, Florez JC. An update on the pharmacogenomics of metformin: progress, problems and potential. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:529-39. [PMID: 24624919 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Type 2 diabetes has emphasized the need to optimize treatment regimens. Metformin, the most widely used oral agent, is recommended as first-line drug therapy by multiple professional organizations. Response to metformin varies significantly at the individual level; this heterogeneity may be explained in part by genetic factors. Understanding these underlying factors may aid with tailoring treatment for individual patients as well as with designing improved Type 2 diabetes therapies. The past 10 years have seen substantial progress in the understanding of the pharmacogenetics of metformin response. The majority of this work has focused on genes involved in the pharmacokinetics of metformin. Owing to the uncertainty surrounding its mechanism of action, studies of pharmacodynamic genetics have been relatively few; genome-wide approaches have the potential to illuminate the molecular details of metformin response. In this review we summarize current knowledge about metformin pharmacogenetics and suggest directions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Todd
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Hatoum D, McGowan EM. Recent advances in the use of metformin: can treating diabetes prevent breast cancer? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:548436. [PMID: 25866793 PMCID: PMC4383151 DOI: 10.1155/2015/548436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial epidemiological evidence pointing to an increased incidence of breast cancer and morbidity in obese, prediabetic, and diabetic patients. In vitro studies strongly support metformin, a diabetic medication, in breast cancer therapy. Although metformin has been heralded as an exciting new breast cancer treatment, the principal consideration is whether metformin can be used as a generic treatment for all breast cancer types. Importantly, will metformin be useful as an inexpensive therapy for patients with comorbidity of diabetes and breast cancer? In general, meta-analyses of clinical trial data from retrospective studies in which metformin treatment has been used for patients with diabetes and breast cancer have a positive trend; nevertheless, the supporting clinical data outcomes remain inconclusive. The heterogeneity of breast cancer, confounded by comorbidity of disease in the elderly population, makes it difficult to determine the actual benefits of metformin therapy. Despite the questionable evidence available from observational clinical studies and meta-analyses, randomized phases I-III clinical trials are ongoing to test the efficacy of metformin for breast cancer. This special issue review will focus on recent research, highlighting in vitro research and retrospective observational clinical studies and current clinical trials on metformin action in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hatoum
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Eileen M. McGowan
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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22
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ATM Regulates Adipocyte Differentiation and Contributes to Glucose Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2015; 10:957-967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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23
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Wu Y, Liu L, Zhang Y, Wang G, Han D, Ke R, Li S, Feng W, Li M. Activation of AMPK inhibits pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells proliferation. Exp Lung Res 2015; 40:251-8. [PMID: 24809794 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.913092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to examine the effect of AMPK activation on pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation and to address its potential mechanisms. ET-1 dose and time-dependently induced PASMCs proliferation, and this effect was suppressed by a selective AMPK activator metformin. The results of the study further indicated that the proliferation of PASMCs stimulated by ET-1 was associated with the increase of Skp2 and decrease of p27, and metformin reversed ET-1-induced Skp2 elevation and raised p27 protein level. Our study suggests that activation of AMPK suppresses PASMCs proliferation and has potential value in negatively modulating pulmonary vascular remodeling and therefore could prevent or treat the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Diseases Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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24
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Vilvanathan S, Gurusamy U, Mukta V, Das AK, Chandrasekaran A. Allele and genotype frequency of a genetic variant in ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene affecting glycemic response to metformin in South Indian population. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18:850-854. [PMID: 25364682 PMCID: PMC4192993 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.119944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Allele and genotype frequency of a genetic variant in ATM gene affecting glycemic response to metformin in South Indian population. CONTEXT The novel polymorphism in ATM gene (rs11212617), which is implicated to have association with metformin response, exhibits inter-ethnic variability in the allele and genotype frequency distribution. AIMS AND DESIGN The objective of the present study is to establish the allele and genotype frequency of rs11212617 single nucleotide polymorphism in ATM gene, in South Indian population and to find if this variant has any role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was performed in 2 cohorts of populations, 112 healthy volunteers and 118 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes by phenol-chloroform method and genotyping was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan assay. RESULTS In South Indian population, the frequency of major A allele was 0.65 and the minor C allele was 0.35. AA and CC are the homozygous genotypes with frequency of 0.39 and 0.09 respectively. The frequency of heterozygous genotype AC (0.52) was found to be higher than the homozygotes. There was no significant difference in the frequency distribution in the diabetic population, which implies that this variant does not have any causative role in the disease etiology. The frequency distributions were found to be significantly different from the distributions in other ethnic populations such as Caucasians, Chinese, Japanese and Africans. But there was no significant difference when compared with the Gujarati Indians of Houston. CONCLUSION The frequency distribution of this novel variant in South Indian population forms a framework for further gene disease association studies to establish the association of this variant with metformin response. Our study could not find any association of this variant with respect to the disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Vilvanathan
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Umamaheswaran Gurusamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - V. Mukta
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Das
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Adithan Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Liewei Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Richard Weinshilboum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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26
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Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its costs to the health care system continue to rise. Despite the availability of at least 10 drug classes for the treatment of T2D, metformin remains the most widely used first-line pharmacotherapy for its treatment; however, marked interindividual variability in response and few clinical or biomarker predictors of response reduce its optimal use. As clinical care moves toward precision medicine, a variety of broad discovery-based "omics" approaches will be required. Technical innovation, decreasing sequencing cost, and routine sample storage and processing has made pharmacogenomics the most widely applied discovery-based approach to date. This opens up the opportunity to understand the genetics underlying the interindividual variation in metformin responses in order for clinicians to prescribe specific treatments to given individuals for better efficacy and safety: metformin for those predicted to respond and alternative therapies for those predicted to be nonresponders or who are at increased risk for adverse side effects. Furthermore, understanding of the genetic determinants of metformin response may lead to the identification of novel targets and development of more effective agents for diabetes treatment. The goals of this workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases were to review the state of research on metformin pharmacogenomics, discuss the scientific and clinical hurdles to furthering our knowledge of the variability in patient responses to metformin, and consider how to effectively use this increased understanding to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Pawlyk
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Catherine McKeon
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jose C Florez
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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27
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In silico design for adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase agonist from traditional chinese medicine for treatment of metabolic syndromes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:928589. [PMID: 24899913 PMCID: PMC4034719 DOI: 10.1155/2014/928589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a master mediator of metabolic homeostasis. It is considered as a significant millstone to treat metabolic syndromes including obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver. It can sense cellular energy or nutrient status by switching on the catabolic pathways. Investigation of AMPK has new findings recently. AMPK can inhibit cell growth by the way of autophagy. Thus AMPK has become a hot target for small molecular drug design of tumor inhibition. Activation of AMPK must undergo certain extent change of the structure. Through the methods of structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation, we attempted to find out appropriate small compounds from the world's largest TCM Database@Taiwan that had the ability to activate the function of AMPK. Finally, we found that two TCM compounds, eugenyl_beta-D-glucopyranoside and 6-O-cinnamoyl-D-glucopyranose, had the qualification to be AMPK agonist.
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28
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Werle K, Chen J, Xu HG, Zhao RX, He Q, Lu C, Cui R, Liang J, Li YL, Xu ZX. Liver kinase B1 regulates the centrosome via PLK1. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1157. [PMID: 24722282 PMCID: PMC5424112 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a tumor suppressor mutationally inactivated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and various sporadic cancers. Although LKB1 encodes a kinase that possesses multiple functions, no individual hypothesis posed to date has convincingly explained how loss of LKB1 contributes to carcinogenesis. In this report we demonstrated that LKB1 maintains genomic stability through the regulation of centrosome duplication. We found that LKB1 colocalized with centrosomal proteins and was situated in the mitotic spindle pole. LKB1 deficiency-induced centrosome amplification was independent of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a well-defined substrate of LKB1. Cells lacking LKB1 exhibited an increase in phosphorylated and total Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1), NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2), and ninein-like protein (NLP). Overexpression of active PLK1 (T210D) reversed the inhibition of LKB1 on centrosome amplification. In contrast, depletion of PLK1 with siRNA or suppression of PLK1 kinase activity with BTO-1 (5-Cyano-7-nitro-2-benzothiazolecarboxamide-3-oxide) abrogated LKB1 deficiency-induced centrosome amplification. We further characterized that LKB1 phosphorylated and activated AMPK-related kinase 5 (NUAK1 or ARK5) that in turn increased the phosphorylation of MYPT1, enhanced the binding between MYPT1-PP1 and PLK1, and conferred an effective dephosphorylation of PLK1. More importantly, we noted that LKB1-deficient cells exhibited multiple nuclear abnormalities, such as mitotic delay, binuclear, polylobed, grape, large, and micronuclear. Immediate depletion of LKB1 resulted in the accumulation of multiploidy cells. Expression of LKB1 is reversely correlated with the levels of PLK1 in human cancer tissues. Thus, we have uncovered a novel function of LKB1 in the maintenance of genomic stability through the regulation of centrosome mediated by PLK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Werle
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - H-G Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R-X Zhao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Q He
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - C Lu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - J Liang
- Department of Systems Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Y-L Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Z-X Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Ganesh SK, Arnett DK, Assimes TL, Basson CT, Chakravarti A, Ellinor PT, Engler MB, Goldmuntz E, Herrington DM, Hershberger RE, Hong Y, Johnson JA, Kittner SJ, McDermott DA, Meschia JF, Mestroni L, O’Donnell CJ, Psaty BM, Vasan RS, Ruel M, Shen WK, Terzic A, Waldman SA. Genetics and Genomics for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: Update. Circulation 2013; 128:2813-51. [DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437913.98912.1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Phenformin enhances the therapeutic benefit of BRAF(V600E) inhibition in melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18226-31. [PMID: 24145418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317577110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biguanides, such as the diabetes therapeutics metformin and phenformin, have demonstrated antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. The energy-sensing AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known to be a major cellular target of biguanides. Based on our discovery of cross-talk between the AMPK and v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) signaling pathways, we investigated the antitumor effects of combining phenformin with a BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 on the proliferation of BRAF-mutated melanoma cells in vitro and on BRAF-driven tumor growth in vivo. Cotreatment of BRAF-mutated melanoma cell lines with phenformin and PLX4720 resulted in synergistic inhibition of cell viability, compared with the effects of the single agent alone. Moreover, treatment with phenformin significantly delayed the development of resistance to PLX4720 in cultured melanoma cells. Biochemical analyses showed that phenformin and PLX4720 exerted cooperative effects on inhibiting mTOR signaling and inducing apoptosis. Noticeably, phenformin selectively targeted subpopulations of cells expressing JARID1B, a marker for slow cycling melanoma cells, whereas PLX4720 selectively targeted JARID1B-negative cells. Finally, in contrast to their use as single agents, the combination of phenformin and PLX4720 induced tumor regression in both nude mice bearing melanoma xenografts and in a genetically engineered BRAF(V600E)/PTEN(null)-driven mouse model of melanoma. These results strongly suggest that significant therapeutic advantage may be achieved by combining AMPK activators such as phenformin with BRAF inhbitors for the treatment of melanoma.
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Viollet B, Foretz M. Revisiting the mechanisms of metformin action in the liver. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2013; 74:123-9. [PMID: 23582849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable efforts have been made since the 1950s to better understand the action of metformin, the first line therapeutic for type 2 diabetes, its mechanisms of action has not been fully elucidated. The main antidiabetic effect of this drug is to decrease hepatic glucose production. A plausible molecular mechanism of action now emerges from recent breakthroughs that place metformin at the control of energy homeostasis. Metformin was shown to induce a mild and transient inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex 1. The resulting decrease in hepatic energy state activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular metabolic sensor, and provided a generally accepted mechanism for metformin action on hepatic gluconeogenic program. However, the role of AMPK activation in metformin action has recently been challenged by loss-of-function experiments. Recent evidence showed that metformin-induced inhibition of hepatic glucose output is mediated by reducing cellular energy charge rather than direct inhibition of gluconeogenic gene expression. Furthermore, recent data support a novel mechanism of action for metformin involving antagonism of glucagon signaling pathways by inducing the accumulation of AMP, which inhibits adenylate cyclase and reduced levels of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Viollet
- Département endocrinologie, métabolisme et cancer, Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
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Emami Riedmaier A, Fisel P, Nies AT, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M. Metformin and cancer: from the old medicine cabinet to pharmacological pitfalls and prospects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 34:126-35. [PMID: 23277337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is a biguanide derivative used in the treatment of type II diabetes (T2D) and one of the world's most widely prescribed drugs. Owing to its safety profile, it has been recently promoted for a range of other indications, particularly for its role in cancer prevention. There is evidence from studies in diabetic cohorts, as well as laboratory studies, that the action of metformin depends on a balance between the concentration and duration of exposure, which depends crucially on cell- and tissue-specific pharmacological factors. Mechanistic studies have revealed the involvement of increasingly complex pathways. Yet, there are several missing links regarding the role of drug transporters and drug-drug interactions, as well as the expression levels of transporters in normal versus tumor tissues, which may affect patient exposure and dosing when metformin is used in cancer prevention. This review highlights the current knowledge on metformin action and pharmacology, including novel insights into genomic factors, with a specific focus on cancer prevention. Furthermore, future challenges that may influence therapeutic outcome will be discussed.
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Corominas-Faja B, Quirantes-Piné R, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Vazquez-Martin A, Cufí S, Martin-Castillo B, Micol V, Joven J, Segura-Carretero A, Menendez JA. Metabolomic fingerprint reveals that metformin impairs one-carbon metabolism in a manner similar to the antifolate class of chemotherapy drugs. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 4:480-98. [PMID: 22837425 PMCID: PMC3433934 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomic fingerprint of breast cancer cells treated with the antidiabetic drug metformin revealed a significant accumulation of 5-formimino-tetrahydrofolate, one of the tetrahydrofolate forms carrying activated one-carbon units that are essential for the de novo synthesis of purines and pyrimidines. De novo synthesis of glutathione, a folate-dependent pathway interconnected with one-carbon metabolism was concomitantly depleted in response to metformin. End-product reversal studies demonstrated that thymidine alone leads to a significant but incomplete protection from metformin's cytostatic effects. The addition of the substrate hypoxanthine for the purine salvage pathway produces major rightward shifts in metformin's growth inhibition curves. Metformin treatment failed to activate the DNA repair protein ATM kinase and the metabolic tumor suppressor AMPK when thymidine and hypoxanthine were present in the extracellular milieu. Our current findings suggest for the first time that metformin can function as an antifolate chemotherapeutic agent that induces the ATM/AMPK tumor suppressor axis secondarily following the alteration of the carbon flow through the folate-related one-carbon metabolic pathways.
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Zakikhani M, Bazile M, Hashemi S, Javeshghani S, Avizonis D, Pierre JS, Pollak MN. Alterations in cellular energy metabolism associated with the antiproliferative effects of the ATM inhibitor KU-55933 and with metformin. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185347 PMCID: PMC3504012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KU-55933 is a specific inhibitor of the kinase activity of the protein encoded by Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), an important tumor suppressor gene with key roles in DNA repair. Unexpectedly for an inhibitor of a tumor suppressor gene, KU-55933 reduces proliferation. In view of prior preliminary evidence suggesting defective mitochondrial function in cells of patients with Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT), we examined energy metabolism of cells treated with KU-55933. The compound increased AMPK activation, glucose uptake and lactate production while reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and coupled respiration. The stimulation of glycolysis by KU-55933 did not fully compensate for the reduction in mitochondrial functions, leading to decreased cellular ATP levels and energy stress. These actions are similar to those previously described for the biguanide metformin, a partial inhibitor of respiratory complex I. Both compounds decreased mitochondrial coupled respiration and reduced cellular concentrations of fumarate, malate, citrate, and alpha-ketogluterate. Succinate levels were increased by KU-55933 levels and decreased by metformin, indicating that the effects of ATM inhibition and metformin are not identical. These observations suggest a role for ATM in mitochondrial function and show that both KU-55933 and metformin perturb the TCA cycle as well as oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahvash Zakikhani
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Cancer Prevention, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Miguel Bazile
- Division of Cancer Prevention, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sina Hashemi
- Division of Cancer Prevention, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shiva Javeshghani
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daina Avizonis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie St Pierre
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael N. Pollak
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Cancer Prevention, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Rena G, Pearson ER, Sakamoto K. Molecular action and pharmacogenetics of metformin: current understanding of an old drug. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/dmt.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tkáč I. Research Highlights: Highlights from the latest articles in pharmacogenomics of oral antidiabetic drugs. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:1329-30. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tkáč
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, L. Pasteur University Hospital, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
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Abstract
The hydrolysis of ATP drives virtually all of the energy-requiring processes in living cells. A prerequisite of living cells is that the concentration of ATP needs to be maintained at sufficiently high levels to sustain essential cellular functions. In eukaryotic cells, the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) cascade is one of the systems that have evolved to ensure that energy homoeostasis is maintained. AMPK is activated in response to a fall in ATP, and recent studies have suggested that ADP plays an important role in regulating AMPK. Once activated, AMPK phosphorylates a broad range of downstream targets, resulting in the overall effect of increasing ATP-producing pathways whilst decreasing ATP-utilizing pathways. Disturbances in energy homoeostasis underlie a number of disease states in humans, e.g. Type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancer. Reflecting its key role in energy metabolism, AMPK has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. In the present review we examine the recent progress aimed at understanding the regulation of AMPK and discuss some of the latest developments that have emerged in key areas of human physiology where AMPK is thought to play an important role.
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