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Chen P, Ye C, Huang Y, Xu B, Wu T, Dong Y, Jin Y, Zhao L, Hu C, Mao J, Wu R. Glutaminolysis regulates endometrial fibrosis in intrauterine adhesion via modulating mitochondrial function. Biol Res 2024; 57:13. [PMID: 38561846 PMCID: PMC10983700 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial fibrosis, a significant characteristic of intrauterine adhesion (IUA), is caused by the excessive differentiation and activation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). Glutaminolysis is the metabolic process of glutamine (Gln), which has been implicated in multiple types of organ fibrosis. So far, little is known about whether glutaminolysis plays a role in endometrial fibrosis. METHODS The activation model of ESCs was constructed by TGF-β1, followed by RNA-sequencing analysis. Changes in glutaminase1 (GLS1) expression at RNA and protein levels in activated ESCs were verified experimentally. Human IUA samples were collected to verify GLS1 expression in endometrial fibrosis. GLS1 inhibitor and glutamine deprivation were applied to ESCs models to investigate the biological functions and mechanisms of glutaminolysis in ESCs activation. The IUA mice model was established to explore the effect of glutaminolysis inhibition on endometrial fibrosis. RESULTS We found that GLS1 expression was significantly increased in activated ESCs models and fibrotic endometrium. Glutaminolysis inhibition by GLS1 inhibitor bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES or glutamine deprivation treatment suppressed the expression of two fibrotic markers, α-SMA and collagen I, as well as the mitochondrial function and mTORC1 signaling in ESCs. Furthermore, inhibition of the mTORC1 signaling pathway by rapamycin suppressed ESCs activation. In IUA mice models, BPTES treatment significantly ameliorated endometrial fibrosis and improved pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION Glutaminolysis and glutaminolysis-associated mTOR signaling play a role in the activation of ESCs and the pathogenesis of endometrial fibrosis through regulating mitochondrial function. Glutaminolysis inhibition suppresses the activation of ESCs, which might be a novel therapeutic strategy for IUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoshuang Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunke Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingning Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhang Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changchang Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingxia Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruijin Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Ulrichs H, Gaska I, Shekhar S. Multicomponent regulation of actin barbed end assembly by twinfilin, formin and capping protein. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3981. [PMID: 37414761 PMCID: PMC10326068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells control actin assembly by regulating reactions at actin filament barbed ends. Formins accelerate elongation, capping protein (CP) arrests growth and twinfilin promotes depolymerization at barbed ends. How these distinct activities get integrated within a shared cytoplasm is unclear. Using microfluidics-assisted TIRF microscopy, we find that formin, CP and twinfilin can simultaneously bind filament barbed ends. Three‑color, single-molecule experiments reveal that twinfilin cannot bind barbed ends occupied by formin unless CP is present. This trimeric complex is short-lived (~1 s), and results in dissociation of CP by twinfilin, promoting formin-based elongation. Thus, the depolymerase twinfilin acts as a pro-formin pro-polymerization factor when both CP and formin are present. While one twinfilin binding event is sufficient to displace CP from the barbed-end trimeric complex, ~31 twinfilin binding events are required to remove CP from a CP-capped barbed end. Our findings establish a paradigm where polymerases, depolymerases and cappers together tune actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ulrichs
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ignas Gaska
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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3
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Ulrichs H, Gaska I, Shekhar S. Multicomponent regulation of actin barbed end assembly by twinfilin, formin and capping protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.538010. [PMID: 37163095 PMCID: PMC10168238 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Living cells assemble their actin networks by regulating reactions at the barbed end of actin filaments. Formins accelerate elongation, capping protein (CP) arrests growth and twinfilin promotes depolymerization at barbed ends. How cells integrate these disparate activities within a shared cytoplasm to produce diverse actin networks, each with distinct morphologies and finely tuned assembly kinetics, is unclear. We used microfluidics-assisted TIRF microscopy to investigate how formin mDia1, CP and twinfilin influence the elongation of actin filament barbed ends. We discovered that the three proteins can simultaneously bind a barbed end in a multiprotein complex. Three-color single molecule experiments showed that twinfilin cannot bind actin filament ends occupied by formin mDia1 unless CP is present. The trimeric complex is short-lived (∼1s) and results in rapid dissociation of CP by twinfilin causing resumption of rapid formin- based elongation. Thus, the depolymerase twinfilin acts as a pro-formin factor that promotes polymerization when both CP and formin are present. While a single twinfilin binding event is sufficient to displace CP from the trimeric complex, it takes about 30 independent twinfilin binding events to remove capping protein from CP-bound barbed end. Our findings establish a new paradigm in which polymerases, depolymerases and cappers work in concert to tune cellular actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ulrichs
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ignas Gaska
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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4
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Winkler R, Piskor EM, Kosan C. Lessons from Using Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of MYC-Induced Lymphoma. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010037. [PMID: 36611833 PMCID: PMC9818924 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic overexpression of MYC leads to the fatal deregulation of signaling pathways, cellular metabolism, and cell growth. MYC rearrangements are found frequently among non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas enforcing MYC overexpression. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) were developed to understand MYC-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis. Here, we highlight the advantages of using Eµ-Myc transgenic mice. We thoroughly compiled the available literature to discuss common challenges when using such mouse models. Furthermore, we give an overview of pathways affected by MYC based on knowledge gained from the use of GEMMs. We identified top regulators of MYC-induced lymphomagenesis, including some candidates that are not pharmacologically targeted yet.
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5
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Li Y, Wang D, Ge H, Güngör C, Gong X, Chen Y. Cytoskeletal and Cytoskeleton-Associated Proteins: Key Regulators of Cancer Stem Cell Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1369. [PMID: 36355541 PMCID: PMC9698833 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells possessing stemness characteristics that are closely associated with tumor proliferation, recurrence and resistance to therapy. Recent studies have shown that different cytoskeletal components and remodeling processes have a profound impact on the behavior of CSCs. In this review, we outline the different cytoskeletal components regulating the properties of CSCs and discuss current and ongoing therapeutic strategies targeting the cytoskeleton. Given the many challenges currently faced in targeted cancer therapy, a deeper comprehension of the molecular events involved in the interaction of the cytoskeleton and CSCs will help us identify more effective therapeutic strategies to eliminate CSCs and ultimately improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heming Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cenap Güngör
- Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xuejun Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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6
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Braun CJ, Adames AC, Saur D, Rad R. Tutorial: design and execution of CRISPR in vivo screens. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1903-1925. [PMID: 35840661 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here we provide a detailed tutorial on CRISPR in vivo screening. Using the mouse as the model organism, we introduce a range of CRISPR tools and applications, delineate general considerations for 'transplantation-based' or 'direct in vivo' screening design, and provide details on technical execution, sequencing readouts, computational analyses and data interpretation. In vivo screens face unique pitfalls and limitations, such as delivery issues or library bottlenecking, which must be counteracted to avoid screening failure or flawed conclusions. A broad variety of in vivo phenotypes can be interrogated such as organ development, hematopoietic lineage decision and evolutionary licensing in oncogenesis. We describe experimental strategies to address various biological questions and provide an outlook on emerging CRISPR applications, such as genetic interaction screening. These technological advances create potent new opportunities to dissect the molecular underpinnings of complex organismal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andrés Carbonell Adames
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Recurrent switch 2 domain RAC2 mutations in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Blood Adv 2022; 6:6051-6055. [PMID: 35395066 PMCID: PMC9706525 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022006985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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8
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Rust MB, Marcello E. Disease association of cyclase-associated protein (CAP): Lessons from gene-targeted mice and human genetic studies. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151207. [PMID: 35150966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclase-associated protein (CAP) is an actin binding protein that has been initially described as partner of the adenylyl cyclase in yeast. In all vertebrates and some invertebrate species, two orthologs, named CAP1 and CAP2, have been described. CAP1 and CAP2 are characterized by a similar multidomain structure, but different expression patterns. Several molecular studies clarified the biological function of the different CAP domains, and they shed light onto the mechanisms underlying CAP-dependent regulation of actin treadmilling. However, CAPs are crucial elements not only for the regulation of actin dynamics, but also for signal transduction pathways. During recent years, human genetic studies and the analysis of gene-targeted mice provided important novel insights into the physiological roles of CAPs and their involvement in the pathogenesis of several diseases. In the present review, we summarize and discuss recent progress in our understanding of CAPs' physiological functions, focusing on heart, skeletal muscle and central nervous system as well as their involvement in the mechanisms controlling metabolism. Remarkably, loss of CAPs or impairment of CAPs-dependent pathways can contribute to the pathogenesis of different diseases. Overall, these studies unraveled CAPs complexity highlighting their capability to orchestrate structural and signaling pathways in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco B Rust
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group 'Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling', GRK 2213, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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9
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Matsumoto K, Yoshida M. Mammalian Chemical Genomics towards Identifying Targets and Elucidating Modes-of-Action of Bioactive Compounds. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100561. [PMID: 34813140 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The step of identifying target molecules and elucidating the mode of action of bioactive compounds is a major bottleneck for drug discovery from phenotypic screening. Genetic screening for genes that affect drug sensitivity or phenotypes of mammalian cultured cells is a powerful tool to obtain clues to their modes of action. Chemical genomic screening systems for comprehensively identifying such genes or genetic pathways have been established using shRNA libraries for RNA interference-mediated mRNA knockdown or sgRNA libraries for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout. The combination of chemical genomic screening in mammalian cells with other approaches such as biochemical searches for target molecules, phenotypic profiling, and yeast genetics provides a systematic way to elucidate the mode of action by converging various pieces of information regarding target molecules, target pathways, and synthetic lethal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Matsumoto
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, Drug Discovery Platforms Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, Drug Discovery Platforms Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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10
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Koh J, Jang I, Mun S, Lee C, Cha HJ, Oh YH, Kim JM, Han JH, Paik JH, Cho J, Ko YH, Park CS, Go H, Huh J, Kim K, Jeon YK. Genetic profiles of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma and clinicopathological impact of HAVCR2 mutations. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3919-3930. [PMID: 34535012 PMCID: PMC8945616 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies identified germline mutations in HAVCR2 (encoding T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3) as a genetic factor that predisposes to subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL). However, the differences between HAVCR2-mutated (HAVCR2MUT) and HAVCR2 wild-type (HAVCR2WT) SPTCLs remain unclear. A nationwide cohort of 53 patients with SPTCL diagnosed at 8 Korean institutions was established. Whole-exome sequencing and RNA-sequencing were performed on 8 patients in the discovery set. In the validation set, targeted gene sequencing or direct sequencing of HAVCR2 was performed. Of 49 patients with available HAVCR2 status, 25 (51.0%) were HAVCR2Y82C. HAVCR2Y82C was associated with younger age (P = .001), development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like systemic illness (P < .001), and short relapse-free survival (RFS) (P = .023). Most mutated genes in SPTCLs were involved in immune responses, epigenetic modifications, and cell signaling. Mutations in UNC13D, PIAS3, and KMT2D were more frequent in HAVCR2WT SPTCLs. At the gene expression level, HAVCR2Y82C SPTCLs were enriched in genes involved in IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling and in tumor necrosis factor-α signaling via NF-κB. CCR4 was significantly upregulated in HAVCR2WT SPTCLs both at the messenger RNA level and at the protein level. We established a risk stratification system for SPTCL by integrating clinical and histopathological features, including age and HAVCR2 mutation status. This risk stratification system was strongly associated with RFS (P = .031). In conclusion, the HAVCR2Y82C mutation was common in Korean patients with SPTCL and was associated with unique clinicopathological and genetic features. Combining clinicopathological parameters could aid in predicting prognosis for patients with SPTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insoon Jang
- Department of Data Science Research, Innovative Medical Technology Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchan Mun
- Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Cha
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ha Oh
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Han
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Paik
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhun Cho
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Jooryung Huh
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Department of Data Science Research, Innovative Medical Technology Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine & Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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HGAL inhibits lymphoma dissemination by interacting with multiple Cytoskeletal proteins. Blood Adv 2021; 5:5072-5085. [PMID: 34543391 PMCID: PMC9153012 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo experiments demonstrate that HGAL expression in lymphoma decreases tumor dissemination and prolongs animal survival. HGAL inhibits cell motility by interacting with multiple cytoskeletal proteins, thereby affecting cell motility by multiple mechanisms.
Human germinal center–associated lymphoma (HGAL) is an adaptor protein specifically expressed in germinal center lymphocytes. High expression of HGAL is a predictor of prolonged survival of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Furthermore, HGAL expression is associated with early-stage DLBCL, thus potentially limiting lymphoma dissemination. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that HGAL regulates B-cell receptor signaling and cell motility in vitro and deciphered some molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. By using novel animal models for in vivo DLBCL dispersion, we demonstrate here that HGAL decreases lymphoma dissemination and prolongs survival. Furthermore, by using an unbiased proteomic approach, we demonstrate that HGAL may interact with multiple cytoskeletal proteins thereby implicating a multiplicity of effects in regulating lymphoma motility and spread. Specifically, we show that HGAL interacts with tubulin, and this interaction may also contribute to HGAL effects on cell motility. These findings recapitulate previous observations in humans, establish the role of HGAL in dissemination of lymphoma in vivo, and explain improved survival of patients with HGAL-expressing lymphomas.
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12
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Dawes JC, Uren AG. Forward and Reverse Genetics of B Cell Malignancies: From Insertional Mutagenesis to CRISPR-Cas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670280. [PMID: 34484175 PMCID: PMC8414522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer genome sequencing has identified dozens of mutations with a putative role in lymphomagenesis and leukemogenesis. Validation of driver mutations responsible for B cell neoplasms is complicated by the volume of mutations worthy of investigation and by the complex ways that multiple mutations arising from different stages of B cell development can cooperate. Forward and reverse genetic strategies in mice can provide complementary validation of human driver genes and in some cases comparative genomics of these models with human tumors has directed the identification of new drivers in human malignancies. We review a collection of forward genetic screens performed using insertional mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis and exome sequencing and discuss how the high coverage of subclonal mutations in insertional mutagenesis screens can identify cooperating mutations at rates not possible using human tumor genomes. We also compare a set of independently conducted screens from Pax5 mutant mice that converge upon a common set of mutations observed in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We also discuss reverse genetic models and screens that use CRISPR-Cas, ORFs and shRNAs to provide high throughput in vivo proof of oncogenic function, with an emphasis on models using adoptive transfer of ex vivo cultured cells. Finally, we summarize mouse models that offer temporal regulation of candidate genes in an in vivo setting to demonstrate the potential of their encoded proteins as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C Dawes
- Medical Research Council, London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G Uren
- Medical Research Council, London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Borch Jensen M, Marblestone A. In vivo Pooled Screening: A Scalable Tool to Study the Complexity of Aging and Age-Related Disease. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:714926. [PMID: 35822038 PMCID: PMC9261400 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.714926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological aging, and the diseases of aging, occur in a complex in vivo environment, driven by multiple interacting processes. A convergence of recently developed technologies has enabled in vivo pooled screening: direct administration of a library of different perturbations to a living animal, with a subsequent readout that distinguishes the identity of each perturbation and its effect on individual cells within the animal. Such screens hold promise for efficiently applying functional genomics to aging processes in the full richness of the in vivo setting. In this review, we describe the technologies behind in vivo pooled screening, including a range of options for delivery, perturbation and readout methods, and outline their potential application to aging and age-related disease. We then suggest how in vivo pooled screening, together with emerging innovations in each of its technological underpinnings, could be extended to shed light on key open questions in aging biology, including the mechanisms and limits of epigenetic reprogramming and identifying cellular mediators of systemic signals in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Borch Jensen
- Gordian Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Martin Borch Jensen, ; Adam Marblestone,
| | - Adam Marblestone
- Astera Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Federation of American Scientists, Washington D.C., CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Martin Borch Jensen, ; Adam Marblestone,
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14
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Du J, Shao Y, Hu Y, Chen Y, Cang J, Chen X, Pei W, Miao F, Shen Y, Muddassir M, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Teng G. Multifunctional Liposomes Enable Active Targeting and Twinfilin 1 Silencing to Reverse Paclitaxel Resistance in Brain Metastatic Breast Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23396-23409. [PMID: 33982563 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a first-line chemotherapeutic drug for breast cancer, but PTX resistance often occurs in metastatic breast cancer. In addition, due to the poor targeting of chemotherapeutic drugs and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it is hard to effectively treat brain metastatic breast cancer using paclitaxel. Thus, it is urgent to develop an effective drug delivery system for the treatment of brain metastatic breast cancer. The current study found that TWF1 gene, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated gene, was overexpressed in brain metastatic breast cancer (231-BR) cells and was associated with the PTX resistance of 231-BR cells. Knockdown of TWF1 by small interference RNA (siRNA) in 231-BR cells could effectively increase the sensitivity of brain metastatic breast cancer cells to paclitaxel. Then, a liposome-based drug delivery system was developed for PTX delivery across BBB, enhancing PTX sensitivity and brain metastases targeting via BRBP1 peptide modification. The results showed that BRBP1-modified liposomes could effectively cross the BBB, specifically accumulate in brain metastases, and effectively interfere TWF1 gene expression in vitro and in vivo, and thus they enhanced proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction, thereby inhibiting the formation and growth of brain metastases. In summary, our results indicated that BRBP1-modified and PTX- and TWF1 siRNA-loaded liposomes have the potential for the treatment of brain metastatic breast cancer, which lays the foundation for the development of a new targeted drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Du
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiehui Cang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqin Pei
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohd Muddassir
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, KSA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaojun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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15
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Huo G, Wang Y, Chen J, Song Y, Zhang C, Guo H, Zuo R, Zhu F, Cui J, Chen W, Chen W, Chen P. A Pan-Cancer Analysis of the Oncogenic Role of Twinfilin Actin Binding Protein 1 in Human Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:692136. [PMID: 34113576 PMCID: PMC8185641 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.692136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding common and unique mechanisms driving oncogenic processes in human tumors is indispensable to develop efficient therapies. Recent studies have proposed Twinfilin Actin Binding Protein 1 (TWF1) as a putative driver gene in lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and breast cancer, however a systematic pan-cancer analysis has not been carried out. Methods Here, we set out to explore the role of TWF1 in 33 tumor types using TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas), GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) dataset, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and several bioinformatic tools. Results As part of our analysis, we have assessed TWF1 expression across tumors. We found that over-expression of TWF1 generally predicted poor OS for patients with tumors with high TWF1 expression, such as mesothelioma, lung adenocarcinoma, cervical cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We also assessed the mutation burden of TWF1 in cancer and the TWF1-associated survival of cancer patients, compared the phosphorylation of TWF1 between normal and primary tumor tissues and explored putative functional mechanisms in TWF1-mediated oncogenesis. Conclusions Our pan-cancer analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the oncogenic roles of TWF1 in multiple human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengwei Huo
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Department of Oncology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Zuo
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuyi Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinfang Cui
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Wenming Chen
- Department of Oncology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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16
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Inhibition of B-cell receptor signaling disrupts cell adhesion in mantle cell lymphoma via RAC2. Blood Adv 2021; 5:185-197. [PMID: 33570628 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway is highly effective in B-cell neoplasia through Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibition by ibrutinib. Ibrutinib also disrupts cell adhesion between a tumor and its microenvironment. However, it is largely unknown how BCR signaling is linked to cell adhesion. We observed that intrinsic sensitivities of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines to ibrutinib correlated well with their cell adhesion phenotype. RNA-sequencing revealed that BCR and cell adhesion signatures were simultaneously downregulated by ibrutinib in the ibrutinib-sensitive, but not ibrutinib-resistant, cells. Among the differentially expressed genes, RAC2, part of the BCR signature and a known regulator of cell adhesion, was downregulated at both the RNA and protein levels by ibrutinib only in sensitive cells. RAC2 physically associated with B-cell linker protein (BLNK), a BCR adaptor molecule, uniquely in sensitive cells. RAC2 reduction using RNA interference and CRISPR impaired cell adhesion, whereas RAC2 overexpression reversed ibrutinib-induced cell adhesion impairment. In a xenograft mouse model, mice treated with ibrutinib exhibited slower tumor growth, with reduced RAC2 expression in tissue. Finally, RAC2 was expressed in ∼65% of human primary MCL tumors, and RAC2 suppression by ibrutinib resulted in cell adhesion impairment. These findings, made with cell lines, a xenograft model, and human primary lymphoma tumors, uncover a novel link between BCR signaling and cell adhesion. This study highlights the importance of RAC2 and cell adhesion in MCL pathogenesis and drug development.
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17
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Twinfilin uncaps filament barbed ends to promote turnover of lamellipodial actin networks. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:147-159. [PMID: 33558729 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated polymerization of actin filaments provides force for cell migration, morphogenesis and endocytosis. Capping protein (CP) is a central regulator of actin dynamics in all eukaryotes. It binds to actin filament (F-actin) barbed ends with high affinity and slow dissociation kinetics to prevent filament polymerization and depolymerization. However, in cells, CP displays remarkably rapid dynamics within F-actin networks, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that the conserved cytoskeletal regulator twinfilin is responsible for CP's rapid dynamics and specific localization in cells. Depletion of twinfilin led to stable association between CP and cellular F-actin arrays, as well as to its retrograde movement throughout leading-edge lamellipodia. These were accompanied by diminished F-actin turnover rates. In vitro single-filament imaging approaches revealed that twinfilin directly promotes dissociation of CP from filament barbed ends, while enabling subsequent filament depolymerization. These results uncover a bipartite mechanism that controls how actin cytoskeleton-mediated forces are generated in cells.
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18
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Kaulen LD, Erson-Omay EZ, Henegariu O, Karschnia P, Huttner A, Günel M, Baehring JM. Exome sequencing identifies SLIT2 variants in primary CNS lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2021; 193:375-379. [PMID: 33481259 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SLIT2 constitutes a known tumour suppressor gene, which has not yet been implicated in the pathogenesis of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Performing exome sequencing on paired blood and tumour DNA samples from six treatment-naïve PCNSL patients, we identified novel SLIT2 variants (p.N63S, p.T590M, p.T732S) that were associated with shorter progression-free survival in our cohort and shorter overall survival in a large validation cohort of lymphoid malignancies from the cBio Cancer Genomics Portal. WNT- and NF-κB-reporter luciferase assays suggest detected alterations are loss-of-function variants. Given the possible prognostic implications, the role of SLIT2 in PCNSL pathogenesis and progression warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon D Kaulen
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.,Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - E Zeynep Erson-Omay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Octavian Henegariu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Philipp Karschnia
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig Maximilians University School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Anita Huttner
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Murat Günel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Joachim M Baehring
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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19
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Deb S, Felix DA, Koch P, Deb MK, Szafranski K, Buder K, Sannai M, Groth M, Kirkpatrick J, Pietsch S, Gollowitzer A, Groß A, Riemenschneider P, Koeberle A, González‐Estévez C, Rudolph KL. Tnfaip2/exoc3-driven lipid metabolism is essential for stem cell differentiation and organ homeostasis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e49328. [PMID: 33300287 PMCID: PMC7788457 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism influences stem cell maintenance and differentiation but genetic factors that control these processes remain to be delineated. Here, we identify Tnfaip2 as an inhibitor of reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells. Tnfaip2 knockout impairs differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and knockdown of the planarian para-ortholog, Smed-exoc3, abrogates in vivo tissue homeostasis and regeneration-processes that are driven by somatic stem cells. When stimulated to differentiate, Tnfaip2-deficient ESCs fail to induce synthesis of cellular triacylglycerol (TAG) and lipid droplets (LD) coinciding with reduced expression of vimentin (Vim)-a known inducer of LD formation. Smed-exoc3 depletion also causes a strong reduction of TAGs in planarians. The study shows that Tnfaip2 acts epistatically with and upstream of Vim in impairing cellular reprogramming. Supplementing palmitic acid (PA) and palmitoyl-L-carnitine (the mobilized form of PA) restores the differentiation capacity of Tnfaip2-deficient ESCs and organ maintenance in Smed-exoc3-depleted planarians. Together, these results identify a novel role of Tnfaip2 and exoc3 in controlling lipid metabolism, which is essential for ESC differentiation and planarian organ maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Deb
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V.JenaGermany
| | - Daniel A Felix
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V.JenaGermany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V.JenaGermany
| | | | - Karol Szafranski
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V.JenaGermany
| | - Katrin Buder
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V.JenaGermany
| | - Mara Sannai
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V.JenaGermany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V.JenaGermany
| | | | - Stefan Pietsch
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V.JenaGermany
| | - André Gollowitzer
- Institute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐UniversityJenaGermany
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Alexander Groß
- Institute of Medical Systems BiologyUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | | | - Andreas Koeberle
- Institute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐UniversityJenaGermany
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Karl Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V.JenaGermany
- University Hospital JenaFriedrich Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
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20
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Functional Screening Techniques to Identify Long Non-Coding RNAs as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123695. [PMID: 33317042 PMCID: PMC7763270 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a recently discovered class of molecules in the cell, with potential to be utilized as therapeutic targets in cancer. A number of lncRNAs have been described to play important roles in tumor progression and drive molecular processes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis or invasion. However, the vast majority of lncRNAs have not been studied in the context of cancer thus far. With the advent of CRISPR/Cas genome editing, high-throughput functional screening approaches to identify lncRNAs that impact cancer growth are becoming more accessible. Here, we review currently available methods to study hundreds to thousands of lncRNAs in parallel to elucidate their role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Abstract Recent technological advancements such as CRISPR/Cas-based systems enable multiplexed, high-throughput screening for new therapeutic targets in cancer. While numerous functional screens have been performed on protein-coding genes to date, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent an emerging class of potential oncogenes and tumor suppressors, with only a handful of large-scale screens performed thus far. Here, we review in detail currently available screening approaches to identify new lncRNA drivers of tumorigenesis and tumor progression. We discuss the various approaches of genomic and transcriptional targeting using CRISPR/Cas9, as well as methods to post-transcriptionally target lncRNAs via RNA interference (RNAi), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and CRISPR/Cas13. We discuss potential advantages, caveats and future applications of each method to provide an overview and guide on investigating lncRNAs as new therapeutic targets in cancer.
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21
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Sundara Rajan S, Ludwig KR, Hall KL, Jones TL, Caplen NJ. Cancer biology functional genomics: From small RNAs to big dreams. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1343-1361. [PMID: 33043516 PMCID: PMC7702050 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The year 2021 marks the 20th anniversary of the first publications reporting the discovery of the gene silencing mechanism, RNA interference (RNAi) in mammalian cells. Along with the many studies that delineated the proteins and substrates that form the RNAi pathway, this finding changed our understanding of the posttranscriptional regulation of mammalian gene expression. Furthermore, the development of methods that exploited the RNAi pathway began the technological revolution that eventually enabled the interrogation of mammalian gene function-from a single gene to the whole genome-in only a few days. The needs of the cancer research community have driven much of this progress. In this perspective, we highlight milestones in the development and application of RNAi-based methods to study carcinogenesis. We discuss how RNAi-based functional genetic analysis of exemplar tumor suppressors and oncogenes furthered our understanding of cancer initiation and progression and explore how such studies formed the basis of genome-wide scale efforts to identify cancer or cancer-type specific vulnerabilities, including studies conducted in vivo. Furthermore, we examine how RNAi technologies have revealed new cancer-relevant molecular targets and the implications for cancer of the first RNAi-based drugs. Finally, we discuss the future of functional genetic analysis, highlighting the increasing availability of complementary approaches to analyze cancer gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sundara Rajan
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics BranchCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Katelyn R. Ludwig
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics BranchCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Katherine L. Hall
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics BranchCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Tamara L. Jones
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics BranchCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Natasha J. Caplen
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics BranchCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
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22
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Han SS, Wen KK, Vyas YM. Deficiency of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein has opposing effect on the pro-oncogenic pathway activation in nonmalignant versus malignant lymphocytes. Oncogene 2020; 40:345-354. [PMID: 33139832 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunodeficiency is associated with cancer risk. Accordingly, hematolymphoid cancers develop in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), an X-linked primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID) resulting from the deficiency of WAS-protein (WASp) expressed predominantly in the hematolymphoid cell lineages. Despite the correlation between WASp deficiency and hematolymphoid cancers, the molecular mechanism underlying the oncogenic role of WASp is incompletely understood. Employing the WASp-sufficient and WASp-deficient cell-pair model of human T and B lymphocytes, we show that WASp deficiency differentially influences hyperactivation versus inhibition of both CDC42:ERK1/2 and NF-κB:AP-1 pro-oncogenic signaling pathways in nonmalignant versus malignant T and B lymphocytes. Furthermore, WASp deficiency induces a cell-type specific up/down-modulation of the DNA-binding activities of NF-κB, AP-1, and multiple other transcription factors with known roles in oncogenesis. We propose that WASp functions as a putative "tumor-suppressor" protein in normal T and B cells, and "oncoprotein" in a subset of established T and B cell malignancies that are not associated with the NPM-ALK fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Han
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Carver College of Medicine and the Stead Family University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kuo-Kuang Wen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Carver College of Medicine and the Stead Family University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Yatin M Vyas
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Carver College of Medicine and the Stead Family University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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23
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Weber J, Braun CJ, Saur D, Rad R. In vivo functional screening for systems-level integrative cancer genomics. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:573-593. [PMID: 32636489 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the genetic portraits of all major human malignancies now available, we next face the challenge of characterizing the function of mutated genes, their downstream targets, interactions and molecular networks. Moreover, poorly understood at the functional level are also non-mutated but dysregulated genomes, epigenomes or transcriptomes. Breakthroughs in manipulative mouse genetics offer new opportunities to probe the interplay of molecules, cells and systemic signals underlying disease pathogenesis in higher organisms. Herein, we review functional screening strategies in mice using genetic perturbation and chemical mutagenesis. We outline the spectrum of genetic tools that exist, such as transposons, CRISPR and RNAi and describe discoveries emerging from their use. Genome-wide or targeted screens are being used to uncover genomic and regulatory landscapes in oncogenesis, metastasis or drug resistance. Versatile screening systems support experimentation in diverse genetic and spatio-temporal settings to integrate molecular, cellular or environmental context-dependencies. We also review the combination of in vivo screening and barcoding strategies to study genetic interactions and quantitative cancer dynamics during tumour evolution. These scalable functional genomics approaches are transforming our ability to interrogate complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Weber
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian J Braun
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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24
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Ding H, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Yu J, Liu M, Li X, Xu L, Lin M, Liu C, He Z, Chen S, Jiang H. Systematic Analysis of Drug Vulnerabilities Conferred by Tumor Suppressor Loss. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3331-3344.e6. [PMID: 31189115 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to oncogene inhibition, targeting tumor suppressor deficiency could provide potential venues for precision cancer medicine. However, the full spectrum of drug vulnerability conferred by tumor suppressor loss remains unclear. We systematically analyzed how loss of 59 common tumor suppressors each affected cellular sensitivity to 26 different types of anticancer therapeutics. The experiments were performed in a one-gene, one-drug manner, and through such a large gene-drug iteration study, we were able to generate a drug sensitivity map that describes numerous examples of drug resistance or hypersensitivity conferred by tumor suppressor loss. We further delineated the mechanisms of several gene-drug interactions, showing that loss of tumor suppressors could modify drug sensitivity at various steps of drug action. This systematic drug sensitivity map highlights potential drug vulnerabilities associated with tumor suppressor loss, which may help expand precision cancer medicine on the basis of tumor suppressor status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mingxian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Minghui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhengjin He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shishuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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25
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Hight SK, Mootz A, Kollipara RK, McMillan E, Yenerall P, Otaki Y, Li LS, Avila K, Peyton M, Rodriguez-Canales J, Mino B, Villalobos P, Girard L, Dospoy P, Larsen J, White MA, Heymach JV, Wistuba II, Kittler R, Minna JD. An in vivo functional genomics screen of nuclear receptors and their co-regulators identifies FOXA1 as an essential gene in lung tumorigenesis. Neoplasia 2020; 22:294-310. [PMID: 32512502 PMCID: PMC7281309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a mini-library of 1062 lentiviral shRNAs targeting 40 nuclear hormone receptors and 70 of their co-regulators, we searched for potential therapeutic targets that would be important during in vivo tumor growth using a parallel in vitro and in vivo shRNA screening strategy in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) line NCI-H1819. We identified 21 genes essential for in vitro growth, and nine genes specifically required for tumor survival in vivo, but not in vitro: NCOR2, FOXA1, HDAC1, RXRA, RORB, RARB, MTA2, ETV4, and NR1H2. We focused on FOXA1, since it lies within the most frequently amplified genomic region in lung adenocarcinomas. We found that 14q-amplification in NSCLC cell lines was a biomarker for FOXA1 dependency for both in vivo xenograft growth and colony formation, but not mass culture growth in vitro. FOXA1 knockdown identified genes involved in electron transport among the most differentially regulated, indicating FOXA1 loss may lead to a decrease in cellular respiration. In support of this, FOXA1 amplification was correlated with increased sensitivity to the complex I inhibitor phenformin. Integrative ChipSeq analyses reveal that FOXA1 functions in this genetic context may be at least partially independent of NKX2-1. Our findings are consistent with a neomorphic function for amplified FOXA1, driving an oncogenic transcriptional program. These data provide new insight into the functional consequences of FOXA1 amplification in lung adenocarcinomas, and identify new transcriptional networks for exploration of therapeutic vulnerabilities in this patient population.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Genomics/methods
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Thrombospondin 1/genetics
- Thrombospondin 1/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie K Hight
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Allison Mootz
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rahul K Kollipara
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth McMillan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Paul Yenerall
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yoichi Otaki
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Long-Shan Li
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kimberley Avila
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Peyton
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational and Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barbara Mino
- Department of Translational and Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pamela Villalobos
- Department of Translational and Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luc Girard
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Dospoy
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jill Larsen
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John V Heymach
- Department Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational and Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Large-scale sequencing of human tumours has uncovered a vast array of genomic alterations. Genetically engineered mouse models recapitulate many features of human cancer and have been instrumental in assigning biological meaning to specific cancer-associated alterations. However, their time, cost and labour-intensive nature limits their broad utility; thus, the functional importance of the majority of genomic aberrations in cancer remains unknown. Recent advances have accelerated the functional interrogation of cancer-associated alterations within in vivo models. Specifically, the past few years have seen the emergence of CRISPR-Cas9-based strategies to rapidly generate increasingly complex somatic alterations and the development of multiplexed and quantitative approaches to ascertain gene function in vivo.
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27
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Jin X, Pang W, Zhang Q, Huang H. MicroRNA-486-5p improves nonsmall-cell lung cancer chemotherapy sensitivity and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting twinfilin actin binding protein 1. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:3745-3756. [PMID: 31117868 PMCID: PMC6726810 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519850739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of microRNA-486-5p (miR-486-5p) in nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) resistance to cisplatin. Methods This retrospective study examined tumours and normal lung tissues from patients with NSCLC. The levels of miR-486-5p in NSCLC and normal tissues were determined using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. The binding site of miR-486-5p on twinfilin actin binding protein 1 (TWF1) mRNA was predicted using TargetScan and investigated using a luciferase reporter gene assay. Cytotoxicity assays were used to measure the sensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin. Western blotting was used to measure the levels of specific proteins. The role of miR-486-5p in the resistance of A549 to cisplatin was verified in vivo using a nude mouse tumorigenicity assay. Results MiR-486-5p levels were downregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with normal lung tissues. Lower levels of miR-486-5p were associated with reduced overall survival of patients with NSCLC. The cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cell line, A549/DDP, had lower miR-486-5p levels compared with A549 cells. Luciferase reporter gene assays confirmed that miR-486-5p bound to the 3ʹ untranslated region of TWF1 mRNA. In vivo experiments demonstrated the inhibitory effect of miR-486-5p on chemotherapy resistance. Conclusion MiR-486-5p appears to play an important role in improving chemotherapy sensitivity to cisplatin.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/secondary
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/secondary
- Cell Proliferation
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haitao Huang
- Haitao Huang, Department of Surgical Oncology, Zhejiang Taizhou Oncology Hospital, 50 Zhenxin Road, Xinhe Town, Taizhou City 318000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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28
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O'Loughlin TA, Gilbert LA. Functional Genomics for Cancer Research: Applications In Vivo and In Vitro. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomics holds great promise for the dissection of cancer biology. The elucidation of genetic cooperation and molecular details that govern oncogenesis, metastasis, and response to therapy is made possible by robust technologies for perturbing gene function coupled to quantitative analysis of cancer phenotypes resulting from genetic or epigenetic perturbations. Multiplexed genetic perturbations enable the dissection of cooperative genetic lesions as well as the identification of synthetic lethal gene pairs that hold particular promise for constructing innovative cancer therapies. Lastly, functional genomics strategies enable the highly multiplexed in vivo analysis of genes that govern tumorigenesis as well as of the complex multicellular biology of a tumor, such as immune response and metastasis phenotypes. In this review, we discuss both historical and emerging functional genomics approaches and their impact on the cancer research landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. O'Loughlin
- Department of Urology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Luke A. Gilbert
- Department of Urology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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29
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Kaishang Z, Xue P, Shaozhong Z, Yingying F, Yan Z, Chanjun S, Zhenzhen L, Xiangnan L. Elevated expression of Twinfilin-1 is correlated with inferior prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Life Sci 2018; 215:159-169. [PMID: 30391462 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Twinfilin-1 (TWF1) has been implicated in cell motility, invasion and migration. However, its exact role in lung cancer progression is still unclear. In the present study, we explored clinical and prognostic relevance of Twinfilin-1 (TWF1) levels for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). MAIN METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was analyzed for possible association between TWF1 expressions in NSCLC tissues and patient prognosis. The meta-analysis data was validated in our clinical study through techniques of immunoblotting, expression analysis and immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) as well as lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) showed significantly elevated expression of TWF1 compared to normal lung tissues. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed high expression of TWF1 to be independent prognostic indicator involved in overall survival (hazard ratio: 1.636; 95% CI: 1.223-2.189) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio: 1.551; 95% CI: 1.158-2.077) in LUAD, but not in LUSC. Similar trend was found in our clinical study. LUAD tissues reflected TWF1 overexpression to be positively correlated with grade of tumor, size and lymph node metastasis. Enhanced TWF1 expression was identified to be an independent predictor for the disadvantageous prognosis of LUAD through simultaneously both univariate as well as multivariate Cox regression analyses (both p < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival graphs further corroborated that poor disease prediction in the patients with LUAD was indicated through high TWF1 expression (p = 0.028). SIGNIFICANCE Robustness and poor prognosis in LUAD correlated with TWF1 levels thus making it a suitable therapeutic target against LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Kaishang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pan Xue
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Shaozhong
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fan Yingying
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang Yan
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sun Chanjun
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Zhenzhen
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Li Xiangnan
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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30
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Johnston AB, Hilton DM, McConnell P, Johnson B, Harris MT, Simone A, Amarasinghe GK, Cooper JA, Goode BL. A novel mode of capping protein-regulation by twinfilin. eLife 2018; 7:41313. [PMID: 30351272 PMCID: PMC6249002 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular actin assembly is controlled at the barbed ends of actin filaments, where capping protein (CP) limits polymerization. Twinfilin is a conserved in vivo binding partner of CP, yet the significance of this interaction has remained a mystery. Here, we discover that the C-terminal tail of Twinfilin harbors a CP-interacting (CPI) motif, identifying it as a novel CPI-motif protein. Twinfilin and the CPI-motif protein CARMIL have overlapping binding sites on CP. Further, Twinfilin binds competitively with CARMIL to CP, protecting CP from barbed-end displacement by CARMIL. Twinfilin also accelerates dissociation of the CP inhibitor V-1, restoring CP to an active capping state. Knockdowns of Twinfilin and CP each cause similar defects in cell morphology, and elevated Twinfilin expression rescues defects caused by CARMIL hyperactivity. Together, these observations define Twinfilin as the first ‘pro-capping’ ligand of CP and lead us to propose important revisions to our understanding of the CP regulatory cycle. Plant and animal cells are supported by skeleton-like structures that can grow and shrink beneath the cell membrane, pushing and pulling on the edges of the cell. This scaffolding network – known as the cytoskeleton – contains long strands, or filaments, made from many identical copies of a protein called actin. The shape of the actin proteins allows them to slot together, end-to-end, and allows the strands to grow and shrink on-demand. When the strands are the correct length, the cell caps the growing ends with a protein known as Capping Protein. This helps to stabilize the cell’s skeleton, preventing the strands from getting any longer, or any shorter. Proteins that interfere with the activity of Capping Protein allow the actin strands to grow or shrink. Some, like a protein called V-1, attach to Capping Protein and get in the way so that it cannot sit on the ends of the actin strands. Others, like CARMIL, bind to Capping Protein and change its shape, making it more likely to fall off the strands. So far, no one had found a partner that helps Capping Protein limit the growth of the actin cytoskeleton. A protein called Twinfilin often appears alongside Capping Protein, but the two proteins seemed to have no influence on each other, and had what appeared to be different roles. Whilst Capping Protein blocks growth and stabilizes actin strands, Twinfilin speeds up their disassembly at their ends. But Johnston, Hilton et al. now reveal that the two proteins actually work together. Twinfilin helps Capping Protein resist the effects of CARMIL and V-1, and Capping Protein puts Twinfilin at the end of the strand. Thus, when Capping Protein is finally removed by CARMIL, Twinfilin carries on with disassembling the actin strands. The tail of the Twinfilin protein looks like part of the CARMIL protein, suggesting that they might interact with Capping Protein in the same way. Attaching a fluorescent tag to the Twinfilin tail revealed that the two proteins compete to attach to the same part of the Capping Protein. When mouse cells produced extra Twinfilin, it blocked the effects of CARMIL, helping to grow the actin strands. V-1 attaches to Capping Protein in a different place, but Twinfilin was also able to interfere with its activity. When Twinfilin attached to the CARMIL binding site, it did not directly block V-1 binding, but it made the protein more likely to fall off. Understanding how the actin cytoskeleton moves is a key question in cell biology, but it also has applications in medicine. Twinfilin plays a role in the spread of certain blood cancer cells, and in the formation of elaborate structures in the inner ear that help us hear. Understanding how Twinfilin and Capping Protein interact could open paths to new therapies for a range of medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Johnston
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Denise M Hilton
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Patrick McConnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St Louis, United states
| | - Britney Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, United States
| | - Meghan T Harris
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Avital Simone
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, United States
| | - John A Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St Louis, United states
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
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31
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Gargiulo G. Next-Generation in vivo Modeling of Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:429. [PMID: 30364119 PMCID: PMC6192385 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of human cancers played a major role in our current understanding of tumor biology. In pre-clinical oncology, animal models empowered drug target and biomarker discovery and validation. In turn, this resulted in improved care for cancer patients. In the quest for understanding and treating a diverse spectrum of cancer types, technological breakthroughs in genetic engineering and single cell "omics" offer tremendous potential to enhance the informative value of pre-clinical models. Here, I review the state-of-the-art in modeling human cancers with focus on animal models for human malignant gliomas. The review highlights the use of glioma models in dissecting mechanisms of tumor initiation, in the retrospective identification of tumor cell-of-origin, in understanding tumor heterogeneity and in testing the potential of immuno-oncology. I build on the deep review of glioma models as a basis for a more general discussion of the potential ways in which transformative technologies may shape the next-generation of pre-clinical models. I argue that refining animal models along the proposed lines will benefit the success rate of translation for pre-clinical research in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Gargiulo
- Molecular Oncology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Thompson SB, Wigton EJ, Krovi SH, Chung JW, Long RA, Jacobelli J. The Formin mDia1 Regulates Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Engraftment, Migration, and Progression in vivo. Front Oncol 2018; 8:389. [PMID: 30294591 PMCID: PMC6158313 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemias typically arise in the bone marrow and then spread to the blood and into other tissues. To disseminate into tissues, leukemia cells migrate into the blood stream and then exit the circulation by migrating across vascular endothelial barriers. Formin proteins regulate cytoskeletal remodeling and cell migration of normal and malignant cells. The Formin mDia1 is highly expressed in transformed lymphocytes and regulates lymphocyte migration. However, the role of mDia1 in regulating leukemia progression in vivo is unknown. Here, we investigated how mDia1 mediates the ability of leukemia cells to migrate and disseminate in vivo. For these studies, we used a mouse model of Bcr-Abl pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Our data showed that mDia1-deficient leukemia cells have reduced chemotaxis and ability to complete transendothelial migration in vitro. In vivo, mDia1 deficiency reduced the ability of leukemia cells to engraft in recipient mice. Furthermore, leukemia dissemination to various tissues and leukemia progression were inhibited by mDia1 depletion. Finally, mDia1 depletion in leukemia cells resulted in prolonged survival of recipient mice in a leukemia transfer model. Overall, our data show that the Formin mDia1 mediates leukemia cell migration, and drives leukemia engraftment and progression in vivo, suggesting that targeting mDia1 could provide a new method for treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eric J Wigton
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sai Harsha Krovi
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Chung
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert A Long
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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Hilton DM, Aguilar RM, Johnston AB, Goode BL. Species-Specific Functions of Twinfilin in Actin Filament Depolymerization. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3323-3336. [PMID: 29928893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Twinfilin is a highly conserved member of the actin depolymerization factor homology (ADF-H) protein superfamily, which also includes ADF/Cofilin, Abp1/Drebrin, GMF, and Coactosin. Twinfilin has a unique molecular architecture consisting of two ADF-H domains joined by a linker and followed by a C-terminal tail. Yeast Twinfilin, in conjunction with yeast cyclase-associated protein (Srv2/CAP), increases the rate of depolymerization at both the barbed and pointed ends of actin filaments. However, it has remained unclear whether these activities extend to Twinfilin homologs in other species. To address this, we purified the three mouse Twinfilin isoforms (mTwf1, mTwf2a, mTwf2b) and mouse CAP1, and used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy assays to study their effects on filament disassembly. Our results show that all three mouse Twinfilin isoforms accelerate barbed end depolymerization similar to yeast Twinfilin, suggesting that this activity is evolutionarily conserved. In striking contrast, mouse Twinfilin isoforms and CAP1 failed to induce rapid pointed end depolymerization. Using chimeras, we show that the yeast-specific pointed end depolymerization activity is specified by the C-terminal ADF-H domain of yeast Twinfilin. In addition, Tropomyosin decoration of filaments failed to impede depolymerization by yeast and mouse Twinfilin and Srv2/CAP, but inhibited Cofilin severing. Together, our results indicate that Twinfilin has conserved functions in regulating barbed end dynamics, although its ability to drive rapid pointed end depolymerization appears to be species-specific. We discuss the implications of this work, including that pointed end depolymerization may be catalyzed by different ADF-H family members in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Hilton
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Rey M Aguilar
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Adam B Johnston
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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34
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Tumor suppressor miR-1 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by simultaneously targeting multiple genes. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42043-42060. [PMID: 28159933 PMCID: PMC5522048 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression depends on tumor growth and metastasis, which are activated or suppressed by multiple genes. An individual microRNA may target multiple genes, suggesting that a miRNA may suppress tumor growth and metastasis via simultaneously targeting different genes. However, thus far, this issue has not been explored. In the present study, the findings showed that miR-1 could simultaneously inhibit tumor growth and metastasis of gastric and breast cancers by targeting multiple genes. The results indicated that miR-1 was significantly downregulated in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. The miR-1 overexpression led to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in gastric and breast cancer cells but not in normal cells. Furthermore, the miR-1 overexpression significantly inhibited the metastasis of gastric and breast cancer cells. An analysis of the underlying mechanism revealed that the simultaneous inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis mediated by miR-1 was due to the synchronous targeting of 6 miR-1 target genes encoding cyclin dependent kinase 4, twinfilin actin binding protein 1, calponin 3, coronin 1C, WAS protein family member 2 and thymosin beta 4, X-linked. In vivo assays demonstrated that miR-1 efficiently inhibited tumor growth and metastasis of gastric and breast cancers in nude mice. Therefore, our study contributed novel insights into the miR-1′s roles in tumorigenesis of gastric and breast cancers.
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35
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D'Andrea A, Gritti I, Nicoli P, Giorgio M, Doni M, Conti A, Bianchi V, Casoli L, Sabò A, Mironov A, Beznoussenko GV, Amati B. The mitochondrial translation machinery as a therapeutic target in Myc-driven lymphomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72415-72430. [PMID: 27635472 PMCID: PMC5341918 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic transcription factor Myc is required for the progression and maintenance of diverse tumors. This has led to the concept that Myc itself, Myc-activated gene products, or associated biological processes might constitute prime targets for cancer therapy. Here, we present an in vivo reverse-genetic screen targeting a set of 241 Myc-activated mRNAs in mouse B-cell lymphomas, unraveling a critical role for the mitochondrial ribosomal protein (MRP) Ptcd3 in tumor maintenance. Other MRP-coding genes were also up regulated in Myc-induced lymphoma, pointing to a coordinate activation of the mitochondrial translation machinery. Inhibition of mitochondrial translation with the antibiotic Tigecycline was synthetic-lethal with Myc activation, impaired respiratory activity and tumor cell survival in vitro, and significantly extended lifespan in lymphoma-bearing mice. We have thus identified a novel Myc-induced metabolic dependency that can be targeted by common antibiotics, opening new therapeutic perspectives in Myc-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleco D'Andrea
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gritti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Present address: IRCCS San Raffaele, Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Nicoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Doni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Conti
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Bianchi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy.,Present address: Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Casoli
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Sabò
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexandre Mironov
- The Institute of Molecular Oncology of the Italian Foundation for Cancer Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Galina V Beznoussenko
- The Institute of Molecular Oncology of the Italian Foundation for Cancer Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Amati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
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36
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D'Alesio C, Punzi S, Cicalese A, Fornasari L, Furia L, Riva L, Carugo A, Curigliano G, Criscitiello C, Pruneri G, Pelicci PG, Faretta M, Bossi D, Lanfrancone L. RNAi screens identify CHD4 as an essential gene in breast cancer growth. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80901-80915. [PMID: 27779108 PMCID: PMC5348363 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays an essential role in tumor development and epigenetic modifiers are considered optimal potential druggable candidates. In order to identify new breast cancer vulnerabilities and improve therapeutic chances for patients, we performed in vivo and in vitro shRNA screens in a human breast cancer cell model (MCF10DCIS.com cell line) using epigenetic libraries. Among the genes identified in our screening, we deeply investigated the role of Chromodomain Helicase DNA binding Protein 4 (CHD4) in breast cancer tumorigenesis. CHD4 silencing significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo and proliferation in vitro of MCF10DCIS.com cells. Similarly, in vivo breast cancer growth was decreased in a spontaneous mouse model of breast carcinoma (MMTV-NeuT system) and in metastatic patient-derived xenograft models. Conversely, no reduction in proliferative ability of non-transformed mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) was detected. Moreover, we showed that CHD4 depletion arrests proliferation by inducing a G0/G1 block of cell cycle associated with up-regulation of CDKN1A (p21). These results highlight the relevance of genetic screens in the identification of tumor frailties and the role of CHD4 as a potential pharmacological target to inhibit breast cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina D'Alesio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Simona Punzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Angelo Cicalese
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fornasari
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Laura Furia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Laura Riva
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carugo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy.,Biobank for Translational Medicine Unit, Department of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Milan, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Mario Faretta
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Daniela Bossi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfrancone
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
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37
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Hakala M, Kalimeri M, Enkavi G, Vattulainen I, Lappalainen P. Molecular mechanism for inhibition of twinfilin by phosphoinositides. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4818-4829. [PMID: 29425097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane phosphoinositides control organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the activities of several key actin-binding proteins. Twinfilin is an evolutionarily conserved protein that contributes to cytoskeletal dynamics by interacting with actin monomers, filaments, and the heterodimeric capping protein. Twinfilin also binds phosphoinositides, which inhibit its interactions with actin, but the underlying mechanism has remained unknown. Here, we show that the high-affinity binding site of twinfilin for phosphoinositides is located at the C-terminal tail region, whereas the two actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin-like ADF homology domains of twinfilin bind phosphoinositides only with low affinity. Mutagenesis and biochemical experiments combined with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the C-terminal tail of twinfilin interacts with membranes through a multivalent electrostatic interaction with a preference toward phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2), PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3,4,5)P3 This initial interaction places the actin-binding ADF homology domains of twinfilin in close proximity to the membrane and subsequently promotes their association with the membrane, thus leading to inhibition of the actin interactions. In support of this model, a twinfilin mutant lacking the C-terminal tail inhibits actin filament assembly in a phosphoinositide-insensitive manner. Our mutagenesis data also reveal that the phosphoinositide- and capping protein-binding sites overlap in the C-terminal tail of twinfilin, suggesting that phosphoinositide binding additionally inhibits the interactions of twinfilin with the heterodimeric capping protein. The results demonstrate that the conserved C-terminal tail of twinfilin is a multifunctional binding motif, which is crucial for interaction with the heterodimeric capping protein and for tethering twinfilin to phosphoinositide-rich membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Hakala
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Kalimeri
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Giray Enkavi
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; MEMPHYS Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
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38
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Li L, Liu L, Qu B, Li X, Gao X, Zhang M. Twinfilin 1 enhances milk bio-synthesis and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells via the mTOR signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:289-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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39
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Politi K, Wajapeyee N. Genome-Wide RNA Interference: Functional Genomics in the Postgenomics Era. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.top097550. [PMID: 28864574 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top097550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This introduction briefly describes the types of RNAi libraries (both shRNA-based and double-stranded siRNA-based) that are available for understanding diverse biological questions and then discusses recent advances in RNAi screening methodologies in mouse, rat, humans, Drosophila, and worms.
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40
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A quantitative shRNA screen identifies ATP1A1 as a gene that regulates cytotoxicity by aurilide B. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2002. [PMID: 28515454 PMCID: PMC5435677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) with pooled and barcoded short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) libraries provides a powerful tool for identifying cellular components that are relevant to the modes/mechanisms of action (MoA) of bioactive compounds. shRNAs that affect cellular sensitivity to a given compound can be identified by deep sequencing of shRNA-specific barcodes. We used multiplex barcode sequencing technology by adding sample-specific index tags to PCR primers during sequence library preparation, enabling parallel analysis of multiple samples. An shRNA library screen with this system revealed that downregulation of ATP1A1, an α-subunit of Na+/K+ ATPase, conferred significant sensitivity to aurilide B, a natural marine product that induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Combined treatment with ouabain which inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase by targeting α-subunits potentiated sensitivity to aurilide B, suggesting that ATP1A1 regulates mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Our results indicate that multiplex sequencing facilitates the use of pooled shRNA library screening for the identification of combination drug therapy targets.
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41
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Multiplex shRNA Screening of Germ Cell Development by in Vivo Transfection of Mouse Testis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:247-255. [PMID: 27856695 PMCID: PMC5217113 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.036087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Spermatozoa are one of the few mammalian cell types that cannot be fully derived in vitro, severely limiting the application of modern genomic techniques to study germ cell biology. The current gold standard approach of characterizing single-gene knockout mice is slow as generation of each mutant line can take 6–9 months. Here, we describe an in vivo approach to rapid functional screening of germline genes based on a new nonsurgical, nonviral in vivo transfection method to deliver nucleic acids into testicular germ cells. By coupling multiplex transfection of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs with pooled amplicon sequencing as a readout, we were able to screen many genes for spermatogenesis function in a quick and inexpensive experiment. We transfected nine mouse testes with a pilot pool of RNA interference (RNAi) against well-characterized genes to show that this system is highly reproducible and accurate. With a false negative rate of 18% and a false positive rate of 12%, this method has similar performance as other RNAi screens in the well-described Drosophila model system. In a separate experiment, we screened 26 uncharacterized genes computationally predicted to be essential for spermatogenesis and found numerous candidates for follow-up studies. Finally, as a control experiment, we performed a long-term selection screen in neuronal N2a cells, sampling shRNA frequencies at five sequential time points. By characterizing the effect of both libraries on N2a cells, we show that our screening results from testis are tissue-specific. Our calculations indicate that the current implementation of this approach could be used to screen thousands of protein-coding genes simultaneously in a single mouse testis. The experimental protocols and analysis scripts provided will enable other groups to use this procedure to study diverse aspects of germ cell biology ranging from epigenetics to cell physiology. This approach also has great promise as an applied tool for validating diagnoses made from medical genome sequencing, or designing synthetic biological sequences that can act as potent and highly specific male contraceptives.
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42
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Cofilin-1 and Other ADF/Cofilin Superfamily Members in Human Malignant Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010010. [PMID: 28025492 PMCID: PMC5297645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of actin-depolymerizing factor homology (ADF-H) domains in the structures of several related proteins led first to the formation of the ADF/cofilin family, which then expanded to the ADF/cofilin superfamily. This superfamily includes the well-studied cofilin-1 (Cfl-1) and about a dozen different human proteins that interact directly or indirectly with the actin cytoskeleton, provide its remodeling, and alter cell motility. According to some data, Cfl-1 is contained in various human malignant cells (HMCs) and is involved in the formation of malignant properties, including invasiveness, metastatic potential, and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. The presence of other ADF/cofilin superfamily proteins in HMCs and their involvement in the regulation of cell motility were discovered with the use of various OMICS technologies. In our review, we discuss the results of the study of Cfl-1 and other ADF/cofilin superfamily proteins, which may be of interest for solving different problems of molecular oncology, as well as for the prospects of further investigations of these proteins in HMCs.
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43
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RAS-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Is Required for Enhanced PD-L1 Expression in Human Lung Cancers. PLoS One 2016. [PMID: 27846317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166626.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) is related to immune evasion by cancer, and it is a molecular target of immune checkpoint therapies. Although some altered signals in NSCLCs are responsible for ectopic PD-L1 expression, the precise mechanisms remain obscure. Because we found a higher frequency of EGFR/KRAS mutations in NSCLC cell lines with high PD-L1 expression (p < 0.001), we evaluated the relationships between downstream signals and PD-L1 expression, particularly in three KRAS-mutant adenocarcinoma cell lines. The MEK inhibitor U0126 (20 μM) significantly decreased the surface PD-L1 levels by 50-60% compared with dimethyl sulfoxide (p < 0.0001). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation (100 nM, 15 min) increased (p < 0.05) and two ERK2 siRNAs as well as KRAS siRNAs decreased (p < 0.05) PD-L1 expression. The transcriptional activity of the potential AP-1 site (+4785 to +5056 from the transcription start site) in the PD-L1 gene was demonstrated by luciferase assays, which was inhibited by U0126. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated the binding of cJUN to the AP-1 site. Two STAT3 siRNAs decreased PD-L1 expression by 10-32% in two of the three KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (p < 0.05), while the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (40 μM) did not change the expression level. Supervised cluster analysis and gene set enrichment analysis between the PD-L1-high and -low NSCLCs revealed a correlation between PD-L1 expression and genes/pathways related to cell motility/adhesion. These results indicate that MAPK signaling is the dominant downstream signal responsible for ectopic PD-L1 expression, in which STAT3 is also involved to some extent. Furthermore, MAPK signaling may control the expression of PD-L1 and several genes related to enhanced cell motility. Our findings suggest that MAPK, along with STAT3, is important for determining PD-L1 expression, which could be useful for targeted therapies against lung cancers.
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44
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Sumimoto H, Takano A, Teramoto K, Daigo Y. RAS-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Is Required for Enhanced PD-L1 Expression in Human Lung Cancers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166626. [PMID: 27846317 PMCID: PMC5112979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) is related to immune evasion by cancer, and it is a molecular target of immune checkpoint therapies. Although some altered signals in NSCLCs are responsible for ectopic PD-L1 expression, the precise mechanisms remain obscure. Because we found a higher frequency of EGFR/KRAS mutations in NSCLC cell lines with high PD-L1 expression (p < 0.001), we evaluated the relationships between downstream signals and PD-L1 expression, particularly in three KRAS-mutant adenocarcinoma cell lines. The MEK inhibitor U0126 (20 μM) significantly decreased the surface PD-L1 levels by 50–60% compared with dimethyl sulfoxide (p < 0.0001). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation (100 nM, 15 min) increased (p < 0.05) and two ERK2 siRNAs as well as KRAS siRNAs decreased (p < 0.05) PD-L1 expression. The transcriptional activity of the potential AP-1 site (+4785 to +5056 from the transcription start site) in the PD-L1 gene was demonstrated by luciferase assays, which was inhibited by U0126. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated the binding of cJUN to the AP-1 site. Two STAT3 siRNAs decreased PD-L1 expression by 10–32% in two of the three KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (p < 0.05), while the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (40 μM) did not change the expression level. Supervised cluster analysis and gene set enrichment analysis between the PD-L1-high and -low NSCLCs revealed a correlation between PD-L1 expression and genes/pathways related to cell motility/adhesion. These results indicate that MAPK signaling is the dominant downstream signal responsible for ectopic PD-L1 expression, in which STAT3 is also involved to some extent. Furthermore, MAPK signaling may control the expression of PD-L1 and several genes related to enhanced cell motility. Our findings suggest that MAPK, along with STAT3, is important for determining PD-L1 expression, which could be useful for targeted therapies against lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Sumimoto
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takano
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Teramoto
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yataro Daigo
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Spectroscopic characterization of the effect of mouse twinfilin-1 on actin filaments at different pH values. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 164:276-282. [PMID: 27718419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of mammalian twinfilin-1 on the structure and dynamics of actin filaments were studied with steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. It was proved before that the eukaryotic budding yeast twinfilin-1 can efficiently bind and severe actin filaments in vitro at low pH values. In the present work steady-state anisotropy measurements revealed that twinfilin can bind efficiently to F-actin. Dilution-induced depolymerization assay proved that mammalian twinfilin-1 has an actin filament severing activity. This severing activity was more pronounced at low pH values. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy measurements could support the severing activity of mouse twinfilin-1. The average rate of depolymerization was more apparent at low pH values. The differential scanning calorimetry measurements demonstrated that mammalian twinfilin-1 could reduce the stiffness within the actin filaments before the detachment of the actin protomers. The structural and dynamic reorganization of actin can support the twinfilin-1 induced separation of actin protomers. The measured data indicated that mammalian twinfilin-1 was able to accelerate the monomers dissociation and/or sever the filaments effectively at low pH values. It was concluded that twinfilin-1 can affect the F-actin in biological processes or under stress situations when the pH is markedly under the physiological level.
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46
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NPM-ALK phosphorylates WASp Y102 and contributes to oncogenesis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Oncogene 2016; 36:2085-2094. [PMID: 27694894 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms by which NPM-ALK signaling regulates cell migration, invasion and contributes to the oncogenesis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) are not completely understood. In an attempt to identify novel actin signaling pathways regulated by NPM-ALK, a comprehensive phosphoproteome analysis of ALCL cell lines was performed in the presence or absence of NPM-ALK activity. Numerous phosphoproteins involved in actin dynamics including Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) were regulated by NPM-ALK. Network analysis revealed that WASp is a central component of the NPM-ALK-dependent actin signaling pathway. Here we show that NPM-ALK phosphorylates WASp at its known activation site (Y290) as well as at a novel residue (Y102). Phosphorylation of WASp at Y102 negatively regulates its interaction with Wiskott-Aldrich interacting protein and decreases its protein stability. Phosphorylation of WASp at Y102 enhances anchorage-independent growth and tumor growth in an in vivo xenograft model and enhances invasive properties of ALCL. We show that knock-down of WASp or expression of Y102F mutant of WASp decreases colony formation and in vivo tumor growth. Our results show that WASp is a novel substrate of ALK and has a critical role in regulating invasiveness and oncogenesis of ALCL.
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Samaeekia R, Adorno-Cruz V, Bockhorn J, Chang YF, Huang S, Prat A, Ha N, Kibria G, Huo D, Zheng H, Dalton R, Wang Y, Moskalenko GY, Liu H. miR-206 Inhibits Stemness and Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Targeting MKL1/IL11 Pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1091-1103. [PMID: 27435395 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Effective targeting of cancer stem cells is necessary and important for eradicating cancer and reducing metastasis-related mortality. Understanding of cancer stemness-related signaling pathways at the molecular level will help control cancer and stop metastasis in the clinic.Experimental Design: By analyzing miRNA profiles and functions in cancer development, we aimed to identify regulators of breast tumor stemness and metastasis in human xenograft models in vivo and examined their effects on self-renewal and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro To discover the direct targets and essential signaling pathways responsible for miRNA functions in breast cancer progression, we performed microarray analysis and target gene prediction in combination with functional studies on candidate genes (overexpression rescues and pheno-copying knockdowns).Results: In this study, we report that hsa-miR-206 suppresses breast tumor stemness and metastasis by inhibiting both self-renewal and invasion. We identified that among the candidate targets, twinfilin (TWF1) rescues the miR-206 phenotype in invasion by enhancing the actin cytoskeleton dynamics and the activity of the mesenchymal lineage transcription factors, megakaryoblastic leukemia (translocation) 1 (MKL1), and serum response factor (SRF). MKL1 and SRF were further demonstrated to promote the expression of IL11, which is essential for miR-206's function in inhibiting both invasion and stemness of breast cancer.Conclusions: The identification of the miR-206/TWF1/MKL1-SRF/IL11 signaling pathway sheds lights on the understanding of breast cancer initiation and progression, unveils new therapeutic targets, and facilitates innovative drug development to control cancer and block metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 1091-103. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravand Samaeekia
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Valery Adorno-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Deparment of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica Bockhorn
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ya-Fang Chang
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Simo Huang
- Deparment of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nahun Ha
- Deparment of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Golam Kibria
- Deparment of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dezheng Huo
- Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rachel Dalton
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yuhao Wang
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Grigoriy Y Moskalenko
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Huiping Liu
- Deparment of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. .,The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,The National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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48
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Iskit S, Lieftink C, Halonen P, Shahrabi A, Possik PA, Beijersbergen RL, Peeper DS. Integrated in vivo genetic and pharmacologic screening identifies co-inhibition of EGRF and ROCK as a potential treatment regimen for triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:42859-42872. [PMID: 27374095 PMCID: PMC5189992 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide among women. Despite several therapeutic options, 15% of breast cancer patients succumb to the disease owing to tumor relapse and acquired therapy resistance. Particularly in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), developing effective treatments remains challenging owing to the lack of a common vulnerability that can be exploited by targeted approaches. We have previously shown that tumor cells have different requirements for growth in vivo than in vitro. Therefore, to discover novel drug targets for TNBC, we performed parallel in vivo and in vitro genetic shRNA dropout screens. We identified several potential drug targets that were required for tumor growth in vivo to a greater extent than in vitro. By combining pharmacologic inhibitors acting on a subset of these candidates, we identified a synergistic interaction between EGFR and ROCK inhibitors. This combination effectively reduced TNBC cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest. These results illustrate the power of in vivo genetic screens and warrant further validation of EGFR and ROCK as combined pharmacologic targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedef Iskit
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pasi Halonen
- Drug Discovery Research and Screening Services, BioFocus, Darwinweg, Leiden
| | - Aida Shahrabi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roderick L. Beijersbergen
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel S. Peeper
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Carugo A, Genovese G, Seth S, Nezi L, Rose JL, Bossi D, Cicalese A, Shah PK, Viale A, Pettazzoni PF, Akdemir KC, Bristow CA, Robinson FS, Tepper J, Sanchez N, Gupta S, Estecio MR, Giuliani V, Dellino GI, Riva L, Yao W, Di Francesco ME, Green T, D'Alesio C, Corti D, Kang Y, Jones P, Wang H, Fleming JB, Maitra A, Pelicci PG, Chin L, DePinho RA, Lanfrancone L, Heffernan TP, Draetta GF. In Vivo Functional Platform Targeting Patient-Derived Xenografts Identifies WDR5-Myc Association as a Critical Determinant of Pancreatic Cancer. Cell Rep 2016; 16:133-147. [PMID: 27320920 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment regimens for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) yield poor 5-year survival, emphasizing the critical need to identify druggable targets essential for PDAC maintenance. We developed an unbiased and in vivo target discovery approach to identify molecular vulnerabilities in low-passage and patient-derived PDAC xenografts or genetically engineered mouse model-derived allografts. Focusing on epigenetic regulators, we identified WDR5, a core member of the COMPASS histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4) MLL (1-4) methyltransferase complex, as a top tumor maintenance hit required across multiple human and mouse tumors. Mechanistically, WDR5 functions to sustain proper execution of DNA replication in PDAC cells, as previously suggested by replication stress studies involving MLL1, and c-Myc, also found to interact with WDR5. We indeed demonstrate that interaction with c-Myc is critical for this function. By showing that ATR inhibition mimicked the effects of WDR5 suppression, these data provide rationale to test ATR and WDR5 inhibitors for activity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carugo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy.
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sahil Seth
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Luigi Nezi
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Johnathon Lynn Rose
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniela Bossi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Angelo Cicalese
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Viale
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Piergiorgio Francesco Pettazzoni
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kadir Caner Akdemir
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Frederick Scott Robinson
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James Tepper
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nora Sanchez
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Sheikh Ahmed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marcos Roberto Estecio
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Virginia Giuliani
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gaetano Ivan Dellino
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Laura Riva
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Wantong Yao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Emilia Di Francesco
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute for Applied Cancer Science, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tessa Green
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carolina D'Alesio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Denise Corti
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Philip Jones
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute for Applied Cancer Science, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason Bates Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Sheikh Ahmed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Lynda Chin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute for Applied Cancer Science, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Luisa Lanfrancone
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy.
| | | | - Giulio Francesco Draetta
- Department of Genomic Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute for Applied Cancer Science, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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50
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Zeitouni D, Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Der CJ, Bryant KL. KRAS Mutant Pancreatic Cancer: No Lone Path to an Effective Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8040045. [PMID: 27096871 PMCID: PMC4846854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest cancers with a dismal 7% 5-year survival rate and is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths by 2020. KRAS is mutated in 95% of PDACs and is a well-validated driver of PDAC growth and maintenance. However, despite comprehensive efforts, an effective anti-RAS drug has yet to reach the clinic. Different paths to inhibiting RAS signaling are currently under investigation in the hope of finding a successful treatment. Recently, direct RAS binding molecules have been discovered, challenging the perception that RAS is an “undruggable” protein. Other strategies currently being pursued take an indirect approach, targeting proteins that facilitate RAS membrane association or downstream effector signaling. Unbiased genetic screens have identified synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS. Most recently, metabolic targets in pathways related to glycolytic signaling, glutamine utilization, autophagy, and macropinocytosis are also being explored. Harnessing the patient’s immune system to fight their cancer is an additional exciting route that is being considered. The “best” path to inhibiting KRAS has yet to be determined, with each having promise as well as potential pitfalls. We will summarize the state-of-the-art for each direction, focusing on efforts directed toward the development of therapeutics for pancreatic cancer patients with mutated KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zeitouni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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