1
|
Theil AF, Pines A, Kalayci T, Heredia‐Genestar JM, Raams A, Rietveld MH, Sridharan S, Tanis SEJ, Mulder KW, Büyükbabani N, Karaman B, Uyguner ZO, Kayserili H, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Lans H, Demmers JAA, Pothof J, Altunoglu U, El Ghalbzouri A, Vermeulen W. Trichothiodystrophy-associated MPLKIP maintains DBR1 levels for proper lariat debranching and ectodermal differentiation. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17973. [PMID: 37800682 PMCID: PMC10630875 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The brittle hair syndrome Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is characterized by variable clinical features, including photosensitivity, ichthyosis, growth retardation, microcephaly, intellectual disability, hypogonadism, and anaemia. TTD-associated mutations typically cause unstable mutant proteins involved in various steps of gene expression, severely reducing steady-state mutant protein levels. However, to date, no such link to instability of gene-expression factors for TTD-associated mutations in MPLKIP/TTDN1 has been established. Here, we present seven additional TTD individuals with MPLKIP mutations from five consanguineous families, with a newly identified MPLKIP variant in one family. By mass spectrometry-based interaction proteomics, we demonstrate that MPLKIP interacts with core splicing factors and the lariat debranching protein DBR1. MPLKIP-deficient primary fibroblasts have reduced steady-state DBR1 protein levels. Using Human Skin Equivalents (HSEs), we observed impaired keratinocyte differentiation associated with compromised splicing and eventually, an imbalanced proteome affecting skin development and, interestingly, also the immune system. Our data show that MPLKIP, through its DBR1 stabilizing role, is implicated in mRNA splicing, which is of particular importance in highly differentiated tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjan F Theil
- Department of Molecular GeneticsErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alex Pines
- Department of Molecular GeneticsErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tuğba Kalayci
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of MedicineIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | | | - Anja Raams
- Department of Molecular GeneticsErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marion H Rietveld
- Department of DermatologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sriram Sridharan
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Sabine EJ Tanis
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Klaas W Mulder
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Nesimi Büyükbabani
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of MedicineIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Department of Medical GeneticsKoc University HospitalIstanbulTurkey
| | - Birsen Karaman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of MedicineIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Department of Pediatric Basic Sciences, Child Health InstituteIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Zehra O Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of MedicineIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of MedicineIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Department of Medical GeneticsKoc University School of Medicine (KUSOM)IstanbulTurkey
| | - Jan HJ Hoeijmakers
- Department of Molecular GeneticsErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, CECAD ForschungszentrumUniversity Hospital of CologneKölnGermany
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyONCODE InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hannes Lans
- Department of Molecular GeneticsErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Joris Pothof
- Department of Molecular GeneticsErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of MedicineIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Department of Medical GeneticsKoc University School of Medicine (KUSOM)IstanbulTurkey
| | | | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular GeneticsErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
White Sponge Nevus Caused by Keratin 4 Gene Mutation: A Case Report. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122184. [PMID: 36553451 PMCID: PMC9777919 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) is a rare autosomal dominant disease with a family history, often caused by mutations of the keratin 4 (K4) and keratin 13 (K13) genes in patients. It is characterized by frequently occurred white corrugated folds in the bilateral buccal mucosa with soft texture. On histopathological examination, hyperkeratosis of epithelial cells, edema, and vacuolar changes in the spinous cells are observed in the lesions, despite a normal layer of basal cells. WSN should be differentiated from other oral white spot diseases, mainly oral lichen planus, oral candidiasis, oral white edema, and Heck's disease, to reduce misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment. At present, there is no specific treatment method. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical data of four WSN patients of the same family with the K4 gene mutation. The occurrence of WSN in a pair of monozygotic twins with very similar clinical presentations was identified for the first time. The gene sequencing results showed that there was a heterozygous deletion (C. 438_440delCAA) in exon 1 of the K4 gene, resulting in an aspartic acid loss in both the proband and his father. Finally, the etiology, pathogenesis, pathological manifestations, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and related treatment methods are discussed to provide a reference for clinical treatment of the disease.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yin L, Li Q, Mrdenovic S, Chu GCY, Wu BJ, Bu H, Duan P, Kim J, You S, Lewis MS, Liang G, Wang R, Zhau HE, Chung LWK. KRT13 promotes stemness and drives metastasis in breast cancer through a plakoglobin/c-Myc signaling pathway. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:7. [PMID: 35078507 PMCID: PMC8788068 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Keratins (KRTs) are intermediate filament proteins that interact with multiple regulatory proteins to initiate signaling cascades. Keratin 13 (KRT13) plays an important role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. The objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanism by which KRT13 promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis.
Methods The function and mechanisms of KRT13 in breast cancer progression and metastasis were assessed by overexpression and knockdown followed by examination of altered behaviors in breast cancer cells and in xenograft tumor formation in mouse mammary fat pad. Human breast cancer specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry and multiplexed quantum dot labeling analysis to correlate KRT13 expression to breast cancer progression and metastasis. Results KRT13-overexpressing MCF7 cells displayed increased proliferation, invasion, migration and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis to bone and lung. Conversely, KRT13 knockdown inhibited the aggressive behaviors of HCC1954 cells. At the molecular level, KRT13 directly interacted with plakoglobin (PG, γ-catenin) to form complexes with desmoplakin (DSP). This complex interfered with PG expression and nuclear translocation and abrogated PG-mediated suppression of c-Myc expression, while the KRT13/PG/c-Myc signaling pathway increased epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stem cell-like phenotype. KRT13 expression in 58 human breast cancer tissues was up-regulated especially at the invasive front and in metastatic specimens (12/18) (p < 0.05). KRT13 up-regulation in primary breast cancer was associated with decreased overall patient survival. Conclusions This study reveals that KRT13 promotes breast cancer cell growth and metastasis via a plakoglobin/c-Myc pathway. Our findings reveal a potential novel pathway for therapeutic targeting of breast cancer progression and metastasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-022-01502-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yin
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 105, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Qinlong Li
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 105, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Stefan Mrdenovic
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 105, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 105, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Boyang Jason Wu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 105, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Duan
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 105, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Lewis
- Department of Pathology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 105, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 105, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 105, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS) is an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene, and is characterized by multiple hamartomas and a predisposition to malignant tumors. Characteristic skin lesions include trichilemmomas, acral keratosis, mucocutaneous neuromas, oral papillomas, and penile macules, and are often the first clues to the underlying diagnosis. Here, we discuss the mucocutaneous manifestations of CS, differential diagnoses of genetic causes of each cutaneous finding, genetic analyses for patients with skin manifestations, management of patients with CS, and potential new targeted therapies for CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lim
- Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simonson L, Vold S, Mowers C, Massey RJ, Ong IM, Longley BJ, Chang H. Keratin 13 deficiency causes white sponge nevus in mice. Dev Biol 2020; 468:146-153. [PMID: 32758484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) is a benign autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the formation of white spongy plaques in the oral mucosa. Keratin (KRT) 13 is highly expressed in the mucosa, and mutations in this gene have been commonly associated with WSN patients. However, it remains unknown whether there is a causal relationship between KRT13 mutations and WSN and what the underlying mechanisms might be. Here, we use mouse genetic models to demonstrate that Krt13 is crucial for the maintenance of epithelial integrity. Krt13 knockout mice show a WSN-like phenotype in several tissues, including the tongue, buccal mucosa, and esophagus. Transcriptome analyses uncover that Krt13 regulates a cohort of gene networks in tongue epithelial cells, including epithelial differentiation, immune responses, stress-activated kinase signaling, and metabolic processes. We also provide evidence that epithelial cells without Krt13 are susceptible to mechanical stresses experienced during postnatal life, resulting in unbalanced cell proliferation and differentiation. These data demonstrate that Krt13 is essential for maintaining epithelial homeostasis and loss of Krt13 causes the WSN-like phenotype in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Simonson
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Samantha Vold
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Colton Mowers
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Randall J Massey
- Electron Microscope Facility, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Incorporation of differentiated dysplasia improves prediction of oral leukoplakia at increased risk of malignant progression. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:1033-1040. [PMID: 31896811 PMCID: PMC7280084 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia is the most common oral potentially malignant disorder with a malignant transformation rate into oral squamous cell carcinoma of 1-3% annually. The presence and grade of World Health Organization defined dysplasia is an important histological marker to assess the risk for malignant transformation, but is not sufficiently accurate to personalize treatment and surveillance. Differentiated dysplasia, known from differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, is hitherto not used in oral dysplasia grading. We hypothesized that assessing differentiated dysplasia besides World Health Organization defined (classic) dysplasia will improve risk assessment of malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia. We investigated a retrospective cohort consisting of 84 oral leukoplakia patients. Biopsies were assessed for dysplasia presence and grade, and the expression of keratins 13 (CK13) and 17, known to be dysregulated in dysplastic vulvar mucosa. In dysplastic oral lesions, differentiated dysplasia is as common as classic dysplasia. In 25 out of 84 (30%) patients, squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract developed during follow-up. Considering only classic dysplasia, 11 out of 56 (20%) patients with nondysplastic lesions progressed. With the incorporation of differentiated dysplasia, only 2 out of 30 (7%) patients with nondysplastic lesions progressed. The risk of progression increased from 3.26 (Hazard ratio, p = 0.002) when only classic dysplasia is considered to 7.43 (Hazard ratio, p = 0.001) when classic and differentiated dysplasia are combined. Loss of CK13, combined with presence of dysplasia, is associated with greater risk of malignant progression (p = 0.006). This study demonstrates that differentiated dysplasia should be recognized as a separate type of dysplasia in the oral mucosa and that its distinction from classic dysplasia is of pathological and clinical significance since it is a strong (co)prognostic histopathological marker for oral malignant transformation. In oral lesions without dysplasia and retained CK13 staining the risk for progression is very low.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bezerra KT, Leite TC, Roza ALO, Araújo R, Israel MS, Canedo NH, Agostini M, Benevenuto de Andrade BA, Romañach MJ. White sponge nevus: A condition not always clinically suspected. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 47:22-26. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly T. Bezerra
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and PathologySchool of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Taiana C. Leite
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and PathologySchool of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza O.C. Roza
- Department of Oral DiagnosisPiracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (FOP‐UNICAMP) Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Rubem Araújo
- Department of Dental ClinicsSchool of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Mônica S. Israel
- Oral MedicineSchool of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Nathalie H.S. Canedo
- Department of Pathology, Clementino Fraga Filho University HospitalFederal University of Rio de Janeiro School of Medicine Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Michelle Agostini
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and PathologySchool of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Mário J. Romañach
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and PathologySchool of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Westin M, Rekabdar E, Blomstrand L, Klintberg P, Jontell M, Robledo-Sierra J. Mutations in the genes for keratin-4 and keratin-13 in Swedish patients with white sponge nevus. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 47:152-157. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Westin
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology; Institute of Odontology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Elham Rekabdar
- Genomics Core Facility; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lena Blomstrand
- Department of Surgical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Mats Jontell
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology; Institute of Odontology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jairo Robledo-Sierra
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology; Institute of Odontology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Haseth SB, Bakker E, Vermeer MH, el Idrissi H, Bosse T, Smit VT, Terron‐Kwiatkowski A, McLean WI, Peters AA, Hes FJ. A novel keratin 13 variant in a four-generation family with white sponge nevus. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:1503-1509. [PMID: 28878914 PMCID: PMC5582238 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel KRT13 germ line variant that causes white sponge nevus (WSN) with mucosal dysplasia. Genital, vaginal, and cervical WSN were observed in four female patients, of whom two had premalignant cervical lesions at young age. Two of the 12 patients with oral WSN developed oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Egbert Bakker
- Department of Clinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten H. Vermeer
- Department of DermatologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Hakima el Idrissi
- Department of Clinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tjalling Bosse
- Department of PathologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - W.H. Irwin McLean
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | | | - Frederik J. Hes
- Department of Clinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Omary MB. Intermediate filament proteins of digestive organs: physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G628-G634. [PMID: 28360031 PMCID: PMC5495917 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00455.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filament proteins (IFs), such as cytoplasmic keratins in epithelial cells and vimentin in mesenchymal cells and the nuclear lamins, make up one of the three major cytoskeletal protein families. Whether in digestive organs or other tissues, IFs share several unique features including stress-inducible overexpression, abundance, cell-selective and differentiation state expression, and association with >80 human diseases when mutated. Whereas most IF mutations cause disease, mutations in simple epithelial keratins 8, 18, or 19 or in lamin A/C predispose to liver disease with or without other tissue manifestations. Keratins serve major functions including protection from apoptosis, providing cellular and subcellular mechanical integrity, protein targeting to subcellular compartments, and scaffolding and regulation of cell-signaling processes. Keratins are essential for Mallory-Denk body aggregate formation that occurs in association with several liver diseases, whereas an alternate type of keratin and lamin aggregation occurs upon liver involvement in porphyria. IF-associated diseases have no known directed therapy, but high-throughput drug screening to identify potential therapies is an appealing ongoing approach. Despite the extensive current knowledge base, much remains to be discovered regarding IF physiology and pathophysiology in digestive and nondigestive organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
ROKUTANDA S, YAMASHITA K, MORISHITA K, FUJITA S, IKEDA T, UMEDA M. A case of suspected familial white sponge nevus of the oral mucosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5794/jjoms.63.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi ROKUTANDA
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Juko Memorial Nagasaki Hospital
| | - Kentaro YAMASHITA
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Kota MORISHITA
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Shuichi FUJITA
- Department of Oral Pathology and Bone Metabolism, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tohru IKEDA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Masahiro UMEDA
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bayar GR, Kuo S, Marcelo CL, Feinberg SE. In Vitro Development of a Mucocutaneous Junction for Lip Reconstruction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 74:2317-2326. [PMID: 27160362 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present a straightforward and reproducible technique to create, in vitro, a construct containing a mucocutaneous junction (MCJ) with a transitional zone (vermilion) for fabrication of a microvascular prelaminated flap for use in lip reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured primary human skin keratinocytes and oral mucosal epithelial cells at premixed ratios of 50% skin cells to 50% oral cells, 25% skin cells to 75% oral cells, and 75% skin cells to 25% oral cells were grown on an AlloDerm dermal equivalent (LifeCell, Branchburg, NJ) to create an MCJ equivalent with a lip or transitional zone (vermilion) using a novel 3-dimensional (3D) culture device with a barrier to separate co-cultured skin and oral cells. The 3 different cell ratios were compared by staining for the following specific differentiation markers to define the different areas of skin and mucosal keratinocytes: filaggrin, cytokeratin 10, cytokeratin 19, and small proline-rich protein 3. RESULTS Immunohistochemical results showed that MCJ equivalents seeded with premixed cells were similar to the differentiation patterns of tissue-engineered 3D cultures using 100% oral mucosal epithelial cells or skin keratinocytes. The engineered MCJ-equivalent constructs, grown in the 3D device specifically constructed with a cell-free gap at the barrier site, formed a transitional zone (vermilion) at the barrier site with intermingling of the skin and oral keratinocytes. The results showed different and unique expression patterns of filaggrin, cytokeratin 10, cytokeratin 19, and small proline-rich protein 3 by those cells migrating into the gap, which were similar to those seen in human lip tissue. This pattern was not seen in MCJ equivalents created using premixed skin and oral cells. CONCLUSIONS Using a device to separately co-culture human oral and skin keratinocytes to allow the cells to migrate into a cell-free zone resulted in phenotypic expression closer to what is seen in native tissue, in comparison to premixing the skin and oral cells before seeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurkan Rasit Bayar
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Shiuhyang Kuo
- Assistant Research Scientist, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Cynthia L Marcelo
- Professor, Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephen E Feinberg
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gizzi G, Foschini MP, Fabbri C, Fuccio L. A 52-year-old man with heartburn and weight loss. Gut 2015; 64:1267, 1288. [PMID: 25573417 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Pia Foschini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Anatomic Pathology at Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Fabbri
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, AUSL Bologna Bellaria-Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fuccio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cai W, Jiang B, Feng T, Xue J, Yang J, Chen Z, Liu J, Wei R, Zhao S, Wang X, Liu S. Expression profiling of white sponge nevus by RNA sequencing revealed pathological pathways. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:72. [PMID: 26062705 PMCID: PMC4474461 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White sponge nevus (WSN) is a rare periodontal hereditary disease. To date, almost all WSN studies have focused on case reports or mutation reports. Thus, the mechanism behind WSN is still unclear. We investigated the pathogenesis of WSN using expression profiling. METHODS Sequence analysis of samples from a WSN Chinese family revealed a mutation (332 T > C) in the KRT13 gene that resulted in the amino acid change Leu111Pro. The pathological pathway behind the WSN expression profile was investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RESULTS Construction of a heatmap revealed 24 activated genes and 57 reduced genes in the WSN patients. The ribosome structure was damaged in the WSN patients. Moreover, the translation rate was limited in the WSN patients, whereas ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis was enhanced. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the abnormal degradation of the KRT13 protein in WSN patients may be associated with keratin 7 (KRT7) and an abnormal ubiquitination process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China.
| | - Beizhan Jiang
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Tienan Feng
- School of Life sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China.
| | - Jinfeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenghu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Junjun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Rongbin Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Shouliang Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Shangfeng Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) in the oral mucosa is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease. The involved mucosa is white or greyish, thickened, folded and spongy. The genes associated with WSN include mutant cytokeratin keratin 4 (KRT4) and keratin 13 (KRT13). In recent years, new cases of WSN and associated mutations have been reported. Here, we summarise the recent progress in our understanding of WSN, including clinical reports, genetics, animal models, treatment, pathogenic mechanisms and future directions. Gene-based diagnosis and gene therapy for WSN may become available in the near future and could provide a reference and instruction for treating other KRT-associated diseases.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tabuchi Y, Wada S, Ikegame M, Kariya A, Furusawa Y, Hoshi N, Yunoki T, Suzuki N, Takasaki I, Kondo T, Suzuki Y. Development of oral epithelial cell line ROE2 with differentiation potential from transgenic rats harboring temperature-sensitive simian virus40 large T-antigen gene. Exp Anim 2014; 63:31-44. [PMID: 24521861 PMCID: PMC4160936 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an immortalized oral epithelial cell line, ROE2, from fetal transgenic
rats harboring temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen gene. The cells grew
continuously at either a permissive temperature of 33°C or an intermediate temperature of
37°C. At the nonpermissive temperature of 39°C, on the other hand, growth decreased
significantly, and the Sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle increased, indicating that the cells
undergo apoptosis at a nonpermissive temperature. Histological and immunocytochemical
analyses revealed that ROE2 cells at 37°C had a stratified epithelial-like morphology and
expressed cytokeratins Krt4 and Krt13, marker proteins for oral nonkeratinized epithelial
cells. Global-scale comprehensive microarray analysis, coupled with bioinformatics tools,
demonstrated a significant gene network that was obtained from the upregulated genes. The
gene network contained 16 genes, including Cdkn1a, Fos,
Krt13, and Prdm1, and was associated mainly with the
biological process of skin development in the category of biological functions, organ
development. These four genes were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain
reaction, and the results were nearly consistent with the microarray data. It is therefore
anticipated that this cell line will be useful as an in vitro model for
studies such as physiological functions, as well as for gene expression in oral epithelial
cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cai W, Chen Z, Jiang B, Yu F, Xu P, Wang M, Wan R, Liu J, Xue Z, Yang J, Liu S, Wang X. Keratin 13 mutations associated with oral white sponge nevus in two Chinese families. Meta Gene 2014; 2:374-83. [PMID: 25606422 PMCID: PMC4287858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease. Keratin 4 (KRT4) and Keratin 13 (KRT13) gene mutations were involved in the WSN. We recruited two WSN Chinese families, and oral lesion biopsy with hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that patients had significant pathological characteristics. The mutations of KRT4 and KRT13 gene were detected by PCR and direct sequencing. The multiple alignments of KRT13 from 23 diverse species homology analyses were performed by the ClustalW program. The KRT13 expression was measured by Real-Time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Sequencing analysis revealed two mutations of KRT13 gene: one mutation was 332T>C and amino acid change was Leu111Pro. Another mutation was 340C>T and amino acid change was Arg114Cys. The sequence of KRT13 was highly conserved. Real-Time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis results show that KRT13 expression level is lower in patient but keep almost no change in mRNA level. When cells were treated with MG132, KRT13 protein level was increased and kept almost the same in normal and patient cells. We identified two heritable mutations in the KRT13 gene, which were associated with the development of WSN. The abnormal degradation of KRT13 protein of WSN may probably associate with the abnormal ubiquitination process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Cai
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghu Chen
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Beizhan Jiang
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Fang Yu
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Mu Wang
- School of Stomatology, Central South University, Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wan
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Liu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fulzele A, Malgundkar SA, Govekar RB, Patil A, Kane SV, Chaturvedi P, D'Cruz AK, Zingde SM. Proteomic profile of keratins in cancer of the gingivo buccal complex: consolidating insights for clinical applications. J Proteomics 2013; 91:242-58. [PMID: 23876858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Keratins play a major role in several cellular functions. Each tissue type expresses a specific set of keratins. The immense potential of keratins as diagnostic and prognostic markers for different cancers is emerging. Oral cancer is the fifteenth most common cancer worldwide. However, comprehensive information on the profile of keratins in the oral cavity is not available. Several independent reports have identified keratins using antibody based techniques which have pitfalls due to the cross reactivity of the antibodies to this set of very homologous proteins. A few recent proteomic studies have reported the identification of keratins in head and neck cancer. Majority of the studies have used tissues from the head and neck region without specifying subsites. This study reports the analysis of enriched preparations of keratins from cancer of the gingivo buccal complex (GBC) using MS, 2DE, WB, silver staining of 2DE gels and IHC. Our study reveals the absence of K4 and K13 and presence of K14, K16, and K17, in cancers of the GBC and combination of these expression patterns in the cut margins. This report also shows that K13 is glycosylated. This well characterized profile of keratins may have potential to be used in clinics. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In recent years the immense potential of keratins as diagnostic and prognostic markers for different cancers is emerging. However, comprehensive information on the profile of keratins in the oral cavity is not available. Several independent reports have identified keratins using only antibody based techniques which have pitfalls due to the cross reactivity of the antibodies to this set of very homologous proteins. This study reports the analysis of enriched preparations of keratins from a subsite of the oral cavity, the gingivo buccal complex (GBC) using mass spectrometry, 2DE, western blotting, silver staining of 2DE gels and IHC. The proteomic analysis shows the absence of K4 and K13 and presence of K14, K16, and K17 in cancers of the GBC and combination of these expression patterns in the cut margins. This well characterized profile of keratins from the gingivo buccal complex provides defined markers which may have potential to be used in the clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Fulzele
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kimura M, Nagao T, Machida J, Warnakulasuriya S. Mutation of keratin 4 gene causing white sponge nevus in a Japanese family. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
20
|
Woo SB. Diseases of the oral mucosa. MCKEE'S PATHOLOGY OF THE SKIN 2012:362-436. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5649-2.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
21
|
Liu X, Li Q, Gao Y, Song S, Hua H. Mutational analysis in familial and sporadic patients with white sponge naevus. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:448-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
22
|
Sakamoto K, Aragaki T, Morita KI, Kawachi H, Kayamori K, Nakanishi S, Omura K, Miki Y, Okada N, Katsube KI, Takizawa T, Yamaguchi A. Down-regulation of keratin 4 and keratin 13 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia: a clue for histopathogenesis. Histopathology 2011; 58:531-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
23
|
Wasif N, Naqvi SKUH, Basit S, Ali N, Ansar M, Ahmad W. Novel mutations in the keratin-74 (KRT74) gene underlie autosomal dominant woolly hair/hypotrichosis in Pakistani families. Hum Genet 2010; 129:419-24. [PMID: 21188418 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant woolly hair (ADWH) is an inherited condition of tightly curled and twisted scalp hair. Recently, a mutation in human keratin-74 (KRT74) gene has been shown to cause this form of hereditary hair disorder. In the present study, we have described two families (A and B) having multiple individuals affected with autosomal dominant form of hair loss disorders. In family A, 10 individuals showed ADWH phenotype while in the family B, 14 individuals showed hypotrichosis of the scalp. Genotyping using polymorphic microsatellite markers showed linkage of both the families to type II keratin gene cluster on the chromosome 12q12-14.1. Mutation analysis of the KRT74 gene identified two novel mutations in the affected individuals of the families. The sequence analysis revealed a splice acceptor site mutation (c.IVS8-1G>A) in family A and a missense variant (c.1444G>A, p.Asp482Asn) in family B. Mutations identified in the present study extend the body of evidence implicating the KRT74 gene in the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant hair loss disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Wasif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Commandeur S, de Gruijl FR, Willemze R, Tensen CP, El Ghalbzouri A. An in vitro three-dimensional model of primary human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:849-56. [PMID: 19469895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) represent a substantial clinical problem because of increases, frequent recurrences and successive de novo tumors, especially in organ transplant recipients. To improve upon the current surgical and other non-selective therapies, a validated organotypic in vitro model of primary human SCC needs to be developed. Such a model will have obvious advantages over current cell line and animal based approaches, and may render the latter partly obsolete. In a first approach, an explant technique of primary SCC biopsies onto dermal constructs was used to emulate tumor expansion in an in vitro model. Histological analysis revealed the formation of nests of squamous cells, mimicking an invasive morphological feature of primary SCC. Immunohistochemical analysis comprised an array of markers characteristic of keratinocyte (hyper) proliferation (K6, K16, K17 and Ki67), differentiation (K1, K10 and involucrin), basement membrane (collagen types IV and VII, integrins alpha(6) and beta(4) and laminin 332) and SCC (K4, K13 and Axl). The generated human SCC models displayed disturbed differentiation and keratins associated with hyperproliferation, but a low frequency of Ki67 positive cells. Basement membrane composition of the in vitro SCC model resembled that of normal skin. These results show for the first time that in vitro modelling of three-dimensional growth of primary cutaneous human SCC is feasible. This model may provide a platform to develop refined preventive and curative treatments and thereby gain understanding of SCC pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Commandeur
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Omary MB. "IF-pathies": a broad spectrum of intermediate filament-associated diseases. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1756-62. [PMID: 19587450 DOI: 10.1172/jci39894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are encoded by the largest gene family among the three major cytoskeletal protein groups. Unique IF compliments are expressed in selective cell types, and this expression is reflected in their involvement, upon mutation, as a cause of or predisposition to more than 80 human tissue-specific diseases. This Review Series covers diseases and functional and structural aspects pertaining to IFs and highlights the molecular and functional consequences of IF-associated diseases (IF-pathies). Exciting challenges and opportunities face the IF field, including developing both a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IF-pathies and targeted therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Trojjet S, Zaraa I, Chelly I, Zribi H, Mokni M, Zitouna M, Osman AB. [White plaque of oral mucosa]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2009; 136:453-5. [PMID: 19442808 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2008.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Trojjet
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital La Rabta, Jabbari, Baab Saadoun, 1007 Tunis, Tunisie
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
The molecular basis of human keratin disorders. Hum Genet 2009; 125:355-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
28
|
Nishizawa A, Nakajima R, Nakano H, Sawamura D, Takayama K, Satoh T, Yokozeki H. A de novo missense mutation in the keratin 13 gene in oral white sponge naevus. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:974-5. [PMID: 18616775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Nishizawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lane EB, McLean WI. Broken bricks and cracked mortar – epidermal diseases resulting from genetic abnormalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
30
|
McGowan KA, Fuchs H, Hrabé de Angelis M, Barsh GS. Identification of a Keratin 4 Mutation in a Chemically Induced Mouse Mutant that Models White Sponge Nevus. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:60-4. [PMID: 16858417 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the goal of increasing the number of genetic entry points for studying physiologic processes and human disease, large-scale, systematic, chemical mutagenesis projects in mice have been initiated in several different centers. We have been studying mouse mutants that exhibit dominantly inherited defects in either skin and/or hair color. Here, we describe a bright coat color mutant, Bright coat color 1 (Bcc1), which develops light-colored hair at 4 weeks of age, and when homozygous exhibits oral leukoplakia and blistering, and growth retardation. We identified a missense mutation in mutant animals that predicts an N154S amino-acid substitution in the 1A domain of Keratin 4 (encoded by the Krt2-4 gene), a region known to be mutated in human patients with white sponge nevus (WSN). Bcc1 recapitulates the gross pathologic, histologic, and genetic aspects of the human disorder, WSN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A McGowan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Polcari I, Chamlin SL. A 6-month-old boy with white oral lesions. Pediatr Ann 2006; 35:874, 876. [PMID: 17236434 DOI: 10.3928/0090-4481-20061201-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Polcari
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Children's Memorial Medical Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Leachman SA, Kaspar RL, Fleckman P, Florell SR, Smith FJD, McLean WHI, Lunny DP, Milstone LM, van Steensel MAM, Munro CS, O'Toole EA, Celebi JT, Kansky A, Lane EB. Clinical and Pathological Features of Pachyonychia Congenita. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2005; 10:3-17. [PMID: 16250204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a rare genodermatosis affecting the nails, skin, oral mucosae, larynx, hair, and teeth. Pathogenic mutations in keratins K6a or K16 are associated with the PC-1 phenotype whereas K6b and K17 mutations are associated with the PC-2 phenotype. Analysis of clinical, pathological, and genetic data from the literature and two research registries reveal that >97% of PC cases exhibit fingernail and toenail thickening, and painful plantar keratoderma. Prospective evaluation of 57 PC patients from 41 families revealed variable clinical findings: hyperhidrosis (79%), oral leukokeratosis (75%), follicular keratosis (65%), palmar keratoderma (60%), cutaneous cysts (35%), hoarseness or laryngeal involvement (16%), coarse or twisted hair (26%), early primary tooth loss (14%), and presence of natal or prenatal teeth (2%). Stratification of these data by keratin mutation confirmed the increased incidence of cyst formation and natal teeth among PC-2 patients, although cysts were more commonly seen in PC-1 than previously reported (25%-33%). Previously unreported clinical features of PC include development of painful oral and nipple lesions during breastfeeding, copious production of waxy material in ears, and inability to walk without an ambulatory aid (50%). Possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed with respect to the clinicopathologic and genetic correlations observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5550, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
In the years following the initial reports of keratin gene mutations in epidermolysis bullosa simplex, great strides have been made in understanding the basic biology of human keratins and in understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of a number of specific human single gene disorders. A total of 19 human keratin genes is now linked to specific diseases. This article summarizes current knowledge in relation to basic keratin biology, known disease associations, and genotype correlation in this diverse and complex group of conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Irvine
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin Dublin 12, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hernández-Martín A. Avances biomoleculares en los trastornos epidérmicos hereditarios. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2005; 96:203-16. [PMID: 16476370 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(05)73072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the genes responsible for many hereditary skin diseases have been discovered. These genes encode different proteins that participate in the terminal differentiation of the epidermis, so their alteration or absence causes a keratinization disorder and/or an increase in skin fragility. Thanks to genetic analyses, we have been able to understand the physiopathology of numerous genodermatoses and we have become closer to diagnosing many others. In the not-too-distant future, biomolecular techniques may foreseeably help us prevent and treat these processes, which include skin diseases as serious as epidermolysis bullosa or epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. In this article, we will study the most recent biomolecular findings referring to keratinization and epidermal disorders, mentioning the altered genes and/ or the defective proteins that cause them.
Collapse
|
35
|
Rugg EL, Leigh IM. The keratins and their disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2005; 131C:4-11. [PMID: 15452838 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diseases caused by mutations in gene encoding keratin intermediate filaments (IF) are characterized by a loss of structural integrity in the cells expressing those keratins in vivo. This is manifested as cell fragility, compensatory epidermal hyperkeratosis, and keratin filament aggregation in some affected tissues. Keratin disorders are a novel molecular category including quite different phenotypes such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), bullous congenital ichthyosiform erthroderma (BCIE), pachyonychia congenital (PC), steatocystoma multiplex, ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens (IBS), and white sponge nevus (WSN) of the orogenital mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Rugg
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, 92697-2400, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hatakeyama S, Hayashi S, Yoshida Y, Otsubo A, Yoshimoto K, Oikawa Y, Satoh M. Retinoic acid disintegrated desmosomes and hemidesmosomes in stratified oral keratinocytes. J Oral Pathol Med 2004; 33:622-8. [PMID: 15482329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is known that retinoic acid (RA) regulates the cellular differentiation of skin keratinocytes, the effects of RA on the anchoring junction have not been clarified. The effects of all-trans RA on cell-cell and cell-matrix connections of gingival epithelial (GE)1 cells in a multilayered culture were investigated. METHODS Ultrastructures of GE1 cells were observed and immunohistochemistry was used to detect keratin 4, keratin 13, and desmoglein expression. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect expression of desmosome and hemidesmosome-associating adhesion molecules, keratin 13, and keratin14. RESULTS Retinoic acid caused immunohistochemical diminution of keratin 4, keratin 13, and desmoglein. Ultrastructurally, RA induced drastic loss of typical desmosomes and complete loss of hemidesmosomes. RA significantly decreased the transcript levels of keratin 13, keratin 14, desmoglein 1, and desmocollin 1 in a dose-dependent manner. The 230-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG1) gene expression was also reduced by RA, whereas transcript levels of integrin alpha6, integrin beta4, the 180-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG2), and laminin 5 were not affected. CONCLUSION These results indicated that RA disintegrated not only desmosomes by depriving the cells of desmoglein 1, desmocollin 1, keratin 13, and keratin 4, but also hemidesmosomes by reducing the expression of BPAG1 and keratin 14 in basal keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hatakeyama
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The association of keratin mutations with genetic skin fragility disorders is now one of the best-established examples of cytoskeleton disorders. It has served as a paradigm for many other diseases and has been highly informative for the study of intermediate filaments and their associated components, in helping to understand the functions of this large family of structural proteins. The keratin diseases have shown unequivocally that, at least in the case of the epidermal keratins, a major function of intermediate filaments is to provide physical resilience for epithelial cells. This review article reflects on the variety of phenotypes arising from mutations in keratins and the reasons for this variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E B Lane
- Cancer Research UK Cell Structure Research Group, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jinbu Y, Tsukinoki K, Hori M, Aoki M, Kusama M, Watanabe Y. A Case of White Sponge Nevus-like Lesion of the Oral Mucosa Successfully Treated with Azithromycin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.3353/omp.9.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
39
|
Smith FJD, Sandilands A, McLean WHI. Molecular genetics methods for human intermediate filament diseases. Methods Cell Biol 2004; 78:131-61. [PMID: 15646618 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(04)78006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances J D Smith
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shibuya Y, Zhang J, Yokoo S, Umeda M, Komori T. Constitutional mutation of keratin 13 gene in familial white sponge nevus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 96:561-5. [PMID: 14600690 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(03)00372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate a novel mutation in the keratin genes assumed to be responsible for a familial case of oral white sponge nevus. PATIENTS AND METHODS The affected family consisted of a 36-year-old woman, her 17-year-old daughter, and her 14-year-old son. Keratin 4 and 13 genes extracted from venous blood lymphocytes were amplified by using the polymerase chain reaction and directly sequenced. RESULTS Sequencing analysis of the 3 patients revealed the presence of a novel heterozygous T-to-C transition mutation in exon 1 of the keratin 13 gene, with no abnormalities detected in the keratin 4 gene. CONCLUSION We identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation at 332T>C in the keratin 13 gene believed to be related to the development of white sponge nevus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Shibuya
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Keratins are the type I and II intermediate filament proteins which form a cytoskeletal network within all epithelial cells. They are expressed in pairs in a tissue- and differentiation-specific fashion. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) was the first human disorder to be associated with keratin mutations. The abnormal keratin filament aggregates observed in basal cell keratinocytes of some EBS patients are composed of keratins K5 and K14. Dominant mutations in the genes encoding these proteins were shown to disrupt the keratin filament cytoskeleton resulting in cells that are less resilient and blister with mild physical trauma. Identification of mutations in other keratin genes soon followed with attention focussed on disorders showing abnormal clumping of keratin filaments in specific cells. For example, in bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, clumping of filaments in the suprabasal cells led to the identification of mutations in the suprabasal keratins, K1 and K10. Mutations have now been identified in 18 keratins, all of which produce a fragile cell phenotype. These include ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens (K2e), epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (K1, K9), pachyonychia congenita (K6a, K6b, K16, K17), white sponge nevus (K4, K13), Meesmann's corneal dystrophy (K3, K12), cryptogenic cirrhosis (K8, K18) and monilethrix (hHb6, hHb1).In general, these disorders are inherited as autosomal dominant traits and the mutations act in a dominant-negative manner. Therefore, treatment in the form of gene therapy is difficult, as the mutant gene needs to be inactivated. Ways of achieving this are actively being studied. Reliable mutation detection methods from genomic DNA are now available. This enables rapid screening of patients for keratin mutations. For some of the more severe phenotypes, prenatal diagnosis may be requested and this can now be performed from chorionic villus samples at an early stage of the pregnancy. This review article describes the discovery of, to date, mutations in 18 keratin genes associated with inherited human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Smith
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chao SC, Tsai YM, Yang MH, Lee JYY. A novel mutation in the keratin 4 gene causing white sponge naevus. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:1125-8. [PMID: 12828738 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White sponge naevus (WSN) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder that predominantly affects noncornified stratified squamous epithelia, most commonly the buccal mucosa. Clinically, WSN manifests as thickened spongy mucosa with a white opalescent tint in the mouth and may be confused with other disorders that cause white lesions on oral mucosa. Recent studies have identified pathogenic mutations in KRT4 and KRT13, the genes encoding mucosa-specific keratins, in WSN. OBJECTIVES To search for possible mutations in KRT4 and KRT13. METHODS We report a case of WSN in a young man who presented with diffuse irregular whitish plaques involving the buccal and gingival mucosae and the tongue. Results Pathologically, the affected mucosa showed epithelial thickening, parakeratosis and extensive vacuolization of the suprabasal keratinocytes. Mutation analysis revealed a heterozygous missense mutation 1345G-->A in KRT4, predicting an amino acid change, E449K, in the 2B domain of the K4 polypeptide. CONCLUSIONS We report the first mutation analysis of a Taiwanese patient with WSN. Potentially this novel mutation could disrupt the stability of keratin filaments and result in WSN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-C Chao
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Paller
- Division of Dermatology, Children's Memorial Hospital, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
A thorough examination of the oral mucosa can provide helpful clues toward making a diagnosis in a number of developmental, neoplastic, inflammatory, and infectious conditions. A number of oral lesions seen in infants and children are benign and of no medical significance. In these instances, the ability of the physician to confidently identify the diagnosis, and reassure parents that a lesion is not worrisome, carries significant value. Likewise, the ability to recognize an underlying systemic illness or genetic disease based on an oral examination can also be of tremendous value, particularly when oral involvement is the presenting feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Witman
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Keratin expression in human tissues and neoplasms Keratin filaments constitute type I and type II intermediate filaments (IFs), with at least 20 subtypes named keratin 1-20. Since certain keratin subtypes are only expressed in some normal human tissues but not others, and vice versa, various tissues have been subclassified according to the pattern of keratin staining. Simple epithelia generally express the simple epithelial keratins 7, 18, 19, and 20, while complex epithelia express complex epithelial keratins 5/6, 10, 14, and 15. When an epithelium undergoes malignant transformation, its keratin profile usually remains constant. The constitution and expression patterns of keratin filaments in human epithelial neoplasms are complex and often distinctive. In this article, we first briefly review the molecular and cell biology of keratin filaments. We then focus on the expression patterns of keratin filaments in various human neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Chu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Haisley-Royster CA, Allingham RR, Klintworth GK, Prose NS. Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis: Report of two cases with prominent oral lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45:634-6. [PMID: 11568764 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2001.116336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of the oral and ocular mucosa initially described in the Haliwa-Saponi Native American tribe of North Carolina. We describe 2 sisters with the characteristic oral and ocular findings. This entity should be distinguished from several other diseases that cause white lesions in the mouth including white sponge nevus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Haisley-Royster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Presland RB, Dale BA. Epithelial structural proteins of the skin and oral cavity: function in health and disease. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2001; 11:383-408. [PMID: 11132762 DOI: 10.1177/10454411000110040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues function to protect the organism from physical, chemical, and microbial damage and are essential for survival. To perform this role, epithelial keratinocytes undergo a well-defined differentiation program that results in the expression of structural proteins which maintain the integrity of epithelial tissues and function as a protective barrier. This review focuses on structural proteins of the epidermis and oral mucosa. Keratin proteins comprise the predominant cytoskeletal component of these epithelia. Keratin filaments are attached to the plasma membrane via desmosomes, and together these structural components form a three-dimensional array within the cytoplasm of epithelial cells and tissues. Desmosomes contain two types of transmembrane proteins, the desmogleins and desmocollins, that are members of the cadherin family. The desmosomal cadherins are linked to the keratin cytoskeleton via several cytoplasmic plaque proteins, including desmoplakin and plakoglobin (gamma-catenin). Epidermal and oral keratinocytes express additional differentiation markers, including filaggrin and trichohyalin, that associate with the keratin cytoskeleton during terminal differentiation, and proteins such as loricrin, small proline-rich proteins, and involucrin, that are cross-linked into the cornified envelope by transglutaminase enzymes. The importance of these cellular structures is highlighted by the large numbers of genetic and acquired (autoimmune) human disorders that involve mutations in, or autoantibodies to, keratins and desmosomal and cornified envelope proteins. While much progress has been made in the identification of the structural proteins and enzymes involved in epithelial differentiation, regulation of this process is less clear. Both calcium and retinoids influence epithelial differentiation by altering the transcription of target genes and by regulating activity of enzymes critical in epithelial differentiation, such as transglutaminases, proteinases, and protein kinases. These studies have furthered our understanding of how epithelial tissue and cell integrity is maintained and provide a basis for the future treatment of skin and oral disorders by gene therapy and other novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Presland
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Terrinoni A, Rugg EL, Lane EB, Melino G, Felix DH, Munro CS, McLean WH. A novel mutation in the keratin 13 gene causing oral white sponge nevus. J Dent Res 2001; 80:919-23. [PMID: 11379896 DOI: 10.1177/00220345010800031401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) is an autosomal-dominantly inherited form of mucosal leukokeratosis. Defects in keratins, proteins that form the stress-bearing cytoskeleton in epithelia, have been shown to cause several epithelial fragility disorders. Recently, mutations in the genes encoding mucosal-specific keratins K4 and K13 were shown to be the underlying cause of WSN. We have studied a large Scottish family with 19 persons affected by WSN in four generations. The K4 locus was excluded by genetic linkage analysis; however, genetic linkage consistent with a K13 defect was obtained. Subsequently, a heterozygous missense mutation 335A>G was detected in exon 1 of the KRT13 gene, predicting the amino acid change N112S in the 1A domain of the K13 polypeptide. The mutation was confirmed in affected family members and was excluded from 50 unaffected people by restriction enzyme analysis. These results confirm that mucosal keratin defects are the cause of WSN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Terrinoni
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Terrinoni A, Candi E, Oddi S, Gobello T, Camaione DB, Mazzanti C, Zambruno G, Knight R, Melino G. A glutamine insertion in the 1A alpha helical domain of the keratin 4 gene in a familial case of white sponge nevus. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:388-91. [PMID: 10652003 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
White Sponge Nevus (WSN) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder that predominantly affects noncornified stratified squamous epithelia. Clinically, it is characterized by the presence of soft, white, and "spongy" plaques in the oral mucosa. The characteristic histopathologic features are epithelial thickening, parakeratosis, and vacuolization of the suprabasal layer of oral epithelial keratinocytes. Mutations in keratin 4 (K4) and keratin 13 (K13) genes have already been demonstrated to be responsible for WSN; the identification of new keratin mutations in a stratified squamous epithelia closely related to epidermis is of relevance for the understanding of the biochemistry of intermediate filaments, and for genotype phenotype correlations. In this study we investigated a 27-y-old, female Italian patient, affected by white asymptomatic oral plaques. Sequence analysis revealed a 3 bp (ACA) heterozygous insertion localized in the helix initiation motif of the 1A alpha helical domain of K4. We report this new K4 gene mutation and describe an amino acid insertion, in the 1A domain, responsible for a keratin disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Terrinoni
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|