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Kumari S, Bodhale N, Sarode A, Jha MK, Bhadange S, Pandey SP, Selvaraj S, Chande AG, Mukhopadhyaya R, Ghosh SK, Singh S, Mukherjee D, Duffin R, Andrews P, Saha B. Leishmania major MAPK4 intercepts and redirects CD40 signaling promoting infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112100. [PMID: 38728877 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The parasite Leishmania resides as amastigotes within the macrophage parasitophorous vacuoles inflicting the disease Leishmaniasis. Leishmania selectively modulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation subverting CD40-triggered anti-leishmanial functions of macrophages. The mechanism of any pathogen-derived molecule induced host MAPK modulation remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that of the fifteen MAPKs, LmjMAPK4 expression is higher in virulent L. major. LmjMAPK4- detected in parasitophorous vacuoles and cytoplasm- binds MEK-1/2, but not MKK-3/6. Lentivirally-overexpressed LmjMAPK4 augments CD40-activated MEK-1/2-ERK-1/2-MKP-1, but inhibits MKK3/6-p38MAPK-MKP-3, phosphorylation. A rationally-identified LmjMAPK4 inhibitor reinstates CD40-activated host-protective anti-leishmanial functions in L. major-infected susceptible BALB/c mice. These results identify LmjMAPK4 as a MAPK modulator at the host-pathogen interface and establish a pathogen-intercepted host receptor signaling as a scientific rationale for identifying drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Kumari
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Neelam Bodhale
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Aditya Sarode
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Jha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sagar Bhadange
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | | | | | - Ajit G Chande
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | | | | | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Rebekah Duffin
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Philip Andrews
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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2
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Tabrez S, Akand SK, Ali R, Naqvi IH, Soleja N, Mohsin M, Ahmed MZ, Saleem M, Parvez S, Akhter Y, Rub A. Leishmania donovani modulates host miRNAs regulating cholesterol biosynthesis for its survival. Microbes Infect 2024:105379. [PMID: 38885758 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol reduction by intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, causative agent of leishmaniasis, impairs antigen presentation, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and host-protective membrane-receptor signaling in macrophages. Here, we studied the miRNA mediated regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic genes to understand the possible mechanism of Leishmania donovani-inducedcholesterol reduction and therapeutic importance of miRNAs in leishmaniasis. System-scale genome-wide microtranscriptome screening was performed to identify the miRNAs involved in the regulation of expression of key cholesterol biosynthesis regulatory genes through miRanda3.0. 11 miRNAs out of 2823, showing complementarity with cholesterol biosynthetic genes werefinallyselected for expression analysis. These selected miRNAs were differentially regulated in THP-1 derived macrophages and in primary human macrophages by L. donovani. Correlation of expression and target validation through luciferase assay suggested two key miRNAs, hsa-miR-1303 and hsa-miR-874-3pregulating the key genes hmgcr and hmgcs1 respectively. Inhibition of hsa-mir-1303 and hsa-miR-874-3p augmented the expression of targets and reduced the parasitemia in macrophages.This study will also provide the platform for the development of miRNA-based therapy against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sajjadul Kadir Akand
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Rahat Ali
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Irshad Husain Naqvi
- Dr. M. A. Ansari Health Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Neha Soleja
- Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohd Mohsin
- Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Z Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, KSA
| | - Mohammed Saleem
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, P.O Jatni, Khurda, ODISHA - 752050
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India 226025
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
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Challagundla N, Shah D, Dalai SK, Agrawal-Rajput R. IFNγ insufficiency during mouse intra-vaginal Chlamydia trachomatis infection exacerbates alternative activation in macrophages with compromised CD40 functions. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111821. [PMID: 38484664 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (C.tr), an obligate intracellular pathogen, causes asymptomatic genital infections in women and is a leading cause of preventable blindness. We have developed in vivo mouse models of acute and chronic C. trachomatis genital infection to explore the significance of macrophage-directed response in mediating immune activation/suppression. Our findings reveal that during chronic and repeated C. trachomatis infections, Th1 response is abated while Treg response is enhanced. Additionally, an increase in exhaustion (PD1, CTLA4) and anergic (Klrg3, Tim3) T cell markers is observed during chronic infection. We have also observed that M2 macrophages with low CD40 expression promote Th2 and Treg differentiation leading to sustained C. trachomatis genital infection. Macrophages infected with C. trachomatis or treated with supernatant of infected epithelial cells drive them to an M2 phenotype. C. trachomatis infection prevents the increase in CD40 expression as observed in western blots and flow cytometric analysis. Insufficient IFNγ, as observed during chronic infection, leads to incomplete clearance of bacteria and poor immune activation. C. trachomatis decapacitates IFNγ responsiveness in macrophages via hampering IFNγRI and IFNγRII expression which can be correlated with poor expression of MHC-II, CD40, iNOS and NO release even following IFNγ supplementation. M2 macrophages during C. trachomatis infection express low CD40 rendering immunosuppressive, Th2 and Treg differentiation which could not be reverted even by IFNγ supplementation. The alternative macrophages also harbour high bacterial load and are poor responders to IFNγ, thus promoting immunosuppression. In summary, C. trachomatis modulates the innate immune cells, attenuating the anti-chlamydial functions of T cells in a manner that involves decreased CD40 expression on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Challagundla
- Immunology Lab, Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Dhruvi Shah
- Immunology Lab, Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Sarat K Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Immunology Lab, Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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4
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Diotallevi A, Bruno F, Castelli G, Persico G, Buffi G, Ceccarelli M, Ligi D, Mannello F, Vitale F, Magnani M, Galluzzi L. Transcriptional signatures in human macrophage-like cells infected by Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012085. [PMID: 38578804 PMCID: PMC11023634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Mediterranean basin, three Leishmania species have been identified: L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica, causing zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL), zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and anthroponotic CL, respectively. Despite animal models and genomic/transcriptomic studies provided important insights, the pathogenic determinants modulating the development of VL and CL are still poorly understood. This work aimed to identify host transcriptional signatures shared by cells infected with L. infantum, L. major, and L. tropica, as well as specific transcriptional signatures elicited by parasites causing VL (i.e., L. infantum) and parasites involved in CL (i.e., L. major, L. tropica). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS U937 cells differentiated into macrophage-like cells were infected with L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica for 24h and 48h, and total RNA was extracted. RNA sequencing, performed on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, was used to evaluate the transcriptional signatures of infected cells with respect to non-infected cells at both time points. The EdgeR package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (fold change > 2 and FDR-adjusted p-values < 0.05). Then, functional enrichment analysis was employed to identify the enriched ontology terms in which these genes are involved. At 24h post-infection, a common signature of 463 dysregulated genes shared among all infection conditions was recognized, while at 48h post-infection the common signature was reduced to 120 genes. Aside from a common transcriptional response, we evidenced different upregulated functional pathways characterizing L. infantum-infected cells, such as VEGFA-VEGFR2 and NFE2L2-related pathways, indicating vascular remodeling and reduction of oxidative stress as potentially important factors for visceralization. CONCLUSIONS The identification of pathways elicited by parasites causing VL or CL could lead to new therapeutic strategies for leishmaniasis, combining the canonical anti-leishmania compounds with host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Diotallevi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Federica Bruno
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi (C.Re.Na.L.), OIE Leishmania Reference Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A Mirri, Palermo, Italy
| | - Germano Castelli
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi (C.Re.Na.L.), OIE Leishmania Reference Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A Mirri, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Persico
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Buffi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marcello Ceccarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi (C.Re.Na.L.), OIE Leishmania Reference Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A Mirri, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Luca Galluzzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Challagundla N, Phadnis D, Gupta A, Agrawal-Rajput R. Host Lipid Manipulation by Intracellular Bacteria: Moonlighting for Immune Evasion. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:393-411. [PMID: 37938349 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-023-00296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are complex organic molecules that fulfill energy demands and sometimes act as signaling molecules. They are mostly found in membranes, thus playing an important role in membrane trafficking and protecting the cell from external dangers. Based on the composition of the lipids, their fluidity and charge, their interaction with embedded proteins vary greatly. Bacteria can hijack host lipids to satisfy their energy needs or to conceal themselves from host cells. Intracellular bacteria continuously exploit host, from their entry into host cells utilizing host lipid machinery to exiting through the cells. This acquisition of lipids from host cells helps in their disguise mechanism. The current review explores various mechanisms employed by the intracellular bacteria to manipulate and acquire host lipids. It discusses their role in manipulating host membranes and the subsequence impact on the host cells. Modulating these lipids in macrophages not only serve the purpose of the pathogen but also modulates the macrophage energy metabolism and functional state. Additionally, we have explored the intricate pathogenic relationship and the potential prospects of using this knowledge in lipid-based therapeutics to disrupt pathogen dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Challagundla
- Immunology Lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Deepti Phadnis
- Immunology Lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Aakriti Gupta
- Immunology Lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Immunology Lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India.
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Bandyopadhyay S, Gurjar D, Saha B, Bodhale N. Decoding the contextual duality of CD40 functions. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:590-599. [PMID: 37596136 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.08.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we established that as a function of its mode of interaction with its ligand or cellular conditions such as membrane lipids, preexisting signaling intermediates activation status, a transmembrane receptor, as represented here with CD40, can induce counteractive cellular responses. Using CD40-binding peptides, recombinant mutated CD40-ligands, and an agonistic antibody, we have established the functional duality of CD40. CD40 builds up two constitutionally different signalosomes on lipid raft and non-raft membrane domains initiating two different signaling pathways. Although this initial signaling may be modified by the pre-existing signaling conditions downstream and may be subjected to feed-forward or negative signaling effects, the initial CD40-CD40L interaction plays a crucial role in the functional outcome of CD40. Herein, we have reviewed the influence of interaction between the CD40-CD40L evoking the functional duality of CD40 contingent upon different physiological states of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhiraj Gurjar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Neelam Bodhale
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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7
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Khandibharad S, Singh S. Immuno-metabolic signaling in leishmaniasis: insights gained from mathematical modeling. BIOINFORMATICS ADVANCES 2023; 3:vbad125. [PMID: 37799190 PMCID: PMC10548086 DOI: 10.1093/bioadv/vbad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Motivation Leishmaniasis is a global concern especially in underdeveloped and developing subtropical and tropical regions. The extent of infectivity in host is majorly dependent on functional polarization of macrophages. Classically activated M1 macrophage can eliminate parasite through production of iNOS and alternatively activated M2 macrophages can promote parasite growth through by providing shelter and nutrients to parasite. The biological processes involved in immune signaling and metabolism of host and parasite might be responsible for deciding fate of parasite. Results Using systems biology approach, we constructed two mathematical models and inter-regulatory immune-metabolic networks of M1 and M2 state, through which we identified crucial components that are associated with these phenotypes. We also demonstrated how parasite may modulate M1 phenotype for its growth and proliferation and transition to M2 state. Through our previous findings as well as from recent findings we could identify SHP-1 as a key component in regulating the immune-metabolic characterization of M2 macrophage. By targeting SHP-1 at cellular level, it might be possible to modulate immuno-metabolic mechanism and thereby control parasite survival. Availability and implementation Mathematical modeling is implemented as a workflow and the models are deposited in BioModel database. FactoMineR is available at: https://github.com/cran/FactoMineR/tree/master.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Khandibharad
- Systems Medicine Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SPPU Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- Systems Medicine Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SPPU Campus, Pune 411007, India
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8
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Srivastava A, Nair A, Pandey SP, Kluck GEG, Mesquita I, Ghosh T, Bose A, Baral R, Silvestre R, Bodhale N, Saha B. Toll-like receptor 2 selectively modulates Ras isoforms expression in Leishmania major infection. Cytokine 2023; 169:156301. [PMID: 37515982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infection of macrophages results in altered Ras isoforms expression and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) expression and functions. Therefore, we examined whether TLR2 would selectively alter Ras isoforms' expression in macrophages. We observed that TLR2 ligands- Pam3CSK4, peptidoglycan (PGN), and FSL- selectively modulated the expression of Ras isoforms in BALB/c-derived elicited macrophages. Lentivirally-expressed TLR1-shRNA significantly reversed this Ras isoforms expression profile. TLR2-deficient L. major-infected macrophages and the lymph node cells from the L. major-infected mice showed similarly reversed Ras isoforms expression. Transfection of the macrophages with the siRNAs for the adaptors- Myeloid Differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP)- or Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases (IRAKs)- IRAK1 and IRAK4- significantly inhibited the L. major-induced down-regulation of K-Ras, and up-regulation of N-Ras and H-Ras, expression. The TLR1/TLR2-ligand Pam3CSK4 increased IL-10 and TGF-β expression in macrophages. Pam3CSK4 upregulated N-Ras and H-Ras, but down-regulated K-Ras, expression in C57BL/6 wild-type, but not in IL-10-deficient, macrophages. IL-10 or TGF-β signaling inhibition selectively regulated Ras isoforms expression. These observations indicate the specificity of the TLR2 regulation of Ras isoforms and their selective modulation by MyD88, TIRAP, and IRAKs, but not IL-10 or TGF-β, signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Surya P Pandey
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - George Eduardo Gabriel Kluck
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tithi Ghosh
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Anamika Bose
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Neelam Bodhale
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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Nair A, Chakraborty S, Saha B. CD40 induces selective routing of Ras isoforms to subcellular compartments. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:1009-1021. [PMID: 37126117 PMCID: PMC10409697 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras GTPases are central to cellular signaling and oncogenesis. The three loci of the Ras gene encode for four protein isoforms namely Harvey-Ras (H-Ras), Kirsten-Ras (K-Ras 4A and 4B), and Neuroblastoma-Ras (N-Ras) which share ~ 80% sequence similarity and used to be considered functionally redundant. The small molecule inhibitors of Ras lack specificity for the isoforms leading to widespread toxicity in Ras-targeted therapeutics. Ras isoforms' tissue-specific expression and selective association with carcinogenesis, embryonic development, and infection suggested their non-redundancy. We show that CD40, an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-expressed immune receptor, induces selective relocation of H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras to the Plasma membrane (PM) lipid rafts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but not to the Golgi complex (GC). The two palmitoylated Ras isoforms-H-Ras and N-Ras-have a similar pattern of colocalization into the lipid-rich raft microdomain of the PM at early time points when compared to non-palmitoylated K-Ras (4B) with polylysine residues. CD40-induced trafficking of H-Ras and K-Ras to mitochondria and ER was found to be similar but different from that of N-Ras. Trafficking of all the Ras isoforms to the GC was independent of CD40 stimulation. The receptor-driven trafficking and spatial segregation of H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras imply isoform-specific subcellular signaling platforms for the functional non-redundancy of Ras isoforms. PDB structures have been modified to illustrate various signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Sushmita Chakraborty
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 1100029, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India.
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10
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Baars I, Jaedtka M, Dewitz LA, Fu Y, Franz T, Mohr J, Gintschel P, Berlin H, Degen A, Freier S, Rygol S, Schraven B, Kahlfuß S, van Zandbergen G, Müller AJ. Leishmania major drives host phagocyte death and cell-to-cell transfer depending on intracellular pathogen proliferation rate. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169020. [PMID: 37310793 PMCID: PMC10443809 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The virulence of intracellular pathogens relies largely on the ability to survive and replicate within phagocytes but also on release and transfer into new host cells. Such cell-to-cell transfer could represent a target for counteracting microbial pathogenesis. However, our understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular processes remains woefully insufficient. Using intravital 2-photon microscopy of caspase-3 activation in the Leishmania major-infected (L. major-infected) live skin, we showed increased apoptosis in cells infected by the parasite. Also, transfer of the parasite to new host cells occurred directly without a detectable extracellular state and was associated with concomitant uptake of cellular material from the original host cell. These in vivo findings were fully recapitulated in infections of isolated human phagocytes. Furthermore, we observed that high pathogen proliferation increased cell death in infected cells, and long-term residency within an infected host cell was only possible for slowly proliferating parasites. Our results therefore suggest that L. major drives its own dissemination to new phagocytes by inducing host cell death in a proliferation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Baars
- Experimental Immunodynamics, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, and
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Jaedtka
- Division of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leon-Alexander Dewitz
- Experimental Immunodynamics, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, and
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yan Fu
- Experimental Immunodynamics, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, and
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Franz
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Mohr
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Gintschel
- Experimental Immunodynamics, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, and
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Berlin
- Experimental Immunodynamics, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, and
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Angelina Degen
- Experimental Immunodynamics, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, and
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Freier
- Experimental Immunodynamics, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, and
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rygol
- Experimental Immunodynamics, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, and
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kahlfuß
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Müller
- Experimental Immunodynamics, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, and
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty and Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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Gupta D, Singh PK, Yadav PK, Narender T, Patil UK, Jain SK, Chourasia MK. Emerging strategies and challenges of molecular therapeutics in antileishmanial drug development. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109649. [PMID: 36603357 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular therapy refers to targeted therapies based on molecules which have been intelligently directed towards specific biomolecular structures and include small molecule drugs, monoclonal antibodies, proteins and peptides, DNA or RNA-based strategies, targeted chemotherapy and nanomedicines. Molecular therapy is emerging as the most effective strategy to combat the present challenges of life-threatening visceral leishmaniasis, where the successful human vaccine is currently unavailable. Moreover, current chemotherapy-based strategies are associated with the issues of ineffective targeting, unavoidable toxicities, invasive therapies, prolonged treatment, high treatment costs and the development of drug-resistant strains. Thus, the rational approach to antileishmanial drug development primarily demands critical exploration and exploitation of biochemical differences between host and parasite biology, immunocharacteristics of parasite homing, and host-parasite interactions at the molecular/cellular level. Following this, the novel technology-based designing and development of host and/or parasite-targeted therapeutics having leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activity is utmost essential to improve treatment efficacy. Thus, the present review is focused on immunological and molecular checkpoint targets in host-pathogen interaction, and molecular therapeutic prospects for Leishmania intervention, and the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Pavan K Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Tadigoppula Narender
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Umesh K Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India.
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12
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Gurjar D, Kumar Patra S, Bodhale N, Lenka N, Saha B. Leishmania intercepts IFN-γR signaling at multiple levels in macrophages. Cytokine 2022; 157:155956. [PMID: 35785668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ, a type 2 interferon and a cytokine, is critical for both innate and adaptive immunity. IFN-γ binds to the IFN-γRs on the cell membrane of macrophages, signals through JAK1-STAT-1 pathway and induces IFN-γ-stimulated genes (ISGs). As Leishmania amastigotes reside and replicate within macrophages, IFN-γ mediated macrophage activation eventuate in Leishmania elimination. As befits the principle of parasitism, the impaired IFN-γ responsiveness in macrophages ensures Leishmania survival. IFN-γ responsiveness is a function of integrated molecular events at multiple levels in the cells that express IFN-γ receptors. In Leishmania-infected macrophages, reduced IFN-γRα expression, impaired IFN-γRα and IFN-γRβ hetero-dimerization due to altered membrane lipid composition, reduced JAK-1 and STAT-1 phosphorylation but increased STAT-1 degradation and impaired ISGs induction collectively determine the IFN-γ responsiveness and the efficacy of IFN-γ induced antileishmanial function of macrophages. Therefore, parasite load is not only decided by the levels of IFN-γ produced but also by the IFN-γ responsiveness. Indeed, in Leishmania-infected patients, IFN-γ is produced but IFN-γ signalling is downregulated. However, the molecular mechanisms of IFN-γ responsiveness remain unclear. Therefore, we review the current understanding of IFN-γ responsiveness of Leishmania-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Gurjar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Neelam Bodhale
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Nibedita Lenka
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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13
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Margaroni M, Agallou M, Vasilakaki A, Karagkouni D, Skoufos G, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Karagouni E. Transcriptional Profiling of Leishmania infantum Infected Dendritic Cells: Insights into the Role of Immunometabolism in Host-Parasite Interaction. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071271. [PMID: 35888991 PMCID: PMC9322131 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are capable of effectively invading dendritic cells (DCs), a cell population orchestrating immune responses against several diseases, including leishmaniasis, by bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Leishmania on the other hand has evolved various mechanisms to subvert DCs activation and establish infection. Thus, the transcriptional profile of DCs derived from bone marrow (BMDCs) that have been infected with Leishmania infantum parasite or of DCs exposed to chemically inactivated parasites was investigated via RNA sequencing, aiming to better understand the host–pathogen interplay. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that L. infantum actively inhibits maturation of not only infected but also bystander BMDCs. Analysis of double-sorted L. infantum infected BMDCs revealed significantly increased expression of genes mainly associated with metabolism and particularly glycolysis. Moreover, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to DC-T cell interactions were also found to be upregulated exclusively in infected BMDCs. On the contrary, transcriptome analysis of fixed parasites containing BMDCs indicated that energy production was mediated through TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, DEGs related to differentiation of DCs leading to activation and differentiation of Th17 subpopulations were detected. These findings suggest an important role of metabolism on DCs-Leishmania interplay and eventually disease establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritsa Margaroni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Agallou
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Athina Vasilakaki
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Dimitra Karagkouni
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.G.H.)
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos Skoufos
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.G.H.)
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece
| | - Artemis G. Hatzigeorgiou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.G.H.)
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-21-0647-8826
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14
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Challagundla N, Saha B, Agrawal-Rajput R. Insights into inflammasome regulation: cellular, molecular, and pathogenic control of inflammasome activation. Immunol Res 2022; 70:578-606. [PMID: 35610534 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of immune homeostasis is an intricate process wherein inflammasomes play a pivotal role by contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammasomes are ensembles of adaptor proteins that can trigger a signal following innate sensing of pathogens or non-pathogens eventuating in the inductions of IL-1β and IL-18. These inflammatory cytokines substantially influence the antigen-presenting cell's costimulatory functions and T helper cell differentiation, contributing to adaptive immunity. As acute and chronic disease conditions may accompany parallel tissue damage, we analyze the critical role of extracellular factors such as cytokines, amyloids, cholesterol crystals, etc., intracellular metabolites, and signaling molecules regulating inflammasome activation/inhibition. We develop an operative framework for inflammasome function and regulation by host cell factors and pathogens. While inflammasomes influence the innate and adaptive immune components' interplay modulating the anti-pathogen adaptive immune response, pathogens may target inflammasome inhibition as a survival strategy. As trapped between health and diseases, inflammasomes serve as promising therapeutic targets and their modus operandi serves as a scientific rationale for devising better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Challagundla
- Immunology lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Immunology lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India.
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15
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Manzano JI, Perea-Martínez A, García-Hernández R, Andrés-León E, Terrón-Camero LC, Poveda JA, Gamarro F. Modulation of Cholesterol Pathways in Human Macrophages Infected by Clinical Isolates of Leishmania infantum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:878711. [PMID: 35573792 PMCID: PMC9106381 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.878711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase our understanding of factors contributing to therapeutic failure (TF) in leishmaniasis, we have studied some plasma membrane features of host THP-1 cells infected with clinical isolates of Leishmania infantum from patients with leishmaniasis and TF. The fluorescent probes DPH and TMA-DPH were used to measure changes in membrane fluidity at various depths of the plasma membranes. Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of DPH embedded in the infected THP-1 membranes showed a significant increase, thereby suggesting a substantial decrease in plasma membrane fluidity relative to controls. Considering that cholesterol affects membrane fluidity and permeability, we determined the cholesterol content in plasma membrane fractions of human macrophages infected with these L. infantum lines and observed a significant increase in cholesterol content that correlates with the measured decrease in plasma membrane fluidity. In order to define the pathways that could explain the increase in cholesterol content, we studied the transcriptomics of the cholesterol-enriched pathways in host THP-1 cells infected with TF clinical isolates by RNA-seq. Specifically, we focused on four enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms namely cholesterol efflux, cholesterol transport, cholesterol metabolic process and cholesterol storage. Additionally, we analyzed the genes involved in these pathways. Overall, this study shows that these clinical isolates are able to modulate the expression of specific genes in host cells, thereby modifying the cholesterol content in plasma membranes and inducing changes in plasma membrane fluidity that could be associated with the parasite’s ability to survive in the host macrophages, thereby possibly contributing to immune evasion and TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Manzano
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Spain
| | - Ana Perea-Martínez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Hernández
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Spain
| | - Eduardo Andrés-León
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Spain
| | - Laura C. Terrón-Camero
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Spain
| | - José Antonio Poveda
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco Gamarro,
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16
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Abstract
Immune principles formulated by Jenner, Pasteur, and early immunologists served as fundamental propositions for vaccine discovery against many dreadful pathogens. However, decisive success in the form of an efficacious vaccine still eludes for diseases such as tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis. Several antileishmanial vaccine trials have been undertaken in past decades incorporating live, attenuated, killed, or subunit vaccination, but the goal remains unmet. In light of the above facts, we have to reassess the principles of vaccination by dissecting factors associated with the hosts' immune response. This chapter discusses the pathogen-associated perturbations at various junctures during the generation of the immune response which inhibits antigenic processing, presentation, or remodels memory T cell repertoire. This can lead to ineffective priming or inappropriate activation of memory T cells during challenge infection. Thus, despite a protective primary response, vaccine failure can occur due to altered immune environments in the presence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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17
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Ali R, Tabrez S, Akand SK, Rahman F, Husein A, Arish M, Alqahtani AS, Ahmed MZ, Husain M, Rub A. Sesamol Induces Apoptosis-Like Cell Death in Leishmania donovani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:749420. [PMID: 34778106 PMCID: PMC8581470 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.749420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani (L. donovani), is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. It is largely responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical countries. Currently, available therapeutics have lots of limitations including high-cost, adverse side-effects, painful route of administration, less efficacy, and resistance. Therefore, it is time to search for cheap and effective antileishmanial agents. In the present work, we evaluated the antileishmanial potential of sesamol against promastigotes as well as intracellular amastigotes. Further, we tried to work out its mechanism of antileishmanial action on parasites through different assays. Methodology In vitro and ex vivo antileishmanial assays were performed to evaluate the antileishmanial potential of sesamol on L. donovani. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay on human THP-1-derived macrophages. Sesamol-induced morphological and ultrastructural changes were determined by electron microscopy. H2DCFDA staining, JC-1dye staining, and MitoSOX red staining were performed for reactive oxygen assay (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial superoxide, respectively. Annexin V/PI staining for apoptosis, TUNEL assay, and DNA laddering for studying sesamol-induced DNA fragmentation were performed. Conclusions Sesamol inhibited the growth and proliferation of L. donovani promastigotes in a dose-dependent manner. It also reduced the intracellular parasite load without causing significant toxicity on host-macrophages. Overall, it showed antileishmanial effects through induction of ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA fragmentation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis-like cell death to parasites. Our results suggested the possible use of sesamol for the treatment of leishmaniasis after further in vivo validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sajjadul Kadir Akand
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Fazlur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Atahar Husein
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Arish
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ali S Alqahtani
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Z Ahmed
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
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18
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Rahman F, Tabrez S, Ali R, Akand SK, Zahid M, Alaidarous MA, Alsaweed M, Alshehri BM, Banawas S, Bin Dukhyil AA, Rub A. Virtual screening of natural compounds for potential inhibitors of Sterol C-24 methyltransferase of Leishmania donovani to overcome leishmaniasis. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1216-1228. [PMID: 33955051 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by trypanosomatid parasite belonging to the genera Leishmania. Leishmaniasis is transmitted from one human to other through the bite of sandflies. It is endemic in around 98 countries including tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Southern America, and the Mediterranean region. Sterol C-24 methyltransferase (LdSMT) of Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) mediates the transfer of CH3-group from S-adenosyl methionine to C-24 position of sterol side chain which makes the ergosterol different from cholesterol. Absence of ortholog in human made it potential druggable target. Here, we performed virtual screening of library of natural compounds against LdSMT to identify the potential inhibitor for it and to fight leishmaniasis. Gigantol, flavan-3-ol, and parthenolide showed the best binding affinity towards LdSMT. Further, based on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and biological activity prediction, gigantol showed the best lead-likeness and drug-likeness properties. Therefore, we further elucidated its antileishmanial properties. We found that gigantol inhibited the growth and proliferation of promastigotes as well as intra-macrophagic amastigotes. Gigantol exerted its antileishmanial action through the induction of reactive oxygen species in dose-dependent manner. Our study, suggested the possible use of gigantol as antileishmanial drug after further validations to overcome leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Department of Biotechnology, Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Rahat Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sajjadul Kadir Akand
- Department of Biotechnology, Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mariya Zahid
- Department of Biotechnology, Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed A Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Vice Rector for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaweed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Mohammed Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Vice Rector for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rub
- Department of Biotechnology, Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
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19
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Zutshi S, Sarode AY, Ghosh SK, Jha MK, Sudan R, Kumar S, Sadhale LP, Roy S, Saha B. LmjF.36.3850, a novel hypothetical Leishmania major protein, contributes to the infection. Immunology 2021; 163:460-477. [PMID: 33764520 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that resides in mammalian macrophages and inflicts the disease known as leishmaniasis. Although prevalent in 88 countries, an anti-leishmanial vaccine remains elusive. While comparing the virulent and avirulent L. major transcriptomes by microarray, PCR and functional analyses for identifying a novel virulence-associated gene, we identified LmjF.36.3850, a hypothetical protein significantly less expressed in the avirulent parasite and without any known function. Motif search revealed that LmjF.36.3850 protein shared phosphorylation sites and other structural features with sucrose non-fermenting protein (Snf7) that shuttles virulence factors. LmjF.36.3850 was predicted to bind diacylglycerol (DAG) with energy value similar to PKCα and PKCβ, to which DAG is a cofactor. Indeed, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), a DAG analogue, enhanced the phosphorylation of PKCα and PKCβI. We cloned LmjF.36.3850 gene in a mammalian expression vector and primed susceptible BALB/c mice followed by challenge infection. We observed a higher parasite load, comparable antibody response and higher anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10, while expression of major anti-leishmanial cytokine, IFN-γ, remained unchanged in LmjF.36.3850-vaccinated mice. CSA restimulated LN cells from vaccinated mice after challenge infection secreted comparable IL-4 and IL-10 but reduced IFN-γ, as compared to controls. These observations suggest a skewed Th2 response, diminished IFN-γ secreting Th1-TEM cells and increased central and effector memory subtype of Th2, Th17 and Treg cells in the vaccinated mice. These data indicate that LmjF.36.3850 is a plausible virulence factor that enhances disease-promoting response, possibly by interfering with PKC activation and by eliciting disease-promoting T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raki Sudan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | | | - Somenath Roy
- Department of Human Physiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India.,Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Chandrasekharpur, India
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20
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Pradhan S, Ghosh S, Hussain S, Paul J, Mukherjee B. Linking membrane fluidity with defective antigen presentation in leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12835. [PMID: 33756007 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hampering-surface presentation of immunogenic peptides by class I/II MHCs is a key strategy opted by several intracellular protozoan pathogens including Leishmania to escape CD8/CD4 mediated host-protective T-cell response. Although Leishmania parasites (LP) primarily hijack/inhibit host lysosomal/proteasomal pathways to hamper antigen-processing/presentation machinery, recent pieces of evidence have linked host-membrane fluidity as a major cause of defective antigen presentation in leishmaniasis. Increased membrane fluidity severely compromised peptide-MHC stability in the lipid raft regions, thereby abrogating T-cell mediated-signalling in the infected host. LP primarily achieves this by quenching host cholesterol, which acts as cementing material in maintaining the membrane fluidity. In this review, we have particularly focused on several strategies opted by LP to hijack-host cholesterol resulting in lipid droplets accumulation around leishmania-containing parasitophorous vacuole favouring intracellular survival of LP. In fact, LP infection can result in altered cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the infected host, thereby favouring the establishment and progression of the infection. From our analysis of two genome-wide transcriptomics data sets of LP infected host, we propose a possible molecular network that connects these interrelated events of altered lipid metabolism with eventual compromised antigen presentation, still existing as a gap in our current understanding of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Pradhan
- School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Souradeepa Ghosh
- School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Shahbaj Hussain
- School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Joydeep Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
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21
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Tabrez S, Rahman F, Ali R, Akand SK, Alaidarous MA, Alshehri BM, Banawas S, Dukhyil AAB, Rub A. Targeting sterol alpha-14 demethylase of Leishmania donovani to fight against leishmaniasis. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1037-1047. [PMID: 33817826 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania. It is endemic in more than 89 different countries worldwide. Sterol alpha-14 demethylase (LdSDM), a sterol biosynthetic pathway enzyme in Leishmania donovani, plays an essential role in parasite survival and proliferation. Here, we used a drug repurposing approach to virtually screen the library of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs against LdSDM to identify the potential lead-drug against leishmaniasis. Zafirlukast and avodart showed the best binding with LdSDM. Zafirlukast was tested for in vitro antileishmanial assay, but no significant effect on L. donovani promastigotes was observed even at higher concentrations. On the other hand, avodart profoundly inhibited parasite growth at relatively lower concentrations. Further, avodart showed a significant decrease in the number of intra-macrophagic amastigotes. Avodart-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the parasites in a dose-dependent manner. ROS induced by avodart led to the induction of apoptosis-like cell death in the parasites as observed through annexin V/PI staining. Here, for the first time, we reported the antileishmanial activity and its possible mechanism of action of FDA-approved drug, avodart, establishing a nice example of the drug-repurposing approach. Our study suggested the possible use of avodart as an effective antileishmanial agent after further detailed validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Fazlur Rahman
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahat Ali
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sajjadul Kadir Akand
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed A Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Mohammed Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Abdul Aziz Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Delhi, New Delhi, India
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22
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Tabrez S, Rahman F, Ali R, Akand SK, Alaidarous MA, Banawas S, Dukhyil AAB, Rub A. Hesperidin Targets Leishmania donovani Sterol C-24 Reductase to Fight against Leishmaniasis. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8112-8118. [PMID: 33817470 PMCID: PMC8014934 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hesperidin, a naturally occurring flavanoid, is present in citrus family of fruits. It was found effective against an array of pathogens including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Here, we evaluated its antileishmanial activity and possible mechanism of action through different in vitro and in silico experiments. It inhibited the growth and proliferation of the parasites significantly with a IC50 value of 1.019 ± 0.116 mM in vitro. It also reduced the growth of intra-macrophagic amastigotes with a IC50 value of 0.2858 ± 0.01398 mM. It induced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in parasites in a dose-dependent manner. Through 2,7-dichloro dihydro fluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) staining, it was observed that around 96.9% parasites were ROS positive at 2.0 mM concentration of hesperidin. The ROS generated led to the apoptosis of parasites in a dose-dependent manner as observed by annexin/PI staining. Molecular docking with one of the very important and unique drug-targets of Leishmania donovani sterol C-24 reductase resulted in its significant inhibition. Here, we for the first time showed that hesperidin induced the antileishmanial response through the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of sterol C-24 reductase. Our study will be helpful in the development of a cost-effective antileishmanial lead with higher efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Fazlur Rahman
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Rahat Ali
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sajjadul Kadir Akand
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammed A Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Abdul Aziz Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
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23
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Chauhan P, Dandapat J, Sarkar A, Saha B. March of Mycobacterium: miRNAs intercept host cell CD40 signalling. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1179. [PMID: 33072321 PMCID: PMC7541823 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease tuberculosis is fatal if untreated. It is caused by the acid‐fast bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium resides and replicates within the alveolar macrophages, causing inflammation and granuloma, wherein macrophage‐T cell interactions enhance the inflammation‐causing pulmonary caseous lesions. The first interactions between Mycobacterium and the receptors on macrophages decide the fate of Mycobacterium because of phagolysosomal impairments and the expression of several miRNAs, which may regulate CD40 expression on macrophages. While the altered phagolysosomal functions impede antigen presentation to the T cell‐expressed antigen receptor, the interactions between the macrophage‐expressed CD40 and the T cell‐expressed CD40‐ligand (CD40L or CD154) provide signals to T cells and Mycobacterium‐infected macrophages. These two functions significantly influence the resolution or persistence of Mycobacterium infection. CD40 controls T‐cell polarisation and host‐protective immunity by eliciting interleukin‐12p40, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and IFN‐γ production. Indeed, CD40‐deficient mice succumb to low‐dose aerosol infection with Mycobacterium because of deficient interleukin (IL)‐12 production leading to impaired IFN‐γ‐secreting T‐cell response. In contrast, despite generating fewer granulomas, the CD40L‐deficient mice developed anti‐mycobacterial T‐cell responses to the levels observed in the wild‐type mice. These host‐protective responses are significantly subdued by the Mycobacterium‐infected macrophage produced TGF‐β and IL‐10, which promote pro‐mycobacterial T‐cell responses. The CD40‐CD40L‐induced counteractive immune responses against Mycobacterium thus present a conundrum that we explain here with a reconciliatory hypothesis. Experimental validation of the hypothesis will provide a rationale for designing anti‐tubercular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology Bhubaneswar India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS) Pune India.,Trident Academy of Creative Technology Bhubaneswar India
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24
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Sarode AY, Jha MK, Zutshi S, Ghosh SK, Mahor H, Sarma U, Saha B. Residue-Specific Message Encoding in CD40-Ligand. iScience 2020; 23:101441. [PMID: 32827854 PMCID: PMC7452233 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40-Ligand (CD40L)-CD40 interaction regulates immune responses against pathogens, autoantigens, and tumor and transplantation antigens. Single amino acid mutations within the 115-155 amino acids stretch, which is responsible for CD40L functions, result in XIgM syndrome. We hypothesize that each of these amino acids of CD40L encodes specific message that, when decoded by CD40 signaling, induces a specific profile of functions. We observed that every single substitution in the XIgM-related amino acids in the 115-155 41-mer peptide in CD40L selectively altered CD40 signaling and effector functions-cytokine productions, HMGCoA reductase, ceramide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase and arginase expression, survival of B cells, and control of Leishmania infection and anti-leishmanial T cell response-suggesting residue-specific encoding of a distinct set of messages that collectively define CD40L pleiotropy, serve as a target for engineering the ligand to generate superagonists as immunotherapeutic, and implicate the evolutionary diversification of functions among the ligands in a protein superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Yashwant Sarode
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Jha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Shubhranshu Zutshi
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Soumya Kanti Ghosh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Hima Mahor
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Uddipan Sarma
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
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25
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Dukhyil AAAB. Targeting Trypanothione Reductase of Leishmanial major to Fight Against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:388-393. [PMID: 29732996 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666180502141849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1.2-2.0 million cases of leishmaniasis occur annually throughout the world. The available drugs like Amphotericin B, antimonials and miltefosine are unable to fulfill the need due to less effectiveness, high toxicity, resistance, high cost and complex route of administration. Leishmania survives inside the macrophages through different evasion mechanisms; one of that is activation of its trypanothione reductase enzyme which neutralizes the reactive oxygen species generated inside the macrophages to kill the parasites. This enzyme is unique and absent in human, therefore in this study I targeted it for screening of new inhibitors to fight against leishmaniasis. METHODS Homology modeling of Leishmania major trypanothione reductase was performed using Phyre2 server. The homology based modelled protein was validated with PROCHECK analysis. Ligplot analysis was performed to predict the active residues inside the binding pocket. Further, virtual screening of ligand library containing 113 ligands from PubChem Bioassay was performed against the target using AutoDock Vina Tool. RESULTS Top five ligands showed best binding affinity. The molecule having PubChem CID: 10553746 showed highest binding affinity of -11.3 kcal/mol. Over all this molecule showed highest binding affinity and moderate number of hydrogen bonds. Hopefully, this molecule will be able to block the activity of target enzyme, trypanothione reductase of Leishmania major effectively and may work as new molecules to fight against cutaneous leishmanaisis. CONCLUSION This study will help the researchers to identify the new molecules which can block the activity of leishmanial-trypanothione reductase, a novel enzyme of trypanosomatids. These screened inhibitors may also be effective not only in leishmaniasis but also other trypanosomatid-mediated infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz A Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah- 11952, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Jha MK, Sarode AY, Bodhale N, Mukherjee D, Pandey SP, Srivastava N, Rub A, Silvestre R, Sarkar A, Saha B. Development and Characterization of an Avirulent Leishmania major Strain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2734-2753. [PMID: 32245818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania major causes cutaneous leishmaniasis. An antileishmanial vaccine for humans is unavailable. In this study, we report development of two attenuated L. major strains-5ASKH-HP and LV39-HP-by continuous culture (high passage) of the corresponding virulent strains (low passage). Both avirulent strains showed similar changes in proteome profiles when analyzed by surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and microarray characterization of 5ASKH strains revealed substantially altered gene and protein expression profiles, respectively. Both virulent and avirulent L. major strains grew comparably in culture, but the avirulent strain survived significantly less in BALB/c-derived peritoneal macrophages. Both attenuated strains failed to infect BALB/c mice and elicited IFN-γ, but not IL-4 and IL-10, responses. 5ASKH-HP parasites failed to induce significant infection even in severely immunocompromised- SCID or inducible NO synthase-, CD40-, or IL-12-deficient mice, indicating attenuation. The avirulent strain induced less IL-10, but higher IL-12, in macrophages. The avirulent strain failed to reduce CD40 relocation to the detergent-resistant membrane domain and to inhibit CD40-induced phosphorylation of the kinases Lyn and protein kinase C-β and MAPKs MKK-3/6 and p38MAPK or to upregulate MEK-1/2 and ERK-1/2 in BALB/c-derived peritoneal macrophages. The virulent and the avirulent strains reciprocally modulated CD40-induced Ras-mediated signaling through PI-3K and Raf-1. Avirulent 5ASKH-primed BALB/c mice were protected against virulent L. major challenge infection. The loss of virulence accompanied by substantially altered proteome profiles and the elicitation of host-protective immune responses indicate plausibly irreversible attenuation of the L. major strain and its potential use as a vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Jha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Aditya Y Sarode
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Neelam Bodhale
- Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search, Kolkata, West Bengal 700107, India
| | - Debasri Mukherjee
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Surya Prakash Pandey
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Neetu Srivastava
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; and
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; .,Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
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27
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Nouwen LV, Everts B. Pathogens MenTORing Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: Manipulation of mTOR and Cellular Metabolism to Promote Immune Escape. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010161. [PMID: 31936570 PMCID: PMC7017145 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, represent an important first line of defense against infections. Upon recognition of pathogens, these cells undergo a metabolic reprogramming that supports their activation and ability to respond to the invading pathogens. An important metabolic regulator of these cells is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). During infection, pathogens use host metabolic pathways to scavenge host nutrients, as well as target metabolic pathways for subversion of the host immune response that together facilitate pathogen survival. Given the pivotal role of mTOR in controlling metabolism and DC and macrophage function, pathogens have evolved strategies to target this pathway to manipulate these cells. This review seeks to discuss the most recent insights into how pathogens target DC and macrophage metabolism to subvert potential deleterious immune responses against them, by focusing on the metabolic pathways that are known to regulate and to be regulated by mTOR signaling including amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and autophagy.
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28
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Zutshi S, Kumar S, Chauhan P, Bansode Y, Nair A, Roy S, Sarkar A, Saha B. Anti-Leishmanial Vaccines: Assumptions, Approaches, and Annulments. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040156. [PMID: 31635276 PMCID: PMC6963565 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected protozoan parasitic disease that occurs in 88 countries but a vaccine is unavailable. Vaccination with live, killed, attenuated (physically or genetically) Leishmania have met with limited success, while peptide-, protein-, or DNA-based vaccines showed promise only in animal models. Here, we critically assess several technical issues in vaccination and expectation of a host-protective immune response. Several studies showed that antigen presentation during priming and triggering of the same cells in infected condition are not comparable. Altered proteolytic processing, antigen presentation, protease-susceptible sites, and intracellular expression of pathogenic proteins during Leishmania infection may vary dominant epitope selection, MHC-II/peptide affinity, and may deter the reactivation of desired antigen-specific T cells generated during priming. The robustness of the memory T cells and their functions remains a concern. Presentation of the antigens by Leishmania-infected macrophages to antigen-specific memory T cells may lead to change in the T cells' functional phenotype or anergy or apoptosis. Although cells may be activated, the peptides generated during infection may be different and cross-reactive to the priming peptides. Such altered peptide ligands may lead to suppression of otherwise active antigen-specific T cells. We critically assess these different immunological issues that led to the non-availability of a vaccine for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Prashant Chauhan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Yashwant Bansode
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Somenath Roy
- Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, India.
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
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29
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Rub A, Shaker K, Kashif M, Arish M, Dukhyil AAB, Alshehri BM, Alaidarous MA, Banawas S, Amir K. Repurposing Glyburide as Antileishmanial Agent to Fight Against Leishmaniasis. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:371-376. [PMID: 30827222 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190301114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoan parasite, Leishmania. It is common in more than 98 countries throughout the world. Due to insufficient availability of antileishmanial chemotherapeutics, it is an urgent need to search for new molecules which have better efficacy, low toxicity and are available at low cost. OBJECTIVES There is a high rate of diabetic cases throughout the world that is why we planned to test the antileishmanial activity of glyburide, an effective sugar lowering drug used for the treatment of diabetes. In this study, glyburide showed a significant decrease in the parasite growth and survival in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. METHODS Anti-leishmanial activity of glyburide was checked by culturing Leishmania donovani promastigotes in the presence of glyburide in a dose and time dependent manner. Docking study against Leishmania donovani-Trypanothione synthetase (LdTrySyn) protein was performed using Autodock Vina tool. RESULTS Growth reversibility assay shows that growth of treated parasite was not reversed when transferred to fresh culture media after 7 days. Moreover, docking studies show efficient interactions of glyburide with key residues in the catalytic site of Leishmania donovani- Trypanothione synthetase (LdTrySyn), a very important leishmanial enzyme involved in parasite's survival by detoxification of Nitric Oxide (NO) species, generated by the mammalian host as a defense molecule. Thus this study proves that the drug-repurposing is a beneficial strategy for identification of new and potent antileishmanial molecules. CONCLUSION The results suggest that glyburide binds to LdTrySyn and inhibits its activity which further leads to the altered parasite morphology and inhibition of parasite growth. Glyburide may also be used in combination with other anti-leishmanial drugs to potentiate the response of the chemotherapy. Overall this study provides information about combination therapy as well as a single drug treatment for the infected patients suffering from diabetes. This study also provides raw information for further in vivo disease model studies to confirm the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rub
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.,Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Kamal Shaker
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Kashif
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohd Arish
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Abdul Aziz Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Mohammed Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khwaja Amir
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Negrão F, Giorgio S, Eberlin MN, Yates JR. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Murine Cutaneous Lesions Induced by Leishmania amazonensis or Leishmania major. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1295-1305. [PMID: 31094195 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasisis is the most common clinical form of leishmaniasis and one of the most relevant neglected diseases. It is known that the progress of the disease is species specific and the host's immune response plays an important role in its outcome. However, the pathways that lead to parasite clearance or survival remain unknown. In this work, skin tissue from mice experimentally infected with L. amazonensis, one of the causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon region, L. major, another causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Africa, the Middle East, China, and India, or lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli as an inflammation model were investigated using label-free proteomics to unveil Leishmania-specific protein alterations. Proteomics is a powerful tool to investigate host-pathogen relationships to address biological questions. In this work, proteins from mice skin biopsies were identified and quantified using nano-LC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Integrated Proteomics Pipeline was used for peptide/protein identification and quantification. Western blot was used for validation of protein quantification by mass spectrometry, and protein pathways were predicted using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. In this proteomics study, several proteins were pointed out as hypothetical targets to guide future studies on Leishmania-specific modulation of proteins in the host. We identified hundreds of exclusively modulated proteins after Leishmania spp. infection and 17 proteins that were differentially modulated in the host after L. amazonensis or L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Negrão
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR302, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Rua Josué de Castro SN, Room A111, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Selma Giorgio
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Rua Josué de Castro SN, Room A111, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR302, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Kashif M, Hira SK, Upadhyaya A, Gupta U, Singh R, Paladhi A, Khan FI, Rub A, Manna PP. In silico studies and evaluation of antiparasitic role of a novel pyruvate phosphate dikinase inhibitor in Leishmania donovani infected macrophages. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 53:508-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Arish M, Husein A, Ali R, Tabrez S, Naz F, Ahmad MZ, Rub A. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in Leishmania donovani infection in macrophages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006647. [PMID: 30118478 PMCID: PMC6118390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a crucial regulator of a wide array of cellular processes, such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, but its role in Leishmania donovani infection is unknown. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, we observed that L. donovani infection in THP-1 derived macrophages (TDM) leads to decrease in the expression of S1pr2 and S1pr3 at mRNA level. We further observed that Leishmania infection inhibits the phosphorylation of sphingosine kinase 1 (sphK1) in a time-dependent manner. Exogenous S1P supplementation decreases L. donovani induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increases p38 phosphorylation in TDM, resulting in a decrease in the intracellular parasite burden in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, sphK inhibition by DMS increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation leading to increased IL-10 and parasite load. To gain further insight, cytokines expression were checked in S1P supplemented TDM and we observed increase in IL-12, while decrease IL-10 expression at mRNA and protein levels. In addition, treatment of antagonist of S1PR2 and S1PR3 such as JTE-013 and CAY10444 respectively enhanced Leishmania-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and parasite load. CONCLUSIONS Our overall study not only reports the significant role of S1P signaling during L. donovani infection but also provides a novel platform for the development of new drugs against Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Atahar Husein
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Rahat Ali
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Farha Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Zulfazal Ahmad
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: , ,
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Husein A, Jamal A, Ahmed MZ, Arish M, Ali R, Tabrez S, Rasool F, Rub A. Leishmania donovani infection differentially regulates small G-proteins. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7844-7854. [PMID: 29943842 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that resides and replicates in macrophages and causes leishmaniasis. The parasite alters the signaling cascade in host macrophages and evades the host machinery. Small G-proteins are GTPases, grouped in 5 different families that play a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis, intracellular trafficking, and transport. In particular, the Ras family of small G-proteins has been identified to play a significant role in the cellular functions mentioned before. Here, we studied the differential expression of the most important small G-proteins during Leishmania infection. We found major changes in the expression of different isoforms of Ras, mainly in N-Ras. We observed that Leishmania donovani infection led to enhanced N-Ras expression, whereas it inhibited K-Ras and H-Ras expression. Furthermore, an active N-Ras pull-down assay showed enhanced N-Ras activity. L donovani infection also increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and simultaneously decreased p38 phosphorylation. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of Ras led to reduction in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 in Leishmania-infected cells, which could lead to increased interleukin-12 expression and decreased interleukin-10 expression. Indeed, farnesylthiosalicyclic acid (a Ras inhibitor), when used at the effective level in L donovani-infected macrophages, reduced amastigotes in the host macrophages. Thus, upregulated N-Ras expression during L donovani infection could be a novel immune evasion strategy of Leishmania and would be a potential target for antileishmanial immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atahar Husein
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Zulfazal Ahmed
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Arish
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahat Ali
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Fayyaz Rasool
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
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Gerdes N, Zirlik A. Co-stimulatory molecules in and beyond co-stimulation – tipping the balance in atherosclerosis? Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:804-13. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-09-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA plethora of basic laboratory and clinical studies has uncovered the chronic inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis. The adaptive immune system with its front-runner, the T cell, drives the atherogenic process at all stages. T cell function is dependent on and controlled by a variety of either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. In addition, many of these proteins enfold T cell-independent pro-atherogenic functions on a variety of cell types. Accordingly they represent potential targets for immune- modulatory and/or anti-inflammatory therapy of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the diverse role of co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-superfamily and their downstream signalling effectors in atherosclerosis. In particular, the contribution of CD28/CD80/CD86/CTLA4, ICOS/ICOSL, PD-1/PDL-1/2, TRAF, CD40/CD154, OX40/OX40L, CD137/CD137L, CD70/CD27, GITR/GITRL, and LIGHT to arterial disease is reviewed. Finally, the potential for a therapeutic exploitation of these molecules in the treatment of atherosclerosis is discussed.
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Kashif M, Tabrez S, Husein A, Arish M, Kalaiarasan P, Manna PP, Subbarao N, Akhter Y, Rub A. Identification of novel inhibitors against UDP‐galactopyranose mutase to combat leishmaniasis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2653-2665. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kashif
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of BiotechnologyJamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)New DelhiIndia
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of BiotechnologyJamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)New DelhiIndia
| | - Atahar Husein
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of BiotechnologyJamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)New DelhiIndia
| | - Mohd Arish
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of BiotechnologyJamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)New DelhiIndia
| | - Ponnusamy Kalaiarasan
- School of Computational and Integrative SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Partha P. Manna
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal PradeshTemporary Academic BlockShahpurKangra (H.P.)India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of BiotechnologyJamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)New DelhiIndia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical ScienceMajmaah UniversityAl MajmaahKSA
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Semini G, Paape D, Paterou A, Schroeder J, Barrios‐Llerena M, Aebischer T. Changes to cholesterol trafficking in macrophages by Leishmania parasites infection. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6:e00469. [PMID: 28349644 PMCID: PMC5552908 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are protozoan parasites that are transmitted by sandfly vectors during blood sucking to vertebrate hosts and cause a spectrum of diseases called leishmaniases. It has been demonstrated that host cholesterol plays an important role during Leishmania infection. Nevertheless, little is known about the intracellular distribution of this lipid early after internalization of the parasite. Here, pulse-chase experiments with radiolabeled cholesteryl esterified to fatty acids bound to low-density lipoproteins indicated that retention of this source of cholesterol is increased in parasite-containing subcellular fractions, while uptake is unaffected. This is correlated with a reduction or absence of detectable NPC1 (Niemann-Pick disease, type C1), a protein responsible for cholesterol efflux from endocytic compartments, in the Leishmania mexicana habitat and infected cells. Filipin staining revealed a halo around parasites within parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) likely representing free cholesterol accumulation. Labeling of host cell membranous cholesterol by fluorescent cholesterol species before infection revealed that this pool is also trafficked to the PV but becomes incorporated into the parasites' membranes and seems not to contribute to the halo detected by filipin. This cholesterol sequestration happened early after infection and was functionally significant as it correlated with the upregulation of mRNA-encoding proteins required for cholesterol biosynthesis. Thus, sequestration of cholesterol by Leishmania amastigotes early after infection provides a basis to understand perturbation of cholesterol-dependent processes in macrophages that were shown previously by others to be necessary for their proper function in innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geo Semini
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and MycobacteriaDepartment of Infectious DiseasesRobert Koch‐InstituteBerlinGermany
| | - Daniel Paape
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Present address:
Welcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology and Institute of Infection Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Athina Paterou
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Juliane Schroeder
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Present address:
Welcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology and Institute of Infection Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Martin Barrios‐Llerena
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Present address:
Centre for Cardiovascular SciencesQueen's Medical Research Institute University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and MycobacteriaDepartment of Infectious DiseasesRobert Koch‐InstituteBerlinGermany
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Arish M, Alaidarous M, Ali R, Akhter Y, Rub A. Implication of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in diseases: molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategies. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:437-446. [PMID: 28758826 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1358282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling is emerging as a critical regulator of cellular processes that is initiated by the intracellular production of bioactive lipid molecule, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Binding of sphingosine-1-phosphate to its extracellular receptors activates diverse downstream signaling that play a critical role in governing physiological processes. Increasing evidence suggests that this signaling pathway often gets impaired during pathophysiological and diseased conditions and hence manipulation of this signaling pathway may be beneficial in providing treatment. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of S1P signaling pathway and the versatile role of the participating candidates in context with several disease conditions. Finally, we discussed its possible role as a novel drug target in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahat Ali
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- c Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences , Central University of Himachal Pradesh , Shahpur, Kangra , India
| | - Abdur Rub
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India.,b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah , Saudi Arabia
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Zirlik A, Lutgens E. An inflammatory link in atherosclerosis and obesity. Co-stimulatory molecules. Hamostaseologie 2016. [PMID: 26225729 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-12-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction are lipid-driven inflammatory pathologies responsible for a major part of cardiovascular complications. Immune cell activation as well as interactions between the different immune cells is dependent on and controlled by a variety of co-stimulatory signals. These co-stimulatory signals can either aggravate or ameliorate the disease depending on the stage of the disease, the cell-types involved and the signal transduction cascades initiated. This review focuses on the diverse roles of the most established co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) families, ie the CD28/CTLA4-CD80/CD86 and CD40L/CD40 dyads in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and obesity. In addition, we will explore their potential as therapeutic targets in both atherosclerosis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zirlik
- Prof. Andreas Zirlik, Atherogenesis Research Group, Heart Center Freiburg University, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Germany, E-mail:
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Devi S, Ansari SA, Tenguria S, Kumar N, Ahmed N. Multipronged regulatory functions of a novel endonuclease (TieA) from Helicobacter pylori. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9393-9412. [PMID: 27550181 PMCID: PMC5100599 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori portrays a classical paradigm of persistent bacterial infections. A well balanced homeostasis of bacterial effector functions and host responses is purported to be the key in achieving long term colonization in specific hosts. H. pylori nucleases have been shown to assist in natural transformation, but their role in virulence and colonization remains elusive. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the involvement of these nucleases in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. Here, we report the multifaceted role of a TNFR-1 interacting endonuclease A (TieA) from H. pylori. tieA expression is differentially regulated in response to environmental stress and post adherence to gastric epithelial cells. Studies with isogenic knockouts of tieA revealed it to be a secretory protein which translocates into the host gastric epithelial cells independent of a type IV secretion system, gets phosphorylated by DNA-PK kinase and auto-phosphorylates as serine kinase. Furthermore, TieA binds to and cleaves DNA in a non-specific manner and promotes Fas mediated apoptosis in AGS cells. Additionally, TieA induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion via activation of transcription factor AP-1 and signaled through MAP kinase pathway. Collectively, TieA with its multipronged and moonlighting functions could facilitate H. pylori in maintaining a balance of bacterial adaptation, and elimination by the host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Devi
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Suhail A Ansari
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shivendra Tenguria
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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40
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Parihar SP, Hartley MA, Hurdayal R, Guler R, Brombacher F. Topical Simvastatin as Host-Directed Therapy against Severity of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33458. [PMID: 27632901 PMCID: PMC5025842 DOI: 10.1038/srep33458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that statins mediate protection against intracellular pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes in mice. Here, we investigated the immunomodulatory potential of simvastatin as a topical or systemic host-directed drug therapy in controlling inflammatory responses in an experimental mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major (LV39). In an ear infection model, topical application of simvastatin directly on established lesions significantly reduced severity of the disease reflected by ear lesion size and ulceration. The host protective effect was further accompanied by decreased parasite burden in the ear and draining lymph nodes in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Pre-treatment of these mice on a low-fat cholesterol diet and systemic simvastatin also reduced footpad swelling, as well as parasite burdens and ulceration/necrosis in the more robust footpad infection model, demonstrating the prophylactic potential of simvastatin for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mechanistically, following L. major infection, simvastatin-treated primary macrophages responded with significantly reduced cholesterol levels and increased production of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, simvastatin-treated macrophages displayed enhanced phagosome maturation, as revealed by increased LAMP-3 expression in fluorescent microscopy and Western blot analysis. These findings demonstrate that simvastatin treatment enhances host protection against L. major by increasing macrophage phagosome maturation and killing effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, CH1066, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Hurdayal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch-7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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41
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Wei Y, Schober A. MicroRNA regulation of macrophages in human pathologies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3473-95. [PMID: 27137182 PMCID: PMC11108364 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in the innate immune system and contribute to a broad spectrum of pathologies, like in the defence against infectious agents, in inflammation resolution, and wound repair. In the past several years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play important roles in immune diseases by regulating macrophage functions. In this review, we will summarize the role of miRNAs in the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, in the classical and alternative activation of macrophages, and in the regulation of phagocytosis and apoptosis. Notably, miRNAs preferentially target genes related to the cellular cholesterol metabolism, which is of key importance for the inflammatory activation and phagocytic activity of macrophages. miRNAs functionally link various mechanisms involved in macrophage activation and contribute to initiation and resolution of inflammation. miRNAs represent promising diagnostic and therapeutic targets in different conditions, such as infectious diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wei
- Experimental Vascular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Schober
- Experimental Vascular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany.
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42
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Walsh MC, Lee J, Choi Y. Tumor necrosis factor receptor- associated factor 6 (TRAF6) regulation of development, function, and homeostasis of the immune system. Immunol Rev 2016; 266:72-92. [PMID: 26085208 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an adapter protein that mediates a wide array of protein-protein interactions via its TRAF domain and a RING finger domain that possesses non-conventional E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. First identified nearly two decades ago as a mediator of interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated activation of NFκB, TRAF6 has since been identified as an actor downstream of multiple receptor families with immunoregulatory functions, including members of the TNFR superfamily, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, tumor growth factor-β receptors (TGFβR), and T-cell receptor (TCR). In addition to NFκB, TRAF6 may also direct activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and interferon regulatory factor pathways. In the context of the immune system, TRAF6-mediated signals have proven critical for the development, homeostasis, and/or activation of B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts, as well as for organogenesis of thymic and secondary lymphoid tissues. In multiple cellular contexts, TRAF6 function is essential not only for proper activation of the immune system but also for maintaining immune tolerance, and more recent work has begun to identify mechanisms of contextual specificity for TRAF6, involving both regulatory protein interactions, and messenger RNA regulation by microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Walsh
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - JangEun Lee
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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43
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Soares-Silva M, Diniz FF, Gomes GN, Bahia D. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway: Role in Immune Evasion by Trypanosomatids. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:183. [PMID: 26941717 PMCID: PMC4764696 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi are the causative agents of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, respectively, two neglected tropical diseases that affect about 25 million people worldwide. These parasites belong to the family Trypanosomatidae, and are both obligate intracellular parasites that manipulate host signaling pathways and the innate immune system to establish infection. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine and threonine protein kinases that are highly conserved in eukaryotes, and are involved in signal transduction pathways that modulate physiological and pathophysiological cell responses. This mini-review highlights existing knowledge concerning the mechanisms that Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi have evolved to target the host’s MAPK signaling pathways and highjack the immune response, and, in this manner, promote parasite maintenance in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Soares-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flavia F Diniz
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisMinas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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Mukherjee A, Roy S, Saha B, Mukherjee D. Spatio-Temporal Regulation of PKC Isoforms Imparts Signaling Specificity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:45. [PMID: 26925059 PMCID: PMC4756072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayoni Roy
- National Centre for Cell Science , Pune , India
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Soares-Silva M, Diniz FF, Gomes GN, Bahia D. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway: Role in Immune Evasion by Trypanosomatids. Front Microbiol 2016. [PMID: 26941717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00183/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi are the causative agents of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, respectively, two neglected tropical diseases that affect about 25 million people worldwide. These parasites belong to the family Trypanosomatidae, and are both obligate intracellular parasites that manipulate host signaling pathways and the innate immune system to establish infection. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine and threonine protein kinases that are highly conserved in eukaryotes, and are involved in signal transduction pathways that modulate physiological and pathophysiological cell responses. This mini-review highlights existing knowledge concerning the mechanisms that Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi have evolved to target the host's MAPK signaling pathways and highjack the immune response, and, in this manner, promote parasite maintenance in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Soares-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flavia F Diniz
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisMinas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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46
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Bandyopadhyay S, Kar Mahapatra S, Paul Chowdhury B, Kumar Jha M, Das S, Halder K, Bhattacharyya Majumdar S, Saha B, Majumdar S. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Targeted Rectification of Impaired CD8⁺ T Cell Functions in Experimental Leishmania donovani Infection Reinstates Host Protection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142800. [PMID: 26559815 PMCID: PMC4641719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease visceral leishmanisis (VL), characterized by inappropriate CD8+ T-cell activation. Therefore, we examined whether the Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand Ara-LAM, a cell wall glycolipid from non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis, would restore CD8+ T-cell function during VL. We observed that by efficient upregulation of TLR2 signaling-mediated NF-κB translocation and MAPK signaling in CD8+ T-cells (CD25+CD28+IL-12R+IFN-γR+), Ara-LAM triggered signaling resulted in the activation of T-bet, which in turn, induced transcription favourable histone modification at the IFN-γ, perforin, granzyme-B promoter regions in CD8+ T-cells. Thus, we conclude that Ara-LAM induced efficient activation of effector CD8+ T-cells by upregulating the expression of IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme-B in an NF-κB and MAPK induced T-bet dependent manner in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shibali Das
- The Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Kuntal Halder
- The Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- The Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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Lalani AI, Luo C, Han Y, Xie P. TRAF3: a novel tumor suppressor gene in macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:e1009. [PMID: 26661944 DOI: 10.14800/macrophage.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), a member of the TRAF family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins with E3 ligase activity, is ubiquitously expressed in various cell types of the immune system. It is shared for signaling by a variety of adaptive and innate immune receptors as well as cytokine receptors. Previous studies examining conditional TRAF3-deficient mouse models that have the Traf3 gene specifically deleted in B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes have revealed the diverse and critical in vivo functions of TRAF3 in adaptive immunity. Although in vitro evidence points to a pivotal and indispensable role for TRAF3 in type I interferon production induced by pattern recognition receptors in macrophages and dendritic cells, the in vivo functions of TRAF3 in the innate immune system had long remained unclear. Three laboratories have recently addressed this gap in knowledge by investigating myeloid cell-specific TRAF3-deficient (genotype: TRAF3flox/floxLysM+/Cre) mice. The new evidence together demonstrates that specific ablation of TRAF3 in myeloid cells leads to inflammatory diseases, altered progression of diabetes, and spontaneous development of different types of tumors and infections in mice. These new findings indicate that TRAF3 acts as an anti-inflammatory factor and is required for optimal innate immunity in myeloid cells. Strikingly, the new evidence also identifies TRAF3 as a novel tumor suppressor gene in macrophages and other myeloid cells. In this review, we discuss and summarize the new findings and current knowledge about the multi-faceted regulatory roles and complex signaling mechanisms of myeloid cell TRAF3 in inflammation, innate immunity, and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almin I Lalani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA ; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Chang Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Yeming Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA ; Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
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Mukhopadhyay D, Mukherjee S, Roy S, Dalton JE, Kundu S, Sarkar A, Das NK, Kaye PM, Chatterjee M. M2 Polarization of Monocytes-Macrophages Is a Hallmark of Indian Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004145. [PMID: 26496711 PMCID: PMC4619837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The high level of functional diversity and plasticity in monocytes/macrophages has been defined within in vitro systems as M1 (classically activated), M2 (alternatively activated) and deactivated macrophages, of which the latter two subtypes are associated with suppression of cell mediated immunity, that confers susceptibility to intracellular infection. Although the Leishmania parasite modulates macrophage functions to ensure its survival, what remains an unanswered yet pertinent question is whether these macrophages are deactivated or alternatively activated. This study aimed to characterize the functional plasticity and polarization of monocytes/macrophages and delineate their importance in the immunopathogenesis of Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a chronic dermatosis of human leishmaniasis. Monocytes from PKDL patients showed a decreased expression of TLR-2/4, along with an attenuated generation of reactive oxidative/nitrosative species. At disease presentation, an increased mRNA expression of classical M2 markers CD206, ARG1 and PPARG in monocytes and lesional macrophages indicated M2 polarization of macrophages which was corroborated by increased expression of CD206 and arginase-1. Furthermore, altered vitamin D signaling was a key feature in PKDL, as disease presentation was associated with raised plasma levels of monohydroxylated vitamin D3 and vitamin D3- associated genes, features of M2 polarization. Taken together, in PKDL, monocyte/macrophage subsets appear to be alternatively activated, a phenotype that might sustain disease chronicity. Importantly, repolarization of these monocytes to M1 by antileishmanial drugs suggests that switching from M2 to M1 phenotype might represent a therapeutic opportunity, worthy of future pharmacological consideration. Monocyte/macrophage subsets following their polarization by the microenvironement serve as important immune sentinels that play a vital role in host defense and homeostasis. The polarization of macrophage function has been broadly classified as M1 (classical) and M2 (alternate) activation, wherein M1 polarised cells display a strong pro-inflammatory microbicidal response, while M2 polarization is linked to production of an anti-inflammatory milieu leading to tissue regeneration and wound healing. Data pertaining to macrophage polarization are primarily derived from murine models, but increasing evidence is highlighting the inadequacy of direct inter-species translation. In leishmaniasis, a protozoan infection caused by the genus Leishmania, manipulation of host macrophage function is central to pathogenesis. In this study we report that monocyte/macrophage subsets in Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis are polarized to an M2 phenotype. This study provides insights into systemic and local regulation of macrophage/ monocyte functions in this important human disease and highlights the influence of immunomodulatory anti-leishmanial chemotherapy on macrophage/monocyte polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shibabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Susmita Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jane E. Dalton
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sunanda Kundu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Avijit Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilay K. Das
- Department of Dermatology, Calcutta Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PMK); (MC)
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail: (PMK); (MC)
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Arish M, Husein A, Kashif M, Saleem M, Akhter Y, Rub A. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling: unraveling its role as a drug target against infectious diseases. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:133-142. [PMID: 26456576 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling is reported in variety of cell types, including immune, endothelial and cancerous cells. It is emerging as a crucial regulator of cellular processes, such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and so on. This signaling pathway is initiated by the intracellular production and secretion of S1P through a cascade of enzymatic reactions. Binding of S1P to different S1P receptors (S1PRs) activates different downstream signaling pathways that regulate the cellular functions differentially depending upon the cell type. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that S1P metabolism and signaling is often impaired during infectious diseases; thus, its manipulation might be helpful in the treatment of such diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the S1P signaling pathway and its candidature as a novel drug target against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Atahar Husein
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammed Saleem
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Temporary Academic Block, Shahpur, Kangra, HP 176216, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
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50
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Bandyopadhyay S, Chandel HS, Singh S, Roy S, Krishnasastry MV, Saha B. Counteractive functions are encrypted in the residues of CD154. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:673-80. [PMID: 26429321 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CD40, as a single receptor that binds CD154 (CD40-ligand or CD40L), regulates counteractive effector functions such as production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we examined whether such dual messages are encrypted in CD40L. As such message encryption was never investigated, we hypothesized that mutation of certain amino acid residues should in principle enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine production whereas mutation of some others would enhance anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion. We mutated six such residues, which were previously showed to participate in CD40L function. Here, we report that the mutant CD154 129E→V was superior to the wild-type CD154 in killing of Leishmania donovani, induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of IL-12 and relative phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK-1/2 in PBMC-derived macrophages. By contrast, 128S→V promoted L. donovani survival, reducing iNOS, but increasing IL-10 expression and predominant ERK-1/2 phosphorylation. The mutant 144G→V did not have significant effects. Other mutants (142E→V, 143K→A, 145Y→F) mimicked the wild-type CD154. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested that these mutations induced differential conformational changes in the CD40-CD154 complex. Therefore, assortment of the contrasting messages encrypted in a given ligand performing counteractive functions presents a novel fundamental biological principle that can be used for devising various therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Somenath Roy
- Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India.
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