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Cifuentes C, Oeste CL, Fernández-Pisonero I, Hortal AM, García-Macías C, Hochart J, Rubira R, Horndler L, Horndler C, Bustelo XR, Alarcón B. Unmutated RRAS2 emerges as a key oncogene in post-partum-associated triple negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:142. [PMID: 38987766 PMCID: PMC11234613 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, with triple negative BC (TNBC) accounting for 20% of cases. While early detection and targeted therapies have improved overall life expectancy, TNBC remains resistant to current treatments. Although parity reduces the lifetime risk of developing BC, pregnancy increases the risk of developing TNBC for years after childbirth. Although numerous gene mutations have been associated with BC, no single gene alteration has been identified as a universal driver. RRAS2 is a RAS-related GTPase rarely found mutated in cancer. METHODS Conditional knock-in mice were generated to overexpress wild type human RRAS2 in mammary epithelial cells. A human sample cohort was analyzed by RT-qPCR to measure RRAS2 transcriptional expression and to determine the frequency of both a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs8570) in the 3'UTR region of RRAS2 and of genomic DNA amplification in tumoral and non-tumoral human BC samples. RESULTS Here we show that overexpression of wild-type RRAS2 in mice is sufficient to develop TNBC in 100% of females in a pregnancy-dependent manner. In human BC, wild-type RRAS2 is overexpressed in 68% of tumors across grade, location, and molecular type, surpassing the prevalence of any previously implicated alteration. Still, RRAS2 overexpression is notably higher and more frequent in TNBC and young parous patients. The increased prevalence of the alternate C allele at the SNP position in tumor samples, along with frequent RRAS2 gene amplification in both tumors and blood of BC patients, suggests a cause-and-effect relationship between RRAS2 overexpression and breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Higher than normal expression of RRAS2 not bearing activating mutations is a key driver in the majority of breast cancers, especially those of the triple-negative type and those linked to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cifuentes
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Clara L Oeste
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- LynxCare, Tiensevest 132, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Isabel Fernández-Pisonero
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Alejandro M Hortal
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Macías
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Jeanne Hochart
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Regina Rubira
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Lydia Horndler
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carlos Horndler
- University Hospital Miguel Servet, P.º de Isabel la Católica, 1-3, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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Talajić A, Dominko K, Lončarić M, Ambriović-Ristov A, Ćetković H. The ancestral type of the R-RAS protein has oncogenic potential. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:27. [PMID: 38383288 PMCID: PMC10882905 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The R-RAS2 is a small GTPase highly similar to classical RAS proteins at the regulatory and signaling levels. The high evolutionary conservation of R-RAS2, its links to basic cellular processes and its role in cancer, make R-RAS2 an interesting research topic. To elucidate the evolutionary history of R-RAS proteins, we investigated and compared structural and functional properties of ancestral type R-RAS protein with human R-RAS2. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis were used to elucidate the evolution of R-RAS proteins. Intrinsic GTPase activity of purified human and sponge proteins was analyzed with GTPase-GloTM Assay kit. The cell model consisted of human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 transiently transfected with EsuRRAS2-like or HsaRRAS2. Biological characterization of R-RAS2 proteins was performed by Western blot on whole cell lysates or cell adhesion protein isolates, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, MTT test, colony formation assay, wound healing and Boyden chamber migration assays. RESULTS We found that the single sponge R-RAS2-like gene/protein probably reflects the properties of the ancestral R-RAS protein that existed prior to duplications during the transition to Bilateria, and to Vertebrata. Biochemical characterization of sponge and human R-RAS2 showed that they have the same intrinsic GTPase activity and RNA binding properties. By testing cell proliferation, migration and colony forming efficiency in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, we showed that the ancestral type of the R-RAS protein, sponge R-RAS2-like, enhances their oncogenic potential, similar to human R-RAS2. In addition, sponge and human R-RAS2 were not found in focal adhesions, but both homologs play a role in their regulation by increasing talin1 and vinculin. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the ancestor of all animals possessed an R-RAS2-like protein with oncogenic properties similar to evolutionarily more recent versions of the protein, even before the appearance of true tissue and the origin of tumors. Therefore, we have unraveled the evolutionary history of R-RAS2 in metazoans and improved our knowledge of R-RAS2 properties, including its structure, regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antea Talajić
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Dominko
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Lončarić
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreja Ambriović-Ristov
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Helena Ćetković
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Hortal AM, Villanueva A, Arellano I, Prieto C, Mendoza P, Bustelo XR, Alarcón B. Mice Overexpressing Wild-Type RRAS2 Are a Novel Model for Preclinical Testing of Anti-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5817. [PMID: 38136362 PMCID: PMC10742337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in the Western world. Mutation in different genes, such as TP53 and ATM, and deletions at specific chromosomic regions, among which are 11q or 17p, have been described to be associated to worse disease prognosis. Recent research from our group has demonstrated that, contrary to what is the usual cancer development process through missense mutations, B-CLL is driven by the overexpression of the small GTPase RRAS2 in its wild-type form without activating mutations. Some mouse models of this disease have been developed to date and are commonly used in B-CLL research, but they present different disadvantages such as the long waiting period until the leukemia fully develops, the need to do cell engraftment or, in some cases, the fact that the model does not recapitulate the alterations found in human patients. We have recently described Rosa26-RRAS2fl/flxmb1-Cre as a new mouse model of B-CLL with a full penetrance of the disease. In this work, we have validated this mouse model as a novel tool for the development of new therapies for B-CLL, by testing two of the most broadly applied targeted agents: ibrutinib and venetoclax. This also opens the door to new targeted agents against R-RAS2 itself, an approach not yet explored in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M. Hortal
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (I.A.); (C.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Ana Villanueva
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (I.A.); (C.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Irene Arellano
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (I.A.); (C.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (I.A.); (C.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (I.A.); (C.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Xosé R. Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (I.A.); (C.P.); (P.M.)
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Lacuna M, Hortal AM, Cifuentes C, Gonzalo T, Alcoceba M, Bastos M, Bustelo XR, González M, Alarcón B. Characterization of Three Somatic Mutations in the 3'UTR of RRAS2 and Their Inverse Correlation with Lymphocytosis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cells 2023; 12:2687. [PMID: 38067115 PMCID: PMC10705375 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by progressive accumulation of a rare population of CD5+ B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. CLL exhibits remarkable clinical heterogeneity, with some patients presenting with indolent disease and others progressing rapidly to aggressive CLL. The significant heterogeneity of CLL underscores the importance of identifying novel prognostic markers. Recently, the RAS-related gene RRAS2 has emerged as both a driver oncogene and a potential marker for CLL progression, with higher RRAS2 expression associated with poorer disease prognosis. Although missense somatic mutations in the coding sequence of RRAS2 have not been described in CLL, this study reports the frequent detection of three somatic mutations in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) affecting positions +26, +53, and +180 downstream of the stop codon in the mRNA. An inverse relationship was observed between these three somatic mutations and RRAS2 mRNA expression, which correlated with lower blood lymphocytosis. These findings highlight the importance of RRAS2 overexpression in CLL development and prognosis and point to somatic mutations in its 3'UTR as novel mechanistic clues. Our results may contribute to the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and improved risk stratification for CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lacuna
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Alejandro M. Hortal
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Claudia Cifuentes
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Tania Gonzalo
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Miguel Alcoceba
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca (HUS-IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.A.); (M.B.); (M.G.)
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Miguel Bastos
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca (HUS-IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.A.); (M.B.); (M.G.)
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Xosé R. Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Marcos González
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca (HUS-IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.A.); (M.B.); (M.G.)
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.); (T.G.)
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5
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Safaroghli-Azar A, Sanaei MJ, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) classes: From cell signaling to endocytic recycling and autophagy. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175827. [PMID: 37269974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid signaling is defined as any biological signaling action in which a lipid messenger binds to a protein target, converting its effects to specific cellular responses. In this complex biological pathway, the family of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) represents a pivotal role and affects many aspects of cellular biology from cell survival, proliferation, and migration to endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, metabolism, and autophagy. While yeasts have a single isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mammals possess eight PI3K types divided into three classes. The class I PI3Ks have set the stage to widen research interest in the field of cancer biology. The aberrant activation of class I PI3Ks has been identified in 30-50% of human tumors, and activating mutations in PIK3CA is one of the most frequent oncogenes in human cancer. In addition to indirect participation in cell signaling, class II and III PI3Ks primarily regulate vesicle trafficking. Class III PI3Ks are also responsible for autophagosome formation and autophagy flux. The current review aims to discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on the latest discoveries regarding PI3Ks-mediated cell biological processes. Also, we unravel the mechanisms by which pools of the same phosphoinositides (PIs) derived from different PI3K types act differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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An Optimized Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-Based Detection Method Suggests That Allelic Variants in the 3' Untranslated Region of RRAS2 Correlate with Treatment Response in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030644. [PMID: 36765602 PMCID: PMC9913312 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike classical RAS genes, oncogenic mutations on RRAS2 are seldomly found in human cancer. By contrast, RRAS2 is frequently found overexpressed in a number of human tumors, including B and T cell lymphomas, breast, gastric, head and neck cancers. In this regard, we have recently shown that overexpression of wild-type RRAS2 drives the formation of both chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and breast cancer in mice. In support for the relevance of overexpression of wild type RRAS2 in human cancer, we have found that RRAS2 expression is influenced by the presence of a specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the RRAS2 mRNA. Perhaps more importantly, the presence of the alternate C, rather than the G allele, at the RRAS2 SNP designated as rs8570 is also associated with worse patient prognosis in CLL. This indicates that the detection of this SNP allelic variants can be informative to predict RRAS2 expression levels and disease long-term evolution in patients. Here, we describe a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method that facilitates the rapid and easy determination of G and C allelic variants of the SNP. Using this approach, we confirm that the C allelic variant is associated with higher expression levels of RRAS2 transcripts and poor patient prognosis. However, we have also found that expression of the C allelic variants correlates with better response to ibrutinib, a Bruton kinase inhibitor commonly used in CLL treatments. This suggests that this method for detecting the RRAS2 rs8570 SNP might be a useful as a tool to predict both patient prognosis and response to targeted therapy in CLL.
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7
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Clavaín L, Fernández-Pisonero I, Movilla N, Lorenzo-Martín LF, Nieto B, Abad A, García-Navas R, Llorente-González C, Sánchez-Martín M, Vicente-Manzanares M, Santos E, Alarcón B, García-Aznar JM, Dosil M, Bustelo XR. Characterization of mutant versions of the R-RAS2/TC21 GTPase found in tumors. Oncogene 2023; 42:389-405. [PMID: 36476833 PMCID: PMC9883167 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The R-RAS2 GTP hydrolase (GTPase) (also known as TC21) has been traditionally considered quite similar to classical RAS proteins at the regulatory and signaling levels. Recently, a long-tail hotspot mutation targeting the R-RAS2/TC21 Gln72 residue (Q72L) was identified as a potent oncogenic driver. Additional point mutations were also found in other tumors at low frequencies. Despite this, little information is available regarding the transforming role of these mutant versions and their relevance for the tumorigenic properties of already-transformed cancer cells. Here, we report that many of the RRAS2 mutations found in human cancers are highly transforming when expressed in immortalized cell lines. Moreover, the expression of endogenous R-RAS2Q72L is important for maintaining optimal levels of PI3K and ERK activities as well as for the adhesion, invasiveness, proliferation, and mitochondrial respiration of ovarian and breast cancer cell lines. Endogenous R-RAS2Q72L also regulates gene expression programs linked to both cell adhesion and inflammatory/immune-related responses. Endogenous R-RAS2Q72L is also quite relevant for the in vivo tumorigenic activity of these cells. This dependency is observed even though these cancer cell lines bear concurrent gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding RAS signaling elements. Finally, we show that endogenous R-RAS2, unlike the case of classical RAS proteins, specifically localizes in focal adhesions. Collectively, these results indicate that gain-of-function mutations of R-RAS2/TC21 play roles in tumor initiation and maintenance that are not fully redundant with those regulated by classical RAS oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clavaín
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernández-Pisonero
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nieves Movilla
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L. Francisco Lorenzo-Martín
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Blanca Nieto
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rósula García-Navas
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Clara Llorente-González
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Martín
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Transgenesis Facility and Nucleus Platform for Research Services, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- grid.5515.40000000119578126Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. García-Aznar
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mercedes Dosil
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Xosé R. Bustelo
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain ,grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Huang J, Liu W, Zhang D, Lin B, Li B. TMEM158 expression is negatively regulated by AR signaling and associated with favorite survival outcomes in prostate cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1023455. [PMID: 36387246 PMCID: PMC9663988 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1023455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane protein TMEM158 was initially reported as a Ras-induced gene during senescence and has been implicated as either an oncogenic factor or tumor suppressor, depending on tumor types. It is unknown if TMEM158 expression is altered in prostate cancers. METHODS Multiple public gene expression datasets from RNA-seq and cDNA microarray assays were utilized to analyze candidate gene expression profiles. TMEM158 protein expression was assessed using an immunohistochemistry approach on a tissue section array from benign and malignant prostate tissues. Comparisons of gene expression profiles were conducted using the bioinformatics software R package. RESULTS COX regression-based screening identified the membrane protein TMEM158 gene as negatively associated with disease-specific and progression-free survival in prostate cancer patients. Gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels revealed that TMEM158 expression was significantly reduced in malignant tissues compared to benign compartments. Meanwhile, TMEM158 downregulation was strongly correlated with advanced clinicopathological features, including late-stage diseases, lymph node invasion, higher PSA levels, residual tumors after surgery, and adverse Gleason scores. In castration-resistant prostate cancers, TMEM158 expression was negatively correlated with AR signaling activity but positively correlated with neuroendocrinal progression index. Consistently, in cell culture models, androgen treatment reduced TMEM158 expression, while androgen deprivation led to upregulation of TMEM158 expression. Correlation analysis showed a tight correlation of TMEM158 expression with the level of R-Ras gene expression, which was also significantly downregulated in prostate cancers. Tumor immune infiltration profiling analysis discovered a strong association of TMEM158 expression with NK cell and Mast cell enrichment. CONCLUSION The membrane protein TMEM158 is significantly downregulated in prostate cancer and is tightly associated with disease progression, anti-tumor immune infiltration, and patient survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Center for Pathological Diagnosis and Research, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Da Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Biyun Lin
- Center for Pathological Diagnosis and Research, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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9
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Exploring the mechanism of sweetener neohesperidin dihydrochalcone on oral tolerance via a network pharmacology approach combined with vivo and vitro methods. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Hortal AM, Oeste CL, Cifuentes C, Alcoceba M, Fernández-Pisonero I, Clavaín L, Tercero R, Mendoza P, Domínguez V, García-Flores M, Pintado B, Abia D, García-Macías C, Navarro-Bailón A, Bustelo XR, González M, Alarcón B. Overexpression of wild type RRAS2, without oncogenic mutations, drives chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:35. [PMID: 35120522 PMCID: PMC8815240 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent, and still incurable, form of leukemia in the Western World. It is widely accepted that cancer results from an evolutionary process shaped by the acquisition of driver mutations which confer selective growth advantage to cells that harbor them. Clear examples are missense mutations in classic RAS genes (KRAS, HRAS and NRAS) that underlie the development of approximately 13% of human cancers. Although autonomous B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling is involved and mutations in many tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes have been identified, an oncogenic driver gene has not still been identified for CLL. Methods Conditional knock-in mice were generated to overexpress wild type RRAS2 and prove its driver role. RT-qPCR analysis of a human CLL sample cohort was carried out to measure RRAS2 transcriptional expression. Sanger DNA sequencing was used to identify a SNP in the 3’UTR region of RRAS2 in human CLL samples. RNAseq of murine CLL was carried out to identify activated pathways, molecular mechanisms and to pinpoint somatic mutations accompanying RRAS2 overexpression. Flow cytometry was used for phenotypic characterization and shRNA techniques to knockdown RRAS2 expression in human CLL. Results RRAS2 mRNA is found overexpressed in its wild type form in 82% of the human CLL samples analyzed (n = 178, mean and median = 5-fold) as well as in the explored metadata. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs8570) in the 3’UTR of the RRAS2 mRNA has been identified in CLL patients, linking higher expression of RRAS2 with more aggressive disease. Deliberate overexpression of wild type RRAS2 in mice, but not an oncogenic Q72L mutation in the coding sequence, provokes the development of CLL. Overexpression of wild type RRAS2 in mice is accompanied by a strong convergent selection of somatic mutations in genes that have been identified in human CLL. R-RAS2 protein is physically bound to the BCR and mediates BCR signals in CLL. Conclusions The results indicate that overexpression of wild type RRAS2 is behind the development of CLL. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01496-x.
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Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of disorders caused by a germline mutation in one of the genes encoding a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway. These disorders, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome and Legius syndrome, among others, have overlapping clinical features due to RAS/MAPK dysfunction. Although several of the RASopathies are very rare, collectively, these disorders are relatively common. In this Review, we discuss the pathogenesis of the RASopathy-associated genetic variants and the knowledge gained about RAS/MAPK signaling that resulted from studying RASopathies. We also describe the cell and animal models of the RASopathies and explore emerging RASopathy genes. Preclinical and clinical experiences with targeted agents as therapeutics for RASopathies are also discussed. Finally, we review how the recently developed drugs targeting RAS/MAPK-driven malignancies, such as inhibitors of RAS activation, direct RAS inhibitors and RAS/MAPK pathway inhibitors, might be leveraged for patients with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Hebron
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edjay Ralph Hernandez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Garcia-Martin G, Sanz-Rodriguez M, Alcover-Sanchez B, Pereira MP, Wandosell F, Cubelos B. R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 Expression in Anatomical Regions and Cell Types of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:978. [PMID: 35055164 PMCID: PMC8781598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the optic nerve is one of the most myelinated tracts in the central nervous system (CNS), many myelin diseases affect the visual system. In this sense, our laboratory has recently reported that the GTPases R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 are essential for oligodendrocyte survival and maturation. Hypomyelination produced by the absence of one or both proteins triggers axonal degeneration and loss of visual and motor function. However, little is known about R-Ras specificity and other possible roles that they could play in the CNS. In this work, we describe how a lack of R-Ras1 and/or R-Ras2 could not be compensated by increased expression of the closely related R-Ras3 or classical Ras. We further studied R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 expression within different CNS anatomical regions, finding that both were more abundant in less-myelinated regions, suggesting their expression in non-oligodendroglial cells. Finally, using confocal immunostaining colocalization, we report for the first time that R-Ras2 is specifically expressed in neurons. Neither microglia nor astrocytes expressed R-Ras1 or R-Ras2. These results open a new avenue for the study of neuronal R-Ras2's contribution to the process of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Garcia-Martin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (B.A.-S.); (M.P.P.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miriam Sanz-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (B.A.-S.); (M.P.P.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Berta Alcover-Sanchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (B.A.-S.); (M.P.P.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta P. Pereira
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (B.A.-S.); (M.P.P.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cubelos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.-M.); (M.S.-R.); (B.A.-S.); (M.P.P.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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Weber SM, Carroll SL. The Role of R-Ras Proteins in Normal and Pathologic Migration and Morphologic Change. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1499-1510. [PMID: 34111428 PMCID: PMC8420862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The contributions that the R-Ras subfamily [R-Ras, R-Ras2/teratocarcinoma 21 (TC21), and M-Ras] of small GTP-binding proteins make to normal and aberrant cellular functions have historically been poorly understood. However, this has begun to change with the realization that all three R-Ras subfamily members are occasionally mutated in Noonan syndrome (NS), a RASopathy characterized by the development of hematopoietic neoplasms and abnormalities affecting the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Consistent with the abnormalities seen in NS, a host of new studies have implicated R-Ras proteins in physiological and pathologic changes in cellular morphology, adhesion, and migration in the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems. These changes include regulating the migration and homing of mature and immature immune cells, vascular stabilization, clotting, and axonal and dendritic outgrowth during nervous system development. Dysregulated R-Ras signaling has also been linked to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, intellectual disabilities, and human cancers. This review discusses the structure and regulation of R-Ras proteins and our current understanding of the signaling pathways that they regulate. It explores the phenotype of NS patients and their implications for the R-Ras subfamily functions. Next, it covers recent discoveries regarding physiological and pathologic R-Ras functions in key organ systems. Finally, it discusses how R-Ras signaling is dysregulated in cancers and mechanisms by which this may promote neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Weber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Steven L Carroll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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Baker MJ, Rubio I. Active GTPase Pulldown Protocol. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:117-135. [PMID: 33977474 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ras and its related small GTPases are important signalling nodes that regulate a wide variety of cellular functions. The active form of these proteins exists in a transient GTP bound state that mediates downstream signalling events. The dysregulation of these GTPases has been associated with the progression of multiple diseases, most prominently cancer and developmental syndromes known as Rasopathies. Determining the activation state of Ras and its relatives has hence been of paramount importance for the investigation of the biochemical functions of small GTPases in the cellular signal transduction network. This chapter describes the most broadly employed approach for the rapid, label-free qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of the Ras GTPase activation state, which can readily be adapted to the analysis of other related GTPases. The method relies on the affinity-based isolation of the active GTP-bound fraction of Ras in cellular extracts, followed by its visualization via western blotting. Specifically, we describe the production of the recombinant affinity probes or baits that bind to the respective active GTPases and the pulldown method for isolating the active GTPase fraction from adherent or non-adherent cells. This method allows for the reproducible measurement of active Ras or Ras family GTPases in a wide variety of cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ignacio Rubio
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany. .,Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
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15
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Miyake K, Karasuyama H. The Role of Trogocytosis in the Modulation of Immune Cell Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051255. [PMID: 34069602 PMCID: PMC8161413 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is an active process, in which one cell extracts the cell fragment from another cell, leading to the transfer of cell surface molecules, together with membrane fragments. Recent reports have revealed that trogocytosis can modulate various biological responses, including adaptive and innate immune responses and homeostatic responses. Trogocytosis is evolutionally conserved from protozoan parasites to eukaryotic cells. In some cases, trogocytosis results in cell death, which is utilized as a mechanism for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In other cases, trogocytosis-mediated intercellular protein transfer leads to both the acquisition of novel functions in recipient cells and the loss of cellular functions in donor cells. Trogocytosis in immune cells is typically mediated by receptor–ligand interactions, including TCR–MHC interactions and Fcγ receptor-antibody-bound molecule interactions. Additionally, trogocytosis mediates the transfer of MHC molecules to various immune and non-immune cells, which confers antigen-presenting activity on non-professional antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of trogocytosis in immune modulation.
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16
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Chen Q, Ming Y, Gan Y, Huang L, Zhao Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang J. The impact of cesarean delivery on infant DNA methylation. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:265. [PMID: 33785011 PMCID: PMC8011183 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence suggests that cesarean delivery may have a long-lasting effect on infant health. But the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to examine whether cesarean delivery on maternal request without any medical indications (CDMR) impacts DNA methylation status in the umbilical cord blood of the infant. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Shanghai, China. A total of 70 CDMR and 70 vaginal deliveries (VD) were recruited in 2012. The cord blood DNA methylation status was measured in 30 CDMR and 30 VD newborns using Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450 K BeadChip. To validate the results, the cord blood DNA methylation status was measured in another 40 CDMR and 40 VD newborns using targeted bisulfite sequencing assay. A total of 497 CpG sites from 40 genes were included in the analysis. RESULTS A total of 165 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) exhibited differences in DNA methylation by 10% or more between the CDMR and VD groups, many of which were related to the development of the immune system. Based on the targeted bisulfite sequencing assay, 16 genes (16/22, 72.7%) had higher methylation level in the CDMR group than the VD group. Among them, 5 genes were related to the immune system. After considering the estimation of cell type proportions, there was few significant differences in DNA methylation between CDMR and VD groups. CONCLUSIONS The DMPs identified between CDMR and VD groups might be largely explained by the cell type proportions. Further studies are needed to examine DNA methylation in each cell type separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanhong Ming
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yuexin Gan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lisu Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- Department of Child Health Care, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Alcover-Sanchez B, Garcia-Martin G, Escudero-Ramirez J, Gonzalez-Riano C, Lorenzo P, Gimenez-Cassina A, Formentini L, de la Villa-Polo P, Pereira MP, Wandosell F, Cubelos B. Absence of R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 causes mitochondrial alterations that trigger axonal degeneration in a hypomyelinating disease model. Glia 2020; 69:619-637. [PMID: 33010069 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fast synaptic transmission in vertebrates is critically dependent on myelin for insulation and metabolic support. Myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes (OLs) that maintain multilayered membrane compartments that wrap around axonal fibers. Alterations in myelination can therefore lead to severe pathologies such as multiple sclerosis. Given that hypomyelination disorders have complex etiologies, reproducing clinical symptoms of myelin diseases from a neurological perspective in animal models has been difficult. We recently reported that R-Ras1-/- and/or R-Ras2-/- mice, which lack GTPases essential for OL survival and differentiation processes, present different degrees of hypomyelination in the central nervous system with a compounded hypomyelination in double knockout (DKO) mice. Here, we discovered that the loss of R-Ras1 and/or R-Ras2 function is associated with aberrant myelinated axons with increased numbers of mitochondria, and a disrupted mitochondrial respiration that leads to increased reactive oxygen species levels. Consequently, aberrant myelinated axons are thinner with cytoskeletal phosphorylation patterns typical of axonal degeneration processes, characteristic of myelin diseases. Although we observed different levels of hypomyelination in a single mutant mouse, the combined loss of function in DKO mice lead to a compromised axonal integrity, triggering the loss of visual function. Our findings demonstrate that the loss of R-Ras function reproduces several characteristics of hypomyelinating diseases, and we therefore propose that R-Ras1-/- and R-Ras2-/- neurological models are valuable approaches for the study of these myelin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Alcover-Sanchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Garcia-Martin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Escudero-Ramirez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Riano
- CEMBIO (Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paz Lorenzo
- CEMBIO (Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Gimenez-Cassina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Formentini
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa-Polo
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Neurofisiología Visual, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta P Pereira
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cubelos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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IRAP-dependent endosomal T cell receptor signalling is essential for T cell responses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2779. [PMID: 32487999 PMCID: PMC7265453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) activation is modulated by mechanisms such as TCR endocytosis, which is thought to terminate TCR signalling. Here we show that, upon internalization, TCR continues to signal from a set of specialized endosomes that are crucial for T cell functions. Mechanistically, TCR ligation leads to clathrin-mediated internalization of the TCR-CD3ζ complex, while maintaining CD3ζ signalling, in endosomal vesicles that contain the insulin responsive aminopeptidase (IRAP) and the SNARE protein Syntaxin 6. Destabilization of this compartment through IRAP deletion enhances plasma membrane expression of the TCR-CD3ζ complex, yet compromises overall CD3ζ signalling; moreover, the integrity of this compartment is also crucial for T cell activation and survival after suboptimal TCR activation, as mice engineered with a T cell-specific deletion of IRAP fail to develop efficient polyclonal anti-tumour responses. Our results thus reveal a previously unappreciated function of IRAP-dependent endosomal TCR signalling in T cell activation. T cell receptors (TCR) are internalized when activated by their ligands. Here the authors show that the internalized TCRs are localized to endosomes expressing IRAP and Syntaxin 6 to maintain intracellular signalling capacity, whose importance is shown by the absence of efficient polyclonal anti-tumour response in mice with T-specific conditional deletion of IRAP.
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Ras2, the TC21/R-Ras2 Drosophila homologue, contributes to insulin signalling but is not required for organism viability. Dev Biol 2020; 461:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Bastidas Torres AN, Cats D, Mei H, Fanoni D, Gliozzo J, Corti L, Paulli M, Vermeer MH, Willemze R, Berti E, Tensen CP. Whole-genome analysis uncovers recurrent IKZF1 inactivation and aberrant cell adhesion in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 59:295-308. [PMID: 31846142 PMCID: PMC7079160 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and highly aggressive hematological malignancy with a poorly understood pathobiology and no effective therapeutic options. Despite a few recurrent genetic defects (eg, single nucleotide changes, indels, large chromosomal aberrations) have been identified in BPDCN, none are disease‐specific, and more importantly, none explain its genesis or clinical behavior. In this study, we performed the first high resolution whole‐genome analysis of BPDCN with a special focus on structural genomic alterations by using whole‐genome sequencing and RNA sequencing. Our study, the first to characterize the landscape of genomic rearrangements and copy number alterations of BPDCN at nucleotide‐level resolution, revealed that IKZF1, a gene encoding a transcription factor required for the differentiation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors, is focally inactivated through recurrent structural alterations in this neoplasm. In concordance with the genomic data, transcriptome analysis revealed that conserved IKZF1 target genes display a loss‐of‐IKZF1 expression pattern. Furthermore, up‐regulation of cellular processes responsible for cell‐cell and cell‐ECM interactions, which is a hallmark of IKZF1 deficiency, was prominent in BPDCN. Our findings suggest that IKZF1 inactivation plays a central role in the pathobiology of the disease, and consequently, therapeutic approaches directed at reestablishing the function of this gene might be beneficial for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davy Cats
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Fanoni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Gliozzo
- Department of Dermatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Corti
- Department of Dermatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Paulli
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maarten H Vermeer
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rein Willemze
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emilio Berti
- Department of Dermatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Cornelis P Tensen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Trans-endocytosis of intact IL-15Rα-IL-15 complex from presenting cells into NK cells favors signaling for proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:522-531. [PMID: 31871169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911678117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is an essential cytokine for the survival and proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells. IL-15 activates signaling by the β and common γ (γc) chain heterodimer of the IL-2 receptor through trans-presentation by cells expressing IL-15 bound to the α chain of the IL-15 receptor (IL-15Rα). We show here that membrane-associated IL-15Rα-IL-15 complexes are transferred from presenting cells to NK cells through trans-endocytosis and contribute to the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and NK cell proliferation. NK cell interaction with soluble or surface-bound IL-15Rα-IL-15 complex resulted in Stat5 phosphorylation and NK cell survival at a concentration or density of the complex much lower than required to stimulate S6 phosphorylation. Despite this efficient response, Stat5 phosphorylation was reduced after inhibition of metalloprotease-induced IL-15Rα-IL-15 shedding from trans-presenting cells, whereas S6 phosphorylation was unaffected. Conversely, inhibition of trans-endocytosis by silencing of the small GTPase TC21 or expression of a dominant-negative TC21 reduced S6 phosphorylation but not Stat5 phosphorylation. Thus, trans-endocytosis of membrane-associated IL-15Rα-IL-15 provides a mode of regulating NK cells that is not afforded to IL-2 and is distinct from activation by soluble IL-15. These results may explain the strict IL-15 dependence of NK cells and illustrate how the cellular compartment in which receptor-ligand interaction occurs can influence functional outcome.
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23
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Martínez-Riaño A, Bovolenta ER, Boccasavia VL, Ponomarenko J, Abia D, Oeste CL, Fresno M, van Santen HM, Alarcon B. RRAS2 shapes the TCR repertoire by setting the threshold for negative selection. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2427-2447. [PMID: 31324740 PMCID: PMC6781009 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RRAS2 is involved in setting the threshold for negative selection of T cells in the thymus. In its absence, most autoreactive T cells are eliminated, and, consequently, mice become resistant to development of autoimmune diseases in experimental models. Signal strength controls the outcome of αβ T cell selection in the thymus, resulting in death if the affinity of the rearranged TCR is below the threshold for positive selection, or if the affinity of the TCR is above the threshold for negative selection. Here we show that deletion of the GTPase RRAS2 results in exacerbated negative selection and above-normal expression of positive selection markers. Furthermore, Rras2−/− mice are resistant to autoimmunity both in a model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and in a model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)–induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that MOG-specific T cells in Rras2−/− mice have reduced affinity for MOG/I-Ab tetramers, suggesting that enhanced negative selection leads to selection of TCRs with lower affinity for the self-MOG peptide. An analysis of the TCR repertoire shows alterations that mostly affect the TCRα variable (TRAV) locus with specific VJ combinations and CDR3α sequences that are absent in Rras2−/− mice, suggesting their involvement in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Riaño
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena R Bovolenta
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viola L Boccasavia
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Ponomarenko
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Abia
- Servicio de Bioinformática, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara L Oeste
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hisse M van Santen
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Saveanu L, Zucchetti AE, Evnouchidou I, Ardouin L, Hivroz C. Is there a place and role for endocyticTCRsignaling? Immunol Rev 2019; 291:57-74. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Saveanu
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Andres E. Zucchetti
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Irini Evnouchidou
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Inovarion Paris France
| | - Laurence Ardouin
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
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25
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Ramello MC, Benzaïd I, Kuenzi BM, Lienlaf-Moreno M, Kandell WM, Santiago DN, Pabón-Saldaña M, Darville L, Fang B, Rix U, Yoder S, Berglund A, Koomen JM, Haura EB, Abate-Daga D. An immunoproteomic approach to characterize the CAR interactome and signalosome. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/568/eaap9777. [PMID: 30755478 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aap9777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells that express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is an approved immunotherapy that may be curative for some hematological cancers. To better understand the therapeutic mechanism of action, we systematically analyzed CAR signaling in human primary T cells by mass spectrometry. When we compared the interactomes and the signaling pathways activated by distinct CAR-T cells that shared the same antigen-binding domain but differed in their intracellular domains and their in vivo antitumor efficacy, we found that only second-generation CARs induced the expression of a constitutively phosphorylated form of CD3ζ that resembled the endogenous species. This phenomenon was independent of the choice of costimulatory domains, or the hinge/transmembrane region. Rather, it was dependent on the size of the intracellular domains. Moreover, the second-generation design was also associated with stronger phosphorylation of downstream secondary messengers, as evidenced by global phosphoproteome analysis. These results suggest that second-generation CARs can activate additional sources of CD3ζ signaling, and this may contribute to more intense signaling and superior antitumor efficacy that they display compared to third-generation CARs. Moreover, our results provide a deeper understanding of how CARs interact physically and/or functionally with endogenous T cell molecules, which will inform the development of novel optimized immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ramello
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ismahène Benzaïd
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Brent M Kuenzi
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Maritza Lienlaf-Moreno
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Wendy M Kandell
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Daniel N Santiago
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mibel Pabón-Saldaña
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lancia Darville
- Proteomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sean Yoder
- Molecular Genomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Anders Berglund
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Proteomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Daniel Abate-Daga
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. .,Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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26
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Martin-Blanco N, Blanco R, Alda-Catalinas C, Bovolenta ER, Oeste CL, Palmer E, Schamel WW, Lythe G, Molina-París C, Castro M, Alarcon B. A window of opportunity for cooperativity in the T Cell Receptor. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2618. [PMID: 29976994 PMCID: PMC6033938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) is pre-organised in oligomers, known as nanoclusters. Nanoclusters could provide a framework for inter-TCR cooperativity upon peptide antigen-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) binding. Here we have used soluble pMHC oligomers in search for cooperativity effects along the plasma membrane plane. We find that initial binding events favour subsequent pMHC binding to additional TCRs, during a narrow temporal window. This behaviour can be explained by a 3-state model of TCR transition from Resting to Active, to a final Inhibited state. By disrupting nanoclusters and hampering the Active conformation, we show that TCR cooperativity is consistent with TCR nanoclusters adopting the Active state in a coordinated manner. Preferential binding of pMHC to the Active TCR at the immunological synapse suggests that there is a transient time frame for signal amplification in the TCR, allowing the T cells to keep track of antigen quantity and binding time. T cells can be activated by a small, two-digit, number of antigen peptide molecules even though the receptor for antigen (TCR) is of low affinity. Here the authors present evidence that all TCRs within a nanocluster can become activated when only a subset is bound to antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Martin-Blanco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Blanco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Alda-Catalinas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - E R Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - C L Oeste
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Palmer
- University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - W W Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, Institute Biology III, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Lythe
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - C Molina-París
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - M Castro
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera25, 28015, Madrid, Spain.
| | - B Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Janapati S, Wurtzel J, Dangelmaier C, Manne BK, Bhavanasi D, Kostyak JC, Kim S, Holinstat M, Kunapuli SP, Goldfinger LE. TC21/RRas2 regulates glycoprotein VI-FcRγ-mediated platelet activation and thrombus stability. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02217-6. [PMID: 29883056 PMCID: PMC6286703 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Essentials RAS proteins are expressed in platelets but their functions are largely uncharacterized. TC21/RRas2 is required for glycoprotein VI-induced platelet responses and for thrombus stability in vivo. TC21 regulates platelet aggregation by control of αIIb β3 integrin activation, via crosstalk with Rap1b. This is the first indication of functional importance of a proto-oncogenic RAS protein in platelets. SUMMARY Background Many RAS family small GTPases are expressed in platelets, including RAC, RHOA, RAP, and HRAS/NRAS/RRAS1, but most of their signaling and cellular functions remain poorly understood. Like RRAS1, TC21/RRAS2 reverses HRAS-induced suppression of integrin activation in CHO cells. However, a role for TC21 in platelets has not been explored. Objectives To determine TC21 expression in platelets, TC21 activation in response to platelet agonists, and roles of TC21 in platelet function in in vitro and in vivo thrombosis. Results We demonstrate that TC21 is expressed in human and murine platelets, and is activated in response to agonists for the glycoprotein (GP) VI-FcRγ immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing collagen receptor, in an Src-dependent manner. GPVI-induced platelet aggregation, integrin αIIb β3 activation, and α-granule and dense granule secretion, as well as phosphorylation of Syk, phospholipase Cγ2, AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, were inhibited in TC21-deficient platelets ex vivo. In contrast, these responses were normal in TC21-deficient platelets following stimulation with P2Y, protease-activated receptor 4 and C-type lectin receptor 2 receptor agonists, indicating that the function of TC21 in platelets is GPVI-FcRγ-ITAM-specific. TC21 was required for GPVI-induced activation of Rap1b. TC21-deficient mice did not show a significant delay in injury-induced thrombosis as compared with wild-type controls; however, thrombi were unstable. Hemostatic responses showed similar effects. Conclusions TC21 is essential for GPVI-FcRγ-mediated platelet activation and for thrombus stability in vivo via control of Rap1b and integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Janapati
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Wurtzel
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Dangelmaier
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B K Manne
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Bhavanasi
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J C Kostyak
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Kim
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S P Kunapuli
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L E Goldfinger
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Mendoza P, Martínez-Martín N, Bovolenta ER, Reyes-Garau D, Hernansanz-Agustín P, Delgado P, Diaz-Muñoz MD, Oeste CL, Fernández-Pisonero I, Castellano E, Martínez-Ruiz A, Alonso-Lopez D, Santos E, Bustelo XR, Kurosaki T, Alarcón B. R-Ras2 is required for germinal center formation to aid B cells during energetically demanding processes. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/532/eaal1506. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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29
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R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 Are Essential for Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Survival for Correct Myelination in the Central Nervous System. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5096-5110. [PMID: 29720552 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3364-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and effective neural transmission of information requires correct axonal myelination. Modifications in myelination alter axonal capacity to transmit electric impulses and enable pathological conditions. In the CNS, oligodendrocytes (OLs) myelinate axons, a complex process involving various cellular interactions. However, we know little about the mechanisms that orchestrate correct myelination. Here, we demonstrate that OLs express R-Ras1 and R-Ras2. Using female and male mutant mice to delete these proteins, we found that activation of the PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2-MAPK pathways was weaker in mice lacking one or both of these GTPases, suggesting that both proteins coordinate the activity of these two pathways. Loss of R-Ras1 and/or R-Ras2 diminishes the number of OLs in major myelinated CNS tracts and increases the proportion of immature OLs. In R-Ras1-/- and R-Ras2-/--null mice, OLs show aberrant morphologies and fail to differentiate correctly into myelin-forming phenotypes. The smaller OL population and abnormal OL maturation induce severe hypomyelination, with shorter nodes of Ranvier in R-Ras1-/- and/or R-Ras2-/- mice. These defects explain the slower conduction velocity of myelinated axons that we observed in the absence of R-Ras1 and R-Ras2. Together, these results suggest that R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 are upstream elements that regulate the survival and differentiation of progenitors into OLs through the PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2-MAPK pathways for proper myelination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we show that R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 play essential roles in regulating myelination in vivo and control fundamental aspects of oligodendrocyte (OL) survival and differentiation through synergistic activation of PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2-MAPK signaling. Mice lacking R-Ras1 and/or R-Ras2 show a diminished OL population with a higher proportion of immature OLs, explaining the observed hypomyelination in main CNS tracts. In vivo electrophysiology recordings demonstrate a slower conduction velocity of nerve impulses in the absence of R-Ras1 and R-Ras2. Therefore, R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 are essential for proper axonal myelination and accurate neural transmission.
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30
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Aragoneses-Fenoll L, Ojeda G, Montes-Casado M, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Dianzani U, Portolés P, Rojo JM. T-Cell-Specific Loss of the PI-3-Kinase p110α Catalytic Subunit Results in Enhanced Cytokine Production and Antitumor Response. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535720 PMCID: PMC5835342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunits p110α and p110δ are targets in cancer therapy expressed at high levels in T lymphocytes. The role of p110δ PI3K in normal or pathological immune responses is well established, yet the importance of p110α subunits in T cell-dependent immune responses is not clear. To address this problem, mice with p110α conditionally deleted in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes (p110α-/-ΔT) were used. p110α-/-ΔT mice show normal development of T cell subsets, but slightly reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells in the spleen. "In vitro," TCR/CD3 plus CD28 activation of naive CD4+ and CD8+ p110α-/-ΔT T cells showed enhanced effector function, particularly IFN-γ secretion, T-bet induction, and Akt, Erk, or P38 activation. Tfh derived from p110α-/-ΔT cells also have enhanced responses when compared to normal mice, and IL-2 expanded p110α-/-ΔT CD8+ T cells had enhanced levels of LAMP-1 and Granzyme B. By contrast, the expansion of p110α-/-ΔT iTreg cells was diminished. Also, p110α-/-ΔT mice had enhanced anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) IFN-γ, or IL-4 responses and IgG1 and IgG2b anti-KLH antibodies, using CFA or Alum as adjuvant, respectively. When compared to WT mice, p110α-/-ΔT mice inoculated with B16.F10 melanoma showed delayed tumor progression. The percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes was higher and the percentage of Treg cells lower in the spleen of tumor-bearing p110α-/-ΔT mice. Also, IFN-γ production in tumor antigen-activated spleen cells was enhanced. Thus, PI3K p110α plays a significant role in antigen activation and differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes modulating antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aragoneses-Fenoll
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Ojeda
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Montes-Casado
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Pilar Portolés
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Rojo
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Ngoenkam J, Schamel WW, Pongcharoen S. Selected signalling proteins recruited to the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. Immunology 2018; 153:42-50. [PMID: 28771705 PMCID: PMC5721247 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex, expressed on T cells, determines the outcome of a T-cell response. It consists of the TCR-αβ heterodimer and the non-covalently associated signalling dimers of CD3εγ, CD3εδ and CD3ζζ. TCR-αβ binds specifically to a cognate peptide antigen bound to an MHC molecule, whereas the CD3 subunits transmit the signal into the cytosol to activate signalling events. Recruitment of proteins to specialized localizations is one mechanism to regulate activation and termination of signalling. In the last 25 years a large number of signalling molecules recruited to the TCR-CD3 complex upon antigen binding to TCR-αβ have been described. Here, we review knowledge about five of those interaction partners: Lck, ZAP-70, Nck, WASP and Numb. Some of these proteins have been targeted in the development of immunomodulatory drugs aiming to treat patients with autoimmune diseases and organ transplants.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatuporn Ngoenkam
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFaculty of Medical ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Department of ImmunologyInstitute for Biology IIIFaculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Centre‐University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Centre of Excellence in Medical BiotechnologyFaculty of Medical ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
- Centre of Excellence in Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced MaterialsFaculty of ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
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32
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Borroto A, Reyes-Garau D, Jiménez MA, Carrasco E, Moreno B, Martínez-Pasamar S, Cortés JR, Perona A, Abia D, Blanco S, Fuentes M, Arellano I, Lobo J, Heidarieh H, Rueda J, Esteve P, Cibrián D, Martinez-Riaño A, Mendoza P, Prieto C, Calleja E, Oeste CL, Orfao A, Fresno M, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alcamí A, Bovolenta P, Martín P, Villoslada P, Morreale A, Messeguer A, Alarcon B. First-in-class inhibitor of the T cell receptor for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:370ra184. [PMID: 28003549 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modulating T cell activation is critical for treating autoimmune diseases but requires avoiding concomitant opportunistic infections. Antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers the recruitment of the cytosolic adaptor protein Nck to a proline-rich sequence in the cytoplasmic tail of the TCR's CD3ε subunit. Through virtual screening and using combinatorial chemistry, we have generated an orally available, low-molecular weight inhibitor of the TCR-Nck interaction that selectively inhibits TCR-triggered T cell activation with an IC50 (median inhibitory concentration) ~1 nM. By modulating TCR signaling, the inhibitor prevented the development of psoriasis and asthma and, furthermore, exerted a long-lasting therapeutic effect in a model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, it did not prevent the generation of a protective memory response against a mouse pathogen, suggesting that the compound might not exert its effects through immunosuppression. These results suggest that inhibiting an immediate TCR signal has promise for treating a broad spectrum of human T cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Reyes-Garau
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Carrasco
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Martínez-Pasamar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José R Cortés
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Perona
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Abia
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Blanco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irene Arellano
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Lobo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haleh Heidarieh
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rueda
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Danay Cibrián
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez-Riaño
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calleja
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara L Oeste
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Morreale
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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33
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Siempelkamp BD, Rathinaswamy MK, Jenkins ML, Burke JE. Molecular mechanism of activation of class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) by membrane-localized HRas. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12256-12266. [PMID: 28515318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.789263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Class IA PI3Ks are involved in the generation of the key lipid signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), and inappropriate activation of this pathway is implicated in a multitude of human diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and primary immunodeficiencies. Class IA PI3Ks are activated downstream of the Ras superfamily of GTPases, and Ras-PI3K interaction plays a key role in promoting tumor formation and maintenance in Ras-driven tumors. Investigating the detailed molecular events in the Ras-PI3K interaction has been challenging because it occurs on a membrane surface. Here, using maleimide-functionalized lipid vesicles, we successfully generated membrane-resident HRas and evaluated its effect on PI3K signaling in lipid kinase assays and through analysis with hydrogen-deuterium exchange MS. We screened all class IA PI3K isoforms and found that HRas activates both p110α and p110δ isoforms but does not activate p110β. The p110α and p110δ activation by Ras was synergistic with activation by a soluble phosphopeptide derived from receptor tyrosine kinases. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange MS revealed that membrane-resident HRas, but not soluble HRas, enhances conformational changes associated with membrane binding by increasing membrane recruitment of both p110α and p110δ. Together, these results afford detailed molecular insight into the Ras-PI3K signaling complex, provide a framework for screening Ras inhibitors, and shed light on the isoform specificity of Ras-PI3K interactions in a native membrane context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden D Siempelkamp
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Manoj K Rathinaswamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Meredith L Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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34
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Li X, Ding Y, Zi M, Sun L, Zhang W, Chen S, Xu Y. CD19, from bench to bedside. Immunol Lett 2017; 183:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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Abstract
B cell growth and proliferation is tightly regulated by signaling through the B cell receptor and by other membrane bound receptors responding to different cytokines. The PI3K signaling pathway has been shown to play a crucial role in B cell activation, differentiation and survival. Activated B cells undergo metabolic reprograming in response to changing energetic and biosynthetic demands. B cells also need to be able to coordinate metabolic activity and proliferation with nutrient availability. The PI3K signaling network has been implicated in regulating nutrient acquisition, utilization and biosynthesis, thus integrating receptor-mediated signaling with cell metabolism. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about metabolic changes induced in activated B cells, strategies to adapt to metabolic stress and the role of PI3K signaling in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jellusova
- a BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Robert C Rickert
- c Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
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36
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PIK3CD promoted proliferation in diffuse large B cell lymphoma through upregulation of c-myc. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12767-12777. [PMID: 27448819 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite PIK3CD has been extensively reported in cancers, however, little evidence has been available regarding its role in the setting of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In the present study, to investigate the role of PIK3CD in DLBCL, relevant experiments were carried out on both in vivo clinical tissue level and in vitro cell line level. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance were analyzed after immunohistochemical assay of PIK3CD expression on DLBCL tissue microarray. MTT assay and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate the proliferative variation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Athymic nude mice xenografted with DLBCL cell line were employed to confirm the role of PIK3CD. It was found that there was a significant difference between expression of PIK3CD and international prognosis index (IPI), performance state (PS), and inferior overall prognosis. Furthermore, PIK3CD can promote proliferation and prevent apoptosis in DLBCL cells in vitro through upregulation of c-myc and p-AKT and in contrast downregulation of p21 and p27. In nude mice model, knock-down of PIK3CD was shown to be able to suppress the proliferation of DLBCL but not significantly compared with control group. Taken together, our study showed that PIK3CD can promote proliferation of DLBCL cells both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PIK3CD could be druggable in the therapy of DLBCL.
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37
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Allen JC, Talab F, Slupsky JR. Targeting B-cell receptor signaling in leukemia and lymphoma: how and why? Int J Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:37-53. [PMID: 30302202 DOI: 10.2217/ijh-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocytes are dependent on B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling for the constant maintenance of their physiological function, and in many B-cell malignancies this signaling pathway is prone to aberrant activation. This understanding has led to an ever-increasing interest in the signaling networks activated following ligation of the BCR in both normal and malignant cells, and has been critical in establishing an array of small molecule inhibitors targeting BCR-induced signaling. By dissecting how different malignancies signal through BCR, researchers are contributing to the design of more customized therapeutics which have greater efficacy and lower toxicity than previous therapies. This allows clinicians access to an array of approaches to best treat patients whose malignancies have BCR signaling as a driver of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Allen
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.,Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Fatima Talab
- Redx Oncology Plc, Duncan Building, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.,Redx Oncology Plc, Duncan Building, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Joseph R Slupsky
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.,Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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38
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Hsu LI, Briggs F, Shao X, Metayer C, Wiemels JL, Chokkalingam AP, Barcellos LF. Pathway Analysis of Genome-wide Association Study in Childhood Leukemia among Hispanics. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:815-22. [PMID: 26941364 PMCID: PMC4873450 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is nearly 20% higher among Hispanics than non-Hispanic Whites. Previous studies have shown evidence for association between risk of ALL and variation within IKZF1, ARID5B, CEBPE, CDKN2A, GATA3, and BM1-PIP4K2A genes. However, variants identified only account for <10% of the genetic risk of ALL. METHODS We applied pathway-based analyses to genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from the California Childhood Leukemia Study to determine whether different biologic pathways were overrepresented in childhood ALL and major ALL subtypes. Furthermore, we applied causal inference and data reduction methods to prioritize candidate genes within each identified overrepresented pathway, while accounting for correlation among SNPs. RESULTS Pathway analysis results indicate that different ALL subtypes may involve distinct biologic mechanisms. Focal adhesion is a shared mechanism across the different disease subtypes. For ALL, the top five overrepresented Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways include axon guidance, protein digestion and absorption, melanogenesis, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and focal adhesion (PFDR < 0.05). Notably, these pathways are connected to downstream MAPK or Wnt signaling pathways which have been linked to B-cell malignancies. Several candidate genes for ALL, such as COL6A6 and COL5A1, were identified through targeted maximum likelihood estimation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show distinct biologic pathways are overrepresented in different ALL subtypes using pathway-based approaches, and identified potential gene candidates using causal inference methods. IMPACT The findings demonstrate that newly developed bioinformatics tools and causal inference methods can provide insights to furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(5); 815-22. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-I Hsu
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Farren Briggs
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xiaorong Shao
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anand P Chokkalingam
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Lisa F Barcellos
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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39
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ERK1/2-induced phosphorylation of R-Ras GTPases stimulates their oncogenic potential. Oncogene 2016; 35:5692-5698. [PMID: 27086924 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Ras-related (R-Ras) isoforms TC21, R-Ras and M-Ras are members of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. R-Ras family proteins are frequently overexpressed in human cancers, and expression of activated mutants of these GTPases is sufficient to induce cell transformation. Unlike Ras, few activating mutations of R-Ras proteins have been reported in human cancer, and very little is known about the regulation of their activity. In this study, we report that TC21 and R-Ras are phosphorylated on a conserved serine, Ser186 and Ser201, respectively, in intact cells. This residue is located in the C-terminal hypervariable region of the proteins and is not conserved in M-Ras. We show that the MAP kinases ERK1/2 phosphorylate TC21 and R-Ras on this C-terminal serine residue both in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylation of R-Ras proteins does not affect their subcellular localization or stability but rather stimulates their activation. Phosphorylation-defective mutants of R-Ras and TC21 are compromised in their ability to promote cancer cell adhesion and migration/invasion, respectively. Importantly, we show that phosphorylation of TC21 and R-Ras potentiates their tumorigenic activity in immunodeficient mice. Our results identify a novel regulatory mechanism of the small GTPases TC21 and R-Ras that controls their oncogenic potential.
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40
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Yan X, Yan M, Guo Y, Singh G, Chen Y, Yu M, Wang D, Hillery CA, Chan AM. R-Ras Regulates Murine T Cell Migration and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Binding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145218. [PMID: 26710069 PMCID: PMC4692399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking of T-lymphocytes to peripheral draining lymph nodes is crucial for mounting an adaptive immune response. The role of chemokines in the activation of integrins via Ras-related small GTPases has been well established. R-Ras is a member of the Ras-subfamily of small guanosine-5’-triphosphate-binding proteins and its role in T cell trafficking has been investigated in R-Ras null mice (Rras−/−). An examination of the lymphoid organs of Rras−/− mice revealed a 40% reduction in the cellularity of the peripheral lymph nodes. Morphologically, the high endothelial venules of Rras−/− mice were more disorganized and less mature than those of wild-type mice. Furthermore, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from Rras−/− mice had approximately 42% lower surface expression of L-selectin/CD62L. These aberrant peripheral lymph node phenotypes were associated with proliferative and trafficking defects in Rras−/− T cells. Furthermore, R-Ras could be activated by the chemokine, CCL21. Indeed, Rras−/− T cells had approximately 14.5% attenuation in binding to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 upon CCL21 stimulation. Finally, in a graft-versus host disease model, recipient mice that were transfused with Rras−/− T cells showed a significant reduction in disease severity when compared with mice transplanted with wild-type T cells. These findings implicate a role for R-Ras in T cell trafficking in the high endothelial venules during an effective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mingfei Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yihe Guo
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gobind Singh
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mei Yu
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Demin Wang
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A Hillery
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew M Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
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41
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Ahmadzadeh V, Tofigh R, Farajnia S, Pouladi N. The Central Role for Microenvironment in B-Cell Malignancies: Recent Insights into Synergistic Effects of its Therapeutic Targeting and Anti-CD20 Antibodies. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 35:136-55. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1077830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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42
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Pore D, Bodo J, Danda A, Yan D, Phillips JG, Lindner D, Hill BT, Smith MR, Hsi ED, Gupta N. Identification of Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin proteins as novel regulators of pathogenic B-cell receptor signaling and tumor growth in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2015; 29:1857-67. [PMID: 25801911 PMCID: PMC4558318 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a hematological cancer associated with an aggressive clinical course. The predominant subtypes of DLBCL display features of chronic or tonic B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling. However, it is not known whether the spatial organization of the BCR contributes to the regulation of pro-survival signaling pathways and cell growth. Here, we show that primary DLBCL tumors and patient-derived DLBCL cell lines contain high levels of phosphorylated Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin (ERM) proteins. The surface BCRs in both activated B cell and germinal B cell subtype DLBCL cells co-segregate with phosphoERM suggesting that the cytoskeletal network may support localized BCR signaling and contribute to pathogenesis. Indeed, ablation of membrane-cytoskeletal linkages by dominant-negative mutants, pharmacological inhibition and knockdown of ERM proteins disrupted cell surface BCR organization, inhibited proximal and distal BCR signaling, and reduced the growth of DLBCL cell lines. In vivo administration of the ezrin inhibitor retarded the growth of DLBCL tumor xenografts, concomitant with reduction in intratumor phosphoERM levels, dampened pro-survival signaling and induction of apoptosis. Our results reveal a novel ERM-based spatial mechanism that is coopted by DLBCL cells to sustain tumor cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pore
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Bodo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Danda
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D Yan
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J G Phillips
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D Lindner
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - B T Hill
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M R Smith
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E D Hsi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - N Gupta
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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43
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Burke JE, Williams RL. Synergy in activating class I PI3Ks. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:88-100. [PMID: 25573003 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases that transduce a host of cellular signals and regulate a broad range of essential functions including growth, proliferation, and migration. As such, PI3Ks have pivotal roles in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, primary immune disorders, and inflammation. These enzymes are activated downstream of numerous activating stimuli including receptor tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the Ras superfamily of small G proteins. A major challenge is to decipher how each PI3K isoform is able to successfully synergize these inputs into their intended signaling function. This article highlights recent progress in characterizing the molecular mechanisms of PI3K isoform-specific activation pathways, as well as novel roles for PI3Ks in human diseases, specifically cancer and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Drive, Victoria BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Roger L Williams
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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44
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Thorpe LM, Yuzugullu H, Zhao JJ. PI3K in cancer: divergent roles of isoforms, modes of activation and therapeutic targeting. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:7-24. [PMID: 25533673 PMCID: PMC4384662 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 986] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are crucial coordinators of intracellular signalling in response to extracellular stimuli. Hyperactivation of PI3K signalling cascades is one of the most common events in human cancers. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the roles of specific PI3K isoforms in normal and oncogenic signalling, the different ways in which PI3K can be upregulated, and the current state and future potential of targeting this pathway in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Thorpe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Haluk Yuzugullu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jean J. Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Correspondence to J.J.Z. by
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45
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The Role of p110δ in the Development and Activation of B Lymphocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 850:119-35. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15774-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Seda V, Mraz M. B-cell receptor signalling and its crosstalk with other pathways in normal and malignant cells. Eur J Haematol 2014; 94:193-205. [PMID: 25080849 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physiology of B cells is intimately connected with the function of their B-cell receptor (BCR). B-cell lymphomas frequently (dys)regulate BCR signalling and thus take advantage of this pre-existing pathway for B-cell proliferation and survival. This has recently been underscored by clinical trials demonstrating that small molecules (fosfamatinib, ibrutinib, idelalisib) inhibiting BCR-associated kinases (SYK, BTK, PI3K) have an encouraging clinical effect. Here we describe the current knowledge of the specific aspects of BCR signalling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and normal B cells. Multiple factors can contribute to BCR pathway (dys)regulation in these malignancies and the activation of 'chronic' or 'tonic' BCR signalling. In lymphoma B cells, the balance of initiation, amplitude and duration of BCR activation can be influenced by a specific immunoglobulin structure, the expression and mutations of adaptor molecules (like GAB1, BLNK, GRB2, CARD11), the activity of kinases (like LYN, SYK, PI3K) or phosphatases (like SHIP-1, SHP-1 and PTEN) and levels of microRNAs. We also discuss the crosstalk of BCR with other signalling pathways (NF-κB, adhesion through integrins, migration and chemokine signalling) to emphasise that the 'BCR inhibitors' target multiple pathways interconnected with BCR, which might explain some of their clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Seda
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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47
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Xu Y, Fairfax K, Light A, Huntington ND, Tarlinton DM. CD19 differentially regulates BCR signalling through the recruitment of PI3K. Autoimmunity 2014; 47:430-7. [PMID: 24953501 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.921810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD19 is a co-stimulatory surface protein expressed exclusively on B cells and serves to reduce the threshold for signalling via the B-cell receptor (BCR). Co-ligation of CD19 with the BCR synergistically enhances mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity, calcium release and proliferation. We recently found that these parameters were also enhanced in CD19-null primary murine B cells following BCR ligation, suggesting a regulatory role for CD19 in BCR signalling. In this study, we demonstrate that the enhanced BCR signalling in the absence of CD19 was not dependent on the src kinase Lyn, but linked to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity. Consistent with this, we detect PI3K associated with CD19 outside the lipid raft in resting B cells. Pre-ligation of CD19 to restrict its translocation with the BCR into lipid rafts attenuated BCR-induced PI3K and MAP kinase activation and subsequent B-cell proliferation. Thus, we propose that CD19 can modulate BCR signalling in both a positive and negative manner depending on the receptor/ligand interaction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuekang Xu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Australia
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48
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Borroto A, Abia D, Alarcón B. Crammed signaling motifs in the T-cell receptor. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:113-7. [PMID: 24877875 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is long known to contain multiple signaling subunits (CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ɛ and CD3ζ), their role in signal transduction is still not well understood. The presence of at least one immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in each CD3 subunit has led to the idea that the multiplication of such elements essentially serves to amplify signals. However, the evolutionary conservation of non-ITAM sequences suggests that each CD3 subunit is likely to have specific non-redundant roles at some stage of development or in mature T cell function. The CD3ɛ subunit is paradigmatic because in a relatively short cytoplasmic sequence (∼55 amino acids) it contains several docking sites for proteins involved in intracellular trafficking and signaling, proteins whose relevance in T cell activation is slowly starting to be revealed. In this review we will summarize our current knowledge on the signaling effectors that bind directly to the TCR and we will propose a hierarchy in their response to TCR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Borroto
- TCR Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Abia
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- TCR Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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49
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Larive RM, Moriggi G, Menacho-Márquez M, Cañamero M, de Álava E, Alarcón B, Dosil M, Bustelo XR. Contribution of the R-Ras2 GTP-binding protein to primary breast tumorigenesis and late-stage metastatic disease. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3881. [PMID: 24826867 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
R-Ras2 is a transforming GTPase that shares downstream effectors with Ras subfamily proteins. However, little information exists about the function of this protein in tumorigenesis and its signalling overlap with classical Ras GTPases. Here we show, by combining loss- and gain-of-function studies in breast cancer cells, mammary epithelial cells and mouse models, that endogenous R-Ras2 has a role in both primary breast tumorigenesis and the late metastatic steps of cancer cells in the lung parenchyma. R-Ras2 drives tumorigenesis in a phosphatidylinostiol-3 kinase (PI3K)-dependent and signalling autonomous manner. By contrast, its prometastatic role requires other priming oncogenic signals and the engagement of several downstream elements. R-Ras2 function is required even in cancer cells exhibiting constitutive activation of classical Ras proteins, indicating that these GTPases are not functionally redundant. Our results also suggest that application of long-term R-Ras2 therapies will result in the development of compensatory mechanisms in breast tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain M Larive
- 1] Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [3]
| | - Giulia Moriggi
- 1] Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mauricio Menacho-Márquez
- 1] Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), 3 Fernández Almagro Street, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique de Álava
- 1] Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [3] Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Manuel Suriot Avenue, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-Madrid Autonomous University, 1 Nicolás Cabrera Street, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Dosil
- 1] Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [3] Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Xosé R Bustelo
- 1] Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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50
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Dhainaut M, Moser M. Regulation of immune reactivity by intercellular transfer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:112. [PMID: 24734030 PMCID: PMC3975099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It was recently proposed that T lymphocytes, which closely interact with APCs, can extract surface molecules from the presenting cells when they dissociate. These observations question the classical view of discrete interactions between phenotypically defined cell populations. In this review, we summarize some reports suggesting that membrane exchange at the immune synapse can be a vector for intercellular communication and envisage some consequences on the biology of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Dhainaut
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Gosselies , Belgium
| | - Muriel Moser
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Gosselies , Belgium
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