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James CD, Youssef A, Prabhakar AT, Otoa R, Roe JD, Witt A, Lewis RL, Bristol ML, Wang X, Zhang K, Li R, Morgan IM. Human papillomavirus 16 replication converts SAMHD1 into a homologous recombination factor and promotes its recruitment to replicating viral DNA. J Virol 2024; 98:e0082624. [PMID: 39194246 PMCID: PMC11406955 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00826-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that SAMHD1 (sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic domain HD-containing protein 1) is a restriction factor for the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) life cycle. Here, we demonstrate that in HPV-negative cervical cancer C33a cells and human foreskin keratinocytes immortalized by HPV16 (HFK+HPV16), SAMHD1 is recruited to E1-E2 replicating DNA. Homologous recombination (HR) factors are required for HPV16 replication, and viral replication promotes phosphorylation of SAMHD1, which converts it from a dNTPase to an HR factor independent from E6/E7 expression. A SAMHD1 phospho-mimic (SAMHD1 T592D) reduces E1-E2-mediated DNA replication in C33a cells and has enhanced recruitment to the replicating DNA. In HFK+HPV16 cells, SAMHD1 T592D is recruited to the viral DNA and attenuates cellular growth, but does not attenuate growth in isogenic HFK cells immortalized by E6/E7 alone. SAMHD1 T592D also attenuates the development of viral replication foci following keratinocyte differentiation. The results indicated that enhanced SAMHD1 phosphorylation could be therapeutically beneficial in cells with HPV16 replicating genomes. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) can dephosphorylate SAMHD1, and PP2A function can be inhibited by endothall. We demonstrate that endothall reduces E1-E2 replication and promotes SAMHD1 recruitment to E1-E2 replicating DNA, mimicking the SAMHD1 T592D phenotypes. Finally, we demonstrate that in head and neck cancer cell lines with HPV16 episomal genomes, endothall attenuates their growth and promotes recruitment of SAMHD1 to the viral genome. The results suggest that targeting cellular phosphatases has therapeutic potential for the treatment of HPV infections and cancers. IMPORTANCE Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causative agents in around 5% of all human cancers. The development of anti-viral therapeutics depends upon an increased understanding of the viral life cycle. Here, we demonstrate that HPV16 replication converts sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic domain HD-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) into a homologous recombination (HR) factor via phosphorylation. This phosphorylation promotes recruitment of SAMHD1 to viral DNA to assist with replication. A SAMHD1 mutant that mimics phosphorylation is hyper-recruited to viral DNA and attenuates viral replication. Expression of this mutant in HPV16-immortalized cells attenuates the growth of these cells, but not cells immortalized by the viral oncogenes E6/E7 alone. Finally, we demonstrate that the phosphatase inhibitor endothall promotes hyper-recruitment of endogenous SAMHD1 to HPV16 replicating DNA and can attenuate the growth of both HPV16-immortalized human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) and HPV16-positive head and neck cancer cell lines. We propose that phosphatase inhibitors represent a novel tool for combating HPV infections and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Aya Youssef
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Apurva T Prabhakar
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Raymonde Otoa
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jenny D Roe
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Austin Witt
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rachel L Lewis
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Molly L Bristol
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Renfeng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Iain M Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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2
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Bulnes-Ramos A, Schott K, Rabinowitz J, Luchsinger C, Bertelli C, Miyagi E, Yu CH, Persaud M, Shepard C, König R, Kim B, Ivanov DN, Strebel K, Diaz-Griffero F. Acetylation of SAMHD1 at lysine 580 is crucial for blocking HIV-1 infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0195824. [PMID: 39162568 PMCID: PMC11389391 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01958-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In humans, sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain- and histidine-aspartic acid (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a dNTPase enzyme that prevents HIV-1 infection in non-cycling cells, such as differentiated THP-1 cells and human primary macrophages. Although phosphorylation of threonine 592 (T592) in SAMHD1 is recognized as the primary regulator of the ability to prevent HIV-1 infection, the contributions of SAMHD1 acetylation to this ability remain unknown. Mass spectrometry analysis of SAMHD1 proteins derived from cycling and non-cycling THP-1 cells, primary cycling B cells, and primary macrophages revealed that SAMHD1 is preferentially acetylated at lysine residues 354, 494, and 580 (K354, K494, and K580). In non-cycling cells, SAMHD1 is preferentially acetylated at K580, suggesting that this post-translational modification may contribute to the ability of SAMHD1 to block HIV-1 infection. Consistent with this finding, we found that mutations in K580 disrupted the ability of SAMHD1 to block HIV-1 infection without affecting the ability of SAMHD1 to deplete cellular dNTP levels. Gene editing of SAMHD1 in macrophage-like cells revealed that an intact K580 is required for HIV-1 restriction. This finding suggests that K580 acetylation in SAMHD1 is essential for blocking HIV-1 infection. More importantly, we found that a larger proportion of SAMHD1 featuring K580 acetylation could be detected in human primary macrophages when compared to human primary monocytes. In agreement, we found that SAMHD1 is acetylated during the monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation process. This finding agrees with the idea that the blockade of HIV-1 infection in macrophages requires SAMHD1 acetylation.IMPORTANCEThe natural inhibitor of HIV-1, sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain- and histidine-aspartic acid (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), plays a pivotal role in preventing HIV-1 infection of macrophages and dendritic cells, which are vital components of the immune system. This study unveils that SAMHD1 undergoes post-translational modifications, specifically acetylation at lysines 354, 494, and 580. Our research underscores the significance of these modifications, demonstrating that acetylation at residue K580 is indispensable for SAMHD1's efficacy in blocking HIV-1 infection. Notably, K580 is found in a critical regulatory domain of SAMHD1, highlighting acetylation as a novel layer of SAMHD1 regulation for HIV-1 restriction in humans. A comprehensive understanding of the regulation mechanisms governing this anti-HIV-1 protein is crucial for leveraging nature's defense mechanisms against HIV-1 and could pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Bulnes-Ramos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kerstin Schott
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Jesse Rabinowitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Charlotte Luchsinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Cinzia Bertelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eri Miyagi
- Viral Biochemistry Section NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Corey H Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, UTHSA, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Mirjana Persaud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Caitlin Shepard
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Klaus Strebel
- Viral Biochemistry Section NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Lo SY, Lai MJ, Yang CH, Li HC. Unveiling the Connection: Viral Infections and Genes in dNTP Metabolism. Viruses 2024; 16:1412. [PMID: 39339888 PMCID: PMC11437409 DOI: 10.3390/v16091412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) are crucial for the replication and maintenance of genomic information within cells. The balance of the dNTP pool involves several cellular enzymes, including dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), and SAM and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), among others. DHFR is vital for the de novo synthesis of purines and deoxythymidine monophosphate, which are necessary for DNA synthesis. SAMHD1, a ubiquitously expressed deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase, converts dNTPs into deoxynucleosides and inorganic triphosphates. This process counteracts the de novo dNTP synthesis primarily carried out by RNR and cellular deoxynucleoside kinases, which are most active during the S phase of the cell cycle. The intracellular levels of dNTPs can influence various viral infections. This review provides a concise summary of the interactions between different viruses and the genes involved in dNTP metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yen Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jiun Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Hing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
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4
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Serrero MC, Paludan SR. Restriction factors regulating human herpesvirus infections. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:662-677. [PMID: 39198098 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are DNA viruses and the cause of diseases ranging from mild skin conditions to severe brain diseases. Mammalian antiviral host defense comprises an array of mechanisms, including restriction factors (RFs), which block specific steps in viral replication cycles. In recent years, knowledge of RFs that contribute to controlling herpesvirus infections has expanded significantly, along with a new understanding of viral evasion mechanisms and disease pathogenesis. By integrating findings from human genetics, murine models, and cellular studies, this review provides a current view of RF control of herpesvirus infections. We also explore the regulation of RF expression, discuss the roles of RFs in diseases, and point towards their growing potential as candidate therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manutea C Serrero
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark.
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5
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Rashid F, Zaongo SD, Iqbal H, Harypursat V, Song F, Chen Y. Interactions between HIV proteins and host restriction factors: implications for potential therapeutic intervention in HIV infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1390650. [PMID: 39221250 PMCID: PMC11361988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1390650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Different host proteins target different HIV proteins and antagonize their functions, depending on the stage of the HIV life cycle and the stage of infection. Concurrently, HIV proteins also target and antagonize various different host proteins to facilitate HIV replication within host cells. The preceding quite specific area of knowledge in HIV pathogenesis, however, remains insufficiently understood. We therefore propose, in this review article, to examine and discuss the HIV proteins that counteract those host restriction proteins which results directly in increased infectivity of HIV. We elaborate on HIV proteins that antagonize host cellular proteins to promote HIV replication, and thus HIV infection. We examine the functions and mechanisms via which Nef, Vif, Vpu, Env, Vpr, and Vpx counteract host proteins such as Ser5, PSGL-1, IFITMS, A3G, tetherin, GBP5, SAMHD1, STING, HUSH, REAF, and TET2 to increase HIV infectivity. Nef antagonizes three host proteins, viz., Ser5, PSGL1, and IFITIMs, while Vpx also antagonizes three host restriction factors, viz., SAMHD1, STING, and HUSH complex; therefore, these proteins may be potential candidates for therapeutic intervention in HIV infection. Tetherin is targeted by Vpu and Env, PSGL1 is targeted by Nef and Vpu, while Ser5 is targeted by Nef and Env proteins. Finally, conclusive remarks and future perspectives are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Rashid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D. Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hifza Iqbal
- School of science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangzhou Song
- Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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6
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Dai Y, Idorn M, Serrero MC, Pan X, Thomsen EA, Narita R, Maimaitili M, Qian X, Iversen MB, Reinert LS, Flygaard RK, Chen M, Ding X, Zhang BC, Carter-Timofte ME, Lu Q, Jiang Z, Zhong Y, Zhang S, Da L, Zhu J, Denham M, Nissen P, Mogensen TH, Mikkelsen JG, Zhang SY, Casanova JL, Cai Y, Paludan SR. TMEFF1 is a neuron-specific restriction factor for herpes simplex virus. Nature 2024; 632:383-389. [PMID: 39048823 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The brain is highly sensitive to damage caused by infection and inflammation1,2. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus and the cause of herpes simplex encephalitis3. It is unknown whether neuron-specific antiviral factors control virus replication to prevent infection and excessive inflammatory responses, hence protecting the brain. Here we identify TMEFF1 as an HSV-1 restriction factor using genome-wide CRISPR screening. TMEFF1 is expressed specifically in neurons of the central nervous system and is not regulated by type I interferon, the best-known innate antiviral system controlling virus infections. Depletion of TMEFF1 in stem-cell-derived human neurons led to elevated viral replication and neuronal death following HSV-1 infection. TMEFF1 blocked the HSV-1 replication cycle at the level of viral entry through interactions with nectin-1 and non-muscle myosin heavy chains IIA and IIB, which are core proteins in virus-cell binding and virus-cell fusion, respectively4-6. Notably, Tmeff1-/- mice exhibited increased susceptibility to HSV-1 infection in the brain but not in the periphery. Within the brain, elevated viral load was observed specifically in neurons. Our study identifies TMEFF1 as a neuron-specific restriction factor essential for prevention of HSV-1 replication in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manutea C Serrero
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyong Pan
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing (Ministry of Education), Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Emil A Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Muyesier Maimaitili
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiaoqing Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marie B Iversen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K Flygaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Muwan Chen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiangning Ding
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bao-Cun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Madalina E Carter-Timofte
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuofan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiye Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lintai Da
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark Denham
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Nissen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob Giehm Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yujia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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7
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Guo H, Yang W, Li H, Yang J, Huang Y, Tang Y, Wang S, Ni F, Yang W, Yu XF, Wei W. The SAMHD1-MX2 axis restricts HIV-1 infection at postviral DNA synthesis. mBio 2024; 15:e0136324. [PMID: 38888311 PMCID: PMC11253599 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01363-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication is tightly regulated in host cells, and various restriction factors have important roles in inhibiting viral replication. SAMHD1, a well-known restriction factor, suppresses HIV-1 replication by hydrolyzing intracellular dNTPs, thereby limiting the synthesis of viral cDNA in quiescent cells. In this study, we revealed an additional and distinct mechanism of SAMHD1 inhibition during the postviral cDNA synthesis stage. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrated the interaction between SAMHD1 and MX2/MxB, an interferon-induced antiviral factor that inhibits HIV-1 cDNA nuclear import. The disruption of endogenous MX2 expression significantly weakened the ability of SAMHD1 to inhibit HIV-1. The crucial region within SAMHD1 that binds to MX2 has been identified. Notably, we found that SAMHD1 can act as a sensor that recognizes and binds to the incoming HIV-1 core, subsequently delivering it to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby blocking the nuclear entry of the HIV-1 core structure. SAMHD1 mutants unable to recognize the HIV-1 core showed a substantial decrease in antiviral activity. Certain mutations in HIV-1 capsids confer resistance to MX2 inhibition while maintaining susceptibility to suppression by the SAMHD1-MX2 axis. Overall, our study identifies an intriguing antiviral pattern wherein two distinct restriction factors, SAMHD1 and MX2, collaborate to establish an alternative mechanism deviating from their actions. These findings provide valuable insight into the complex immune defense networks against exogenous viral infections and have implications for the development of targeted anti-HIV therapeutics. IMPORTANCE In contrast to most restriction factors that directly bind to viral components to exert their antiviral effects, SAMHD1, the only known deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase in eukaryotes, indirectly inhibits viral replication in quiescent cells by reducing the pool of dNTP substrates available for viral cDNA synthesis. Our study provides a novel perspective on the antiviral functions of SAMHD1. In addition to its role in dNTP hydrolysis, SAMHD1 cooperates with MX2 to inhibit HIV-1 nuclear import. In this process, SAMHD1 acts as a sensor for incoming HIV-1 cores, detecting and binding to them, before subsequently delivering the complex to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby immobilizing the virus. This study not only reveals a new antiviral pathway for SAMHD1 but also identifies a unique collaboration and interaction between two distinct restriction factors, establishing a novel line of defense against HIV-1 infection, which challenges the traditional view of restriction factors acting independently. Overall, our findings further indicate the intricate complexity of the host immune defense network and provide potential targets for promoting host antiviral immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huili Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuehan Huang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yubin Tang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fushun Ni
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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8
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Arribas L, Menéndez-Arias L, Betancor G. May I Help You with Your Coat? HIV-1 Capsid Uncoating and Reverse Transcription. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7167. [PMID: 39000271 PMCID: PMC11241228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid is a protein core formed by multiple copies of the viral capsid (CA) protein. Inside the capsid, HIV-1 harbours all the viral components required for replication, including the genomic RNA and viral enzymes reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN). Upon infection, the RT transforms the genomic RNA into a double-stranded DNA molecule that is subsequently integrated into the host chromosome by IN. For this to happen, the viral capsid must open and release the viral DNA, in a process known as uncoating. Capsid plays a key role during the initial stages of HIV-1 replication; therefore, its stability is intimately related to infection efficiency, and untimely uncoating results in reverse transcription defects. How and where uncoating takes place and its relationship with reverse transcription is not fully understood, but the recent development of novel biochemical and cellular approaches has provided unprecedented detail on these processes. In this review, we present the latest findings on the intricate link between capsid stability, reverse transcription and uncoating, the different models proposed over the years for capsid uncoating, and the role played by other cellular factors on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arribas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gilberto Betancor
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
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9
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Thapa G, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Molecular dynamics investigation of DNA fragments bound to the anti-HIV protein SAMHD1 reveals alterations in allosteric communications. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108748. [PMID: 38452417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (or SAMHD1), a human dNTP-triphosphohydrolase, contributes to HIV-1 restriction in select terminally differentiated cells of the immune system. While the prevailing hypothesis is that the catalytically active form of the protein is an allosterically triggered tetramer, whose HIV-1 restriction properties are attributed to its dNTP - triphosphohydrolase activity, it is also known to bind to ssRNA and ssDNA oligomers. A complete picture of the structure-function relationship of the enzyme is still elusive and the function corresponding to its nucleic acid binding ability is debated. In this in silico study, we investigate the stability, preference and allosteric effects of DNA oligomers bound to SAMHD1. In particular, we compare the binding of DNA and RNA oligomers of the same sequence and also consider the binding of DNA fragments with phosphorothioate bonds in the backbone. The results are compared with the canonical form with the monomers connected by GTP/dATP crossbridges. The simulations indicate that SAMHD1 dimers preferably bind to DNA and RNA oligomers compared to GTP/dATP. However, allosteric communication channels are altered in the nucleic acid acid bound complexes compared to the canonical form. All results are consistent with the hypothesis that the DNA bound form of the protein correspond to an unproductive off-pathway state where the protein is sequestered and not available for dNTP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Thapa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | | | - Swati Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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10
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Ananth S, Ambiel I, Schifferdecker S, Müller TG, Wratil PR, Mejias-Perez E, Kräusslich HG, Müller B, Keppler OT, Fackler OT. Spatial resolution of HIV-1 post-entry steps in resting CD4 T cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113941. [PMID: 38478523 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4 T cells resist productive HIV-1 infection. The HIV-2/simian immunodeficiency virus protein viral accessory protein X (Vpx) renders these cells permissive to infection, presumably by alleviating blocks at cytoplasmic reverse transcription and subsequent nuclear import of reverse-transcription/pre-integration complexes (RTC/PICs). Here, spatial analyses using quantitative virus imaging techniques reveal that HIV-1 capsids containing RTC/PICs are readily imported into the nucleus, recruit the host dependency factor CPSF6, and translocate to nuclear speckles in resting CD4 T cells. Reverse transcription, however, remains incomplete, impeding proviral integration and viral gene expression. Vpx or pharmacological inhibition of the deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) activity of the restriction factor SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) increases levels of nuclear reverse-transcribed cDNA and facilitates HIV-1 integration. Nuclear import and intranuclear transport of viral complexes therefore do not pose important blocks to HIV-1 in resting CD4 T cells, and the limitation to reverse transcription by SAMHD1's dNTPase activity constitutes the main pre-integration block to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Ananth
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Ambiel
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Schifferdecker
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten G Müller
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul R Wratil
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernesto Mejias-Perez
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Müller
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Kitawi R, Ledger S, Kelleher AD, Ahlenstiel CL. Advances in HIV Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2771. [PMID: 38474018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Early gene therapy studies held great promise for the cure of heritable diseases, but the occurrence of various genotoxic events led to a pause in clinical trials and a more guarded approach to progress. Recent advances in genetic engineering technologies have reignited interest, leading to the approval of the first gene therapy product targeting genetic mutations in 2017. Gene therapy (GT) can be delivered either in vivo or ex vivo. An ex vivo approach to gene therapy is advantageous, as it allows for the characterization of the gene-modified cells and the selection of desired properties before patient administration. Autologous cells can also be used during this process which eliminates the possibility of immune rejection. This review highlights the various stages of ex vivo gene therapy, current research developments that have increased the efficiency and safety of this process, and a comprehensive summary of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) gene therapy studies, the majority of which have employed the ex vivo approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Kitawi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Scott Ledger
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chantelle L Ahlenstiel
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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12
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Zhao Z, Han S, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Yue K, Abbas S, He H. Impaired influenza A virus replication by the host restriction factor SAMHD1 which inhibited by PA-mediated dephosphorylation of the host transcription factor IRF3. Virol J 2024; 21:33. [PMID: 38287375 PMCID: PMC10826253 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) can cause severe and life-threatening illness in humans and animals. Therefore, it is important to search for host antiviral proteins and elucidate their antiviral mechanisms for the development of potential treatments. As a part of human innate immunity, host restriction factors can inhibit the replication of viruses, among which SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) can restrict the replication of viruses, such as HIV and enterovirus EV71. Viruses also developed countermeasures in the arms race with their hosts. There are few reports about whether SAMHD1 has a restriction effect on IAV. METHODS To investigate the impact of IAV infection on SAMHD1 expression in A549 cells, we infected A549 cells with a varying multiplicity of infection (MOI) of IAV and collected cell samples at different time points for WB and RT-qPCR analysis to detect viral protein and SAMHD1 levels. The virus replication level in the cell culture supernatant was determined using TCID50 assay. Luciferase assay was used to reveal that H5N1 virus polymerase acidic protein (PA) affected the activity of the SAMHD1 promoter. To assess the antiviral capacity of SAMHD1, we generated a knockdown and overexpressed cell line for detecting H5N1 replication. RESULTS In this study, we observed that SAMHD1 can restrict the intracellular replication of H5N1 and that the H5N1 viral protein PA can downregulate the expression of SAMHD1 by affecting SAMHD1 transcriptional promoter activity. We also found that SAMHD1's ability to restrict H5N1 is related to phosphorylation at 592-tyrosine. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we found that SAMHD1 may affect the replication of IAVs as a host restriction factor and be countered by PA. Furthermore, SAMHD1 may be a potential target for developing antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuyi Han
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qingxun Zhang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing, 100076, China
| | - Ye Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kening Yue
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Salbia Abbas
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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13
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Jackson-Jones KA, McKnight Á, Sloan RD. The innate immune factor RPRD2/REAF and its role in the Lv2 restriction of HIV. mBio 2023; 14:e0257221. [PMID: 37882563 PMCID: PMC10746242 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02572-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular innate immunity involves co-evolved antiviral restriction factors that specifically inhibit infecting viruses. Studying these restrictions has increased our understanding of viral replication, host-pathogen interactions, and pathogenesis, and represent potential targets for novel antiviral therapies. Lentiviral restriction 2 (Lv2) was identified as an unmapped early-phase restriction of HIV-2 and later shown to also restrict HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. The viral determinants of Lv2 susceptibility have been mapped to the envelope and capsid proteins in both HIV-1 and HIV-2, and also viral protein R (Vpr) in HIV-1, and appears dependent on cellular entry mechanism. A genome-wide screen identified several likely contributing host factors including members of the polymerase-associated factor 1 (PAF1) and human silencing hub (HUSH) complexes, and the newly characterized regulation of nuclear pre-mRNA domain containing 2 (RPRD2). Subsequently, RPRD2 (or RNA-associated early-stage antiviral factor) has been shown to be upregulated upon T cell activation, is highly expressed in myeloid cells, binds viral reverse transcripts, and potently restricts HIV-1 infection. RPRD2 is also bound by HIV-1 Vpr and targeted for degradation by the proteasome upon reverse transcription, suggesting RPRD2 impedes reverse transcription and Vpr targeting overcomes this block. RPRD2 is mainly localized to the nucleus and binds RNA, DNA, and DNA:RNA hybrids. More recently, RPRD2 has been shown to negatively regulate genome-wide transcription and interact with the HUSH and PAF1 complexes which repress HIV transcription and are implicated in maintenance of HIV latency. In this review, we examine Lv2 restriction and the antiviral role of RPRD2 and consider potential mechanism(s) of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Jackson-Jones
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Sloan
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- ZJU-UoE Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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14
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Orris B, Sung MW, Bhat S, Xu Y, Huynh KW, Han S, Johnson DC, Bosbach B, Shields DJ, Stivers JT. Guanine-containing ssDNA and RNA induce dimeric and tetrameric structural forms of SAMHD1. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:12443-12458. [PMID: 37930833 PMCID: PMC10711556 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dNTPase activity of tetrameric SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) plays a critical role in cellular dNTP regulation. SAMHD1 also associates with stalled DNA replication forks, DNA repair foci, ssRNA and telomeres. The above functions require nucleic acid binding by SAMHD1, which may be modulated by its oligomeric state. Here we establish in cryo-EM and biochemical studies that the guanine-specific A1 activator site of each SAMHD1 monomer is used to target the enzyme to guanine nucleotides within single-stranded (ss) DNA and RNA. Remarkably, nucleic acid strands containing a single guanine base induce dimeric SAMHD1, while two or more guanines with ∼20 nucleotide spacing induce a tetrameric form. A cryo-EM structure of ssRNA-bound tetrameric SAMHD1 shows how ssRNA strands bridge two SAMHD1 dimers and stabilize the structure. This ssRNA-bound tetramer is inactive with respect to dNTPase and RNase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Orris
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Shridhar Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yingrong Xu
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Seungil Han
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Darren C Johnson
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Benedikt Bosbach
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David J Shields
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James T Stivers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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15
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James CD, Youssef A, Prabhakar AT, Otoa R, Witt A, Lewis RL, Bristol ML, Wang X, Zhang K, Li R, Morgan IM. Human Papillomavirus 16 replication converts SAMHD1 into a homologous recombination factor and promotes its recruitment to replicating viral DNA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.13.566899. [PMID: 38014153 PMCID: PMC10680734 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.13.566899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that SAMHD1 (sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic domain HD-containing protein 1) is a restriction factor for the HPV16 life cycle. Here we demonstrate that in HPV negative cervical cancer C33a cells and human foreskin keratinocytes immortalized by HPV16 (HFK+HPV16), SAMHD1 is recruited to E1-E2 replicating DNA. Homologous recombination (HR) factors are required for HPV16 replication and viral replication promotes phosphorylation of SAMHD1, which converts it from a dNTPase to an HR factor independent from E6/E7 expression. A SAMHD1 phosphor-mimic (SAMHD1 T592D) reduces E1-E2 mediated DNA replication in C33a cells and has enhanced recruitment to the replicating DNA. In HFK+HPV16 cells SAMHD1 T592D is recruited to the viral DNA and attenuates cellular growth, but does not attenuate growth in isogenic HFK cells immortalized by E6/E7 alone. SAMHD1 T592D also attenuates the development of viral replication foci following keratinocyte differentiation. The results indicated that enhanced SAMHD1 phosphorylation could be therapeutically beneficial in cells with HPV16 replicating genomes. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) can dephosphorylate SAMHD1 and PP2A function can be inhibited by endothall. We demonstrate that endothall reduces E1-E2 replication and promotes SAMHD1 recruitment to E1-E2 replicating DNA, mimicking the SAMHD1 T592D phenotypes. Finally, we demonstrate that in head and neck cancer cell lines with HPV16 episomal genomes endothall attenuates their growth and promotes recruitment of SAMHD1 to the viral genome. The results suggest that targeting cellular phosphatases has therapeutic potential for the treatment of HPV infections and cancers. Importance Human papillomaviruses are causative agents in around 5% of all human cancers. The development of anti-viral therapeutics depends upon an increased understanding of the viral life cycle. Here we demonstrate that HPV16 replication converts SAMHD1 into an HR factor via phosphorylation. This phosphorylation promotes recruitment of SAMHD1 to viral DNA to assist with replication. A SAMHD1 mutant that mimics phosphorylation is hyper-recruited to viral DNA and attenuates viral replication. Expression of this mutant in HPV16 immortalized cells attenuates the growth of these cells, but not cells immortalized by the viral oncogenes E6/E7 alone. Finally, we demonstrate that the phosphatase inhibitor endothall promotes hyper-recruitment of endogenous SAMHD1 to HPV16 replicating DNA and can attenuate the growth of both HPV16 immortalized human foreskin keratinocytes and HPV16 positive head and neck cancer cell lines. We propose that phosphatase inhibitors represent a novel tool for combating HPV infections and disease.
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16
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Schüssler M, Schott K, Fuchs NV, Oo A, Zahadi M, Rauch P, Kim B, König R. Gene editing of SAMHD1 in macrophage-like cells reveals complex relationships between SAMHD1 phospho-regulation, HIV-1 restriction, and cellular dNTP levels. mBio 2023; 14:e0225223. [PMID: 37800914 PMCID: PMC10653793 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02252-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We introduce BLaER1 cells as an alternative myeloid cell model in combination with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to study the influence of sterile α motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) T592 phosphorylation on anti-viral restriction and the control of cellular dNTP levels in an endogenous, physiologically relevant context. A proper understanding of the mechanism of the anti-viral function of SAMHD1 will provide attractive strategies aiming at selectively manipulating SAMHD1 without affecting other cellular functions. Even more, our toolkit may inspire further genetic analysis and investigation of restriction factors inhibiting retroviruses and their cellular function and regulation, leading to a deeper understanding of intrinsic anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schüssler
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schott
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Oo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Morssal Zahadi
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Paula Rauch
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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17
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Maehigashi T, Lim C, Wade LR, Bowen NE, Knecht KM, Alvarez NN, Kelly WG, Schinazi RF, Kim DH, Xiong Y, Kim B. Biochemical functions and structure of Caenorhabditis elegans ZK177.8 protein: Aicardi-Goutières syndrome SAMHD1 dNTPase ortholog. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105148. [PMID: 37567474 PMCID: PMC10485159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in sterile alpha motif domain and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) are found in a neurodevelopmental disorder, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, and cancers, and SAMHD1, which is a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) triphosphorylase, was identified as a myeloid-specific HIV-1 restriction factor. Here, we characterized the enzymology and structure of an SAMHD1 ortholog of Caenorhabditis elegans, ZK177.8, which also reportedly induces developmental defects upon gene knockdown. We found ZK177.8 protein is a dNTPase allosterically regulated by dGTP. The active site of ZK177.8 recognizes both 2' OH and triphosphate moieties of dNTPs but not base moiety. The dGTP activator induces the formation of the enzymatically active ZK177.8 tetramers, and ZK177.8 protein lowers cellular dNTP levels in a human monocytic cell line. Finally, ZK177.8 tetramers display very similar X-ray crystal structure with human and mouse SAMHD1s except that its lack of the canonical sterile alpha motif domain. This striking conservation in structure, function, and allosteric regulatory mechanism for the hydrolysis of the DNA building blocks supports their host developmental roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Maehigashi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher Lim
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lydia R Wade
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole E Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kirsten M Knecht
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Natalie N Alvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William G Kelly
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Center for ViroScience and Cure, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Center for ViroScience and Cure, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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18
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Schüssler M, Schott K, Fuchs NV, Oo A, Zahadi M, Rauch P, Kim B, König R. Gene editing of SAMHD1 in macrophage-like cells reveals complex relationships between SAMHD1 phospho-regulation, HIV-1 restriction and cellular dNTP levels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.24.554731. [PMID: 37662193 PMCID: PMC10473771 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Sterile α motif (SAM) and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a dNTP triphosphate triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) and a potent restriction factor for immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), active in myeloid and resting CD4+ T cells. The anti-viral activity of SAMHD1 is regulated by dephosphorylation of the residue T592. However, the impact of T592 phosphorylation on dNTPase activity is still under debate. Whether additional cellular functions of SAMHD1 impact anti-viral restriction is not completely understood. We report BLaER1 cells as a novel human macrophage HIV-1 infection model combined with CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in (KI) introducing specific mutations into the SAMHD1 locus to study mutations in a physiological context. Transdifferentiated BLaER1 cells harbor active dephosphorylated SAMHD1 that blocks HIV-1 reporter virus infection. As expected, homozygous T592E mutation, but not T592A, relieved a block to HIV-1 reverse transcription. Co-delivery of VLP-Vpx to SAMHD1 T592E KI mutant cells did not further enhance HIV-1 infection indicating the absence of an additional SAMHD1-mediated antiviral activity independent of T592 de-phosphorylation. T592E KI cells retained dNTP levels similar to WT cells indicating uncoupling of anti-viral and dNTPase activity of SAMHD1. The integrity of the catalytic site in SAMHD1 was critical for anti-viral activity, yet poor correlation of HIV-1 restriction and global cellular dNTP levels was observed in cells harboring catalytic core mutations. Together, we emphasize the complexity of the relationship between HIV-1 restriction, SAMHD1 enzymatic function and T592 phospho-regulation and provide novel tools for investigation in an endogenous and physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schüssler
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schott
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Oo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Morssal Zahadi
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Paula Rauch
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, USA
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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19
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Orris B, Sung MW, Bhat S, Xu Y, Huynh KW, Han S, Johnson DC, Bosbach B, Shields DJ, Stivers JT. Guanine-containing ssDNA and RNA induce dimeric and tetrameric SAMHD1 in cryo-EM and binding studies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.544806. [PMID: 37398126 PMCID: PMC10312740 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.544806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The dNTPase activity of tetrameric SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) plays a critical role in cellular dNTP regulation. SAMHD1 also associates with stalled DNA replication forks, DNA repair foci, ssRNA, and telomeres. The above functions require nucleic acid binding by SAMHD1, which may be modulated by its oligomeric state. Here we establish that the guanine-specific A1 activator site of each SAMHD1 monomer is used to target the enzyme to guanine nucleotides within single-stranded (ss) DNA and RNA. Remarkably, nucleic acid strands containing a single guanine base induce dimeric SAMHD1, while two or more guanines with ~20 nucleotide spacing induce a tetrameric form. A cryo-EM structure of ssRNA-bound tetrameric SAMHD1 shows how ssRNA strands bridge two SAMHD1 dimers and stabilize the structure. This ssRNA-bound tetramer is inactive with respect to dNTPase and RNase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Orris
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Shridhar Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | | | | | - Darren C. Johnson
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, New York, NY 10016
| | - Benedikt Bosbach
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, New York, NY 10016
| | - David J. Shields
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, New York, NY 10016
| | - James T. Stivers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205
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20
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Tsai MHC, Caswell SJ, Morris ER, Mann MC, Pennell S, Kelly G, Groom HCT, Taylor IA, Bishop KN. Attenuation of reverse transcriptase facilitates SAMHD1 restriction of HIV-1 in cycling cells. Retrovirology 2023; 20:5. [PMID: 37127613 PMCID: PMC10150492 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SAMHD1 is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase that restricts replication of HIV-1 in differentiated leucocytes. HIV-1 is not restricted in cycling cells and it has been proposed that this is due to phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at T592 in these cells inactivating the enzymatic activity. To distinguish between theories for how SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 in differentiated but not cycling cells, we analysed the effects of substitutions at T592 on restriction and dNTP levels in both cycling and differentiated cells as well as tetramer stability and enzymatic activity in vitro. RESULTS We first showed that HIV-1 restriction was not due to SAMHD1 nuclease activity. We then characterised a panel of SAMHD1 T592 mutants and divided them into three classes. We found that a subset of mutants lost their ability to restrict HIV-1 in differentiated cells which generally corresponded with a decrease in triphosphohydrolase activity and/or tetramer stability in vitro. Interestingly, no T592 mutants were able to restrict WT HIV-1 in cycling cells, despite not being regulated by phosphorylation and retaining their ability to hydrolyse dNTPs. Lowering dNTP levels by addition of hydroxyurea did not give rise to restriction. Compellingly however, HIV-1 RT mutants with reduced affinity for dNTPs were significantly restricted by wild-type and T592 mutant SAMHD1 in both cycling U937 cells and Jurkat T-cells. Restriction correlated with reverse transcription levels. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we found that the amino acid at residue 592 has a strong effect on tetramer formation and, although this is not a simple "on/off" switch, this does correlate with the ability of SAMHD1 to restrict HIV-1 replication in differentiated cells. However, preventing phosphorylation of SAMHD1 and/or lowering dNTP levels by adding hydroxyurea was not enough to restore restriction in cycling cells. Nonetheless, lowering the affinity of HIV-1 RT for dNTPs, showed that restriction is mediated by dNTP levels and we were able to observe for the first time that SAMHD1 is active and capable of inhibiting HIV-1 replication in cycling cells, if the affinity of RT for dNTPs is reduced. This suggests that the very high affinity of HIV-1 RT for dNTPs prevents HIV-1 restriction by SAMHD1 in cycling cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han C Tsai
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- LabGenius, London, UK
| | - Sarah J Caswell
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Morris
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Melanie C Mann
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Sartorius, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Pennell
- Structural Biology of DNA-Damage Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
| | - Geoff Kelly
- The Medical Research Council Biomedical NMR Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Harriet C T Groom
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian A Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Kate N Bishop
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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21
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Saco A, Rey-Campos M, Novoa B, Figueras A. Mussel antiviral transcriptome response and elimination of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108735. [PMID: 37044187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As filter-feeding bivalves, mussels have been traditionally studied as possible vectors of different bacterial or viral pathogens. The absence of a known viral pathogen in these bivalves makes it particularly interesting to study the interaction of the mussel innate immune system with a virus of interest. In the present work, mussels were challenged with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), which is a pathogen in several fish species. The viral load was eliminated after 24 h and mussels evidenced antiviral activity towards VHSV, demonstrating that the virus was recognized and eliminated by the immune system of the host and confirming that mussels are not VHSV vectors in the marine environment. The transcriptome activating the antiviral response was studied, revealing the involvement of cytoplasmic viral sensors with the subsequent activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and several downstream antiviral effectors. The inflammatory response was inhibited with the profound downregulation of MyD88, shifting the immune balance towards antiviral functions. High modulation of retrotransposon activity was observed, revealing a mechanism that facilitates the antiviral response and that had not been previously observed in these species. The expression of several inhibitors of apoptosis and apoptosis-promoting genes was modulated, although clear inhibition of apoptosis in bivalves after severe viral infection and subsequent disease was not observed in this study. Finally, the modulated expression of several long noncoding RNAs that were correlated with genes involved in the immune response was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro Saco
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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22
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Hussein M, Molina MA, Berkhout B, Herrera-Carrillo E. A CRISPR-Cas Cure for HIV/AIDS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1563. [PMID: 36675077 PMCID: PMC9863116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and HIV-induced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) continue to represent a global health burden. There is currently no effective vaccine, nor any cure, for HIV infections; existing antiretroviral therapy can suppress viral replication, but only as long as antiviral drugs are taken. HIV infects cells of the host immune system, and it can establish a long-lived viral reservoir, which can be targeted and edited through gene therapy. Gene editing platforms based on the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat-Cas system (CRISPR-Cas) have been recognized as promising tools in the development of gene therapies for HIV infections. In this review, we evaluate the current landscape of CRISPR-Cas-based therapies against HIV, with an emphasis on the infection biology of the virus as well as the activity of host restriction factors. We discuss the potential of a combined CRISPR-Cas approach that targets host and viral genes to activate antiviral host factors and inhibit viral replication simultaneously. Lastly, we focus on the challenges and potential solutions of CRISPR-Cas gene editing approaches in achieving an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elena Herrera-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Schumann T, Ramon SC, Schubert N, Mayo MA, Hega M, Maser KI, Ada SR, Sydow L, Hajikazemi M, Badstübner M, Müller P, Ge Y, Shakeri F, Buness A, Rupf B, Lienenklaus S, Utess B, Muhandes L, Haase M, Rupp L, Schmitz M, Gramberg T, Manel N, Hartmann G, Zillinger T, Kato H, Bauer S, Gerbaulet A, Paeschke K, Roers A, Behrendt R. Deficiency for SAMHD1 activates MDA5 in a cGAS/STING-dependent manner. J Exp Med 2022; 220:213670. [PMID: 36346347 PMCID: PMC9648672 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in nucleic acid metabolizing enzymes can lead to spontaneous but selective activation of either cGAS/STING or RIG-like receptor (RLR) signaling, causing type I interferon-driven inflammatory diseases. In these pathophysiological conditions, activation of the DNA sensor cGAS and IFN production are linked to spontaneous DNA damage. Physiological, or tonic, IFN signaling on the other hand is essential to functionally prime nucleic acid sensing pathways. Here, we show that low-level chronic DNA damage in mice lacking the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome gene SAMHD1 reduced tumor-free survival when crossed to a p53-deficient, but not to a DNA mismatch repair-deficient background. Increased DNA damage did not result in higher levels of type I interferon. Instead, we found that the chronic interferon response in SAMHD1-deficient mice was driven by the MDA5/MAVS pathway but required functional priming through the cGAS/STING pathway. Our work positions cGAS/STING upstream of tonic IFN signaling in Samhd1-deficient mice and highlights an important role of the pathway in physiological and pathophysiological innate immune priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schumann
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Santiago Costas Ramon
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja Schubert
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohamad Aref Mayo
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie Hega
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Isabell Maser
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Servi-Remzi Ada
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas Sydow
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mona Hajikazemi
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Badstübner
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yan Ge
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Farhad Shakeri
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Buness
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rupf
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara Utess
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lina Muhandes
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Haase
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luise Rupp
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gramberg
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U932, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerbaulet
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Paeschke
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Correspondence to Rayk Behrendt:
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24
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Kapoor-Vazirani P, Rath SK, Liu X, Shu Z, Bowen NE, Chen Y, Haji-Seyed-Javadi R, Daddacha W, Minten EV, Danelia D, Farchi D, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Deng X, Ortlund EA, Kim B, Yu DS. SAMHD1 deacetylation by SIRT1 promotes DNA end resection by facilitating DNA binding at double-strand breaks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6707. [PMID: 36344525 PMCID: PMC9640623 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) has a dNTPase-independent function in promoting DNA end resection to facilitate DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR); however, it is not known if upstream signaling events govern this activity. Here, we show that SAMHD1 is deacetylated by the SIRT1 sirtuin deacetylase, facilitating its binding with ssDNA at DSBs, to promote DNA end resection and HR. SIRT1 complexes with and deacetylates SAMHD1 at conserved lysine 354 (K354) specifically in response to DSBs. K354 deacetylation by SIRT1 promotes DNA end resection and HR but not SAMHD1 tetramerization or dNTPase activity. Mechanistically, K354 deacetylation by SIRT1 promotes SAMHD1 recruitment to DSBs and binding to ssDNA at DSBs, which in turn facilitates CtIP ssDNA binding, leading to promotion of genome integrity. These findings define a mechanism governing the dNTPase-independent resection function of SAMHD1 by SIRT1 deacetylation in promoting HR and genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kapoor-Vazirani
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sandip K Rath
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhen Shu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicole E Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yitong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ramona Haji-Seyed-Javadi
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Waaqo Daddacha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Elizabeth V Minten
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Diana Danelia
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Daniela Farchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xingming Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David S Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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25
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Helleday T, Rudd SG. Targeting the DNA damage response and repair in cancer through nucleotide metabolism. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3792-3810. [PMID: 35583750 PMCID: PMC9627788 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of the DNA damage response and DNA repair proficiency of cancer cells is an important anticancer strategy. The replication and repair of DNA are dependent upon the supply of deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) building blocks, which are produced and maintained by nucleotide metabolic pathways. Enzymes within these pathways can be promising targets to selectively induce toxic DNA lesions in cancer cells. These same pathways also activate antimetabolites, an important group of chemotherapies that disrupt both nucleotide and DNA metabolism to induce DNA damage in cancer cells. Thus, dNTP metabolic enzymes can also be targeted to refine the use of these chemotherapeutics, many of which remain standard of care in common cancers. In this review article, we will discuss both these approaches exemplified by the enzymes MTH1, MTHFD2 and SAMHD1. © 2022 The Authors. Molecular Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life LaboratoryDepartment of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Weston Park Cancer CentreUniversity of SheffieldUK
| | - Sean G. Rudd
- Science for Life LaboratoryDepartment of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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26
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Maharana S, Kretschmer S, Hunger S, Yan X, Kuster D, Traikov S, Zillinger T, Gentzel M, Elangovan S, Dasgupta P, Chappidi N, Lucas N, Maser KI, Maatz H, Rapp A, Marchand V, Chang YT, Motorin Y, Hubner N, Hartmann G, Hyman AA, Alberti S, Lee-Kirsch MA. SAMHD1 controls innate immunity by regulating condensation of immunogenic self RNA. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3712-3728.e10. [PMID: 36150385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived foreign nucleic acids is central to innate immune defense. This requires discrimination between structurally highly similar self and nonself nucleic acids to avoid aberrant inflammatory responses as in the autoinflammatory disorder Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). How vast amounts of self RNA are shielded from immune recognition to prevent autoinflammation is not fully understood. Here, we show that human SAM-domain- and HD-domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), one of the AGS-causing genes, functions as a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) 3'exonuclease, the lack of which causes cellular RNA accumulation. Increased ssRNA in cells leads to dissolution of RNA-protein condensates, which sequester immunogenic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Release of sequestered dsRNA from condensates triggers activation of antiviral type I interferon via retinoic-acid-inducible gene I-like receptors. Our results establish SAMHD1 as a key regulator of cellular RNA homeostasis and demonstrate that buffering of immunogenic self RNA by condensates regulates innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovamayee Maharana
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bengaluru, India.
| | - Stefanie Kretschmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Susan Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiao Yan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Kuster
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sofia Traikov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Gentzel
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shobha Elangovan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bengaluru, India
| | - Padmanava Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bengaluru, India
| | - Nagaraja Chappidi
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Isabell Maser
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henrike Maatz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13235 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Rapp
- Department of Biology, Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Virginie Marchand
- Université de Lorraine, IMoPA UMR7365 CNRS-UL and UMS2008 IBSLor CNRS-Inserm-UL, 54505 Nancy, France
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, IMoPA UMR7365 CNRS-UL and UMS2008 IBSLor CNRS-Inserm-UL, 54505 Nancy, France
| | - Norbert Hubner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13235 Berlin, Germany; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13235 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Alberti
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; University Centre for Rare Diseases, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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27
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Gao C, Su X, Wu N, Jin C. A new mechanism of SAMHD1 inhibition of HIV-1 infection by induction of autophagy. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Zhang Z, Li P, Sun P. Expression of SAMHD1 and its mutation on prognosis of colon cancer. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:303. [PMID: 35949607 PMCID: PMC9353240 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of sterile α motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) and its mutation play a key role in the prognosis of colon cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism and the role of SAMHD1 in colon cancer. Microarray data from 187 patients with colon cancer and 45 adjacent normal tissue obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were analyzed. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify key genes associated with colon cancer prognosis. Cox proportional hazard regression and survival analyses were performed to identify the potential for SAMHD1 to serve as a prognostic biomarker. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) were performed to assess the expression levels and distribution of SAMHD1 in tissues and cells. Western blotting (WB) and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays were used to identify the proliferation and apoptotic effects of SAMHD1 on HT-29 (Cas9-SAMHD1) cell lines. A total of 6,905 consistently differentially expressed genes were identified in the GEO database. Through the PPI network, SAMHD1 was found to be associated with Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS). SAMHD1 expression was negatively associated with KRAS. Proportional hazards regression and survival analyses demonstrated that low expression of SAMHD1 was associated with increased patient mortality. IHC and IF results demonstrated that SAMHD1 expression in patients with colon cancer was decreased compared with controls (both P<0.05). CCK-8 and WB results showed that proliferation was significantly promoted, and the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were significantly inhibited in the D137N and D311A groups as a result of a mutation in the deoxynucleoside triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) site (both P<0.05 vs. wild-type). Proliferation was inhibited and apoptosis-related protein expression levels were promoted in the wild-type (WT) and D137N groups following 20 µg/ml 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment (both P<0.05). WB and CCK-8 results showed cell proliferation was promoted and cell apoptosis-related protein expression was inhibited in the D137N group following treatment with 20 µg/ml 5-FU (all P<0.05) compared with the WT group. In conclusion, SAMHD1 expression was low in colon cancer. The dNTPase function of SAMHD1 may inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and may enhance apoptosis. In addition, first-line chemotherapy with 5-FU has a time-dependent effect, which may provide novel options for clinical treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhang
- Translational Medical Centre, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
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Huan C, Qu X, Li Z. Host Restrictive Factors Are the Emerging Storm Troopers Against Enterovirus: A Mini-Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:910780. [PMID: 35603180 PMCID: PMC9114347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infection continues to be a global health problem. The lack of specific drugs and broad-spectrum vaccines means an urgent need to develop effective strategies against enteroviruses. Host restrictive factors are a class of intrinsic host antiviral factors that have been broadly defined and investigated during HIV infections and have great significance for drug development and treatment design. In recent years, the essential role of host restrictive factors in regulating enteroviral infections has been gradually recognized and investigated. An increasing number of studies have shown that host-restrictive factors regulate multiple steps in the life cycle of enteroviruses. This mini-review discusses the restrictive factors against enteroviruses, their antiviral mechanism, and the arms race between them and enteroviruses. We also summarise the pathways that enteroviruses use to impair host antiviral signals. This mini-review characterizes the essential role of host restriction factors in enterovirus infections, which provides ideas and potential targets for antiviral drug design by regulating host restrictive factors. It also reveals potential future research on the interplay between host restrictive factors and enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huan
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinglong Qu
- Respiratory Department of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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30
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Targeting the Virus Capsid as a Tool to Fight RNA Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020174. [PMID: 35215767 PMCID: PMC8879806 DOI: 10.3390/v14020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strategies have been developed to fight viral infections, not only in humans but also in animals and plants. Some of them are based on the development of efficient vaccines, to target the virus by developed antibodies, others focus on finding antiviral compounds with activities that inhibit selected virus replication steps. Currently, there is an increasing number of antiviral drugs on the market; however, some have unpleasant side effects, are toxic to cells, or the viruses quickly develop resistance to them. As the current situation shows, the combination of multiple antiviral strategies or the combination of the use of various compounds within one strategy is very important. The most desirable are combinations of drugs that inhibit different steps in the virus life cycle. This is an important issue especially for RNA viruses, which replicate their genomes using error-prone RNA polymerases and rapidly develop mutants resistant to applied antiviral compounds. Here, we focus on compounds targeting viral structural capsid proteins, thereby inhibiting virus assembly or disassembly, virus binding to cellular receptors, or acting by inhibiting other virus replication mechanisms. This review is an update of existing papers on a similar topic, by focusing on the most recent advances in the rapidly evolving research of compounds targeting capsid proteins of RNA viruses.
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Singh H, Jadhav S, Arif Khan A, Aggarwal SK, Choudhari R, Verma S, Aggarwal S, Gupta V, Singh A, Nain S, Maan HS. APOBEC3, TRIM5α, and BST2 polymorphisms in healthy individuals of various populations with special references to its impact on HIV transmission. Microb Pathog 2022; 162:105326. [PMID: 34863878 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIDS restriction genes (ARGs) like APOBEC3, TRIM5α, and BST2 can act as immunological detectors of the innate protective mechanism of the body. ARGs influence the course of viral pathogenesis and progression of the disease. The infection caused by different viruses including HIV activates the innate immune receptors leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines, interferons and signals that recruit and activate cells involved in the process of inflammation following induction of adaptive immunity. Differential expression of genes involved in viral infection decide the fate and subsequent susceptibility to infection and its clinical outcome. Nevertheless, comprehensive reports on the incidence of genetic polymorphism of APOBEC3s, TRIM5α, and BST-2 in the general population and its association with pathological conditions have not been described well. Therefore, the occurrence of APOBEC3, TRIM5α, and BST2 polymorphism in healthy individuals and its impact on HIV transmission was analyzed. We conducted an extensive search using the several databases including, EMBASE, PubMed (Medline), and Google Scholar. APOBEC3-D, -F, -G, and -H out of the seven human APOBEC3s, help in the control of viral infection. Amongst various restriction factors, TRIM5α and BST-2 also restrict the viral infection followed by the development of the disease. In the current review, a brief account of the polymorphism in the APOBEC3G, TRIM5α, and BST2 genes are explored among different populations along with the interaction of APOBEC3G with Vif protein. Furthermore, this review specifically focus on ARGs polymorphism (APOBEC3G, TRIM5α, and BST2) associated with HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- HariOm Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India.
| | - Sushama Jadhav
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Abdul Arif Khan
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Shubham K Aggarwal
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Ranjana Choudhari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Sheetal Verma
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Amita Singh
- District Women Hospital, Prayagraj, UP, 211003, India
| | - Sumitra Nain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harjeet Singh Maan
- State Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, 462001, India
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Reece MD, Taylor RR, Song C, Gavegnano C. Targeting Macrophage Dysregulation for Viral Infections: Novel Targets for Immunomodulators. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768695. [PMID: 34790202 PMCID: PMC8591232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) cure is the latent viral reservoir, which persists despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), including across the non-dividing myeloid reservoir which is found systemically in sanctuary sites across tissues and the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike activated CD4+ T cells that undergo rapid cell death during initial infection (due to rapid viral replication kinetics), viral replication kinetics are delayed in non-dividing myeloid cells, resulting in long-lived survival of infected macrophages and macrophage-like cells. Simultaneously, persistent inflammation in macrophages confers immune dysregulation that is a key driver of co-morbidities including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and neurological deficits in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Macrophage activation and dysregulation is also a key driver of disease progression across other viral infections including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and chikungunya viruses, underscoring the interplay between macrophages and disease progression, pathogenesis, and comorbidity in the viral infection setting. This review discusses the role of macrophages in persistence and pathogenesis of HIV-1 and related comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. A special focus is given to novel immunomodulatory targets for key events driving myeloid cell dysregulation and reservoir maintenance across a diverse array of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Reece
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ruby R Taylor
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Colin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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33
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Mohamed A, Bakir T, Al-Hawel H, Al-Sharif I, Bakheet R, Kouser L, Murugaiah V, Al-Mozaini M. HIV-2 Vpx neutralizes host restriction factor SAMHD1 to promote viral pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20984. [PMID: 34697376 PMCID: PMC8545964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1, a human host factor found in myeloid cells which restricts HIV-1 replication. It depletes the dNTPs pool for viral cDNA syntheses, thus preventing the viral replication in the cells. The viral accessory protein, Vpx, exists only in SIVmac/HIV-2 particles. Vpx in SIVmac can induce proteosomal degradation of SAMHD1, which then leads to a decrease in the cytoplasmic dNTP pool. The protein-protein interaction between Vpx and SAMHD1 and its consequences are still unclear. Methods: In this study, we cloned, for the first time, Vpx gene from a HIV-2 infected patient and found up to 30% sequence variation compared to known HIV-2 strains. We then analyzed the role of SAMHD1 protein expression in transfected THP-1 and U937 cells by transfecting with the Vpx gene derived from SIVmac, HIV-2 from the NIH sample as well as HIV-2 from a Saudi patient. We found that Vpx gene expression led to reduced levels of intracellular SAMHD1. When the supernatants of the transfected cell lines were examined for secreted cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, Vpx expression seemed to be suppressive of pro-inflammatory response, and skewed the immune response towards an anti-inflammatory response. These results suggest that Vpx can act at two levels: clearance of intracellular restriction factor and suppression of cytokine storm: both aimed at long-term latency and host-pathogen stand-off, suggesting that Vpx is likely to be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Mohamed
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354 (MBC-03), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Bakir
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Al-Hawel
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354 (MBC-03), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtihaj Al-Sharif
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354 (MBC-03), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Bakheet
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354 (MBC-03), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Maha Al-Mozaini
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354 (MBC-03), Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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34
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How dendritic cells sense and respond to viral infections. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2217-2242. [PMID: 34623425 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to sense viral pathogens and orchestrate a proper immune response makes them one of the key players in antiviral immunity. Different DC subsets have complementing functions during viral infections, some specialize in antigen presentation and cross-presentation and others in the production of cytokines with antiviral activity, such as type I interferons. In this review, we summarize the latest updates concerning the role of DCs in viral infections, with particular focus on the complex interplay between DC subsets and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite being initiated by a vast array of immune receptors, DC-mediated antiviral responses often converge towards the same endpoint, that is the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of an adaptive immune response. Nonetheless, the inherent migratory properties of DCs make them a double-edged sword and often viral recognition by DCs results in further viral dissemination. Here we illustrate these various aspects of the antiviral functions of DCs and also provide a brief overview of novel antiviral vaccination strategies based on DCs targeting.
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35
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Pancsa R, Fichó E, Molnár D, Surányi ÉV, Trombitás T, Füzesi D, Lóczi H, Szijjártó P, Hirmondó R, Szabó JE, Tóth J. dNTPpoolDB: a manually curated database of experimentally determined dNTP pools and pool changes in biological samples. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:D1508-D1514. [PMID: 34643700 PMCID: PMC8728230 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulated by the growing interest in the role of dNTP pools in physiological and malignant processes, we established dNTPpoolDB, the database that offers access to quantitative data on dNTP pools from a wide range of species, experimental and developmental conditions (https://dntppool.org/). The database includes measured absolute or relative cellular levels of the four canonical building blocks of DNA and of exotic dNTPs, as well. In addition to the measured quantity, dNTPpoolDB contains ample information on sample source, dNTP quantitation methods and experimental conditions including any treatments and genetic manipulations. Functions such as the advanced search offering multiple choices from custom-built controlled vocabularies in 15 categories in parallel, the pairwise comparison of any chosen pools, and control-treatment correlations provide users with the possibility to quickly recognize and graphically analyse changes in the dNTP pools in function of a chosen parameter. Unbalanced dNTP pools, as well as the balanced accumulation or depletion of all four dNTPs result in genomic instability. Accordingly, key roles of dNTP pool homeostasis have been demonstrated in cancer progression, development, ageing and viral infections among others. dNTPpoolDB is designated to promote research in these fields and fills a longstanding gap in genome metabolism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pancsa
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fichó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.,Cytocast Kft., Vecsés, Hungary
| | - Dániel Molnár
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Éva Viola Surányi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Tamás Trombitás
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Dóra Füzesi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Hanna Lóczi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Péter Szijjártó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Rita Hirmondó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Judit E Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Judit Tóth
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.,Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
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36
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Bowen NE, Temple J, Shepard C, Oo A, Arizaga F, Kapoor-Vazirani P, Persaud M, Yu CH, Kim DH, Schinazi RF, Ivanov DN, Diaz-Griffero F, Yu DS, Xiong Y, Kim B. Structural and functional characterization explains loss of dNTPase activity of the cancer-specific R366C/H mutant SAMHD1 proteins. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101170. [PMID: 34492268 PMCID: PMC8497992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated intracellular levels of dNTPs have been shown to be a biochemical marker of cancer cells. Recently, a series of mutations in the multifunctional dNTP triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase), sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), have been reported in various cancers. Here, we investigated the structure and functions of SAMHD1 R366C/H mutants, found in colon cancer and leukemia. Unlike many other cancer-specific mutations, the SAMHD1 R366 mutations do not alter cellular protein levels of the enzyme. However, R366C/H mutant proteins exhibit a loss of dNTPase activity, and their X-ray structures demonstrate the absence of dGTP substrate in their active site, likely because of a loss of interaction with the γ-phosphate of the substrate. The R366C/H mutants failed to reduce intracellular dNTP levels and restrict HIV-1 replication, functions of SAMHD1 that are dependent on the ability of the enzyme to hydrolyze dNTPs. However, these mutants retain dNTPase-independent functions, including mediating dsDNA break repair, interacting with CtIP and cyclin A2, and suppressing innate immune responses. Finally, SAMHD1 degradation in human primary-activated/dividing CD4+ T cells further elevates cellular dNTP levels. This study suggests that the loss of SAMHD1 dNTPase activity induced by R366 mutations can mechanistically contribute to the elevated dNTP levels commonly found in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua Temple
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Caitlin Shepard
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adrian Oo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fidel Arizaga
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Priya Kapoor-Vazirani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirjana Persaud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Corey H Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dmitri N Ivanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - David S Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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37
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Nucleotide Pool Imbalance and Antibody Gene Diversification. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101050. [PMID: 34696158 PMCID: PMC8538681 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability and adequate balance of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) is an important determinant of both the fidelity and the processivity of DNA polymerases. Therefore, maintaining an optimal balance of the dNTP pool is critical for genomic stability in replicating and quiescent cells. Since DNA synthesis is required not only in genomic replication but also in DNA damage repair and recombination, the abnormalities in the dNTP pool affect a wide range of chromosomal activities. The generation of antibody diversity relies on antigen-independent V(D)J recombination, as well as antigen-dependent somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. These processes involve diverse sets of DNA polymerases, which are affected by the dNTP pool imbalances. This review discusses the role of the optimal dNTP pool balance in the diversification of antibody encoding genes.
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38
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Schott K, Majer C, Bulashevska A, Childs L, Schmidt MHH, Rajalingam K, Munder M, König R. SAMHD1 in cancer: curse or cure? J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 100:351-372. [PMID: 34480199 PMCID: PMC8843919 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human sterile α motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), originally described as the major cellular deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) balancing the intracellular deoxynucleotide (dNTP) pool, has come recently into focus of cancer research. As outlined in this review, SAMHD1 has been reported to be mutated in a variety of cancer types and the expression of SAMHD1 is dysregulated in many cancers. Therefore, SAMHD1 is regarded as a tumor suppressor in certain tumors. Moreover, it has been proposed that SAMHD1 might fulfill the requirements of a driver gene in tumor development or might promote a so-called mutator phenotype. Besides its role as a dNTPase, several novel cellular functions of SAMHD1 have come to light only recently, including a role as negative regulator of innate immune responses and as facilitator of DNA end resection during DNA replication and repair. Therefore, SAMHD1 can be placed at the crossroads of various cellular processes. The present review summarizes the negative role of SAMHD1 in chemotherapy sensitivity, highlights reported SAMHD1 mutations found in various cancer types, and aims to discuss functional consequences as well as underlying mechanisms of SAMHD1 dysregulation potentially involved in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schott
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Catharina Majer
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Alla Bulashevska
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Liam Childs
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Munder
- Third Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
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39
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The balance between p53 isoforms modulates the efficiency of HIV-1 infection in macrophages. J Virol 2021; 95:e0118821. [PMID: 34379507 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01188-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several host factors influence HIV-1 infection and replication. The p53-mediated antiviral role in monocytes-derived macrophages (MDMs) was previously highlighted. Indeed, an increase in p53 level results in a stronger restriction against HIV-1 early replication steps through SAMHD1 activity. In this study, we investigated the potential role of some p53 isoforms in HIV-1 infection. Transfection of isoform-specific siRNA induces distinctive effects on the virus life cycle. For example, in contrast to a siRNA targeting all isoforms, a knockdown of Δ133p53 transcripts reduces virus replication in MDMs that is correlated with a decrease in phosphorylated inactive SAMHD1. Combination of Δ133p53 knockdown and Nutlin-3, a pharmacological inhibitor of MDM2 that stabilizes p53, further reduces susceptibility of MDMs to HIV-1 infection, thus suggesting an inhibitory role of Δ133p53 towards p53 antiviral activity. In contrast, p53β knockdown in MDMs increases the viral production independently of SAMHD1. Moreover, experiments with a Nef-deficient virus show that this viral protein plays a protective role against the antiviral environment mediated by p53. Finally, HIV-1 infection affects the expression pattern of p53 isoforms by increasing p53β and p53γ mRNA levels while stabilizing the protein level of p53α and some isoforms from the p53β subclass. The balance between the various p53 isoforms is therefore an important factor in the overall susceptibility of macrophages to HIV-1 infection, fine-tuning the p53 response against HIV-1. This study brings a new understanding of the complex role of p53 in virus replication processes in myeloid cells. Importance As of today, HIV-1 is still considered as a global pandemic without a functional cure, partly because of the presence of stable viral reservoirs. Macrophages constitute one of these cell reservoirs, contributing to the viral persistence. Studies investigating the host factors involved in cell susceptibility to HIV-1 infection might lead to a better understanding of the reservoir formation and will eventually allow the development of an efficient cure. Our team previously showed the antiviral role of p53 in macrophages, which acts by compromising the early steps of HIV-1 replication. In this study, we demonstrate the involvement of p53 isoforms, which regulates p53 activity and define the cellular environment influencing viral replication. In addition, the results concerning the potential role of p53 in antiviral innate immunity could be transposed to other fields of virology and suggest that knowledge in oncology can be applied to HIV-1 research.
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Martinat C, Cormier A, Tobaly-Tapiero J, Palmic N, Casartelli N, Mahboubi B, Coggins SA, Buchrieser J, Persaud M, Diaz-Griffero F, Espert L, Bossis G, Lesage P, Schwartz O, Kim B, Margottin-Goguet F, Saïb A, Zamborlini A. SUMOylation of SAMHD1 at Lysine 595 is required for HIV-1 restriction in non-cycling cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4582. [PMID: 34321470 PMCID: PMC8319325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a cellular triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) proposed to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcription in non-cycling immune cells by limiting the supply of the dNTP substrates. Yet, phosphorylation of T592 downregulates SAMHD1 antiviral activity, but not its dNTPase function, implying that additional mechanisms contribute to viral restriction. Here, we show that SAMHD1 is SUMOylated on residue K595, a modification that relies on the presence of a proximal SUMO-interacting motif (SIM). Loss of K595 SUMOylation suppresses the restriction activity of SAMHD1, even in the context of the constitutively active phospho-ablative T592A mutant but has no impact on dNTP depletion. Conversely, the artificial fusion of SUMO2 to a non-SUMOylatable inactive SAMHD1 variant restores its antiviral function, a phenotype that is reversed by the phosphomimetic T592E mutation. Collectively, our observations clearly establish that lack of T592 phosphorylation cannot fully account for the restriction activity of SAMHD1. We find that SUMOylation of K595 is required to stimulate a dNTPase-independent antiviral activity in non-cycling immune cells, an effect that is antagonized by cyclin/CDK-dependent phosphorylation of T592 in cycling cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Martinat
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Genomes & Cell Biology of Disease Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Arthur Cormier
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Genomes & Cell Biology of Disease Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Tobaly-Tapiero
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Genomes & Cell Biology of Disease Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Noé Palmic
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Genomes & Cell Biology of Disease Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Nicoletta Casartelli
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France ,grid.511001.4Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Bijan Mahboubi
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Si’Ana A. Coggins
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France ,grid.511001.4Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mirjana Persaud
- grid.251993.50000000121791997Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- grid.251993.50000000121791997Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Lucile Espert
- grid.503217.2IRIM, University of Montpellier, UMR 9004 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Bossis
- grid.429192.50000 0004 0599 0285IGMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascale Lesage
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Genomes & Cell Biology of Disease Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France ,grid.511001.4Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Baek Kim
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Ali Saïb
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Genomes & Cell Biology of Disease Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Alessia Zamborlini
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Genomes & Cell Biology of Disease Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France ,grid.457334.2Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Nijmeijer BM, Langedijk CJM, Geijtenbeek TBH. Mucosal Dendritic Cell Subsets Control HIV-1's Viral Fitness. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 7:385-402. [PMID: 32991263 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-020520-025625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) subsets are abundantly present in genital and intestinal mucosal tissue and are among the first innate immune cells that encounter human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) after sexual contact. Although DCs have specific characteristics that greatly enhance HIV-1 transmission, it is becoming evident that most DC subsets also have virus restriction mechanisms that exert selective pressure on the viruses during sexual transmission. In this review we discuss the current concepts of the immediate events following viral exposure at genital mucosal sites that lead to selection of specific HIV-1 variants called transmitted founder (TF) viruses. We highlight the importance of the TF HIV-1 phenotype and the role of different DC subsets in establishing infection. Understanding the biology of HIV-1 transmission will contribute to the design of novel treatment strategies preventing HIV-1 dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadien M Nijmeijer
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute of Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Catharina J M Langedijk
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute of Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute of Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Modular Lentiviral Vectors for Highly Efficient Transgene Expression in Resting Immune Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061170. [PMID: 34207354 PMCID: PMC8235771 DOI: 10.3390/v13061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene/cell therapies are promising strategies for the many presently incurable diseases. A key step in this process is the efficient delivery of genes and gene-editing enzymes to many cell types that may be resistant to lentiviral vector transduction. Herein we describe tuning of a lentiviral gene therapy platform to focus on genetic modifications of resting CD4+ T cells. The motivation for this was to find solutions for HIV gene therapy efforts. Through selection of the optimal viral envelope and further modification to its expression, lentiviral fusogenic delivery into resting CD4+ T cells exceeded 80%, yet Sterile Alpha Motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) dependent and independent intracellular restriction factors within resting T cells then dominate delivery and integration of lentiviral cargo. Overcoming SAMHD1-imposed restrictions, only observed up to 6-fold increase in transduction, with maximal gene delivery and expression of 35%. To test if the biologically limiting steps of lentiviral delivery are reverse transcription and integration, we re-engineered lentiviral vectors to simply express biologically active mRNA to direct transgene expression in the cytoplasm. In this setting, we observed gene expression in up to 65% of resting CD4+ T cells using unconcentrated MS2 lentivirus-like particles (MS2-LVLPs). Taken together, our findings support a gene therapy platform that could be readily used in resting T cell gene editing.
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SAMHD1 Inhibits Multiple Enteroviruses by Interfering with the Interaction between VP1 and VP2 Proteins. J Virol 2021; 95:e0062021. [PMID: 33883225 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00620-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) possesses multiple biological activities such as virus restriction, innate immunity regulation, and autoimmunity. Our previous study demonstrated that SAMHD1 potently inhibits the replication of enterovirus 71 (EV71). In this study, we observed that SAMHD1 also restricts multiple enteroviruses (EVs), including coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and enterovirus D68 (EVD68), but not coxsackievirus A6 (CA6). Mechanistically, SAMHD1 competitively interacted with the same domain in VP1 that binds to VP2 of EV71 and EVD68, thereby interfering with the interaction between VP1 and VP2 , and therefore viral assembly. Moreover, we showed that the SAMHD1 T592A mutant maintained the EV71 inhibitory effect by attenuating the interaction between VP1 and VP2, whereas the T592D mutant failed to. We also demonstrated that SAMHD1 could not inhibit CA6 because a different binding site is required for the SAMHD1 and VP1 interaction. Our findings reveal the mechanism of SAMHD1 inhibition of multiple EVs, and this could potentially be important for developing drugs against a broad range of EVs. IMPORTANCE Enterovirus causes a wide variety of diseases, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is a severe public problem threatening children under 5 years. Therefore, identifying essential genes which restrict EV infection and exploring the underlying mechanisms are necessary to develop an effective strategy to inhibit EV infection. In this study, we report that host restrictive factor SAMHD1 has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against EV71, CA16, and EVD68 independent of its well-known deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) or RNase activity. Mechanistically, SAMHD1 restricts EVs by competitively interacting with the same domain in VP1 that binds to VP2 of EVs, thereby interfering with the interaction between VP1 and VP2, and therefore viral assembly. In contrast, we also demonstrated that SAMHD1 could not inhibit CA6 because a different binding site is required for the SAMHD1 and CA6 VP1 interaction. Our study reveals a novel mechanism for the SAMHD1 anti-EV replication activity.
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Park K, Ryoo J, Jeong H, Kim M, Lee S, Hwang SY, Ahn J, Kim D, Moon HC, Baek D, Kim K, Park HY, Ahn K. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome-associated gene SAMHD1 preserves genome integrity by preventing R-loop formation at transcription-replication conflict regions. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009523. [PMID: 33857133 PMCID: PMC8078737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The comorbid association of autoimmune diseases with cancers has been a major obstacle to successful anti-cancer treatment. Cancer survival rate decreases significantly in patients with preexisting autoimmunity. However, to date, the molecular and cellular profiles of such comorbidities are poorly understood. We used Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) as a model autoimmune disease and explored the underlying mechanisms of genome instability in AGS-associated-gene-deficient patient cells. We found that R-loops are highly enriched at transcription-replication conflict regions of the genome in fibroblast of patients bearing SAMHD1 mutation, which is the AGS-associated-gene mutation most frequently reported with tumor and malignancies. In SAMHD1-depleted cells, R-loops accumulated with the concomitant activation of DNA damage responses. Removal of R-loops in SAMHD1 deficiency reduced cellular responses to genome instability. Furthermore, downregulation of SAMHD1 expression is associated with various types of cancer and poor survival rate. Our findings suggest that SAMHD1 functions as a tumor suppressor by resolving R-loops, and thus, SAMHD1 and R-loop may be novel diagnostic markers and targets for patient stratification in anti-cancer therapy. Mutations in SAMHD1 cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), a monogenic lupus-like autoimmune disease. Among AGS-associated genes, SAMHD1 is most frequently mutates in various types of tumors and malignancies, suggesting that it is biologically relevant to cancer development. Here, we show that SAMHD1 resolves R-loops induced by transcription-replication conflicts, thereby contributing to the maintenance of genome stability. Our findings provide insight into the molecular and mechanical understanding of the autoimmunity and cancer comorbidity, and suggest that SAMHD1 and R-loops are potential and reliable biomarkers in anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwon Park
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Ryoo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation, Comprehensive Cancer center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heena Jeong
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Lee
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Hwang
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok C. Moon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehyun Baek
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine & Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangseog Ahn
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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SAMHD1 … and Viral Ways around It. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030395. [PMID: 33801276 PMCID: PMC7999308 DOI: 10.3390/v13030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SAM and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a dNTP triphosphohydrolase that plays a crucial role for a variety of different cellular functions. Besides balancing intracellular dNTP concentrations, facilitating DNA damage repair, and dampening excessive immune responses, SAMHD1 has been shown to act as a major restriction factor against various virus species. In addition to its well-described activity against retroviruses such as HIV-1, SAMHD1 has been identified to reduce the infectivity of different DNA viruses such as the herpesviruses CMV and EBV, the poxvirus VACV, or the hepadnavirus HBV. While some viruses are efficiently restricted by SAMHD1, others have developed evasion mechanisms that antagonize the antiviral activity of SAMHD1. Within this review, we summarize the different cellular functions of SAMHD1 and highlight the countermeasures viruses have evolved to neutralize the restriction factor SAMHD1.
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Abstract
Exogenous retroviruses are RNA viruses that require reverse transcription for their replication. Among these viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is infectious to humans and causes the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). There are also endogenous retroelements that require reverse transcription for their retrotransposition, among which the type 1 long interspersed element (LINE-1) is the only type of retroelement that can replicate autonomously. It was once believed that retroviruses like HIV and retroelements like LINE-1 share similarities in processes such as reverse transcription and integration. Accordingly, many HIV suppressors are also potent LINE-1 inhibitors. However, in many cases, one suppressor uses two or more distinct mechanisms to repress HIV and LINE-1. In this review, we discuss some of these suppressors, focusing on their alternative mechanisms opposing the replication of HIV and LINE-1. Based on the differences in HIV and LINE-1 activity, the subcellular localization of these suppressors, and the impact of LINE-1 retrotransposition on human cells, we propose possible reasons for the inhibition of HIV and LINE-1 through different pathways by these suppressors, with the hope of accelerating future studies in associated research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Diallo MS, Samri A, Charpentier C, Bertine M, Cheynier R, Thiébaut R, Matheron S, Collin F, Braibant M, Candotti D, Brun-Vézinet F, Autran B, Appay V, Autran B, Brun-Vezinet F, Chaghil N, Descamps D, Hosmalin A, Pancino G, Manel N, Marchand L, Pedroza-Martins L, Sàez-Cirion A, Vieillard V, Agut H, Clauvel JP, Costagliola D, Debré P, Theodorou I, Sicard D, Viard JP, Barin F, Vieillard V, Autran B. A Comparison of Cell Activation, Exhaustion, and Expression of HIV Coreceptors and Restriction Factors in HIV-1- and HIV-2-Infected Nonprogressors. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:214-223. [PMID: 33050708 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency viruses induce rare attenuated diseases due either to HIV-1 in the exceptional long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) or to HIV-2 in West Africa. To better understand characteristics of these two disease types we performed a multiplex comparative analysis of cell activation, exhaustion, and expression of coreceptors and restriction factors in CD4 T cells susceptible to harbor those viruses. We analyzed by flow cytometry the expression of HLA-DR, PD1, CCR5, CXCR6, SAMHD1, Blimp-1, and TRIM5α on CD4 T cell subsets from 10 HIV-1+ LTNPs and 14 HIV-2+ (12 nonprogressors and 2 progressors) of the ANRS CO-15 and CO-5 cohorts, respectively, and 12 HIV- healthy donors (HD). The V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope from 6 HIV-1+ LTNPs was sequenced to determine the CXCR6-binding capacity. Proportions of HLA-DR+ and PD1+ cells were higher in memory CD4 T subsets from HIV-1 LTNPs compared with HIV-2 and HD. Similar findings were observed for CCR5+ cells although limited to central-memory CD4 T cell (TCM) and follicular helper T cell subsets, whereas all major subsets from HIV-1 LTNPs contained less CXCR6+ cells compared with HIV-2. All six V3 loop sequences from HIV-1 LTNPs contained a proline at position 326. Proportions of SAMHD1+ cells were higher in all resting CD4 T subsets from HIV-1 LTNPs compared with the other groups, whereas Blimp-1+ and Trim5α+ cells did not differ. The CD4 T cell subsets from HIV-1 LTNPs differ from those of HIV-2-infected subjects by higher levels of activation, exhaustion, and SAMHD1 expression that can reflect the distinct patterns of host/virus relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariama Sadjo Diallo
- Inserm 1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Assia Samri
- Inserm 1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Bertine
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, INRIA SISTM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Inserm, IAME, UMR 1137, University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, HUPNVS, Paris, France
| | - Fidéline Collin
- Inserm, IAME, UMR 1137, University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, HUPNVS, Paris, France
| | - Martine Braibant
- Université François-Rabelais, Inserm U1259 & CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Brigitte Autran
- Inserm 1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Yu CH, Bhattacharya A, Persaud M, Taylor AB, Wang Z, Bulnes-Ramos A, Xu J, Selyutina A, Martinez-Lopez A, Cano K, Demeler B, Kim B, Hardies SC, Diaz-Griffero F, Ivanov DN. Nucleic acid binding by SAMHD1 contributes to the antiretroviral activity and is enhanced by the GpsN modification. Nat Commun 2021; 12:731. [PMID: 33531504 PMCID: PMC7854603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 impedes infection of myeloid cells and resting T lymphocytes by retroviruses, and the enzymatic activity of the protein-dephosphorylation of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)-implicates enzymatic dNTP depletion in innate antiviral immunity. Here we show that the allosteric binding sites of the enzyme are plastic and can accommodate oligonucleotides in place of the allosteric activators, GTP and dNTP. SAMHD1 displays a preference for oligonucleotides containing phosphorothioate bonds in the Rp configuration located 3' to G nucleotides (GpsN), the modification pattern that occurs in a mechanism of antiviral defense in prokaryotes. In the presence of GTP and dNTPs, binding of GpsN-containing oligonucleotides promotes formation of a distinct tetramer with mixed occupancy of the allosteric sites. Mutations that impair formation of the mixed-occupancy complex abolish the antiretroviral activity of SAMHD1, but not its ability to deplete dNTPs. The findings link nucleic acid binding to the antiretroviral activity of SAMHD1, shed light on the immunomodulatory effects of synthetic phosphorothioated oligonucleotides and raise questions about the role of nucleic acid phosphorothioation in human innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey H Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Akash Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mirjana Persaud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alexander B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Angel Bulnes-Ramos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joella Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anastasia Selyutina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alicia Martinez-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kristin Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen C Hardies
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Dmitri N Ivanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Bortlik M, Copertino DC, Brailey PM, Beckerle GA, Ormsby CE, Rosenberg MG, Wiznia AA, Raposo RAS, Nixon DF, de Mulder Rougvie M. Restriction Factor Expression in Vertically Infected Children Living With HIV-1. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:144-146. [PMID: 33395209 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Around 1.7 million children are estimated to live with HIV-1 worldwide, and about 160,000 infants are newly infected every year. Since adaptive immunity takes time to mature and develop in infants, and maternal antibodies provide limited antiviral activity, innate and intrinsic immunity against HIV-1 in the young is of critical importance. Intrinsic restriction factors are cellular proteins that effectively inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro, but there is limited understanding of their role in vivo, and little to no data has been reported on the expression of host restriction factors in children. We hypothesized that restriction factor expression might be particularly important in children living with HIV-1 and correlate with disease progression. METHODS We analyzed gene expression of APOBEC3A, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3G, APOBEC3H, SAMHD1, ISG15, CDKN1A, MX2, TRIM5, and SLFN11 by qPCR in 121 samples of CD4+ T cells from vertically infected children living with HIV-1. Cell surface expression of BST-2/tetherin and markers of CD4+ T-cell activation were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS After adjusting for gender and age, BST-2/tetherin expression on CD4+ T cells showed significant positive correlation with viral load (P = 0.0006; ρ = 0.33), CD4+ T-cell activation (P < 0.0001; ρ = 0.53), CD8+ T-cell activation (P < 0.0001; ρ = 0.53), and a negative correlation with CD4+ T-cell counts (P = 0.0008; ρ = -0.33). The expression of SAMHD1 correlated negatively with markers of T-cell activation (P = 0.046; ρ = -0.22). DISCUSSION These results suggest an important role of some restriction factors in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bortlik
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatology, Military University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dennis C Copertino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Phillip M Brailey
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunology, King's College, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greta A Beckerle
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Christopher E Ormsby
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CIENI), National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Michael G Rosenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY
| | - Andrew A Wiznia
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Rui André Saraiva Raposo
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Miguel de Mulder Rougvie
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Sauter D, Kirchhoff F. Evolutionary conflicts and adverse effects of antiviral factors. eLife 2021; 10:e65243. [PMID: 33450175 PMCID: PMC7811402 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells are equipped with a plethora of antiviral proteins protecting them against invading viral pathogens. In contrast to apoptotic or pyroptotic cell death, which serves as ultima ratio to combat viral infections, these cell-intrinsic restriction factors may prevent or at least slow down viral spread while allowing the host cell to survive. Nevertheless, their antiviral activity may also have detrimental effects on the host. While the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiviral activity of restriction factors are frequently well investigated, potential undesired effects of their antiviral functions on the host cell are hardly explored. With a focus on antiretroviral proteins, we summarize in this review how individual restriction factors may exert adverse effects as trade-off for efficient defense against attacking pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
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