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Wang H, Akbari-Alavijeh S, Parhar RS, Gaugler R, Hashmi S. Partners in diabetes epidemic: A global perspective. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1463-1477. [PMID: 37970124 PMCID: PMC10642420 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i10.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a recent increase in the worldwide prevalence of both obesity and diabetes. In this review we assessed insulin signaling, genetics, environment, lipid metabolism dysfunction and mitochondria as the major determinants in diabetes and to identify the potential mechanism of gut microbiota in diabetes diseases. We searched relevant articles, which have key information from laboratory experiments, epidemiological evidence, clinical trials, experimental models, meta-analysis and review articles, in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google scholars and Cochrane Controlled Trial Database. We selected 144 full-length articles that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria for complete assessment. We have briefly discussed these associations, challenges, and the need for further research to manage and treat diabetes more efficiently. Diabetes involves the complex network of physiological dysfunction that can be attributed to insulin signaling, genetics, environment, obesity, mitochondria and stress. In recent years, there are intriguing findings regarding gut microbiome as the important regulator of diabetes. Valid approaches are necessary for speeding medical advances but we should find a solution sooner given the burden of the metabolic disorder - What we need is a collaborative venture that may involve laboratories both in academia and industries for the scientific progress and its application for the diabetes control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
- Rutgers Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Safoura Akbari-Alavijeh
- Rutgers Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Ranjit S Parhar
- Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Randy Gaugler
- Rutgers Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Sarwar Hashmi
- Rutgers Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
- Research and Diagnostics, Ghazala and Sanya Hashmi Foundation, Holmdel, NJ 07733, United States
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Sayed TS, Maayah ZH, Zeidan HA, Agouni A, Korashy HM. Insight into the physiological and pathological roles of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and diabetes development. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:103. [PMID: 36418969 PMCID: PMC9682773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor that mediates the toxicities of several environmental pollutants. Decades of research have been carried out to understand the role of AhR as a novel mechanism for disease development. Its involvement in the pathogenesis of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus have long been known. One of the current hot research topics is investigating the role of AhR activation by environmental pollutants on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion, and hence the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. To date, epidemiological studies have suggested that persistent exposure to environmental contaminants such as dioxins, with subsequent AhR activation increases the risk of specific comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes. The importance of AhR signaling in various molecular pathways highlights that the role of this receptor is far beyond just xenobiotic metabolism. The present review aims at providing significant insight into the physiological and pathological role of AhR and its regulated enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and CYP1B1 in both types of diabetes. It also provides a comprehensive summary of the current findings of recent research studies investigating the role of the AhR/CYP1A1 pathway in insulin secretion and glucose hemostasis in the pancreas, liver, and adipose tissues. This review further highlights the molecular mechanisms involved, such as gluconeogenesis, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), oxidative stress, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen S. Sayed
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zaid H. Maayah
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Heba A. Zeidan
- grid.498552.70000 0004 0409 8340American School of Doha, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hesham M. Korashy
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Wang WD, Chen GT, Hsu HJ, Wu CY. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 mediates the toxicity of Paclobutrazol on the digestive system of zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:13-22. [PMID: 25500619 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Paclobutrazol (PBZ), a trazole-containing fungicide and plant growth retardant, has been widely used for over 30 years to regulate plant growth and promote early fruit setting. Long-term usage of PBZ in agriculture and natural environments has resulted in residual PBZ in the soil and water. Chronic exposure to waterborne PBZ can cause various physiological effects in fish, including hepatic steatosis, antioxidant activity, and disruption of spermatogenesis. We have previously shown that PBZ also affects the rates of zebrafish embryonic survival and hatching, and causes developmental failure of the head skeleton and eyes; here, we further show that PBZ has embryonic toxic effects on digestive organs of zebrafish, and describe the underlying mechanisms. PBZ treatment of embryos resulted in dose-dependent morphological and functional abnormalities of the digestive organs. Real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization were used to show that PBZ strongly induces cyp1a1 expression in the digestive system, and slightly induces ahr2 expression in zebrafish embryos. Knockdown of ahr2 with morpholino oligonucleotides prevents PBZ toxicity. Thus, the toxic effect of PBZ on digestive organs is mediated by AhR2, as was previously reported for retene and TCDD. These findings have implications for understanding the potential toxicity of PBZ during embryogenesis, and thus the potential impact of fungicides on public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Der Wang
- Department of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
| | - Guan-Ting Chen
- Department of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Jan Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Lalwani A, Stokes RA, Lau SM, Gunton JE. Deletion of ARNT (Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator) in β-cells causes islet transplant failure with impaired β-cell function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98435. [PMID: 24878748 PMCID: PMC4039512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Replacing β-cells by islet-transplantation can cure type 1 diabetes, but up to 70% of β-cells die within 10 days of transplantation. ARNT (Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator) regulates β-cell function, and potentially survival. Lack of ARNT impairs the ability of β-cells to respond to physiological stress and potentiates the onset of diabetes, but the exact role of ARNT in graft outcome is unknown. Aim To investigate the effect of β-cell deletion of ARNT on graft outcomes. Methods Islets were isolated from donor mice which had β-cell specific ARNT-deletion (β-ARNT) or littermate floxed controls. The islets were transplanted into diabetic SCID recipients in ratios of (a) 3 donors: 1 recipient, (b) 1 donor: 1 recipient or (c) ½ of the islets from 1 donor: 1 recipient. After 28 days, the kidney containing the graft was removed (nephrectomy) to exclude regeneration of the endogenous pancreas. Results In the supra-physiological-mass model (3∶1), both groups achieved reasonable glycaemia, with slightly higher levels in β-ARNT-recipients. In adequate-mass model (1∶1), β-ARNT recipients had poor glucose control versus floxed-control recipients and versus the β-ARNT donors. In the low-β-cell-mass model (½:1) β-ARNT transplants completely failed, whereas controls had good outcomes. Unexpectedly, there was no difference in the graft insulin content or β-cell mass between groups indicating that the defect was not due to early altered β-cell survival. Conclusion Outcomes for islet transplants lacking β-cell ARNT were poor, unless markedly supra-physiological masses of islets were transplanted. In the 1∶1 transplant model, there was no difference in β-cell volume. This is surprising because transplants of islets lacking one of the ARNT-partners HIF-1α have increased apoptosis and decreased islet volume. ARNT also partners HIF-2α and AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) to form active transcriptional complexes, and further work to understand the roles of HIF-2α and AhR in transplant outcomes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Lalwani
- Diabetes and Transcription Factors Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research (GIMR), Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca A. Stokes
- Diabetes and Transcription Factors Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research (GIMR), Sydney, Australia
| | - Sue Mei Lau
- Diabetes and Transcription Factors Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research (GIMR), Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny E. Gunton
- Diabetes and Transcription Factors Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research (GIMR), Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Beyond its role as an electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, oxygen is also a key effector of many developmental events. The oxygen-sensing machinery and the very fabric of cell identity and function have been shown to be deeply intertwined. Here we take a first look at how oxygen might lie at the crossroads of at least two of the major molecular pathways that shape pancreatic development. Based on recent evidence and a thorough review of the literature, we present a theoretical model whereby evolving oxygen tensions might choreograph to a large extent the sequence of molecular events resulting in the development of the organ. In particular, we propose that lower oxygenation prior to the expansion of the vasculature may favour HIF (hypoxia inducible factor)-mediated activation of Notch and repression of Wnt/beta-catenin signalling, limiting endocrine cell differentiation. With the development of vasculature and improved oxygen delivery to the developing organ, HIF-mediated support for Notch signalling may decline while the beta-catenin-directed Wnt signalling is favoured, which would support endocrine cell differentiation and perhaps exocrine cell proliferation/differentiation.
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Das SK, Sharma NK, Chu WS, Wang H, Elbein SC. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) gene as a positional and functional candidate for type 2 diabetes and prediabetic intermediate traits: Mutation detection, case-control studies, and gene expression analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:16. [PMID: 18366646 PMCID: PMC2323364 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ARNT, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors, is located on human chromosome 1q21-q24, a region which showed well replicated linkage to type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that common polymorphisms in the ARNT gene might increase the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes through impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. METHODS We selected 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms to tag common variation across the ARNT gene. Additionally we searched for novel variants in functional coding domains in European American and African American samples. Case-control studies were performed in 191 European American individuals with type 2 diabetes and 187 nondiabetic European American control individuals, and in 372 African American individuals with type 2 diabetes and 194 African American control individuals. Metabolic effects of ARNT variants were examined in 122 members of 26 European American families from Utah and in 225 unrelated individuals from Arkansas. Gene expression was tested in 8 sibling pairs discordant for type 2 diabetes. RESULTS No nonsynonymous variants or novel polymorphisms were identified. No SNP was associated with type 2 diabetes in either African Americans or European Americans, but among nondiabetic European American individuals, ARNT SNPs rs188970 and rs11204735 were associated with acute insulin response (AIRg; p = or < 0.005). SNP rs2134688 interacted with body mass index to alter beta-cell compensation to insulin resistance (disposition index; p = 0.004). No significant difference in ARNT mRNA levels was observed in transformed lymphocytes from sibling pairs discordant for type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Common ARNT variants are unlikely to explain the linkage signal on chromosome 1q, but may alter insulin secretion in nondiabetic subjects. Our studies cannot exclude a role for rare variants or variants of small (< 1.6) effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Das
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Neeraj K Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Winston S Chu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Steven C Elbein
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Das SK, Sharma NK, Chu WS, Wang H, Elbein SC. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) gene as a positional and functional candidate for type 2 diabetes and prediabetic intermediate traits: Mutation detection, case-control studies, and gene expression analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008. [PMID: 18366646 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2350‐9‐16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ARNT, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors, is located on human chromosome 1q21-q24, a region which showed well replicated linkage to type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that common polymorphisms in the ARNT gene might increase the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes through impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. METHODS We selected 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms to tag common variation across the ARNT gene. Additionally we searched for novel variants in functional coding domains in European American and African American samples. Case-control studies were performed in 191 European American individuals with type 2 diabetes and 187 nondiabetic European American control individuals, and in 372 African American individuals with type 2 diabetes and 194 African American control individuals. Metabolic effects of ARNT variants were examined in 122 members of 26 European American families from Utah and in 225 unrelated individuals from Arkansas. Gene expression was tested in 8 sibling pairs discordant for type 2 diabetes. RESULTS No nonsynonymous variants or novel polymorphisms were identified. No SNP was associated with type 2 diabetes in either African Americans or European Americans, but among nondiabetic European American individuals, ARNT SNPs rs188970 and rs11204735 were associated with acute insulin response (AIRg; p = or < 0.005). SNP rs2134688 interacted with body mass index to alter beta-cell compensation to insulin resistance (disposition index; p = 0.004). No significant difference in ARNT mRNA levels was observed in transformed lymphocytes from sibling pairs discordant for type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Common ARNT variants are unlikely to explain the linkage signal on chromosome 1q, but may alter insulin secretion in nondiabetic subjects. Our studies cannot exclude a role for rare variants or variants of small (< 1.6) effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Das
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes results from a complex physiologic process that includes the pancreatic beta cells, peripheral glucose uptake in muscle, the secretion of multiple cytokines and hormone-like molecules from adipocytes, hepatic glucose production, and likely the central nervous system. Consistent with the complex web of physiologic defects, the emerging picture of the genetics will involve a large number of risk susceptibility genes, each individually with relatively small effect (odds ratios below 1.2 in most cases). The challenge for the future will include cataloging and confirming the genetic risk factors, and understanding how these risk factors interact with each other and with the known environmental and lifestyle risk factors that increase the propensity to type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Kumar Das
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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