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Liu Y, Charpin-El Hamri G, Ye H, Fussenegger M. A synthetic free fatty acid-regulated transgene switch in mammalian cells and mice. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:9864-9874. [PMID: 30219861 PMCID: PMC6182168 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigger-inducible transgene expression systems are utilized in biopharmaceutical manufacturing and also to enable controlled release of therapeutic agents in vivo. We considered that free fatty acids (FFAs), which are dietary components, signaling molecules and important biomarkers, would be attractive candidates as triggers for novel transgene switches with many potential applications, e.g. in future gene- and cell-based therapies. To develop such a switch, we rewired the signal pathway of human G-protein coupled receptor 40 to a chimeric promoter triggering gene expression through an increase of intracellular calcium concentration. This synthetic gene switch is responsive to physiologically relevant FFA concentrations in different mammalian cell types grown in culture or in a bioreactor, or implanted into mice. Animal recipients of microencapsulated sensor cells containing this switch exhibited significant transgene induction following consumption of dietary fat (such as Swiss cheese) or under hyperlipidaemic conditions, including obesity, diabetes and lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ghislaine Charpin-El Hamri
- Département Génie Biologique, Université Claude Bernard 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Haifeng Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Hirabayashi K, Kinugawa S, Yokota T, Takada S, Fukushima A, Suga T, Takahashi M, Ono T, Morita N, Omokawa M, Harada K, Oyama-Manabe N, Shirato H, Matsushima S, Okita K, Tsutsui H. Intramyocellular lipid is increased in the skeletal muscle of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with lowered exercise capacity. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:1110-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lo J, Plutzky J. The biology of atherosclerosis: general paradigms and distinct pathogenic mechanisms among HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis 2012; 205 Suppl 3:S368-74. [PMID: 22577210 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Complications of atherosclerosis, including myocardial infarction and stroke, are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Recent data strongly implicate cardiovascular death as a contributor to mortality among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, with evidence suggesting increased incidence of atherosclerosis among these patients. Therefore, greater understanding of atherosclerotic mechanisms and how these responses may be similar or distinct in HIV-infected patients is needed. Key concepts in atherosclerosis are reviewed, including the evidence that inflammation and abnormal metabolism are major drivers of atherosclerosis, and connected to the current literature regarding atherosclerosis in the context of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Lo
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Yokota T, Kinugawa S, Okita K, Hirabayashi K, Suga T, Hattori M, Nakagawa Y, Oyama-Manabe N, Shirato H, Tsutsui H. Lower aerobic capacity was associated with abnormal intramuscular energetics in patients with metabolic syndrome. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:1029-34. [PMID: 21753774 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lower aerobic capacity is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle dysfunction could contribute to the lower aerobic capacity in MetS patients. The incremental exercise tests with cycle ergometer were performed in 12 male patients with MetS with no habitual exercise and 11 age-, sex- and activity-matched control subjects to assess the aerobic capacity. We performed (31)phosphorus-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to assess the high-energy phosphate metabolism in skeletal muscle during aerobic exercise. Proton-MRS was also performed to measure intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content. Peak oxygen uptake (peak VO(2); 34.1±6.2 vs. 41.4±8.4 ml kg(-1) min(-1), P<0.05) and anaerobic threshold (AT; 18.0±2.4 vs. 23.1±3.7 ml kg(-1) min(-1), P<0.01) adjusted by lean body mass were lower in MetS patients than control subjects. Phosphocreatine (PCr) loss during exercise was 1.5-fold greater in MetS, suggesting reduced intramuscular oxidative capacity. PCr loss was inversely correlated with peak VO(2) (r=-0.64) and AT (r=-0.60), respectively. IMCL content was threefold higher in MetS and was inversely correlated with peak VO(2) (r=-0.47) and AT (r=-0.52), respectively. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between IMCL content and PCr loss (r=0.64). These results suggested that lean-body aerobic capacity in MetS patients was lower compared with activity-matched healthy subjects, which might be due to the reduced intramuscular fatty acid oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression. This PPAR-RXR transcriptional complex plays a critical role in energy balance, including triglyceride metabolism, fatty acid handling and storage, and glucose homeostasis: processes whose dysregulation characterize obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. PPARs and RXRs are also involved directly in inflammatory and vascular responses in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. New insights into fundamental aspects of PPAR and RXR biology, and their actions in the vasculature, continue to appear. Although RXRs are obligate heterodimeric partners for PPAR action, the part that RXRs, and their endogenous retinoid mediators, exert in the vessel wall is less well understood. Biological insights into PPAR-RXRs may help inform interpretation of clinical trials with synthetic PPAR agonists and prospects for future PPAR therapeutics. Importantly, the extensive data establishing a key role for PPARs and RXRs in energy balance, inflammation, and vascular biology stands separately from the clinical experience with any given synthetic PPAR agonist. Both the basic science data and the clinical experience with PPAR agonists identify the need to better understand these important transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Plutzky
- From Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Xiong L, Darwanto A, Sharma S, Herring J, Hu S, Filippova M, Filippov V, Wang Y, Chen CS, Duerksen-Hughes PJ, Sowers LC, Zhang K. Mass spectrometric studies on epigenetic interaction networks in cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13657-68. [PMID: 21335548 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.204800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrest of cell differentiation is one of the leading causes of leukemia and other cancers. Induction of cell differentiation using pharmaceutical agents has been clinically attempted for the treatment of these cancers. Epigenetic regulation may be one of the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling cell proliferation or differentiation. Here, we report on the use of proteomics-based differential protein expression analysis in conjunction with quantification of histone modifications to decipher the interconnections among epigenetic modifications, their modifying enzymes or mediators, and changes in the associated pathways/networks that occur during cell differentiation. During phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate-induced differentiation of U937 cells, fatty acid synthesis and its metabolic processing, the clathrin-coated pit endocytosis pathway, and the ubiquitin/26 S proteasome degradation pathways were up-regulated. In addition, global histone H3/H4 acetylation and H2B ubiquitination were down-regulated concomitantly with impaired chromatin remodeling machinery, RNA polymerase II complexes, and DNA replication. Differential protein expression analysis established the networks linking histone hypoacetylation to the down-regulated expression/activity of p300 and linking histone H2B ubiquitination to the RNA polymerase II-associated FACT-RTF1-PAF1 complex. Collectively, our approach has provided an unprecedentedly systemic set of insights into the role of epigenetic regulation in leukemia cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Pilch PF, Meshulam T, Ding S, Liu L. Caveolae and lipid trafficking in adipocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:49-58. [PMID: 21625349 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of caveolae in adipocytes suggests a possible cell-specific role for these structures, and because these cells take up and release fatty acids as their quantitatively most robust activity, modulation of fatty acid movement is one such role that is supported by substantial in vitro and in vivo data. In addition, caveolae are particularly rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, and indeed, fat cells harbor more cholesterol than any other tissue. In this article, we review the role of adipocyte caveolae with regard to these important lipid classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Pilch
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 2118, USA
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The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor beta/delta on the Inflammatory Basis of Metabolic Disease. PPAR Res 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20706688 PMCID: PMC2913795 DOI: 10.1155/2010/368467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology underlying several metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis, involves a state of chronic low-level inflammation. Evidence is now emerging that the nuclear receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)β/δ ameliorates these pathologies partly through its anti-inflammatory effects. PPARβ/δ activation prevents the production of inflammatory cytokines by adipocytes, and it is involved in the acquisition of the anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages infiltrated in adipose tissue. Furthermore, PPARβ/δ ligands prevent fatty acid-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle cells, avoid the development of cardiac hypertrophy, and suppress macrophage-derived inflammation in atherosclerosis. These data are promising and suggest that PPARβ/δ ligands may become a therapeutic option for preventing the inflammatory basis of metabolic diseases.
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Iyer A, Fairlie DP, Prins JB, Hammock BD, Brown L. Inflammatory lipid mediators in adipocyte function and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010; 6:71-82. [PMID: 20098448 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2009.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Survival of multicellular organisms depends on their ability to fight infection, metabolize nutrients, and store energy for times of need. Unsurprisingly, therefore, immunoregulatory and metabolic mechanisms interact in human conditions such as obesity. Both infiltrating immunoinflammatory cells and adipocytes play critical roles in the modulation of metabolic homeostasis, so it is important to understand factors that regulate both adipocyte and immune cell function. A currently favored paradigm for obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction is that chronic macronutrient and/or lipid overload (associated with adiposity) induces cellular stress that initiates and perpetuates an inflammatory cycle and pathophysiological signaling of immunoinflammatory cells and adipocytes. Many lipid mediators exert their biological effects by binding to cognate receptors, such as G-protein-coupled receptors and Toll-like receptors. This process is tightly regulated under normal physiological conditions, and any disruption can initiate disease processes. Observations that cellular lipid loading (associated with adiposity) initiates inflammatory events has encouraged studies on the role of lipid mediators. In this review, we speculate that lipid mediators act on important immune receptors to induce low-grade tissue inflammation, which leads to adipocyte and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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