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Galvez NM, Cao Y, Nitido AD, Deal CE, Boutros CL, MacDonald SW, Albrecht YES, Lam EC, Sheehan ML, Parsons D, Lin AZ, Deymier MJ, Brady JM, Moon B, Bullock CB, Tanno S, Pegu A, Chen X, Liu C, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Vrbanac VD, Lingwood D, Balazs AB. HIV broadly neutralizing antibody escapability drives the therapeutic efficacy of vectored immunotherapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.11.603156. [PMID: 39026699 PMCID: PMC11257540 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.11.603156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have shown great promise for prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Breadth of bNAb neutralization, measured in vitro across panels of diverse viral isolates, is often used as a predictor of clinical potential. However, recent prevention studies demonstrate that the clinical efficacy of a broad and potent bNAb (VRC01) is undermined by neutralization resistance of circulating strains. Using HIV-infected humanized mice, we find that therapeutic efficacy of bNAbs delivered as Vectored ImmunoTherapy (VIT) is a function of both the fitness cost and resistance benefit of mutations that emerge during viral escape, which we term 'escapability'. Applying this mechanistic framework, we find that the sequence of the envelope V5-loop alters the resistance benefits of mutants that arise during escape, thereby impacting the therapeutic efficacy of VIT-mediated viral suppression. We also find that an emtricitabine-based antiretroviral drug regimen dramatically enhances the efficacy of VIT, by reducing the fitness of mutants along the escape path. Our findings demonstrate that bNAb escapability is a key determinant to consider in the rational design of antibody regimens with maximal efficacy and illustrates a tractable means of minimizing viral escape from existing bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M.S. Galvez
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yi Cao
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D. Nitido
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cailin E. Deal
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christine L. Boutros
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Scott W. MacDonald
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yentli E. Soto Albrecht
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maegan L. Sheehan
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dylan Parsons
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allen Z. Lin
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin J. Deymier
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Brady
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Benjamin Moon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher B. Bullock
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Serah Tanno
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir D. Vrbanac
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Mahomed S. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention: a comprehensive review and future perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0015222. [PMID: 38687039 PMCID: PMC11324036 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic remains a formidable global health concern, with 39 million people living with the virus and 1.3 million new infections reported in 2022. Despite anti-retroviral therapy's effectiveness in pre-exposure prophylaxis, its global adoption is limited. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer an alternative strategy for HIV prevention through passive immunization. Historically, passive immunization has been efficacious in the treatment of various diseases ranging from oncology to infectious diseases. Early clinical trials suggest bNAbs are safe, tolerable, and capable of reducing HIV RNA levels. Although challenges such as bNAb resistance have been noted in phase I trials, ongoing research aims to assess the additive or synergistic benefits of combining multiple bNAbs. Researchers are exploring bispecific and trispecific antibodies, and fragment crystallizable region modifications to augment antibody efficacy and half-life. Moreover, the potential of other antibody isotypes like IgG3 and IgA is under investigation. While promising, the application of bNAbs faces economic and logistical barriers. High manufacturing costs, particularly in resource-limited settings, and logistical challenges like cold-chain requirements pose obstacles. Preliminary studies suggest cost-effectiveness, although this is contingent on various factors like efficacy and distribution. Technological advancements and strategic partnerships may mitigate some challenges, but issues like molecular aggregation remain. The World Health Organization has provided preferred product characteristics for bNAbs, focusing on optimizing their efficacy, safety, and accessibility. The integration of bNAbs in HIV prophylaxis necessitates a multi-faceted approach, considering economic, logistical, and scientific variables. This review comprehensively covers the historical context, current advancements, and future avenues of bNAbs in HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharana Mahomed
- Centre for the AIDS
Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical
Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
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3
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Thavarajah JJ, Hønge BL, Wejse CM. The Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bNAbs) in HIV-1 Treatment and Prevention. Viruses 2024; 16:911. [PMID: 38932203 PMCID: PMC11209272 DOI: 10.3390/v16060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively halts disease progression in HIV infection, the complete eradication of the virus remains elusive. Additionally, challenges such as long-term ART toxicity, drug resistance, and the demanding regimen of daily and lifelong adherence required by ART highlight the imperative need for alternative therapeutic and preventative approaches. In recent years, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have emerged as promising candidates, offering potential for therapeutic, preventative, and possibly curative interventions against HIV infection. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the passive immunization of bNAbs in HIV-1-infected individuals. MAIN FINDINGS Recent findings from clinical trials have highlighted the potential of bNAbs in the treatment, prevention, and quest for an HIV-1 cure. While monotherapy with a single bNAb is insufficient in maintaining viral suppression and preventing viral escape, ultimately leading to viral rebound, combination therapy with potent, non-overlapping epitope-targeting bNAbs have demonstrated prolonged viral suppression and delayed time to rebound by effectively restricting the emergence of escape mutations, albeit largely in individuals with bNAb-sensitive strains. Additionally, passive immunization with bNAb has provided a "proof of concept" for antibody-mediated prevention against HIV-1 acquisition, although complete prevention has not been obtained. Therefore, further research on the use of bNAbs in HIV-1 treatment and prevention remains imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannifer Jasmin Thavarajah
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Clinical Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (B.L.H.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Bo Langhoff Hønge
- Clinical Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (B.L.H.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Christian Morberg Wejse
- Clinical Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (B.L.H.); (C.M.W.)
- GloHAU, Center of Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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4
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Joshi VR, Altfeld M. Harnessing natural killer cells to target HIV-1 persistence. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:141-149. [PMID: 38457230 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in approaches aimed at reducing the latent HIV-1 reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple approaches to eliminate cells harboring latent HIV-1 are being explored, but have been met with limited success so far. Recent studies have highlighted the role of NK cells and their potential in HIV-1 cure efforts. Anti-HIV-1 NK cell function can be optimized by enhancing NK cell activation, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, reversing inhibition of NK cells as well as by employing immunotherapeutic complexes to enable HIV-1 specificity of NK cells. While NK cells alone do not eliminate the HIV-1 reservoir, boosting NK cell function might complement other strategies involving T cell and B cell immunity towards an HIV-1 functional cure. SUMMARY Numerous studies focusing on targeting latently HIV-1-infected cells have emphasized a potential role of NK cells in these strategies. Our review highlights recent advances in harnessing NK cells in conjunction with latency reversal agents and other immunomodulatory therapeutics to target HIV-1 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita R Joshi
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Trkola A, Moore PL. Vaccinating people living with HIV: a fast track to preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e252-e255. [PMID: 37883985 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the number of new HIV infections remains unacceptably high, and urgent new approaches are needed to advance HIV vaccine science. However, the development of a preventive HIV vaccine has proven to be an intractable scientific challenge. Recent advances in HIV immunogen design have taken the field a step closer to triggering the rare precursors of broadly neutralising antibodies, which are widely assumed to be necessary for a vaccine. Nonetheless, these same studies and previous studies in people living with HIV have also highlighted the major hurdles that must be overcome to boost the cross-reactivity and potency of these responses to sufficient levels. Here, we describe an opportunity for fast-tracking the evaluation of candidate preventive and therapeutic vaccines by immunising people with HIV who are antiretroviral therapy suppressed. We argue that such studies, unlike traditional studies of vaccines in participants not infected with HIV, will be faster and more informative and will allow the vaccine field to bypass multiple hurdles. This approach will accelerate the process of defining the capacity of immunogens to trigger relevant antibodies, currently an extremely slow and expensive pathway, and provide a quick path to creating an HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Penny L Moore
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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6
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Schriek AI, Aldon YLT, van Gils MJ, de Taeye SW. Next-generation bNAbs for HIV-1 cure strategies. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105788. [PMID: 38158130 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the ability to suppress viral replication using anti-retroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 remains a global public health problem. Curative strategies for HIV-1 have to target and eradicate latently infected cells across the body, i.e. the viral reservoir. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have the capacity to neutralize virions and bind to infected cells to initiate elimination of these cells. To improve the efficacy of bNAbs in terms of viral suppression and viral reservoir eradication, next generation antibodies (Abs) are being developed that address the current limitations of Ab treatment efficacy; (1) low antigen (Env) density on (reactivated) HIV-1 infected cells, (2) high viral genetic diversity, (3) exhaustion of immune cells and (4) short half-life of Abs. In this review we summarize and discuss preclinical and clinical studies in which anti-HIV-1 Abs demonstrated potent viral control, and describe the development of engineered Abs that could address the limitations described above. Next generation Abs with optimized effector function, avidity, effector cell recruitment and immune cell activation have the potential to contribute to an HIV-1 cure or durable control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Schriek
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Y L T Aldon
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S W de Taeye
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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7
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Freind MC, Tallón de Lara C, Kouyos RD, Wimmersberger D, Kuster H, Aceto L, Kovari H, Flepp M, Schibli A, Hampel B, Grube C, Braun DL, Günthard HF. Cohort Profile: The Zurich Primary HIV Infection Study. Microorganisms 2024; 12:302. [PMID: 38399706 PMCID: PMC10893142 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Zurich Primary HIV Infection (ZPHI) study is a longitudinal cohort study established in 2002, aiming to study the clinical, epidemiological, and biological characteristics of primary HIV infection. The ZPHI enrolls individuals with documented primary HIV-1 infection. At the baseline and thereafter, the socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory data are systematically collected, and regular blood sampling is performed for biobanking. By the end of December 2022, 486 people were enrolled, of which 353 were still undergoing active follow-up. Of the 486 participants, 86% had an acute infection, and 14% a recent HIV-1 infection. Men who have sex with men accounted for 74% of the study population. The median time from the estimated date of infection to diagnosis was 32 days. The median time from diagnosis to the initiation of antiretroviral therapy was 11 days, and this has consistently decreased over the last two decades. During the seroconversion phase, 447 (92%) patients reported having symptoms, of which only 73% of the patients were classified as having typical acute retroviral syndrome. The ZPHI study is a well-characterized cohort belonging to the most extensively studied primary HIV infection cohort. Its findings contribute to advancing our understanding of the early stages of HIV infection and pathogenesis, and it is paving the way to further improve HIV translational research and HIV medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt C. Freind
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.C.F.); (C.T.d.L.); (R.D.K.); (D.W.); (H.K.); (D.L.B.)
| | - Carmen Tallón de Lara
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.C.F.); (C.T.d.L.); (R.D.K.); (D.W.); (H.K.); (D.L.B.)
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.C.F.); (C.T.d.L.); (R.D.K.); (D.W.); (H.K.); (D.L.B.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Wimmersberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.C.F.); (C.T.d.L.); (R.D.K.); (D.W.); (H.K.); (D.L.B.)
| | - Hebert Kuster
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.C.F.); (C.T.d.L.); (R.D.K.); (D.W.); (H.K.); (D.L.B.)
| | - Leonardo Aceto
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Klinik im Park, 8027 Zurich, Switzerland; (L.A.); (H.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Helen Kovari
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Klinik im Park, 8027 Zurich, Switzerland; (L.A.); (H.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Markus Flepp
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Klinik im Park, 8027 Zurich, Switzerland; (L.A.); (H.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Adrian Schibli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Epidemiology and Occupational Health, City Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | | | | | - Dominique L. Braun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.C.F.); (C.T.d.L.); (R.D.K.); (D.W.); (H.K.); (D.L.B.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.C.F.); (C.T.d.L.); (R.D.K.); (D.W.); (H.K.); (D.L.B.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Paneerselvam N, Khan A, Lawson BR. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV: Progress and challenges. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109809. [PMID: 37852345 PMCID: PMC10872707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer a novel approach to treating, preventing, or curing HIV. Pre-clinical models and clinical trials involving the passive transfer of bNAbs have demonstrated that they can control viremia and potentially serve as alternatives or complement antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, antibody decay, persistent latent reservoirs, and resistance impede bNAb treatment. This review discusses recent advancements and obstacles in applying bNAbs and proposes strategies to enhance their therapeutic potential. These strategies include multi-epitope targeting, antibody half-life extension, combining with current and newer antiretrovirals, and sustained antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber Khan
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Brian R Lawson
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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9
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Holt GT, Gorman J, Wang S, Lowegard AU, Zhang B, Liu T, Lin BC, Louder MK, Frenkel MS, McKee K, O'Dell S, Rawi R, Shen CH, Doria-Rose NA, Kwong PD, Donald BR. Improved HIV-1 neutralization breadth and potency of V2-apex antibodies by in silico design. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112711. [PMID: 37436900 PMCID: PMC10528384 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV can reduce viral transmission in humans, but an effective therapeutic will require unusually high breadth and potency of neutralization. We employ the OSPREY computational protein design software to engineer variants of two apex-directed bNAbs, PGT145 and PG9RSH, resulting in increases in potency of over 100-fold against some viruses. The top designed variants improve neutralization breadth from 39% to 54% at clinically relevant concentrations (IC80 < 1 μg/mL) and improve median potency (IC80) by up to 4-fold over a cross-clade panel of 208 strains. To investigate the mechanisms of improvement, we determine cryoelectron microscopy structures of each variant in complex with the HIV envelope trimer. Surprisingly, we find the largest increases in breadth to be a result of optimizing side-chain interactions with highly variable epitope residues. These results provide insight into mechanisms of neutralization breadth and inform strategies for antibody design and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham T Holt
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Program in Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Siyu Wang
- Program in Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna U Lowegard
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Program in Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tracy Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chen-Hsiang Shen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Bruce R Donald
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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10
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Chen CW, Saubi N, Kilpeläinen A, Joseph-Munné J. Chimeric Human Papillomavirus-16 Virus-like Particles Presenting P18I10 and T20 Peptides from HIV-1 Envelope Induce HPV16 and HIV-1-Specific Humoral and T Cell-Mediated Immunity in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010015. [PMID: 36679860 PMCID: PMC9861546 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the HIV-1 P18I10 CTL peptide derived from the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 and the T20 anti-fusion peptide of HIV-1 gp41 were inserted into the HPV16 L1 capsid protein to construct chimeric HPV:HIV (L1:P18I10 and L1:T20) VLPs by using the mammalian cell expression system. The HPV:HIV VLPs were purified by chromatography. We demonstrated that the insertion of P18I10 or T20 peptides into the DE loop of HPV16 L1 capsid proteins did not affect in vitro stability, self-assembly and morphology of chimeric HPV:HIV VLPs. Importantly, it did not interfere either with the HIV-1 antibody reactivity targeting sequential and conformational P18I10 and T20 peptides presented on chimeric HPV:HIV VLPs or with the induction of HPV16 L1-specific antibodies in vivo. We observed that chimeric L1:P18I10/L1:T20 VLPs vaccines could induce HPV16- but weak HIV-1-specific antibody responses and elicited HPV16- and HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in BALB/c mice. Moreover, could be a potential booster to increase HIV-specific cellular responses in the heterologous immunization after priming with rBCG.HIVA vaccine. This research work would contribute a step towards the development of the novel chimeric HPV:HIV VLP-based vaccine platform for controlling HPV16 and HIV-1 infection, which is urgently needed in developing and industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcís Saubi
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Virology Section, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Athina Kilpeläinen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph-Munné
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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11
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Caskey M, Kuritzkes DR. Monoclonal Antibodies as Long-Acting Products: What Are We Learning From Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S530-S540. [PMID: 36410387 PMCID: PMC10200322 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies directed against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) offer promise as long-acting agents for prevention and treatment of HIV. Progress and challenges are discussed. Lessons may be learned from the development of monoclonal antibodies to treat and prevent COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Association of envelope-specific B-cell differentiation and viral selective pressure signatures in HIV-1 CRF01_AE infection. AIDS 2022; 36:1629-1641. [PMID: 35848590 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection, virus-specific B-cell and neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses are impaired but exert selective pressure on target viral Envelope (Env) resulting in prominent sequence diversification among geographical areas. The basal induction patterns of HIV Env-specific B cells and their interaction with HIV Env awaits clarification. DESIGN We investigated the relationship of Env polymorphisms and Env-specific B-cell responses in treatment-naive HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected Vietnamese. METHODS Samples of 43 HIV-1 CRF01_AE infection-identified individuals were divided into acute-phase ( n = 12) and chronic-phase ( n = 31) by combined criteria of serological recent-infection assay and clinical parameters. We quantified subcloning-based polymorphic residue site numbers in plasma-derived Env variable region 1-5 (V1-V5)-coding regions within each individual, designating their summation within each region as variant index. Peripheral blood Env gp 140-specific B-cell responses and plasma neutralizing activity of Env pseudoviruses were examined to analyze their relationship with variant index. RESULTS HIV-1 CRF01_AE Env gp140-specific total B-cell and plasma cell (CD19 + IgD - CD27 + CD38 + CD138 + ) responses were determined. In chronic-phase samples, significant correlation of variant index in all Env V1-V5 regions with Env-specific plasma cell responses was shown, and V1-V5 total variant index correlated stronger with Env-specific plasma cell as compared with total Env-specific B-cell responses. Env V5 variant index was significantly higher in chronic-phase cross-neutralizers of V5-polymorphic/VRC01-insensitive CRF01_AE Env. CONCLUSION Results revealed the association between circulating Env-specific plasma cell responses and Env polymorphisms, implicating selective pressure on Env by plasma cell-derived antibodies and conversely suggests that Env-specific B-cell induction alone is insufficient for exerting Env selective pressure in HIV infection.
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13
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Rai MA, Chun T. Combination anti-HIV antibodies to achieve antiretroviral therapy-free virological suppression in infected individuals. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1057. [PMID: 36101965 PMCID: PMC9471046 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ali Rai
- HIV Immunovirology SectionLaboratory of ImmunoregulationNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Tae‐Wook Chun
- HIV Immunovirology SectionLaboratory of ImmunoregulationNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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14
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Tipoe T, Fidler S, Frater J. An exploration of how broadly neutralizing antibodies might induce HIV remission: the 'vaccinal' effect. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:162-170. [PMID: 35439790 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are a potential new therapeutic strategy to treat HIV infection. This review explores possible mechanisms of action of bNAbs and summarizes the current evidence supporting their immunomodulatory properties, which might lead to sustained virological remission - the 'vaccinal effect'. RECENT FINDINGS Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is required to confer lasting HIV suppression; stopping ART almost invariably leads to HIV recrudescence from a persistent pool of virally infected cells - the HIV reservoir. HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may confer viral control after ART cessation predominantly through blockade of viral entry into uninfected target cells. In some human and animal studies, HIV bNAbs also conferred lasting viral suppression after therapeutic bNAb plasma levels had declined. Immune-modulatory mechanisms have been postulated to underlie this observation - the 'vaccinal effect'. Hypothesized mechanisms include the formation of immune complexes between bNAbs and HIV envelope protein, thereby enhancing antigen presentation and uptake by immune cells, with boosted adaptive immune responses subsequently controlling the HIV reservoir. SUMMARY There is emerging evidence for potent antiviral efficacy of bNAb therapy. Whether bNAbs can induce sustained viral suppression after dropping below therapeutic levels remains controversial. Mechanistic data from on-going and future clinical trials will help answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Tipoe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London
- Department of GU and HIV Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London
- NIHR Imperial College Biomedical Research, UK
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford
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15
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Kodchakorn K, Chokepaichitkool T, Kongtawelert P. Mutational scanning of spike RBD protein for enhanced ACE2 affinity emerging Southeast Asia in the late transmission phase. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5896. [PMID: 35393512 PMCID: PMC8989122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the quality of life and economic systems all over the world, as the virus can be transmitted from human to human via air-droplets. Since the SARS-CoV-2 virus was first identified in 2019, the virus has naturally mutated over time. Southeast Asia is one of the areas in the world that has implemented various procedures and measures to slow down the disease outbreaks. The first cluster of COVID-19 was identified from the tourist-travel history, and then the diversity of coronavirus victims has posed a serious issue of human security on a massive scale. To evaluate whether or not naturally occurring mutations have strengthened the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, we computed in silico the structural dynamics of the RBD-spike protein mutation enhancing ACE2-binding. When considering emerging variations in Southeast Asia, 14 dominant mutations were analyzed by applying the structural and energetic characterization using MD simulations. The ones in the RBD region displayed higher affinity to ACE2 due to the improved interfacial stability of the RBD β-strand surrounding the ACE2 across salt bridge hotspots. The binding hotspots and structurally conserved conformational-epitopes have been identified, which are deleterious for RBD mutation and ACE2 binding. We present an interactive visualization to facilitate the development of effective neutralizing agents for vaccination, prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchanok Kodchakorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Tawan Chokepaichitkool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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16
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Lee MJ, Collins S, Babalis D, Johnson N, Falaschetti E, Prevost AT, Ashraf A, Jacob M, Cole T, Hurley L, Pace M, Ogbe A, Khan M, Zacharopoulou P, Brown H, Sutherland E, Box H, Fox J, Deeks S, Horowitz J, Nussenzweig MC, Caskey M, Frater J, Fidler S. The RIO trial: rationale, design, and the role of community involvement in a randomised placebo-controlled trial of antiretroviral therapy plus dual long-acting HIV-specific broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) in participants diagnosed with recent HIV infection-study protocol for a two-stage randomised phase II trial. Trials 2022; 23:263. [PMID: 35382844 PMCID: PMC8981886 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to dramatic improvements in survival for people living with HIV, but is unable to cure infection, or induce viral control off therapy. Designing intervention trials with novel agents with the potential to confer a period of HIV remission without ART remains a key scientific and community goal. We detail the rationale, design, and outcomes of a randomised, placebo-controlled trial of two HIV-specific long-acting broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs): 3BNC117-LS and 10-1074-LS, which target CD4 binding site and V3 loop respectively, on post-treatment viral control. METHODS RIO is a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded prospective phase II study. Eligible individuals will have started ART within 3 months of primary HIV infection and have viral sequences that appear to be sensitive to both bNAbs. It will randomise 72 eligible participants 1:1 to the following arms via a two-stage design. In Stage 1, arm A participants are given dual long-acting (LS-variants) bNAbs infusions, followed by intensively monitored Analytical Treatment Interruption (ATI) (n = 36); in arm B, participants receive placebo infusions followed by ATI. The primary endpoint will be time to viral rebound within 36 weeks after ATI. Upon viral rebound, the participant and researcher are unblinded. Participants in arm A recommence ART and complete the study. Participants in arm B are invited to restart ART and enroll into Stage 2 where they will receive open-label LS bNAbs, followed by a second ATI 24 weeks after. Secondary and exploratory endpoints include adverse events, time to undetectable viraemia after restarting ART, immunological markers, HIV proviral DNA, serum bNAb concentrations in blood, bNAb resistance at viral rebound, and quality of life measures. DISCUSSION The two-stage design was determined in collaboration with community involvement. This design allows all participants the option to receive bNAbs. It also tests the hypothesis that bNAbs may drive sustained HIV control beyond the duration of detectable bNAb concentrations. Community representatives were involved at all stages. This included the two-stage design, discussion on the criteria to restart ART, frequency of monitoring visits off ART, and reducing the risk of onward transmission to HIV-negative partners. It also included responding to the challenges of COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol is registered on Clinical. TRIALS gov and EudraCT and has approval from UK Ethics and MHRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jie Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Daphne Babalis
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Emanuela Falaschetti
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Toby Prevost
- King's Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ambreen Ashraf
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Milaana Jacob
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Cole
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Hurley
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Pace
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Helen Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Euan Sutherland
- Imperial College Clinical Trials Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Hanna Box
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julie Fox
- Harrison Wing, Guy's and St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Steven Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Jill Horowitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | | | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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17
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Ertuna YI, Fallet B, Marx AF, Dimitrova M, Kastner AL, Wagner I, Merkler D, Pinschewer DD. Vectored antibody gene delivery restores host B and T cell control of persistent viral infection. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110061. [PMID: 34852228 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive antibody therapy and vectored antibody gene delivery (VAGD) in particular offer an innovative approach to combat persistent viral diseases. Here, we exploit a small animal model to investigate synergies of VAGD with the host's endogenous immune defense for treating chronic viral infection. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector delivering the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-neutralizing antibody KL25 (AAV-KL25) establishes protective antibody titers for >200 days. When therapeutically administered to chronically infected immunocompetent wild-type mice, AAV-KL25 affords sustained viral load control. In contrast, viral mutational escape thwarts therapeutic AAV-KL25 effects when mice are unable to mount LCMV-specific antibody responses or lack CD8+ T cells. VAGD augments antiviral germinal center B cell and antibody-secreting cell responses and reduces inhibitory receptor expression on antiviral CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that VAGD fortifies host immune defense and synergizes with B cell and CD8 T cell responses to restore immune control of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf I Ertuna
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Friederike Marx
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirela Dimitrova
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lena Kastner
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Escolano A, Gristick HB, Gautam R, DeLaitsch AT, Abernathy ME, Yang Z, Wang H, Hoffmann MA, Nishimura Y, Wang Z, Koranda N, Kakutani LM, Gao H, Gnanapragasam PNP, Raina H, Gazumyan A, Cipolla M, Oliveira TY, Ramos V, Irvine DJ, Silva M, West AP, Keeffe JR, Barnes CO, Seaman MS, Nussenzweig MC, Martin MA, Bjorkman PJ. Sequential immunization of macaques elicits heterologous neutralizing antibodies targeting the V3-glycan patch of HIV-1 Env. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabk1533. [PMID: 34818054 PMCID: PMC8932345 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abk1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 develop after prolonged virus and antibody coevolution. Previous studies showed that sequential immunization with a V3-glycan patch germline-targeting HIV-1 envelope trimer (Env) followed by variant Envs can reproduce this process in mice carrying V3-glycan bNAb precursor B cells. However, eliciting bNAbs in animals with polyclonal antibody repertoires is more difficult. We used a V3-glycan immunogen multimerized on virus-like particles (VLPs), followed by boosting with increasingly native-like Env-VLPs, to elicit heterologous neutralizing antibodies in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Structures of antibody/Env complexes after prime and boost vaccinations demonstrated target epitope recognition with apparent maturation to accommodate glycans. However, we also observed increasing off-target antibodies with boosting. Eight vaccinated NHPs were subsequently challenged with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), and seven of eight animals became infected. The single NHP that remained uninfected after viral challenge exhibited one of the lowest neutralization titers against the challenge virus. These results demonstrate that more potent heterologous neutralization resulting from sequential immunization is necessary for protection in this animal model. Thus, improved prime-boost regimens to increase bNAb potency and stimulate other immune protection mechanisms are essential for developing anti–HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harry B. Gristick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Present address: Virology Branch, Basic Research Section, NIAID, NIH. 5601 Fisher’s Lane. Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew T. DeLaitsch
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Morgan E. Abernathy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zhi Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Haoqing Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Present address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Magnus A.G. Hoffmann
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas Koranda
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Leesa M. Kakutani
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Han Gao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Henna Raina
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ana Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thiago Y. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anthony P. West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christopher O. Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Present address: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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19
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Mahomed S, Garrett N, Baxter C, Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS. Clinical Trials of Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention: A Review. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:370-380. [PMID: 32604408 PMCID: PMC8508778 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a promising approach to reduce the 1.7 million annual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections globally. Early studies on bnAbs showed safety in humans, but short elimination half-lives and low potency and breadth. Since 2010, several new highly potent bnAbs have been assessed in clinical trials alone or in combination for HIV prevention. Published data indicate that these bnAbs are safe and have a half-life ranging from 15 to 71 days. Only intravenous VRC01 has advanced to an efficacy trial, with results expected in late 2020. If bnAbs are shown to be effective in preventing HIV infection, they could fast-track vaccine development as correlates of protection, and contribute as passive immunization to achieving the goal of epidemic control. The purpose of the current review is to describe the current status and provide a synopsis of the available data on bnAbs in clinical trials for HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharana Mahomed
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columba University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columba University, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Evaluation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Sensitivity by Genotyping and Phenotyping for Qualifying Participants to HIV Clinical Trials. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 88:61-69. [PMID: 34397744 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV envelope (env) diversity represents a significant challenge for the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in HIV treatment and cure studies. Screening for viral sensitivity to bNAbs to select eligible trial participants will be important to improve clinical efficacy; however, no universal approach has been established. METHODS Pre-antiretroviral therapy plasma virus from participants in the Zurich Primary HIV Infection (ZPHI) study was genotyped and phenotyped for sensitivity to the bNAbs elipovimab (EVM, formerly GS-9722) and 3BNC117. The genotyping and phenotyping assessments were performed following the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 guidelines as required for entry into clinical trials. The genotypic-based prediction of bNAb sensitivity was based on HIV env amino acid signatures identified from a genotypic-phenotypic correlation algorithm using a subtype B database. RESULTS Genotyping the plasma virus and applying env sensitivity signatures, ZPHI study participants with viral sensitivity to EVM and 3BNC117 were identified. ZPHI study participants with virus sensitive to EVM and 3BNC117 were also identified by phenotyping the plasma virus. Comparison of the genotypic and phenotypic sensitivity assessments showed strong agreement between the 2 methodologies. CONCLUSIONS The genotypic assessment was found to be as predictive as the direct measurement of bNAb sensitivity by phenotyping and may, therefore, be preferred because of more rapid turnaround time and assay simplicity. A significant number of the participants were predicted to have virus sensitive to EVM and 3BNC117 and could, thus, be potential participants for clinical trials involving these bNAbs.
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21
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Meijers M, Vanshylla K, Gruell H, Klein F, Lässig M. Predicting in vivo escape dynamics of HIV-1 from a broadly neutralizing antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104651118. [PMID: 34301904 PMCID: PMC8325275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104651118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies are promising candidates for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infections. Such antibodies can temporarily suppress viral load in infected individuals; however, the virus often rebounds by escape mutants that have evolved resistance. In this paper, we map a fitness model of HIV-1 interacting with broadly neutralizing antibodies using in vivo data from a recent clinical trial. We identify two fitness factors, antibody dosage and viral load, that determine viral reproduction rates reproducibly across different hosts. The model successfully predicts the escape dynamics of HIV-1 in the course of an antibody treatment, including a characteristic frequency turnover between sensitive and resistant strains. This turnover is governed by a dosage-dependent fitness ranking, resulting from an evolutionary trade-off between antibody resistance and its collateral cost in drug-free growth. Our analysis suggests resistance-cost trade-off curves as a measure of antibody performance in the presence of resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Meijers
- Institut für Biologische Physik, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, German Center for Infection Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Lässig
- Institut für Biologische Physik, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
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Walsh SR, Seaman MS. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712122. [PMID: 34354713 PMCID: PMC8329589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the absence of an effective vaccine for protection against HIV-1 infection, passive immunization strategies that utilize potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to block acquisition of HIV-1 are being rigorously pursued in the clinical setting. bnAbs have demonstrated robust protection in preclinical animal models, and several leading bnAb candidates have shown favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles when tested individually or in combinations in early phase human clinical trials. Furthermore, passive administration of bnAbs in HIV-1 infected individuals has resulted in prolonged suppression of viral rebound following interruption of combination antiretroviral therapy, and robust antiviral activity when administered to viremic individuals. Recent results from the first efficacy trials testing repeated intravenous administrations of the anti-CD4 binding site bnAb VRC01 have demonstrated positive proof of concept that bnAb passive immunization can confer protection against HIV-1 infection in humans, but have also highlighted the considerable barriers that remain for such strategies to effectively contribute to control of the epidemic. In this review, we discuss the current status of clinical studies evaluating bnAbs for HIV-1 prevention, highlight lessons learned from the recent Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) efficacy trials, and provide an overview of strategies being employed to improve the breadth, potency, and durability of antiviral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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23
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Abstract
Long-term effective use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people with HIV (PWH) has significantly reduced the burden of disease, yet a cure for HIV has not been universally achieved, likely due to the persistence of an HIV reservoir. The central nervous system (CNS) is an understudied HIV sanctuary. Importantly, due to viral persistence in the brain, cognitive disturbances persist to various degrees at high rates in PWH despite suppressive ART. Given the complexity and accessibility of the CNS compartment and that it is a physiologically and anatomically unique immune site, human studies to reveal molecular mechanisms of viral entry, reservoir establishment, and the cellular and structural interactions leading to viral persistence and brain injury to advance a cure and either prevent or limit cognitive impairments in PWH remain challenging. Recent advances in human brain organoids show that they can mimic the intercellular dynamics of the human brain and may recapitulate many of the events involved in HIV infection of the brain (neuroHIV). Human brain organoids can be produced, spontaneously or with addition of growth factors and at immature or mature states, and have become stronger models to study neurovirulent viral infections of the CNS. While organoids provide opportunities to study neuroHIV, obstacles such as the need to incorporate microglia need to be overcome to fully utilize this model. Here, we review the current achievements in brain organoid biology and their relevance to neuroHIV research efforts.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) with exceptional breadth and potency, and targeting different HIV-1 envelope epitopes have entered clinical trials. bNAbs are being evaluated for their potential as long-acting alternatives to antiretrovirals in HIV-1 prevention and therapy, and for potential role in strategies aiming at long-term viral remission. Here, we discuss recent findings from bNAb clinical studies. RECENT FINDINGS bNAbs targeting distinct HIV-1 envelope epitopes have shown, in general, favorable safety profiles, and engineered bNAb variants have demonstrated improved pharmacokinetics. Single bNAb infusions transiently decreased viremia with subsequent selection of escape variants, while a combination of two bNAbs successfully maintained viral suppression in individuals harboring antibody-sensitive viruses after antiretroviral therapy (ART) was discontinued. Studies in animal models suggest that bNAbs can modulate immune responses and potentially interfere with the establishment or composition of the latent reservoir, and ongoing clinical studies aim to assess potential bNAb-mediated effects on HIV-1 persistence and host immune responses. SUMMARY Early clinical studies support additional evaluation of bNAbs. Antibodies may offer advantages over standard ART for HIV-1 prevention and therapy, and as components of immunologic strategies to achieve sustained virologic control. The evaluation of engineered bNAbs with multispecificity, extended half-lives and increased potency, as well as alternative bNAb-delivery systems are being pursued.
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25
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Cervera H, Ratnapriya S, Chov A, Herschhorn A. Changes in the V1 Loop of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Can Allosterically Modulate the Trimer Association Domain and Reduce PGT145 Sensitivity. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1558-1568. [PMID: 34006087 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (Envs) are a main focus of immunogen design and vaccine development. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 Envs target conserved epitopes and neutralize multiple HIV-1 viral strains. Nevertheless, application of bnAbs to therapy and prevention is limited by resistant strains that are developed or preexist within the viral population. Here we studied the HIV-1NAB9 Envs that were isolated from a person who injects drugs and exhibits high and broad resistance to multiple bnAbs. We identified an insertion of 11 amino acids in the V1 loop that allosterically modulates HIV-1NAB9 sensitivity to the PGT145 bnAb, which targets the Env trimer association domain and supports high level viral infectivity. Our data provide new insights into the mechanisms of HIV-1 resistance to bnAbs and into allosteric connectivity between different HIV-1 Env domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Cervera
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sneha Ratnapriya
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Angela Chov
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- The College of Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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26
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Spencer DA, Shapiro MB, Haigwood NL, Hessell AJ. Advancing HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies: From Discovery to the Clinic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:690017. [PMID: 34123998 PMCID: PMC8187619 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.690017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in confronting the global HIV-1 epidemic since its inception in the 1980s, better approaches for both treatment and prevention will be necessary to end the epidemic and remain a top public health priority. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been effective in extending lives, but at a cost of lifelong adherence to treatment. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are directed to conserved regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer (Env) and can block infection if present at the time of viral exposure. The therapeutic application of bNAbs holds great promise, and progress is being made toward their development for widespread clinical use. Compared to the current standard of care of small molecule-based ART, bNAbs offer: (1) reduced toxicity; (2) the advantages of extended half-lives that would bypass daily dosing requirements; and (3) the potential to incorporate a wider immune response through Fc signaling. Recent advances in discovery technology can enable system-wide mining of the immunoglobulin repertoire and will continue to accelerate isolation of next generation potent bNAbs. Passive transfer studies in pre-clinical models and clinical trials have demonstrated the utility of bNAbs in blocking or limiting transmission and achieving viral suppression. These studies have helped to define the window of opportunity for optimal intervention to achieve viral clearance, either using bNAbs alone or in combination with ART. None of these advances with bNAbs would be possible without technological advancements and expanding the cohorts of donor participation. Together these elements fueled the remarkable growth in bNAb development. Here, we review the development of bNAbs as therapies for HIV-1, exploring advances in discovery, insights from animal models and early clinical trials, and innovations to optimize their clinical potential through efforts to extend half-life, maximize the contribution of Fc effector functions, preclude escape through multiepitope targeting, and the potential for sustained delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Mariya B. Shapiro
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nancy L. Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
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27
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HIV-1 Entry and Membrane Fusion Inhibitors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050735. [PMID: 33922579 PMCID: PMC8146413 DOI: 10.3390/v13050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) infection begins with the attachment of the virion to a host cell by its envelope glycoprotein (Env), which subsequently induces fusion of viral and cell membranes to allow viral entry. Upon binding to primary receptor CD4 and coreceptor (e.g., chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4), Env undergoes large conformational changes and unleashes its fusogenic potential to drive the membrane fusion. The structural biology of HIV-1 Env and its complexes with the cellular receptors not only has advanced our knowledge of the molecular mechanism of how HIV-1 enters the host cells but also provided a structural basis for the rational design of fusion inhibitors as potential antiviral therapeutics. In this review, we summarize our latest understanding of the HIV-1 membrane fusion process and discuss related therapeutic strategies to block viral entry.
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28
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Julg B, Barouch D. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1 prevention and therapy. Semin Immunol 2021; 51:101475. [PMID: 33858765 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite immense progress in our ability to prevent and treat HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 remains an incurable disease and a highly efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is not yet available. Additional tools to prevent and treat HIV-1 are therefore necessary. The identification of potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 has revolutionized the field and may prove clinically useful. Significant advances have been made in identifying broader and more potent antibodies, characterizing antibodies in preclinical animal models, engineering antibodies to extend half-life and expand breadth and functionality, and evaluating the efficacy of single bNAbs and bNAb combinations in people with and without HIV-1. Here, we review recent progress in developing bNAbs for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Dan Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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29
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Abeynaike S, Paust S. Humanized Mice for the Evaluation of Novel HIV-1 Therapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636775. [PMID: 33868262 PMCID: PMC8047330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the discovery of antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 infection has transitioned into a manageable but chronic illness, which requires lifelong treatment. Nevertheless, complete eradication of the virus has still eluded us. This is partly due to the virus’s ability to remain in a dormant state in tissue reservoirs, ‘hidden’ from the host’s immune system. Also, the high mutation rate of HIV-1 results in escape mutations in response to many therapeutics. Regardless, the development of novel cures for HIV-1 continues to move forward with a range of approaches from immunotherapy to gene editing. However, to evaluate in vivo pathogenesis and the efficacy and safety of therapeutic approaches, a suitable animal model is necessary. To this end, the humanized mouse was developed by McCune in 1988 and has continued to be improved on over the past 30 years. Here, we review the variety of humanized mouse models that have been utilized through the years and describe their specific contribution in translating HIV-1 cure strategies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Abeynaike
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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30
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Abstract
Even after more than 30 years since its discovery, there is no cure for HIV-1 infection. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is currently the only HIV-1 infection management option in clinics. Despite its success in suppressing viral replication and converting HIV-1 from a lethal infection to a chronic and manageable disease, cART treatment is life long and long-term use can result in major drawbacks such as high cost, multiple side effects, and an increase in the development of multidrug-resistant escape mutants. Recently, antibody-based anti-HIV-1 treatment has emerged as a potential alternative therapeutic modality for HIV-1 treatment and cure strategies. These antibody-based anti-HIV-1 treatments comprising either receptor-targeting antibodies or broad neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are currently being developed and evaluated in clinical trials. These antibodies have demonstrated potent antiviral effects against multiple strains of HIV-1, and shown promise for prevention, maintenance, and prolonged remission of HIV-1 infection. This review gives an update on the current status of these antibody-based treatments for HIV-1, discusses their mechanism of action and the challenges in developing them, providing insight for their development as novel clinical therapies against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Promsote
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan E DeMouth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassandra G Almasri
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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31
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Tuyishime M, Garrido C, Jha S, Moeser M, Mielke D, LaBranche C, Montefiori D, Haynes BF, Joseph S, Margolis DM, Ferrari G. Improved killing of HIV-infected cells using three neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5157-5170. [PMID: 32584790 PMCID: PMC7524508 DOI: 10.1172/jci135557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The correlation of HIV-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses with protection from and delayed progression of HIV-1 infection provides a rationale to leverage ADCC-mediating antibodies for treatment purposes. We evaluated ADCC mediated by different combinations of 2 to 6 neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-HIV-1 Envelope (Env) mAbs, using concentrations ≤ 1 μg/mL, to identify combinations effective at targeting latent reservoir HIV-1 viruses from 10 individuals. We found that within 2 hours, combinations of 3 mAbs mediated more than 30% killing of HIV-infected primary CD4+ T cells in the presence of autologous NK cells, with the combination of A32 (C1C2), DH511.2K3 (MPER), and PGT121 (V3) mAbs being the most effective. Increasing the incubation of target and effector cells in the presence of mAb combinations from 2 to 24 hours resulted in increased specific killing of infected cells, even with neutralization-resistant viruses. The same combination eliminated reactivated latently HIV-1-infected cells in an ex vivo quantitative viral outgrowth assay. Therefore, administration of a combination of 3 mAbs should be considered in planning in vivo studies seeking to eliminate persistently HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tuyishime
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matt Moeser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dieter Mielke
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Joseph
- UNC HIV Cure Center and
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - David M. Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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32
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Starr TN, Greaney AJ, Hilton SK, Ellis D, Crawford KHD, Dingens AS, Navarro MJ, Bowen JE, Tortorici MA, Walls AC, King NP, Veesler D, Bloom JD. Deep Mutational Scanning of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Reveals Constraints on Folding and ACE2 Binding. Cell 2020; 182:1295-1310.e20. [PMID: 32841599 PMCID: PMC7418704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1377] [Impact Index Per Article: 344.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein mediates viral attachment to ACE2 receptor and is a major determinant of host range and a dominant target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we experimentally measure how all amino acid mutations to the RBD affect expression of folded protein and its affinity for ACE2. Most mutations are deleterious for RBD expression and ACE2 binding, and we identify constrained regions on the RBD's surface that may be desirable targets for vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics. But a substantial number of mutations are well tolerated or even enhance ACE2 binding, including at ACE2 interface residues that vary across SARS-related coronaviruses. However, we find no evidence that these ACE2-affinity-enhancing mutations have been selected in current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic isolates. We present an interactive visualization and open analysis pipeline to facilitate use of our dataset for vaccine design and functional annotation of mutations observed during viral surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allison J Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sarah K Hilton
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Ellis
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katharine H D Crawford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mary Jane Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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33
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunotherapy strategies alternative to current antiretroviral therapies will need to address viral diversity while increasing the immune system's ability to efficiently target the latent virus reservoir. Antibody-based molecules can be designed based on broadly neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies that target free virions and infected cells. These multispecific molecules, either by IgG-like or non-IgG-like in structure, aim to target several independent HIV-1 epitopes and/or engage effector cells to eliminate the replicating virus and infected cells. This detailed review is intended to stimulate discussion on future requirements for novel immunotherapeutic molecules. RECENT FINDINGS Bispecific and trispecific antibodies are engineered as a single molecules to target two or more independent epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope (Env). These antibody-based molecules have increased avidity for Env, leading to improved neutralization potency and breadth compared with single parental antibodies. Furthermore, bispecific and trispecific antibodies that engage cellular receptors with one arm of the molecule help concentrate inhibitory molecules to the sites of potential infection and facilitate engagement of immune effector cells and Env-expressing target cells for their elimination. SUMMARY Recently engineered antibody-based molecules of different sizes and structures show promise in vitro or in vivo and are encouraging candidates for HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tuyishime
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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34
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Starr TN, Greaney AJ, Hilton SK, Crawford KH, Navarro MJ, Bowen JE, Tortorici MA, Walls AC, Veesler D, Bloom JD. Deep mutational scanning of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain reveals constraints on folding and ACE2 binding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.06.17.157982. [PMID: 32587970 PMCID: PMC7310626 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.17.157982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein mediates viral attachment to ACE2 receptor, and is a major determinant of host range and a dominant target of neutralizing antibodies. Here we experimentally measure how all amino-acid mutations to the RBD affect expression of folded protein and its affinity for ACE2. Most mutations are deleterious for RBD expression and ACE2 binding, and we identify constrained regions on the RBD's surface that may be desirable targets for vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics. But a substantial number of mutations are well tolerated or even enhance ACE2 binding, including at ACE2 interface residues that vary across SARS-related coronaviruses. However, we find no evidence that these ACE2-affinity enhancing mutations have been selected in current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic isolates. We present an interactive visualization and open analysis pipeline to facilitate use of our dataset for vaccine design and functional annotation of mutations observed during viral surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Co-first authors
| | - Allison J. Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Co-first authors
| | - Sarah K. Hilton
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katharine H.D. Crawford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary Jane Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Lead Contact
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are considered a key component of an effective HIV-1 vaccine, but despite intensive efforts, induction of bnAbs by vaccination has thus far not been possible. Potent bnAb activity is rare in natural infection and a deeper understanding of factors that promote or limit bnAb evolution is critical to guide bnAb vaccine development. This review reflects on recent key discoveries on correlates of bnAb development and discusses what further insights are needed to move forward. RECENT FINDINGS An increasing number of parameters have been implicated to influence bnAb development in natural infection. Most recent findings highlight a range of immune factors linked with bnAb evolution. Novel approaches have brought exciting progress in defining signatures of the viral envelope associated with bnAb activity. SUMMARY Focused efforts of recent years have unraveled a multiply layered process of HIV-1 bnAb development. As it is understood today, bnAb evolution can be triggered and influenced by a range of factors and several different pathways may exist how bnAb induction and maturation can occur. To capitalize on the gained knowledge, future research needs to validate factors to identify independent drivers of bnAb induction to advance vaccine design.
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36
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Johnson J, Flores MG, Rosa J, Han C, Salvi AM, DeMali KA, Jagnow JR, Sparks A, Haim H. The High Content of Fructose in Human Semen Competitively Inhibits Broad and Potent Antivirals That Target High-Mannose Glycans. J Virol 2020; 94:e01749-19. [PMID: 32102878 PMCID: PMC7163146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01749-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen is the primary transmission vehicle for various pathogenic viruses. Initial steps of transmission, including cell attachment and entry, likely occur in the presence of semen. However, the unstable nature of human seminal plasma and its toxic effects on cells in culture limit the ability to study in vitro virus infection and inhibition in this medium. We found that whole semen significantly reduces the potency of antibodies and microbicides that target glycans on the envelope glycoproteins (Envs) of HIV-1. The extraordinarily high concentration of the monosaccharide fructose in semen contributes significantly to the effect by competitively inhibiting the binding of ligands to α1,2-linked mannose residues on Env. Infection and inhibition in whole human seminal plasma are accurately mimicked by a stable synthetic simulant of seminal fluid that we formulated. Our findings indicate that, in addition to the protein content of biological secretions, their small-solute composition impacts the potency of antiviral microbicides and mucosal antibodies.IMPORTANCE Biological secretions allow viruses to spread between individuals. Each type of secretion has a unique composition of proteins, salts, and sugars, which can affect the infectivity potential of the virus and inhibition of this process. Here, we describe HIV-1 infection and inhibition in whole human seminal plasma and a synthetic simulant that we formulated. We discovered that the sugar fructose in semen decreases the activity of a broad and potent class of antiviral agents that target mannose sugars on the envelope protein of HIV-1. This effect of semen fructose likely reduces the efficacy of such inhibitors to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1. Our findings suggest that the preclinical evaluation of microbicides and vaccine-elicited antibodies will be improved by their in vitro assessment in synthetic formulations that simulate the effects of semen on HIV-1 infection and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Manuel G Flores
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John Rosa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Changze Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Alicia M Salvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kris A DeMali
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jennifer R Jagnow
- In Vitro Fertilization and Reproductive Testing Laboratory, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy Sparks
- In Vitro Fertilization and Reproductive Testing Laboratory, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hillel Haim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Bharadwaj P, Riekofski C, Lin S, Seaman MS, Garber DA, Montefiori D, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Ackerman ME, Weiner JA. Implementation of a three-tiered approach to identify and characterize anti-drug antibodies raised against HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2020; 479:112764. [PMID: 32070674 PMCID: PMC7103756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect, quantify, and interrogate the properties of immune responses raised against biological therapeutics is not only important to our understanding of these molecules, but also to their success in the clinic. A tiered assay approach to identify the presence, specificity, and titer of anti-drug antibody (ADA) responses has been adopted as a gold standard by industry leaders, the FDA, and the EMA. In order to support pre-clinical and clinical trials, these assays must be standardized, and their performance sufficiently characterized to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of results under relevant testing conditions. Here we present implementation of electrochemiluminiscence assays that fit into the tiered paradigm of ADA testing for five HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (3BNC117, 3BNC117-LS, 10–1074, PGT121, and PGDM1400) in compliance with Good Clinical Laboratory practices. Assay sensitivities and matrix effects were evaluated and used to inform the development of positivity cut points. Once cut points were established, assay precision, specificity, free-drug tolerance, and robustness were defined. In all cases, assay characteristics met or surpassed recommendations set forth by the FDA. To further evaluate the performance of these assays and the tiered approach, samples from non-human primates that had received a subset of the five therapeutics were evaluated. In sum, this study reports qualification of a set of ADA assays available to the scientific community as pre-clinical and clinical trials of broadly HIV-neutralizing antibodies proceed, and a framework that is easily adapted as new drug products are advanced in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Bharadwaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Shu Lin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Garber
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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38
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Pham HT, Yoo S, Mesplède T. Combination therapies currently under investigation in phase I and phase II clinical trials for HIV-1. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:273-283. [PMID: 31994943 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1724281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: HIV infection is manageable through the use of antiretroviral drugs. However, HIV reservoirs that are constituted early during infection are resistant to treatment. HIV persistence under treatment necessitates life-long treatment and is associated with various co-morbidities. Two significant research avenues are explored through the development of either new antiretroviral drugs or interventions aimed at stimulating the immune system to eradicate HIV reservoirs.Areas covered: This report provides a review of investigational drugs and cell-based interventions against HIV infection that are currently under Phase I or Phase II clinical trials. We report on new antiretroviral drugs, antibodies directed against viral or host targets, reactivating agents, immune modulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and cell-based interventions. These new therapies are often tested in combination, including with current antiretroviral drugs.Expert opinion: Islatravir and GS-6207 are promising antiretroviral drugs that are expected to perform well in phase III trials. Whether the host immune system can be activated sufficiently to reduce HIV reservoirs remains unknown. Additional research is needed to identify surrogate markers of success for curative interventions. Given the current safety and efficacy of antiretroviral treatment, risk-benefits should be carefully evaluated before interventions that risk triggering high levels of immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi Pham
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Subin Yoo
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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39
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Liu Y, Cao W, Sun M, Li T. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1: efficacies, challenges and opportunities. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:194-206. [PMID: 31985356 PMCID: PMC7040474 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1713707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is effective but not curative, and no successful vaccine is currently available for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) provide a new approach to HIV-1 prevention and treatment, and these promising candidates advancing into clinical trials have shown certain efficacies in infected individuals. In addition, bNAbs have the potential to kill HIV-1-infected cells and to affect the course of HIV-1 infection by directly engaging host immunity. Nonetheless, challenges accompany the use of bNAbs, including transient suppression of viraemia, frequent emergence of resistant viruses in rebound viraemia, suboptimal efficacy in virus cell-to-cell transmission, and unclear effects on the cell-associated HIV-1 reservoir. In this review, we discuss opportunities and potential strategies to address current challenges to promote the future use of immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, People’s Republic of China, Ming Sun Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Tsinghua University Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Taisheng Li Department of Infectious diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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40
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Vekemans J, Snow W, Fast PE, Baggaley R, Chinyenze K, Friede MH, Godfrey-Faussett P, Kaslow DC, Rees H. HIV immunoprophylaxis: preparing the pathway from proof of concept to policy decision and use. Lancet HIV 2019; 7:e141-e148. [PMID: 31786175 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Various long-awaited efficacy studies of vaccines and broadly neutralising antibodies for prevention of HIV are now well underway in highly endemic settings. One broadly neutralising monoclonal antibody is being assessed for proof of concept, and combinations are in the pipeline. Two multicomponent prime-and-boost vaccine regimens are being evaluated, one of which is designed for global coverage. These multicomponent vaccines present a new level of complexity that will challenge health delivery systems. We recommend that while awaiting the results, which will appear in 2020-22, the target product profiles and full public value proposition for both categories of products should be defined, and the regulatory, policy, and implementation pathways should be prepared. Economic and health benefits, cost of goods, administrative complexity, and user perspectives will be key considerations for the roll-out of effective products. Investments in manufacturing capacity and public-sector delivery systems will be needed to prepare for product introduction and scale-up. We propose a prioritisation of activities on the basis of a broad stakeholder consultation organised by WHO and UNAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia E Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA; School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David C Kaslow
- Essential Medicines and Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helen Rees
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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41
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Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus subtype 1 (HIV-1) bind to its envelope glycoprotein (Env). Half of the molecular mass of Env is carbohydrate making it one of the most heavily glycosylated proteins known in nature. HIV-1 Env glycans are derived from the host and present a formidable challenge for host anti-glycan antibody induction. Anti-glycan antibody induction is challenging because anti-HIV-1 glycan antibodies should recognize Env antigen while not acquiring autoreactivity. Thus, the glycan network on HIV-1 Env is referred to as the glycan shield. Despite the challenges presented by immune recognition of host-derived glycans, neutralizing antibodies capable of binding the glycans on HIV-1 Env can be generated by the host immune system in the setting of HIV-1 infection. In particular, a cluster of high mannose glycans, including an N-linked glycan at position 332, form the high mannose patch and are targeted by a variety of broadly neutralizing antibodies. These high mannose patch-directed HIV-1 antibodies can be categorized into distinct categories based on their antibody paratope structure, neutralization activity, and glycan and peptide reactivity. Below we will compare and contrast each of these classes of HIV-1 glycan-dependent antibodies and describe vaccine design efforts to elicit each of these antibody types.
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42
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Fellinger CH, Gardner MR, Weber JA, Alfant B, Zhou AS, Farzan M. eCD4-Ig Limits HIV-1 Escape More Effectively than CD4-Ig or a Broadly Neutralizing Antibody. J Virol 2019; 93:e00443-19. [PMID: 31068428 PMCID: PMC6600210 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00443-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The engineered antibody-like entry inhibitor eCD4-Ig neutralizes every human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus isolate it has been tested against. The exceptional breadth of eCD4-Ig derives from its ability to closely and simultaneously emulate the HIV-1 receptor CD4 and coreceptors, either CCR5 or CXCR4. Here we investigated whether viral escape from eCD4-Ig is more difficult than that from CD4-Ig or the CD4-binding site antibody NIH45-46. We observed that a viral swarm selected with high concentrations of eCD4-Ig was increasingly resistant to but did not fully escape from eCD4-Ig. In contrast, viruses selected under the same conditions with CD4-Ig or NIH45-46 fully escaped from those inhibitors. eCD4-Ig-resistant viruses acquired unique changes in the V2 apex, V3, V4, and CD4-binding regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). Most of the alterations did not directly affect neutralization by eCD4-Ig or neutralizing antibodies. However, alteration of Q428 to an arginine or lysine resulted in markedly greater resistance to eCD4-Ig and CD4-Ig, with correspondingly dramatic losses in infectivity and greater sensitivity to a V3 antibody and to serum from an infected individual. Compensatory mutations in the V3 loop (N301D) and in the V2 apex (K171E) partially restored viral fitness without affecting serum or eCD4-Ig sensitivity. Collectively, these data suggest that multiple mutations will be necessary to fully escape eCD4-Ig without loss of viral fitness.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and engineered antibody-like inhibitors have been compared for their breadths, potencies, and in vivo half-lives. However, a key limitation in the use of antibodies to treat an established HIV-1 infection is the rapid emergence of fully resistant viruses. Entry inhibitors of similar breadths and potencies can differ in the ease with which viral escape variants arise. Here we show that HIV-1 escape from the potent and exceptionally broad entry inhibitor eCD4-Ig is more difficult than that from CD4-Ig or the bNAb NIH45-46. Indeed, full escape was not observed under conditions under which escape from CD4-Ig or NIH45-46 was readily detected. Moreover, viruses that were partially resistant to eCD4-Ig were markedly less infective and more sensitive to antibodies in the serum of an infected person. These data suggest that eCD4-Ig will be more difficult to escape and that even partial escape will likely extract a high fitness cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph H Fellinger
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew R Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Jesse A Weber
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Barnett Alfant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Amber S Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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43
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Bertels F, Leemann C, Metzner KJ, Regoes R. Parallel evolution of HIV-1 in a long-term experiment. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:2400-2414. [PMID: 31251344 PMCID: PMC6805227 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing puzzles in biology is the degree to which evolution is repeatable. The repeatability of evolution, or parallel evolution, has been studied in a variety of model systems, but has rarely been investigated with clinically relevant viruses. To investigate parallel evolution of HIV-1, we passaged two replicate HIV-1 populations for almost 1 year in each of two human T-cell lines. For each of the four evolution lines, we determined the genetic composition of the viral population at nine time points by deep sequencing the entire genome. Mutations that were carried by the majority of the viral population accumulated continuously over 1 year in each evolution line. Many majority mutations appeared in more than one evolution line, that is, our experiments showed an extreme degree of parallel evolution. In one of the evolution lines, 62% of the majority mutations also occur in another line. The parallelism impairs our ability to reconstruct the evolutionary history by phylogenetic methods. We show that one can infer the correct phylogenetic topology by including minority mutations in our analysis. We also find that mutation diversity at the beginning of the experiment is predictive of the frequency of majority mutations at the end of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Bertels
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich.,Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Department of Microbial Population Biology
| | - Christine Leemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich.,Insitute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich
| | - Karin J Metzner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich.,Insitute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich
| | - Roland Regoes
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich
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44
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Ram DR, Manickam C, Lucar O, Shah S, Reeves RK. Adaptive NK cell responses in HIV/SIV infections: A roadmap to cell-based therapeutics? J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1253-1259. [PMID: 30730588 PMCID: PMC6536345 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0718-303r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play a critical role in antiviral and antitumor responses. Although current NK cell immune therapies have focused primarily on cancer biology, many of these advances can be readily applied to target HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected cells. Promising developments include recent reports that CAR NK cells are capable of targeted responses while producing less off-target and toxic side effects than are associated with CAR T cell therapies. Further, CAR NK cells derived from inducible pluripotent stem cells or cell lines may allow for more rapid "off-the-shelf" access. Other work investigating the IL-15 superagonist ALT-803 (now N803) may also provide a recourse for enhancing NK cell responses in the context of the immunosuppressive and inflammatory environment of chronic HIV/SIV infections, leading to enhanced control of viremia. With a broader acceptance of research supporting adaptive functions in NK cells it is likely that novel immunotherapeutics and vaccine modalities will aim to generate virus-specific memory NK cells. In doing so, better targeted NK cell responses against virus-infected cells may usher in a new era of NK cell-tuned immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Olivier Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Spandan Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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45
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Caskey M, Klein F, Nussenzweig MC. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies in the clinic. Nat Med 2019; 25:547-553. [PMID: 30936546 PMCID: PMC7322694 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combination anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has revolutionized the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection. Taken daily, ART prevents and suppresses the infection. However, ART interruption almost invariably leads to rebound viremia in infected individuals due to a long-lived latent reservoir of integrated proviruses. Therefore, ART must be administered on a life-long basis. Here we review recent preclinical and clinical studies suggesting that immunotherapy may be an alternative or an adjuvant to ART because, in addition to preventing new infections, anti-HIV-1 antibodies clear the virus, directly kill infected cells and produce immune complexes that can enhance host immunity to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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46
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Reverse Immunology Approach to Define a New HIV-gp41-Neutralizing Epitope. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:9804584. [PMID: 31019982 PMCID: PMC6451809 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9804584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of immunogens susceptible to elicit potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a veritable challenge in the course of vaccine development. Viral envelope proteins adopt different conformational states during the entry process, allowing the presentation of transient neutralizing epitopes. We focused on the highly conserved 3S motif of gp41, which is exposed to the surface envelope in its trimeric prefusion state. Vaccination with a W614A-modified 3S peptide induces in animals neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies among which we selected clone F8. We used F8 as bait to select for W614A-3S phage-peptide mimics. Binding and molecular docking studies revealed that F8 interacts similarly with W614A-3S and a Mim_F8-1 mimotope, despite their lack of sequence homology, suggesting structural mimicry. Finally, vaccination of mice with the purified Mim_F8-1 phage elicited HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies that bound to the cognate W614A-3S motif. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the molecular design of immunogens to elicit antibodies with neutralizing properties.
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47
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Induction of neutralizing antibodies against tier 2 human immunodeficiency virus 1 in rhesus macaques infected with tier 1B simian/human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1297-1308. [PMID: 30820667 PMCID: PMC6469619 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed CCR5-tropic neutralization-resistant simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strains and a rhesus macaque model of infection with these SHIVs. We induced the production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against HIV-1 by infecting rhesus macaques with different neutralization-resistant SHIV strains. First, SHIV-MK1 (MK1) (neutralization susceptible, tier 1B) with CCR5 tropism was generated from SHIV-KS661 using CXCR4 as the main co-receptor. nAbs against parental-lineage and heterologous tier 2 viruses were induced by tier 1B virus (MK1) infection of the rhesus macaque MM482. We analyzed viral resistance to neutralization over time in MM482 and observed that the infecting virus mutated from tier 1B to tier 2 at 36 weeks postinfection (wpi). In addition, an analysis of mutations showed that N169D, K187E, S190N, S239, T459N (T459D at 91 wpi), and V842A mutations were present after 36 wpi. This led to the appearance of neutralization-resistant viral clones. In addition, MK1 was passaged in three rhesus macaques to generate neutralization-resistant SHIV-MK38 (MK38) (tier 2). We evaluated nAb production by rhesus macaques infected with SHIV-MK38 #818 (#818) (tier 2), a molecular clone of MK38. Neutralization of the parental lineage was induced earlier than in macaques infected with tier 1B virus, and neutralization activity against heterologous tier 2 virus was beginning to develop. Therefore, CCR5-tropic neutralization-resistant SHIV-infected rhesus macaques may be useful models of anti-HIV-1 nAb production and will facilitate the development of a vaccine that elicits nAbs against HIV-1.
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48
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Dingens AS, Arenz D, Weight H, Overbaugh J, Bloom JD. An Antigenic Atlas of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguishes Functional and Structural Epitopes. Immunity 2019; 50:520-532.e3. [PMID: 30709739 PMCID: PMC6435357 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have revealed vaccine targets on the virus's envelope (Env) protein and are themselves promising immunotherapies. The efficacy of bnAb-based therapies and vaccines depends in part on how readily the virus can escape neutralization. Although structural studies can define contacts between bnAbs and Env, only functional studies can define mutations that confer escape. Here, we mapped how all possible single amino acid mutations in Env affect neutralization of HIV by nine bnAbs targeting five epitopes. For most bnAbs, mutations at only a small fraction of structurally defined contact sites mediated escape, and most escape occurred at sites near, but not in direct contact with, the antibody. The Env mutations selected by two pooled bnAbs were similar to those expected from the combination of the bnAbs's independent action. Overall, our mutation-level antigenic atlas provides a comprehensive dataset for understanding viral immune escape and refining therapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular & Cellular Biology PhD Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dana Arenz
- Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Haidyn Weight
- Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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49
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Rosás-Umbert M, Llano A, Bellido R, Olvera A, Ruiz-Riol M, Rocafort M, Fernández MA, Cobarsi P, Crespo M, Dorrell L, Del Romero J, Alcami J, Paredes R, Brander C, Mothe B. Mechanisms of Abrupt Loss of Virus Control in a Cohort of Previous HIV Controllers. J Virol 2019; 93:e01436-18. [PMID: 30487276 PMCID: PMC6363998 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01436-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite and viremic HIV controllers are able to control their HIV infection and maintain undetectable or low-level viremia in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. Despite extensive studies, the immune factors responsible for such exclusive control remain poorly defined. We identified a cohort of 14 HIV controllers that suffered an abrupt loss of HIV control (LoC) to investigate possible mechanisms and virological and immunological events related to the sudden loss of control. The in-depth analysis of these subjects involved the study of cell tropism of circulating virus, evidence for HIV superinfection, cellular immune responses to HIV, as well as an examination of viral adaptation to host immunity by Gag sequencing. Our data demonstrate that a poor capacity of T cells to mediate in vitro viral suppression, even in the context of protective HLA alleles, predicts a loss of viral control. In addition, the data suggest that inefficient viral control may be explained by an increase of CD8 T-cell activation and exhaustion before LoC. Furthermore, we detected a switch from C5- to X4-tropic viruses in 4 individuals after loss of control, suggesting that tropism shift might also contribute to disease progression in HIV controllers. The significantly reduced inhibition of in vitro viral replication and increased expression of activation and exhaustion markers preceding the abrupt loss of viral control may help identify untreated HIV controllers that are at risk of losing control and may offer a useful tool for monitoring individuals during treatment interruption phases in therapeutic vaccine trials.IMPORTANCE A few individuals can control HIV infection without the need for antiretroviral treatment and are referred to as HIV controllers. We have studied HIV controllers who suddenly lose this ability and present with high in vivo viral replication and decays in their CD4+ T-cell counts to identify potential immune and virological factors that were responsible for initial virus control. We identify in vitro-determined reductions in the ability of CD8 T cells to suppress viral control and the presence of PD-1-expressing CD8+ T cells with a naive immune phenotype as potential predictors of in vivo loss of virus control. The findings could be important for the clinical management of HIV controller individuals, and it may offer an important tool to anticipate viral rebound in individuals in clinical studies that include combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment interruptions and which, if not treated quickly, could pose a significant risk to the trial participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rosás-Umbert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anuska Llano
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rocío Bellido
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Muntsa Rocafort
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marco A Fernández
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Patricia Cobarsi
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Crespo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, IIS Galicia Sur, Spain
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - José Alcami
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
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50
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Beltran-Pavez C, Ferreira CB, Merino-Mansilla A, Fabra-Garcia A, Casadella M, Noguera-Julian M, Paredes R, Olvera A, Haro I, Brander C, Garcia F, Gatell JM, Yuste E, Sanchez-Merino V. Guiding the humoral response against HIV-1 toward a MPER adjacent region by immunization with a VLP-formulated antibody-selected envelope variant. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208345. [PMID: 30566493 PMCID: PMC6300218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive HIV-1 vaccine strategies rely on the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses, but their induction in vivo by vaccination remains challenging. Considering that the ability of an epitope to elicit effective humoral immunity depends on its exposure on the virion, we have used a reverse genetics approach to select variants from an HIV-1 AC10_29 randomly mutated envelope library that showed increased affinity for a selected bNAb (4E10 bNAb targeting the HIV-1 MPER region). Isolated envelope sequences were analyzed by deep-sequencing showing a small number of dominant changes, including the loss of four potential N-linked glycosylation sites and disruption of the V1/V2 loop. Accordingly, the dominant variant (LR1-C1), showed not only increased affinity for MPER bNAbs 4E10 and 2F5, but also higher affinity for an additional antibody targeting the V3 loop (447-52D) that could be a consequence of an open conformation tier 1-like Env. Furthermore, the amino acids specific for the selected variant are associated with an increased sensitivity for 4E10 and 2F5 antibodies. In vivo studies showed that sera from mice immunized with LR1-C1 viruses possessed an improved neutralizing activity compared to the wild-type AC10_29 env. While Virus Like Particles (VLPs) carrying this envelope were unable to induce detectable neutralizing activity in immunized rabbits, one animal showed antibody response to the 4E10-proximal region. Our data establish a novel approach that has the potential to yield HIV envelope immunogen sequences that direct antibody responses to specific envelope regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beltran-Pavez
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina B. Ferreira
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Merino-Mansilla
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Fabra-Garcia
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Casadella
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Garcia
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Gatell
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloisa Yuste
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Sanchez-Merino
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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