1
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Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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Ng J, Henriquez N, Kitchen N, Williams N, Novelli M, Oukrif D, MacRobert A, Bown S. Suppression of tumour growth from transplanted astrocytoma cells transfected with luciferase in mice by bioluminescence mediated, systemic, photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103923. [PMID: 38101502 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grade 4 astrocytomas are usually incurable due to their diffusely infiltrative nature. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic option, but external light delivery is impractical when cancer cells infiltrate unknown areas of normal brain. Hence the search for endogenous sources to generate light at cancer cells. In vitro, astrocytoma cells, transfected with firefly luciferase, can be killed by bioluminescence-mediated PDT (bPDT). This study asks if bPDT can suppress tumour growth In vivo, when all components of treatment are administered systemically. METHODS Transfected astrocytoma cells were injected subcutaneously or intra-cranially in athymic CD1 nu/nu mice. bPDT required ip bolus of mTHPC (photosensitiser) and delivery of the d-luciferin substrate over 7 days via an implanted osmotic pump. Control animals had no treatment, photosensitiser only or d-luciferin only. For subcutaneous tumours, size and BLI (light emitted after d-luciferin bolus) were measured before and every 2 days after PDT. For intracranial tumours, monitoring was weekly BLI. RESULTS For subcutaneous tumours, there was significant suppression of the tumour growth rate (P<0.05), and absolute tumour size (P<0.01) after bPDT. Proliferation of subcutaneous and intracranial tumours (monitored by BrdU uptake) was significantly reduced in treated mice. (P<0.001) CONCLUSIONS: This study reports bPDT suppression of tumour growth from luciferase transfected astrocytoma cells with all components of treatment given systemically, as required for effective management of recurrent astrocytomas in unknown sites. However, research on systemic bPDT is needed to establish whether effects on non-transfected tumours can be achieved without any unacceptable effects on normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ng
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; National Medical Laser Centre (now Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science), University College London, Charles Bell House 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Henriquez
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Kitchen
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH NHS Trust, Queen Square, London WC1 3BG, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Williams
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Novelli
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College Hospital, London, 60 Whitfield Street, London W1T 4EU, United Kingdom
| | - Dahmane Oukrif
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College Hospital, London, 60 Whitfield Street, London W1T 4EU, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander MacRobert
- National Medical Laser Centre (now Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science), University College London, Charles Bell House 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Bown
- National Medical Laser Centre (now Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science), University College London, Charles Bell House 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom.
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3
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Sisubalan N, Shalini R, Ramya S, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C. Recent advances in nanomaterials for neural applications: opportunities and challenges. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1979-1994. [PMID: 38078433 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicines are promising for delivering drugs to the central nervous system, though their precision is still being improved. Fortifying nanoparticles with vital molecules can interact with the blood-brain barrier, enabling access to brain tissue. This study summarizes recent advances in nanomedicine to treat neurological complications. The integration of nanotechnology into cell biology aids in the study of brain cells' interactions. Magnetic microhydrogels have exhibited superior neuron activation compared with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and hold promise for neuropsychiatric disorders. Nanomaterials have shown notable results, such as tackling neurodegenerative diseases by hindering harmful protein buildup and regulating cellular processes. However, further studies of the safety and effectiveness of nanoparticles in managing neurological diseases and disorders are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Sisubalan
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Ramadoss Shalini
- Department of Botany, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620017, India
| | - Sakthivel Ramya
- Department of Botany, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620017, India
| | - Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Kumar A, Das SK, Emdad L, Fisher PB. Applications of tissue-specific and cancer-selective gene promoters for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 160:253-315. [PMID: 37704290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment of solid tumors with standard of care chemotherapies, radiation therapy and/or immunotherapies are often limited by severe adverse toxic effects, resulting in a narrow therapeutic index. Cancer gene therapy represents a targeted approach that in principle could significantly reduce undesirable side effects in normal tissues while significantly inhibiting tumor growth and progression. To be effective, this strategy requires a clear understanding of the molecular biology of cancer development and evolution and developing biological vectors that can serve as vehicles to target cancer cells. The advent and fine tuning of omics technologies that permit the collective and spatial recognition of genes (genomics), mRNAs (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), metabolites (metabolomics), epiomics (epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and epiproteomics), and their interactomics in defined complex biological samples provide a roadmap for identifying crucial targets of relevance to the cancer paradigm. Combining these strategies with identified genetic elements that control target gene expression uncovers significant opportunities for developing guided gene-based therapeutics for cancer. The purpose of this review is to overview the current state and potential limitations in developing gene promoter-directed targeted expression of key genes and highlights their potential applications in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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5
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Shimada M, Wang H, Ichino M, Ura T, Mizuki N, Okuda K. Biodistribution and immunity of adenovirus 5/35 and modified vaccinia Ankara vector vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus 1 clade C. Gene Ther 2022; 29:636-642. [PMID: 34987192 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we developed a chimeric adenovirus type 5 with type 35 fiber (Ad5/35), which has high tropism to dendritic cells and low hepatoxicity. For further clinical use, we constructed two recombinant vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) clade C gag (Ad5/35-Cgag and MVA-Cgag). The biodistribution of the two viral vectors in a mouse model and immunity in monkeys were assessed. The mice received a single intramuscular injection with the vectors alone. The gag gene in the tissues were periodically detected using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of Ad5/35 was also detected using an in vivo imaging system, followed by luciferase-expressing Ad5/35 administration. We found that Ad5/35-Cgag DNA and luciferase activity were detectable until 8 weeks post-administration, whereas MVA-Cgag was undetectable 72 h post-administration. Furthermore, viral administration did not increase serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in either mouse or monkey models. Moreover, intramuscular administration of Ad5/35-Cgag induced the gag-specific antibody level and IFNγ-secreting PBMCs, the boost with MVA-Cgag further increased the responses and lasted more than 20 weeks from the initial administration. These data demonstrate that Ad5/35 and MVA vectors are safe for in vivo use, and prime-boost with Ad5/35-MVA vaccines is suitable for clinical use against HIV-1 clade C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Shimada
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan.
| | - Haibin Wang
- BioRay Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Motohide Ichino
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan
| | - Kenji Okuda
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan.,Okuda Vaccine Research Institute, Yokohama, 2350045, Japan.,Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan
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6
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Bioluminescence-Activated Photodynamic Therapy for Luciferase Transfected, Grade 4 Astrocytoma cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Li W, Zhang G, Liu L. Near-Infrared Inorganic Nanomaterials for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:768927. [PMID: 34765596 PMCID: PMC8576183 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.768927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional wavelengths (400–700 nm) have made tremendous inroads in vivo fluorescence imaging. However, the ability of visible light photon penetration hampered the bio-applications. With reduced photon scattering, minimal tissue absorption and negligible autofluorescence properties, near-infrared light (NIR 700–1700 nm) demonstrates better resolution, high signal-to-background ratios, and deep tissue penetration capability, which will be of great significance for in-vivo determination in deep tissue. In this review, we summarized the latest novel NIR inorganic nanomaterials and the emission mechanism including single-walled carbon nanotubes, rare-earth nanoparticles, quantum dots, metal nanomaterials. Subsequently, the recent progress of precise noninvasive diagnosis in biomedicine and cancer therapy utilizing near-infrared inorganic nanomaterials are discussed. In addition, this review will highlight the concerns, challenges and future directions of near-infrared light utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Guilong Zhang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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8
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Anwar ET, Gupta N, Porwal O, Sharma A, Malviya R, Singh A, Fuloria NK. Skin Diseases and their Treatment Strategies in Sub-Saharan African Regions. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:e270921196808. [PMID: 34579638 DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210927120334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the rural areas of sub-Saharan African regions, skin diseases are so common. Due to which the population of the sub-Saharan region suffers from different types of skin disorders. In these regions, many treatment options are not available for the treatment of skin disease. AIM The current study aims to discuss various skin diseases and their treatment strategies specifically in sub-Saharan African regions. METHOD Extensive literature survey was carried out by using scopus, science direct, elsevier, google scholar and bentham science databases. RESULT AND DISCUSSION It was demonstrated from the literature surveys that different effective techniques are used in the management of skin disease. In the result, it was shown that the condition of the disease is at a dangerous level which must be controlled. CONCLUSION It is concluded from the manuscript that the skin disorder in the sub-Saharan region is at a very dangerous level. The research must be done to develop a better understanding of the disease and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Tariq Anwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil-Kurdistan. Iraq
| | - Nandan Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Omji Porwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil-Kurdistan. Iraq
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. India
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9
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Jacobs AH, Schelhaas S, Viel T, Waerzeggers Y, Winkeler A, Zinnhardt B, Gelovani J. Imaging of Gene and Cell-Based Therapies: Basis and Clinical Trials. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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10
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Hu J, Ishihara M, Chin AI, Wu L. Establishment of xenografts of urological cancers on chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) to study metastasis. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:140-151. [PMID: 31598385 PMCID: PMC6770283 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the urological system commonly occurs in the kidney, bladder, and prostate
gland. The clear cell subtype of renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) constitutes the great
majority of kidney cancer. Metastatic ccRCC portends a very poor outcome with no effective
treatment available. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in males in the US. Despite
recent advances in selective kinase inhibitors and immunotherapies, the rate of developing
new treatment from bench to bedside is slow. A time-consuming step is at the animal drug
testing stage, in which the mouse model is the gold standard. In the pursuit to streamline
the in vivo cancer biology research and drug development, we explored the
feasibility of the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model to establish xenografts.
The CAM model greatly shortens the time of tumor growth and lowers the cost comparing to
immunocompromised mice. We generated CAM xenografts from ccRCC, bladder and prostate
cancer, with established cancer cell lines and freshly isolated patient-derived tissues,
either as primary tumor cells or small pieces of tumors. The successful CAM engraftment
rate from the different tumor sources is 70% or above. Using our previously established
metastatic ccRCC mouse model, we showed that the CAM xenograft maintains the same tumor
growth pattern and metastatic behavior as observed in mice. Taken together, CAM can serve
as a valuable platform to establish new patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) to study tumor
biology, thus accelerating the development of individualized treatment to halt the deadly
metastatic stage of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Hu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - Moe Ishihara
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - Arnold I Chin
- Department of Urology.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology.,Department of Urology.,Department of Pediatrics.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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A novel approach for assessment of prostate cancer aggressiveness using survivin-driven tumour-activatable minicircles. Gene Ther 2019; 26:177-186. [PMID: 30867586 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early and accurate detection of cancer is essential to optimising patient outcomes. Of particular importance to prostate cancer is the ability to determine the aggressiveness of a primary tumour, which allows for effective management of patient care. In this work, we propose using gene vectors called tumour-activatable minicircles which deliver an exogenously encoded reporter gene into cancer cells, forcing them to produce a unique and sensitive biomarker. These minicircles express a blood reporter protein called secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase mediated by the tumour-specific survivin promoter, which exhibits activity graded to prostate cancer aggressiveness. Together, these components underlie a detection system where levels of blood reporter are indicative of not only the presence, but also the metastatic potential of a tumour. Our goal was to assess the ability of tumour-activatable minicircles to detect and characterise primary prostate lesions. Our minicircles produced reporter levels related to survivin expression across a range of prostate cancer cell lines. When survivin-driven minicircles were administered intratumourally into mice, reporter levels in blood samples were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in mice carrying prostate tumours of high versus low-aggressiveness. Continued development of this gene-based system could provide clinicians with a powerful tool to evaluate prostate cancer aggressiveness using a sensitive and affordable blood assay.
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12
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Visualizing Viral Infection In Vivo by Multi-Photon Intravital Microscopy. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060337. [PMID: 29925766 PMCID: PMC6024644 DOI: 10.3390/v10060337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens have adapted to the host organism to exploit the cellular machinery for virus replication and to modulate the host cells for efficient systemic dissemination and immune evasion. Much of our knowledge of the effects that virus infections have on cells originates from in vitro imaging studies using experimental culture systems consisting of cell lines and primary cells. Recently, intravital microscopy using multi-photon excitation of fluorophores has been applied to observe virus dissemination and pathogenesis in real-time under physiological conditions in living organisms. Critical steps during viral infection and pathogenesis could be studied by direct visualization of fluorescent virus particles, virus-infected cells, and the immune response to viral infection. In this review, I summarize the latest research on in vivo studies of viral infections using multi-photon intravital microscopy (MP-IVM). Initially, the underlying principle of multi-photon microscopy is introduced and experimental challenges during microsurgical animal preparation and fluorescent labeling strategies for intravital imaging are discussed. I will further highlight recent studies that combine MP-IVM with optogenetic tools and transcriptional analysis as a powerful approach to extend the significance of in vivo imaging studies of viral pathogens.
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13
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Li M, Wang Y, Liu M, Lan X. Multimodality reporter gene imaging: Construction strategies and application. Theranostics 2018; 8:2954-2973. [PMID: 29896296 PMCID: PMC5996353 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging has played an important role in the noninvasive exploration of multiple biological processes. Reporter gene imaging is a key part of molecular imaging. By combining with a reporter probe, a reporter protein can induce the accumulation of specific signals that are detectable by an imaging device to provide indirect information of reporter gene expression in living subjects. There are many types of reporter genes and each corresponding imaging technique has its own advantages and drawbacks. Fused reporter genes or single reporter genes with products detectable by multiple imaging modalities can compensate for the disadvantages and potentiate the advantages of each modality. Reporter gene multimodality imaging could be applied to trace implanted cells, monitor gene therapy, assess endogenous molecular events, screen drugs, etc. Although several types of multimodality imaging apparatus and multimodality reporter genes are available, more sophisticated detectors and multimodality reporter gene systems are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging
| | - Yichun Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging
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14
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Shekhawat GS, Dudek SM, Dravid VP. Development of ultrasound bioprobe for biological imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701176. [PMID: 29075667 PMCID: PMC5656426 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of an ultrasound bioprobe for in vitro molecular imaging. In this method, the phase of the scattered ultrasound wave is mapped to provide in vitro and intracellular imaging with nanometer-scale resolution under physiological conditions. We demonstrated the technique by successfully imaging a magnetic core in silica core shells and the stiffness image of intracellular fibers in endothelial cells that were stimulated with thrombin. The findings demonstrate a significant advancement in high-resolution ultrasound imaging of biological systems with acoustics under physiological conditions. These will open up various applications in biomedical and molecular imaging with subsurface resolution down to the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra S. Shekhawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Steven M. Dudek
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vinayak P. Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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15
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Adwan H, Georges R, Pervaiz A, Berger MR. Investigation of Metastasis-Related Genes: A Rat Model Mimicking Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2017; 7:152. [PMID: 28770169 PMCID: PMC5513954 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is the main target of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. Currently, the number of reports is small, which describe changes in gene expression supporting liver metastasis. Here, a rat model was used for analyzing mRNA modulations during liver colonization and compared with available literature. In the model, CC531 rat CRC cells were injected via a mesenteric vein into isogenic WAG/Rij rats and re-isolated at early, intermediate, advanced, and terminal stages of liver colonization. These cells were used for RNA isolation. Microarrays were used for analyzing mRNA profiles of expression. The number of deregulated genes is comparatively large and only part of it has been studied so far. As reported to date, claudins and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) were found to be deregulated. The fact that the chosen method is efficient is confirmed by the study of claudins and IGFBPs, which show altered expression in the initial stages of liver colonization and then return to normalcy. In addition, cadherin was described to be downregulated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition models. It can, therefore, be concluded that the models used are helpful in finding genes, which are instrumental for metastatic liver colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Adwan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Georges
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asim Pervaiz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Martin R Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Effects of Combined Simultaneous and Sequential Endostar and Cisplatin Treatment in a Mice Model of Gastric Cancer Peritoneal Metastases. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:2920384. [PMID: 28197204 PMCID: PMC5288543 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2920384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Aimed to study the effects of endostar and cisplatin using an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) in a model of peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Methods. NUGC-4 gastric cancer cells transfected with luciferase gene (NUGC-4-Luc) were injected i.p. into nude mice. One week later, mice were randomly injected i.p.: group 1, cisplatin (d1-3) + endostar (d4-7); group 2, endostar (d1-4) + cisplatin (d5-7); group 3, endostar + cisplatin d1, 4, and 7; group 4, saline for two weeks. One week after the final administration, mice were sacrificed. Bioluminescent data, microvessel density (MVD), and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) were analyzed. Results. Among the four groups, there were no significant differences in the weights and in the number of cancer cell photons on days 1 and 8 (P > 0.05). On day 15, the numbers in groups 3 and 1 were less than that in group 2 (P < 0.05). On day 21, group 3 was significantly less than group 2 (P < 0.05). MVD of group 4 was less than that of groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (P > 0.05) or in LVD number among the four groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions. IVIS® was more useful than weight, volume of ascites, and number of peritoneal nodules. The simultaneous group was superior to sequential groups in killing cancer cells and inhibiting vascular endothelium. Cisplatin-endostar was superior to endostar-cisplatin in killing cancer cells, while the latter in inhibiting peritoneal vascular endothelium.
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17
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Neveu B, Jain P, Têtu B, Wu L, Fradet Y, Pouliot F. A PCA3 gene-based transcriptional amplification system targeting primary prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1300-10. [PMID: 26594800 PMCID: PMC4811461 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting specifically primary prostate cancer (PCa) cells for immune therapy, gene therapy or molecular imaging is of high importance. The PCA3 long non-coding RNA is a unique PCa biomarker and oncogene that has been widely studied. This gene has been mainly exploited as an accurate diagnostic urine biomarker for PCa detection. In this study, the PCA3 promoter was introduced into a new transcriptional amplification system named the 3-Step Transcriptional Amplification System (PCA3-3STA) and cloned into type 5 adenovirus. PCA3-3STA activity was highly specific for PCa cells, ranging between 98.7- and 108.0-fold higher than that for benign primary prostate epithelial or non-PCa cells, respectively. In human PCa xenografts, PCA3-3STA displayed robust bioluminescent signals at levels that are sufficient to translate to positron emission tomography (PET)-based reporter imaging. Remarkably, when freshly isolated benign or cancerous prostate biopsies were infected with PCA3-3STA, the optical signal produced from primary PCa biopsies was significantly higher than from benign prostate biopsies (4.4-fold, p < 0.0001). PCA3-3STA therefore represents a PCa-specific expression system with the potential to target, with high accuracy, primary or metastatic PCa epithelial cells for imaging, vaccines, or gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Neveu
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pallavi Jain
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Têtu
- Département de Biochimie et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yves Fradet
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
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18
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Falcone L, Casucci M. Exploiting Secreted Luciferases to Monitor Tumor Progression In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1393:105-11. [PMID: 27033220 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3338-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Secreted luciferases provide a simple, accurate, and cost-effective tool to monitor tumor response after treatment in small animal models. This protocol describes all the steps required to generate human tumor cell lines expressing this reporter gene and to monitor in vivo tumor progression after injection in immunocompromised mice by means of serial peripheral blood sampling and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Falcone
- Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 21032, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Casucci
- Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 21032, Milano, Italy.
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19
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Bhatnagar A, Wang Y, Mease RC, Gabrielson M, Sysa P, Minn I, Green G, Simmons B, Gabrielson K, Sarkar S, Fisher PB, Pomper MG. AEG-1 promoter-mediated imaging of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5772-81. [PMID: 25145668 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new imaging method for detecting prostate cancer, whether localized or disseminated and metastatic to soft tissues and bone. The method relies on the use of imaging reporter genes under the control of the promoter of AEG-1 (MTDH), which is selectively active only in malignant cells. Through a systemic, nanoparticle-based delivery of the imaging construct, lesions can be identified through bioluminescence imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography in the PC3-ML murine model of prostate cancer at high sensitivity. This approach is applicable for the detection of prostate cancer metastases, including bone lesions for which there is no current reliable agent for noninvasive clinical imaging. Furthermore, the approach compares favorably with accepted and emerging clinical standards, including PET with [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [(18)F]sodium fluoride. Our results offer a preclinical proof of concept that rationalizes clinical evaluation in patients with advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akrita Bhatnagar
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ronnie C Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Gabrielson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Polina Sysa
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Il Minn
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gilbert Green
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian Simmons
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Siddik Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
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20
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Song Y, Xin X, Xia Z, Zhai X, Shen K. Selective suppression of autocatalytic caspase-3 driven by two-step transcriptional amplified human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter on ovarian carcinoma growth in vitro and in mice. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:225-34. [PMID: 24858697 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to construct recombinant adenovirus (rAd) AdHTVP2G5-rev-casp3, which expresses autocatalytic caspase-3 driven by human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (hTERTp) with a two-step transcription amplification (TSTA) system and investigate its antitumor effects on ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescent detection was used to detect EGFP expression in various cells. Cell viabilities were determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry. RT-PCR and immunoblotting assays were used to detect cellular apoptotic activities. Tumor growth and survival of tumor-bearing mice were studied. The hTERTp-TSTA system showed the strongest activity in hTERT-positive cancer cells when compared with hTERTp and cytomeglovirus promoter (CMVp). In contrast, it showed no activity in hTERT‑negative HUVECs. AdHTVP2G5‑rev-casp3 markedly suppressed the survival of AO cells in a dose-dependent modality with a viability rate of 17.8 ± 3.5% at an MOI of 70, which was significantly lower than that by AdHT-rev-casp3 and Ad-rev-casp3 (rAds which express rev-caspase-3 driven by hTERTp and CMVp, respectively). In contrast, AdHTVP2G5‑rev-casp3 induced little HUVEC death with a viability rate of 92.7 ± 5.2% at the same MOI. Additionally, AdHTVP2G5-rev-casp3 (MOI=70) caused significant apoptosis in AO cells with an apoptotic rate of 42%. The tumor growth suppression rate of AdHTVP2G5-rev-casp3 was 81.52%, significantly higher than that of AdHT-rev-casp3 (54.94%) or Ad-rev-casp3 (21.35%). AdHTVP2G5-rev-casp3 significantly improved the survival of tumor-bearing mice with little liver damage, with a mean survival of 258 ± 28 days. These results showed that AdHTVP2G5-rev-casp3 caused effective apoptosis with significant tumor selectivity, strongly suppressed tumor growth and improved mouse survival with little liver toxicity. It can be a potent therapeutic agent for tumor targeted treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xing Xin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xingyue Zhai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, P.R. China
| | - Keng Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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21
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Subcutaneous administration of D-luciferin is an effective alternative to intraperitoneal injection in bioluminescence imaging of xenograft tumors in nude mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2013. [PMID: 25392739 DOI: 10.1155/2013/689279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, intraperitoneal (IP) injection of D-luciferin is the preferred method of providing substrate for bioluminescent imaging (BLI); however it has a failure rate of 3-10% due to accidental intestinal injection. The present study evaluates the quality of BLI after subcutaneous (SC) injection of D-luciferin and demonstrates the effectiveness of SC injection in anatomically disparate tumor models. Mice bearing luciferase-expressing tumors underwent BLI after SC or IP injection of D-luciferin. The average time to maximal luminescence was 6 min (range 5-9 min) after SC injection and 8 min (range 5-8 min) after IP injection. Within 7 minutes of injection, SC and IP routes yielded similar luminescence in subcutaneous, intracranial, tongue, and lung xenograft tumor models. In a model of combined subcutaneous and intracranial xenografts, SC injection resulted in proportional luminescence at all sites, confirming that preferential delivery of substrate does not occur. While tumors were occasionally not visualized with IP injection, all tumors were visualized reliably with SC injection. Thus, SC injection of D-luciferin is a convenient and effective alternative to IP injection for BLI in nude mice. It may be a preferable approach, particularly for tumors with weaker signals and/or when greater precision is required.
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22
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Engineering polypeptide coatings to augment gene transduction and in vivo stability of adenoviruses. J Control Release 2013; 166:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Pouliot F, Sato M, Jiang ZK, Huyn S, Karanikolas BD, Wu L. A molecular imaging system based on both transcriptional and genomic amplification to detect prostate cancer cells in vivo. Mol Ther 2012; 21:554-60. [PMID: 23247102 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An imaging modality that can accurately discern prostate cancer (PCa) foci would be useful to detect PCa early or guide treatment. We have engineered numerous adenoviral vectors (Ads) to carry out reporter gene-based imaging using specific promoters to express a potent transcriptional activator, which in turn activates the reporter gene in PCa. This two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) method can boost promoters' activity, while maintaining cell specificity. Here, we examined a dual TSTA (DTSTA) approach, which utilizes TSTA not only to express the imaging reporter, but also to direct viral genome replication of a conditionally replicating Ad (CRAd) to further augment the expression levels of the reporter gene by genomic amplification supported in trans by coadministered CRAd. In vitro studies showed up to 50-fold increase of the reporter genome by DTSTA. Compared with TSTA reporter alone, DTSTA application exhibited a 25-fold increase in imaging signal in PCa xenografts. DTSTA approach is also beneficial for a combination of two TSTA Ads with distinct promoters, although amplification is observed only when TSTA-CRAd can replicate. Consequently, the DTSTA approach is a hybrid method of transcriptional and genomic augmentation that can provide higher level reporter gene expression potentially with a lower dose of viral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Pouliot
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Hong G, Lee JC, Robinson JT, Raaz U, Xie L, Huang NF, Cooke JP, Dai H. Multifunctional in vivo vascular imaging using near-infrared II fluorescence. Nat Med 2012; 18:1841-6. [PMID: 23160236 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo real-time epifluorescence imaging of mouse hind limb vasculatures in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II) is performed using single-walled carbon nanotubes as fluorophores. Both high spatial (∼30 μm) and temporal (<200 ms per frame) resolution for small-vessel imaging are achieved at 1-3 mm deep in the hind limb owing to the beneficial NIR-II optical window that affords deep anatomical penetration and low scattering. This spatial resolution is unattainable by traditional NIR imaging (NIR-I) or microscopic computed tomography, and the temporal resolution far exceeds scanning microscopic imaging techniques. Arterial and venous vessels are unambiguously differentiated using a dynamic contrast-enhanced NIR-II imaging technique on the basis of their distinct hemodynamics. Further, the deep tissue penetration and high spatial and temporal resolution of NIR-II imaging allow for precise quantifications of blood velocity in both normal and ischemic femoral arteries, which are beyond the capabilities of ultrasonography at lower blood velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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25
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent advances in the fundamental understanding of the complex biology of prostate cancer have provided an increasing number of potential targets for imaging and treatment. The imaging evaluation of prostate cancer needs to be tailored to the various phases of this remarkably heterogeneous disease. CONCLUSION In this article, I review the current state of affairs on a range of PET radiotracers for potential use in the imaging evaluation of men with prostate cancer.
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26
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Jiang ZK, Sato M, Wu L. Chapter five--The development of transcription-regulated adenoviral vectors with high cancer-selective imaging capabilities. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 115:115-46. [PMID: 23021244 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398342-8.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A clear benefit of molecular imaging is to enable noninvasive, repetitive monitoring of intrinsic signals within tumor cells as a means to identify the lesions as malignant or to assess the ability of treatment to perturb key pathways within the tumor cells. Due to the promising utility of molecular imaging in oncology, preclinical research to refine molecular imaging techniques in small animals is a blossoming field. We will first discuss the several imaging modalities such as fluorescent imaging, bioluminescence imaging, and positron emission tomography that are now commonly used in small animal settings. The indirect imaging approach, which can be adapted to a wide range of imaging reporter genes, is a useful platform to develop molecular imaging. In particular, reporter gene-based imaging is well suited for transcriptional-targeted imaging that can be delivered by recombinant adenoviral vectors. In this review, we will summarize transcription-regulated strategies used in adenoviral-mediated molecular imaging to visualize metastasis and monitor oncolytic therapy in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Karen Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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27
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Silindir M, Erdoğan S, Özer AY, Maia S. Liposomes and their applications in molecular imaging. J Drug Target 2012; 20:401-15. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.685477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Izhak L, Wildbaum G, Jung S, Stein A, Shaked Y, Karin N. Dissecting the autocrine and paracrine roles of the CCR2-CCL2 axis in tumor survival and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28305. [PMID: 22279523 PMCID: PMC3261135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCL2 CCR2 axis is likely to contributes to the development and progression of cancer diseases by two major mechanisms; autocrine effect of CCL2 as a survival/growth factor for CCR2+ cancer cells and, the attraction of CCR2+ CX₃CR1+tumor associated macrophages that in the absence of CCR2 hardly migrate. Thus far no in vivo system has been set up to differentiate the selective contribution of each of these features to cancer development. Here we employed a chimera animal model in which all non-malignant cells are CCR2-/-, but all cancer cells are CCR2+, combined with an adoptive transfer system of bone marrow (BM) CX₃CR1+ cells from CCR2+ mice harboring a targeted replacement of the CX₃CR1gene by an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene (cx₃cr1(gfp)), together with the CD45.1 congene. Using this system we dissected the selective contribution of CX₃CR1+CCR2+ cells, which comprise only about 7% of CD11b+ BM cells, to tumor development and angiogenesis. Showing that aside for their direct pro-angiogenic effect they are essential for the recruitment of other CD11b+ cells to the tumor site. We further show that the administration of CCR2-Ig, that selectively and specifically neutralize CCL2, to mice in which CCR2 is expressed only on tumor cells, further suppressed tumor development, implicating for the key role of this chemokine supporting tumor survival in an autocrine manner. This further emphasizes the important role of CCL2 as a target for therapy of cancer diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Autocrine Communication/genetics
- Autocrine Communication/physiology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Immunohistochemistry
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Paracrine Communication/genetics
- Paracrine Communication/physiology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Burden
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Izhak
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gizi Wildbaum
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avi Stein
- Department of Urology Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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29
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Hu J, McKoy K, Papier A, Klaus S, Ryan T, Grossman H, Masenga EJ, Sethi A, Craft N. Dermatology and HIV/AIDS in Africa. J Glob Infect Dis 2011; 3:275-80. [PMID: 21887061 PMCID: PMC3162816 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.83535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) have greatly complicated dermatologic disease and the required care in most regions of Africa. Opportunistic infections, ectoparasites, Kaposi sarcoma, and skin manifestations of systemic infections are exceedingly common in patients with HIV/AIDS. Dermatologists have contributed significantly to our knowledge base about HIV/AIDS and have played an important educational role regarding the clinical manifestations historically. Because of the increased burden of skin disease in Africa due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic we must redouble our efforts to provide dermatology education to care providers in Africa. We review the burden of skin disease in Africa, how it relates to HIV/AIDS and global infectious disease, current educational strategies in Africa to address this need, and suggest potential solutions to move these efforts forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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30
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Jiang ZK, Sato M, Wei LH, Kao C, Wu L. Androgen-independent molecular imaging vectors to detect castration-resistant and metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6250-60. [PMID: 21933883 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific promoters are frequently employed in gene-mediated molecular imaging and therapeutic vectors to diagnose and treat castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) that emerges from hormone ablation therapy. Many of the conventional prostate-specific promoters rely on the androgen axis to drive gene expression. However, considering the cancer heterogeneity and varying androgen receptor status, we herein evaluated the utility of prostate-specific enhancing sequence (PSES), an androgen-independent promoter in CRPC. The PSES is a fused enhancer derived from the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen gene regulatory region. We augmented the activity of PSES by the two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) system to drive the expression of imaging reporter genes for either bioluminescent or positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The engineered PSES-TSTA system exhibits greatly elevated transcriptional activity, androgen independency, and strong prostate specificity, verified in cell culture and preclinical animal experimentations. These advantageous features of PSES-TSTA elicit superior gene expression capability for CRPC in comparison with the androgen-dependent PSA promoter-driven system. In preclinical settings, we showed robust PET imaging capacity of PSES-TSTA in a castrated prostate xenograft model. Moreover, intravenous administrated PSES-TSTA bioluminescent vector correctly identified tibial bone marrow metastases in 9 of 9 animals, whereas NaF- and FDG-PET was unable to detect the lesions. Taken together, this study showed the promising utility of a potent, androgen-independent, and prostate cancer-specific expression system in directing gene-based molecular imaging in CRPC, even in the context of androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Karen Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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31
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Lu X, Guo H, Molter J, Miao H, Gerber L, Hu Y, Barnes EL, Vogel H, Lee Z, Luo G, Wang B. Alpha-fetoprotein-thymidine kinase-luciferase knockin mice: a novel model for dual modality longitudinal imaging of tumorigenesis in liver. J Hepatol 2011; 55:96-102. [PMID: 21354236 PMCID: PMC3465678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequently a lethal disease and one of the few malignancies that is still increasing in incidence around the world. Better animal models are highly desired to investigate the molecular basis of HCC and to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Alpha-fetoprotein (Afp) gene is expressed in fetal liver, silenced soon after birth, and highly re-expressed in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). We aimed to take advantage of the dramatic re-expression of the Afp gene in HCC to develop a hepatocarcinogenesis reporter (HCR) mouse model for dual-modality, longitudinal in vivo imaging of liver tumor development, and progression. METHODS Knock in mice were established by placing a thymidinekinase (tk)-luciferase (luc) reporter gene cassette under the transcriptional control of the endogenous Afp promoter. DEN, a liver carcinogen, was used to induce liver tumors, which was monitored by both luc-based bioluminescent (BL) and tk-based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. RESULTS The expression profile of luc was identical to that of the endogenous Afp gene during development. As early as 2 months after the exposure to DEN, BLI revealed multifocal signals in the liver, long before the appearance of histologically apparent neoplastic lesions. By 6 months, BL and PET dual imaging showed strong signals in malignant HCC. By serendipity, a strong BL signal was also detected in adult testes, a previously unknown site of Afp expression. CONCLUSIONS The HCR model enables longitudinal monitoring of liver tumor development and progression, providing a powerful tool in developing chemoprevention and therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Lu
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hong Guo
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Joseph Molter
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hui Miao
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Lizabeth Gerber
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Yiduo Hu
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ellen L. Barnes
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhenghong Lee
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Guangbin Luo
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Chen L, Hann B, Wu L. Experimental models to study lymphatic and blood vascular metastasis. J Surg Oncol 2011; 103:475-83. [PMID: 21480239 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As a model system for the understanding of human cancer, the mouse has proved immensely valuable. Indeed, studies of mouse models have helped to define the nature of cancer as a genetic disease and demonstrated the causal role of genetic events found in tumors. As an experimental platform, they have provided critical insight into the process of tumor metastasis in the lymphovascular system. Once viewed with skepticism, mouse models are now an integral arm of basic and clinical cancer research. The use of a genetically tractable organism that shares organ systems and an immense degree of genetic similarity to humans provides a means to examine multiple features of human disease. Mouse models enable development and testing of new approaches to disease prevention and treatment, identification of early diagnostic markers and novel therapeutic targets, and an understanding of the in vivo biology and genetics of tumor initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis. This review summarizes recent mouse models for lymphangiogenesis and the process of lymphovascular metastasis, focusing on the use of the cornea as an experimental platform for lymphangiogenesis in inflammation and immunity, and on the use of molecular and viral vector mediated imaging and to identify and monitor lymph node metastases of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Center for Eye Disease & Development, Program in Vision Science and School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Pouliot F, Karanikolas BDW, Johnson M, Sato M, Priceman SJ, Stout D, Sohn J, Satyamurthy N, deKernion JB, Wu L. In vivo imaging of intraprostatic-specific gene transcription by PET. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:784-91. [PMID: 21498525 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.084582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Better intraprostatic cancer imaging techniques are needed to guide clinicians in prostate cancer treatment decisions. Because many genes are specifically overexpressed in cancer cells, one strategy to improve prostate cancer detection is to image intraprostatic cancer-specific transcriptional activity. Because of the obstacles of weak cancer- or tissue-specific promoter activity and bladder clearance of many PET tracers, intraprostatic PET of gene transcriptional activity has not been previously reported. METHODS The two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) system that amplifies the prostate-specific antigen promoter activity was used for PET imaging of the reporter gene herpes simplex virus type-1 sr39 thymidine kinase (HSV1-sr39tk). The TSTA-sr39tk system was injected directly into prostates or prostatic tumors as a replication-incompetent adenovirus (AdTSTA-sr39tk) and imaged using PET. RESULTS AdTSTA-sr39tk was able to image prostate-specific antigen promoter transcriptional activity by 9-(4-(18)F-fluoro-3-[hydroxymethyl]butyl)guanine PET, in both mouse and canine prostates in vivo. Ex vivo small-animal PET images, scintigraphic counts, and sr39tk expression analysis confirmed the specificity of the observed signal. CONCLUSION Here, by combining the TSTA-amplified signal with a protocol for tracer administration, we show that in vivo PET detection of transcriptional activity is possible in both mouse and immunocompetent canine prostates. These results suggest that imaging applications using transcription-based tumor-specific promoters should be pursued to better visualize cancer foci that escape detection by conventional biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Pouliot
- Institute of Urologic Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Hong H, Yang Y, Cai W. Imaging gene expression in live cells and tissues. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:pdb.top103. [PMID: 21460057 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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35
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Runnels JM, Carlson AL, Pitsillides C, Thompson B, Wu J, Spencer JA, Kohler JMJ, Azab A, Moreau AS, Rodig SJ, Kung AL, Anderson KC, Ghobrial IM, Lin CP. Optical techniques for tracking multiple myeloma engraftment, growth, and response to therapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:011006. [PMID: 21280893 PMCID: PMC3033873 DOI: 10.1117/1.3520571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematological malignancy, initiates from a single site and spreads via circulation to multiple sites in the bone marrow (BM). Methods to track MM cells both in the BM and circulation would be useful for developing new therapeutic strategies to target MM cell spread. We describe the use of complementary optical techniques to track human MM cells expressing both bioluminescent and fluorescent reporters in a mouse xenograft model. Long-term tumor growth and response to therapy are monitored using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), while numbers of circulating tumor cells are detected by in-vivo flow cytometry. Intravital microscopy is used to detect early seeding of MM cells to the BM, as well as residual cancer cells that remain in the BM after the bulk of the tumor is eradicated following drug treatment. Thus, intravital microscopy provides a powerful, albeit invasive, means to study cellular processes in vivo at the very early stage of the disease process and at the very late stage of therapeutic intervention when the tumor burden is too small to be detected by other imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Runnels
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Advanced Microscopy Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Lung fluorescence imaging to evaluate tumor metastasis induced by AQP5 expression in murine model. Med Oncol 2010; 29:205-11. [PMID: 21193966 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study, by up-regulation of AQP5 expression, showed enhanced proliferation and migration potential in lung cancer. However, so far none of the in vivo study of gene silencing of AQP5 has been tested. In this study, we tested roles of AQP5 on lung cancer metastasis potential by gene silencing of AQP5 in two lung cancer cell lines and tried to monitor lung metastases with EGFP marker. Lungs were imaged at different time points and allowed an accurate evaluation of tumor burden over time. Our results showed significantly decreased metastasis potential in AQP5 gene-silencing cells. Lung imaging confirmed the frequency of metastasis in mice. These data provide more evidence that AQP5 plays important roles in the metastasis potential of lung cancer. Lung fluorescence imaging provides rapid monitoring for tumor growth and metastasis, and it also offers quantitative and sensitive analysis of tumor growth and metastasis, compared to the traditional histology technique.
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Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Winkeler A, Jacobs AH. Mouse models in neurological disorders: applications of non-invasive imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:819-39. [PMID: 20471478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging techniques represent powerful tools to assess disease-specific cellular, biochemical and molecular processes non-invasively in vivo. Besides providing precise anatomical localisation and quantification, the most exciting advantage of non-invasive imaging techniques is the opportunity to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of disease-specific functional and molecular events longitudinally in intact living organisms, so called molecular imaging (MI). Combining neuroimaging technologies with in vivo models of neurological disorders provides unique opportunities to understand the aetiology and pathophysiology of human neurological disorders. In this way, neuroimaging in mouse models of neurological disorders not only can be used for phenotyping specific diseases and monitoring disease progression but also plays an essential role in the development and evaluation of disease-specific treatment approaches. In this way MI is a key technology in translational research, helping to design improved disease models as well as experimental treatment protocols that may afterwards be implemented into clinical routine. The most widely used imaging modalities in animal models to assess in vivo anatomical, functional and molecular events are positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging (OI). Here, we review the application of neuroimaging in mouse models of neurodegeneration (Parkinson's disease, PD, and Alzheimer's disease, AD) and brain cancer (glioma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Waerzeggers
- Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging at the Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
Despite considerable success in treatment of early stage localized prostate cancer (PC), acute inadequacy of late stage PC treatment and its inherent heterogeneity poses a formidable challenge. Clearly, an improved understanding of PC genesis and progression along with the development of new targeted therapies are warranted. Animal models, especially, transgenic immunocompetent mouse models, have proven to be the best ally in this respect. A series of models have been developed by modulation of expression of genes implicated in cancer-genesis and progression; mainly, modulation of expression of oncogenes, steroid hormone receptors, growth factors and their receptors, cell cycle and apoptosis regulators, and tumor suppressor genes have been used. Such models have contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular and pathological aspects of PC initiation and progression. In particular, the transgenic mouse models based on multiple genetic alterations can more accurately address the inherent complexity of PC, not only in revealing the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression but also for clinically relevant evaluation of new therapies. Further, with advances in conditional knockout technologies, otherwise embryonically lethal gene changes can be incorporated leading to the development of new generation transgenics, thus adding significantly to our existing knowledge base. Different models and their relevance to PC research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Jeet
- Oncology Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker St., Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
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Min JJ, Nguyen VH, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging of biological gene delivery vehicles for targeted cancer therapy: beyond viral vectors. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 44:15-24. [PMID: 24899933 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-009-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer persists as one of the most devastating diseases in the world. Problems including metastasis and tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy have seriously limited the therapeutic effects of present clinical treatments. To overcome these limitations, cancer gene therapy has been developed over the last two decades for a broad spectrum of applications, from gene replacement and knockdown to vaccination, each with different requirements for gene delivery. So far, a number of genes and delivery vectors have been investigated, and significant progress has been made with several gene therapy modalities in clinical trials. Viral vectors and synthetic liposomes have emerged as the vehicles of choice for many applications. However, both have limitations and risks that restrict gene therapy applications, including the complexity of production, limited packaging capacity, and unfavorable immunological features. While continuing to improve these vectors, it is important to investigate other options, particularly nonviral biological agents such as bacteria, bacteriophages, and bacteria-like particles. Recently, many molecular imaging techniques for safe, repeated, and high-resolution in vivo imaging of gene expression have been employed to assess vector-mediated gene expression in living subjects. In this review, molecular imaging techniques for monitoring biological gene delivery vehicles are described, and the specific use of these methods at different steps is illustrated. Linking molecular imaging to gene therapy will eventually help to develop novel gene delivery vehicles for preclinical study and support the development of future human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 5 Hak1 dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Vu H Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 5 Hak1 dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology & Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Singh P, Yam M, Russell PJ, Khatri A. Molecular and traditional chemotherapy: a united front against prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2010; 293:1-14. [PMID: 20117879 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is essentially incurable. Recently though, chemotherapy demonstrated a survival benefit ( approximately 2months) in the treatment of CRPC. While this was a landmark finding, suboptimal efficacy and systemic toxicities at the therapeutic doses warranted further development. Smart combination therapies, acting through multiple mechanisms to target the heterogeneous cell populations of PC and with potential for reduction in individual dosing, need to be developed. In that, targeted molecular chemotherapy has generated significant interest with the potential for localized treatment to generate systemic efficacy. This can be further enhanced through the use of oncolytic conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) to deliver molecular chemotherapy. The prospects of chemotherapy and molecular-chemotherapy as single and as components of combination therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Singh
- Centre for Medicine and Oral Health, Griffith University - Gold Coast GH1, High Street, Southport, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
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41
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Greish K, Araki K, Li D, O'Malley BW, Dandu R, Frandsen J, Cappello J, Ghandehari H. Silk-elastinlike protein polymer hydrogels for localized adenoviral gene therapy of head and neck tumors. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2183-8. [PMID: 19722557 DOI: 10.1021/bm900356j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vector dissemination, transient gene expression, and rapid clearance are major obstacles to successful human gene therapy. In this study, we investigated the effect of silk-elastinlike protein polymer (SELP) hydrogels on biodistribution and anticancer efficacy of adenoviral gene therapy in a head and neck cancer model. Transcriptional activities of adenovirus carrying beta-galactosidase (Ad-LacZ) and luciferase (Ad-Luc) reporter genes were evaluated in (nu/nu) mice with head and neck cancer as a function of polymer concentration. Antitumor efficacy of thymidine kinase encoding adenovirus (Ad-Tk) and ganciclovir (GSV) combination was also evaluated. SELP (4 wt %) matrices localized viral release, minimized dissemination to liver, and enhanced reporter gene expression levels by 4-8-fold compared to virus alone. SELP- Ad-Tk with GSV reduced tumor volume significantly compared to the virus alone. SELPs provide a means for temporal and spatial control of viral gene delivery to head and neck tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Greish
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Combined radionuclide-chemotherapy and in vivo imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma cells after transfection of a triple-gene construct, NIS, HSV1-sr39tk, and EGFP. Cancer Lett 2009; 290:129-38. [PMID: 19819065 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sodium iodine symporter (NIS) or mutant Herpes-simplex virus type1 sr39 thymidine kinase (HSV1-sr39tk) gene is used for in vivo imaging and cancer therapy. Transfection of both NIS and HSV1-sr39tk genes to hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Huh-7/NTG) could enhance intracellular accumulation of therapeutic radionuclides and guanosine nucleoside analogue prodrugs to produce better outcomes than single gene therapy. Non-invasive imaging with I-124, F-18 FHBG and combination therapy with I-131 and GCV were performed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells transfected with NIS, HSV1-sr39tk and GFP. Our results show that: (1) all three genes are stably expressed in Huh-7/NTG cells, (2) I-125 and H3-PCV uptake were markedly increased in the Huh-7/NTG cells in vitro, (3) cellular survival and tumor growth of Huh-7/NTG was inhibited by I-131 or GCV both in vitro and in vivo, and was much prominent with combination therapy, (4) in vivo imaging with I-124 and F-18 FHBG revealed increased uptake in the Huh-7/NTG tumor. Our results demonstrated the potential of combination gene therapy using NIS and HSV1-sr39tk followed by radioiodine treatment and chemotherapy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Gaussia luciferase reporter assay for monitoring biological processes in culture and in vivo. Nat Protoc 2009; 4:582-91. [PMID: 19373229 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2009.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Secreted reporters are a useful tool in the monitoring of different biological processes in the conditioned medium of cultured cells as well in the blood and urine of experimental animals. Described here is a protocol for detecting the recently established naturally secreted Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) in cultured cells as well as in blood and urine in vivo. Furthermore, the assay for detecting the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), the most commonly used secreted reporter in serum, is also presented. The Gluc reporter system has several advantages over the SEAP assay, including a much reduced assay time (1-10 min versus 1.5-2 h), 20,000-fold (in vitro) or 1,000-fold (in vivo) increased sensitivity and a linear range covering over five orders of magnitude of cell number. Additionally, the Gluc signal can be detected in urine and the signal can be localized in animals using in vivo bioluminescence imaging.
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Non-invasive molecular imaging of prostate cancer lymph node metastasis. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:254-62. [PMID: 19482514 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Imaging in medicine has been classically based on the anatomical description of organs. In the past 15 years, new imaging techniques based on gene expression that characterize a pathological process have been developed. Molecular imaging is the use of such molecules to image cell-specific characteristics. Here, we review recent advances in molecular imaging, taking as our prime example lymph node (LN) metastasis in prostate cancer. We describe the new techniques and compare their accuracy in detecting LN metastasis in prostate cancer. We also present new molecular strategies for improving tumor detection using adenoviruses, molecular promoters and amplification systems. Finally, we present the concept of 'in vivo pathology', which envisages using molecular imaging to accurately localize metastatic lesions based on the molecular signature of the disease.
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Huyn ST, Burton JB, Sato M, Carey M, Gambhir SS, Wu L. A potent, imaging adenoviral vector driven by the cancer-selective mucin-1 promoter that targets breast cancer metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3126-34. [PMID: 19366829 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE With breast cancer, early detection and proper staging are critical, and will often influence both the treatment regimen and the therapeutic outcome for those affected with this disease. Improvements in these areas will play a profound role in reducing mortality from breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this work we developed a breast cancer-targeted serotype 5 adenoviral vector, utilizing the tumor-specific mucin-1 promoter in combination with the two-step transcriptional amplification system, a system used to augment the activity of weak tissue-specific promoters. RESULTS We showed the strong specificity of this tumor-selective adenovirus to express the luciferase optical imaging gene, leading to diagnostic signals that enabled detection of sentinel lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. Furthermore, we were able to target hepatic metastases following systemic administration of this mucin-1 selective virus. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we showed that the amplified mucin-1 promoter-driven vector is able to deliver to and selectively express a desirable transgene in metastatic lesions of breast tumors. This work has strong clinical relevance to current diagnostic staging approaches, and could add to targeted therapeutic strategies to advance the fight against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Huyn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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46
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Method of bioluminescence imaging for molecular imaging of physiological and pathological processes. Methods 2009; 48:139-45. [PMID: 19324090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging has emerged as a powerful tool in basic, pre-clinical and clinical research for monitoring a variety of molecular and cellular processes in living organisms. Optical imaging techniques, mainly bioluminescence imaging, have extensively been used to study biological processes because of their exquisite sensitivity and high signal-to noise ratio. However, current applications have mainly been limited to small animals due to attenuation and scattering of light by tissues but efforts are ongoing to overcome these hurdles. Here, we focus on bioluminescence imaging by giving a brief overview of recent advances in instrumentation, current available reporter gene-reporter probe systems and applications such as cell trafficking, protein-protein interactions and imaging endogenous processes.
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Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Winkeler A, Voges J, Jacobs AH. Methods to monitor gene therapy with molecular imaging. Methods 2009; 48:146-60. [PMID: 19318125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in scientific and clinical research has made gene therapy a promising option for efficient and targeted treatment of several inherited and acquired disorders. One of the most critical issues for ensuring success of gene-based therapies is the development of technologies for non-invasive monitoring of the distribution and kinetics of vector-mediated gene expression. In recent years many molecular imaging techniques for safe, repeated and high-resolution in vivo imaging of gene expression have been developed and successfully used in animals and humans. In this review molecular imaging techniques for monitoring of gene therapy are described and specific use of these methods in the different steps of a gene therapy protocol from gene delivery to assessment of therapy response is illustrated. Linking molecular imaging (MI) to gene therapy will eventually help to improve the efficacy and safety of current gene therapy protocols for human application and support future individualized patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Waerzeggers
- Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Gleuelerstrasse 50, Cologne 50931, Germany
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Matsumoto S, Tanaka F, Sato K, Kimura S, Maekawa T, Hasegawa S, Wada H. Monitoring with a non-invasive bioluminescent in vivo imaging system of pleural metastasis of lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2009; 66:75-9. [PMID: 19178977 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prognosis of patients with malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is poor. An MPE model is necessary for developing new therapeutic strategies. We established a MPE model and investigated the therapeutic effects of the administration of serial doses of docetaxel on intrathoracic disseminated foci using an in vivo image system (IVIS). METHODS First, mice without pleural metastasis of lung carcinoma were given a single injection of docetaxel (Taxotere) in the thoracic cavity. The average weight of each group was evaluated. Next, docetaxel was injected into the thoracic cavity of the mice once a week for 8 weeks. Again, the average weight of each group was evaluated. Finally, A549 lung cancer cells transfected with luciferase gene (A549-Luc) were injected into the intrapleural cavity of the mouse. When pleural metastasis was established, we started repeated intrapleural administration of docetaxel (once a week for 8 weeks). The average weight of each group and the survival period was evaluated. All bioluminescent data were collected and analysed with a Xenogen IVIS system. RESULTS (1) Single administration study: The average weight of mice injected with 50mg/kg docetaxel dropped 10%. (2) Repeat administration study: In the group of mice injected with 25mg/kg or 50mg/kg docetaxel, the average weight dropped by 10%. (3) A549-Luc cells were injected into the thoracic cavity of the mice. Autopsies revealed disseminated foci in thoracic cavity 7 days or more after inoculation. After confirmation of tumor formation, repeated injections of docetaxel were administered. After 21 days, photon counts from the thoracic cavity of untreated mice increased. Repeated intrapleural administration of docetaxel prolonged survival when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS (1) We established a MPE model. (2) IVIS facilitates faster and more accurate counting of disseminated foci in the pleura (as compared to the previous standard of measuring body weight changes) in a cancerous pleuritis model. (3) Repeated intrapleural administration of docetaxel is effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Matsumoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Comparison of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection of d-luciferin for in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 36:771-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-008-1022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kang JH, Chung JK. Molecular-genetic imaging based on reporter gene expression. J Nucl Med 2008; 49 Suppl 2:164S-79S. [PMID: 18523072 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.045955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging includes proteomic, metabolic, cellular biologic process, and genetic imaging. In a narrow sense, molecular imaging means genetic imaging and can be called molecular-genetic imaging. Imaging reporter genes play a leading role in molecular-genetic imaging. There are 3 major methods of molecular-genetic imaging, based on optical, MRI, and nuclear medicine modalities. For each of these modalities, various reporter genes and probes have been developed, and these have resulted in successful transitions from bench to bedside applications. Each of these imaging modalities has its unique advantages and disadvantages. Fluorescent and bioluminescent optical imaging modalities are simple, less expensive, more convenient, and more user friendly than other imaging modalities. Another advantage, especially of bioluminescence imaging, is its ability to detect low levels of gene expression. MRI has the advantage of high spatial resolution, whereas nuclear medicine methods are highly sensitive and allow data from small-animal imaging studies to be translated to clinical practice. Moreover, multimodality imaging reporter genes will allow us to choose the imaging technologies that are most appropriate for the biologic problem at hand and facilitate the clinical application of reporter gene technologies. Reporter genes can be used to visualize the levels of expression of particular exogenous and endogenous genes and several intracellular biologic phenomena, including specific signal transduction pathways, nuclear receptor activities, and protein-protein interactions. This technique provides a straightforward means of monitoring tumor mass and can visualize the in vivo distributions of target cells, such as immune cells and stem cells. Molecular imaging has gradually evolved into an important tool for drug discovery and development, and transgenic mice with an imaging reporter gene can be useful during drug and stem cell therapy development. Moreover, instrumentation improvements, the identification of novel targets and genes, and imaging probe developments suggest that molecular-genetic imaging is likely to play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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