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Wang Z, Qian C, Lin P, Zheng B, Kim G, Noh J, Li E, Rho J, Chen H. 3D Intelligent Cloaked Vehicle Equipped with Thousand-Level Reconfigurable Full-Polarization Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400797. [PMID: 38801201 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
A crucial aspect in shielding a variety of advanced electronic devices from electromagnetic detection involves controlling the flow of electromagnetic waves, akin to invisibility cloaks. Decades ago, the exploration of transformation optics heralded the dawn of modern invisibility cloaks, which has stimulated immense interest across various physical scenarios. However, most prior research is simplified to low-dimensional and stationary hidden objects, limiting their practical applicability in a dynamically changing world. This study develops a 3D large-scale intelligent cloak capable of remaining undetectable even in non-stationary conditions. By employing thousand-level reconfigurable full-polarization metasurfaces, this work has achieved an exceptionally high degree of freedom in sculpting the scattering waves as desired. Serving as the core computational unit, a hybrid inverse design enables the cloaked vehicle to respond in real-time, with a rapid reaction time of just 70 ms. These experiments integrate the cloaked vehicle with a perception-decision-control-execution system and evaluate its performance under random static positions and dynamic travelling trajectories, achieving a background scattering matching degree of up to 93.3%. These findings establish a general paradigm for the next generation of intelligent meta-devices in real-world settings, potentially paving the way for an era of "Electromagnetic Internet of Things."
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhedong Wang
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chao Qian
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Pujing Lin
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebum Noh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Erping Li
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Departmenf of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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2
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Sun M, Hu X, Tian L, Yang X, Min L. Auxetic Biomedical Metamaterials for Orthopedic Surgery Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Orthop Surg 2024; 16:1801-1815. [PMID: 38961661 PMCID: PMC11293933 DOI: 10.1111/os.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Poisson's ratio in auxetic materials shifts from typically positive to negative, causing lateral expansion during axial tension. This scale-independent characteristic, originating from tailored architectures, exhibits specific physical properties, including energy adsorption, shear resistance, and fracture resistance. These metamaterials demonstrate exotic mechanical properties with potential applications in several engineering fields, but biomedical applications seem to be one of the most relevant, with an increasing number of articles published in recent years, which present opportunities ranging from cellular repair to organ reconstruction with outstanding mechanical performance, mechanical conduction, and biological activity compared with traditional biomedical metamaterials. Therefore, focusing on understanding the potential of these structures and promoting theoretical and experimental investigations into the benefits of their unique mechanical properties is necessary for achieving high-performance biomedical applications. Considering the demand for advanced biomaterial implants in surgical technology and the profound advancement of additive manufacturing technology that are particularly relevant to fabricating complex and customizable auxetic mechanical metamaterials, this review focuses on the fundamental geometric configuration and unique physical properties of negative Poisson's ratio materials, then categorizes and summarizes auxetic material applications across some surgical departments, revealing efficacy in joint surgery, spinal surgery, trauma surgery, and sports medicine contexts. Additionally, it emphasizes the substantial potential of auxetic materials as innovative biomedical solutions in orthopedics and demonstrates the significant potential for comprehensive surgical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research InstituteWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Model Worker and Craftsman Talent Innovation Workshop of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research InstituteWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Model Worker and Craftsman Talent Innovation Workshop of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| | - Leilei Tian
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for BiomaterialsSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of SichuanSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Li Min
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research InstituteWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Model Worker and Craftsman Talent Innovation Workshop of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
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3
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Teng H, Chen N, Hu H, García de Abajo FJ, Dai Q. Steering and cloaking of hyperbolic polaritons at deep-subwavelength scales. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4463. [PMID: 38796473 PMCID: PMC11127984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polaritons are well-established carriers of light, electrical signals, and even heat at the nanoscale in the setting of on-chip devices. However, the goal of achieving practical polaritonic manipulation over small distances deeply below the light diffraction limit remains elusive. Here, we implement nanoscale polaritonic in-plane steering and cloaking in a low-loss atomically layered van der Waals (vdW) insulator, α-MoO3, comprising building blocks of customizable stacked and assembled structures. Each block contributes specific characteristics that allow us to steer polaritons along the desired trajectories. Our results introduce a natural materials-based approach for the comprehensive manipulation of nanoscale optical fields, advancing research in the vdW polaritonics domain and on-chip nanophotonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchao Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Na Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hai Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
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4
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Xiao B, Wei Z, Ge P, Wang X, Xiao L, Qin J, Zhang D, Mi H, Yu J. Multifunctional 2-bit coded reconfigurable metasurface based on graphene-vanadium dioxide. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:2882-2891. [PMID: 38856385 DOI: 10.1364/ao.515723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, a graphene-vanadium dioxide-based reconfigurable metasurface unit structure is proposed. Using the change at a graphene Fermi energy level on the surface of the unit structure to satisfy the 2-bit coding condition, four reflection units with a phase difference of 90 ∘ can be discovered. The modulating impact of the multi-beam reflection wave with 1-bit coding is then confirmed. Then we study the control of a single-beam reflected wave by metasurfaces combined with a convolution theorem in a 2-bit coding mode. Finally, when vanadium dioxide is in an insulating condition, the structure can also be transformed into a terahertz absorber. It is possible to switch between a reflection beam controller and a terahertz multifrequency absorber simply by changing the temperature of the vanadium dioxide layer without retooling a new metasurface. Moreover, compared with the 1-bit coded metasurface, it increases the ability of single-beam regulation, which makes the device more powerful for beam regulation.
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5
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Ge Z, Zhu S, Xiao W, Chen H. Multiple hyperbolic waves. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1532-1535. [PMID: 38489443 DOI: 10.1364/ol.513530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a conceptual design for a hyperbolic material utilizing transformation optics. This material is designed to produce multiple hyperbolic wave fields or polaritons excited by a point source. The design dictates key parameters including branch number, propagation range, and overall propagation direction of deflection. Through this approach, the hyperbolic material demonstrates new effects compared to traditional hyperbolic materials. These advancements offer possibilities for the design and applications of photonic devices in other degrees of freedom.
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6
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Mirzaali MJ, Zadpoor AA. Orthopedic meta-implants. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:010901. [PMID: 38250670 PMCID: PMC10799688 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Meta-biomaterials, engineered materials with distinctive combinations of mechanical, physical, and biological properties stemming from their micro-architecture, have emerged as a promising domain within biomedical engineering. Correspondingly, meta-implants, which serve as the device counterparts of meta-biomaterials, offer exceptional functionalities, holding great potential for addressing complex skeletal diseases. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the various types of meta-implants, including hybrid, shape-morphing, metallic clay, and deployable meta-implants, highlighting their unprecedented properties and recent achievement in the field. This paper also delves into the potential future developments of meta-implants, addressing the exploration of multi-functionalities in meta-biomaterials and their applications in diverse biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad J. Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A. Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft 2628CD, The Netherlands
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7
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Gao Y, Luo Y, Zhang J, Huang Z, Zheng B, Chen H, Ye D. Full-parameter omnidirectional transformation optical devices. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad171. [PMID: 38312374 PMCID: PMC10833459 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Transformation optics (TO) provides an unprecedented technique to control electromagnetic (EM) waves by engineering the constitutive parameters of the surrounding medium through a proper spatial transformation. In general, ideal transformation optical devices require simultaneous electric and magnetic responses along all three dimensions. To ease the practical implementation, previous studies usually made use of reduced parameters or other simplified approaches, which inevitably introduce extra reflection or unwanted phase shift. Up to today, experimental realizations of full-parameter transformation optical devices in free space are still quite limited. Here, a general design strategy is proposed to solve this problem. As a specific example, a full-parameter spatial-compression TO medium with constitutive parameters taking the diagonal form diag(a, a, 1/a) for the TM wave incidence was designed and realized experimentally. Such spatial-compression TO media were then applied to the implementation of an ideal omnidirectional invisibility cloak capable of concealing a large-scale object over a wide range of illumination angles. Both the simulation and experiment confirm that the cloak allows for nearly unity transmission of EM waves in the forward direction without introducing extra scattering or phase shift. This work constitutes an important stepping stone for future practical implementation of arbitrary full-parameter omnidirectional transformation optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CNRS-International-NTU-Thales Research Alliance, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhengjie Huang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Dexin Ye
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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8
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Huang Z, Peng L, Wang J, Hu X, Liu J, Wang C, Ren J, Yu H, Ye D. Eliminating the Scattering of Thin Film Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9247-9254. [PMID: 38349048 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Rendering invisibility in the wide application scenarios has seen a surge in interest in recent years. Though various approaches have been proposed to realize concealments under different conditions, achieving polarization-independent invisibility for large objects remains a big challenge. Here, we propose to attain invisibility of a large dielectric slab with polarization constraints being totally lifted. This is accomplished by employing an antiscattering coating made of anisotropic metamaterials. We show that by tailoring the electric resonance of a triangular mushroom structure, antiphase electric dipole moment can be induced, resulting in an antipolarization response of the whole metamaterial coatings. By putting the proposed coatings on both sides of a large dielectric slab, a neutralization effect of the total polarization is observed, leading to the peculiar phenomenon of full-polarization invisibility. Our results are validated through full-wave simulations and experimental measurements. Remarkably, the intrinsic null-polarization property of the coating-slab-coating structure guarantees the invisibility feature of a large-scale bulk made by simply stacking the sandwiched composites, which facilitates the application of invisibility in practical scenarios such as the invisibility cloaks and the reflectionless antenna radomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Huang
- Laboratory of Applied Research on Electromagnetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang Peng
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Laboratory of Antenna Feed System, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Equipment, Beijing 100854, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Laboratory of Applied Research on Electromagnetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingran Liu
- Laboratory of Applied Research on Electromagnetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Laboratory of Applied Research on Electromagnetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Ren
- Laboratory of Antenna Feed System, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Equipment, Beijing 100854, China
| | - Huilong Yu
- Laboratory of Antenna Feed System, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Equipment, Beijing 100854, China
| | - Dexin Ye
- Laboratory of Applied Research on Electromagnetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
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9
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Jin P, Xu L, Xu G, Li J, Qiu CW, Huang J. Deep Learning-Assisted Active Metamaterials with Heat-Enhanced Thermal Transport. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305791. [PMID: 37869962 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Heat management is crucial for state-of-the-art applications such as passive radiative cooling, thermally adjustable wearables, and camouflage systems. Their adaptive versions, to cater to varied requirements, lean on the potential of adaptive metamaterials. Existing efforts, however, feature with highly anisotropic parameters, narrow working-temperature ranges, and the need for manual intervention, which remain long-term and tricky obstacles for the most advanced self-adaptive metamaterials. To surmount these barriers, heat-enhanced thermal diffusion metamaterials powered by deep learning is introduced. Such active metamaterials can automatically sense ambient temperatures and swiftly, as well as continuously, adjust their thermal functions with a high degree of tunability. They maintain robust thermal performance even when external thermal fields change direction, and both simulations and experiments demonstrate exceptional results. Furthermore, two metadevices with on-demand adaptability, performing distinctive features with isotropic materials, wide working temperatures, and spontaneous response are designed. This work offers a framework for the design of intelligent thermal diffusion metamaterials and can be expanded to other diffusion fields, adapting to increasingly complex and dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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10
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Pawar S, Lee D, Skinner H, Suh SY, Yakovlev A. Decoupling and Cloaking of Rectangular and Circular Patch Antennas and Interleaved Antenna Arrays with Planar Coated Metasurfaces at C-Band Frequencies-Design and Simulation Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:291. [PMID: 38203153 PMCID: PMC10781330 DOI: 10.3390/s24010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
An electromagnetic cloaking approach is employed with the intention to curb the destructive effects of mutual interference for rectangular and circularly shaped patch antennas situated in a tight spacing. Primarily, we show that by coating the top surface of each patch with an appropriately designed metasurface, the mutual coupling is considerably reduced between the antennas. Furthermore, the cloak construct is extended to a tightly spaced, interleaved linear patch antenna array configuration and it is shown that the coated metasurfaces successfully enhance the performance of each array in terms of their matching characteristics, total efficiencies and far-field realized gain patterns for a broad range of beam-scan angles. For rectangular patches, the cloaked Array I and II achieve corresponding peak total efficiencies of 93% and 90%, in contrast to the total efficiencies of 57% and 21% for uncloaked Array I and II, respectively, at their operating frequencies. Moreover, cloaked rectangular Array I and II exhibit main lobe gains of 13.2 dB and 13.8 dB, whereas uncloaked Array I and II only accomplish main lobe gains of 10 dB and 5.5 dB, respectively. Likewise, for the cloaked circular patches, corresponding total efficiencies of 91% and 89% are recorded for Array I and II, at their operating frequencies (uncloaked Array I and II show peak efficiencies of 71% and 55%, respectively). The main lobe gain for each cloaked circular patch array is approximately 14.2 dB, whereas the uncloaked Array I and II only achieve maximum gains of 10.5 dB and 7.5 dB, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Pawar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Doojin Lee
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, Control Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea;
| | - Harry Skinner
- Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA; (H.S.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Seong-Youp Suh
- Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA; (H.S.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Alexander Yakovlev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
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11
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Choi YC, Yang S, Murray CB, Kagan CR. Thermally Reconfigurable, 3D Chiral Optical Metamaterials: Building with Colloidal Nanoparticle Assemblies. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22611-22619. [PMID: 37955251 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional, geometric handedness of chiral optical metamaterials allows for the rotation of linearly polarized light and creates a differential interaction with right and left circularly polarized light, known as circular dichroism. These three-dimensional metamaterials enable polarization control of optical and spin excitation and detection, and their stimuli-responsive, dynamic switching widens applications in chiral molecular sensing and imaging and spintronics; however, there are few reconfigurable solid-state implementations. Here, we report all-solid-state, thermally reconfigurable chiroptical metamaterials composed of arrays of three-dimensional nanoparticle/metal bilayer heterostructures fabricated from coassemblies of phase change VO2 and metallic Au colloidal nanoparticles and thin films of Ni. These metamaterials show dynamic switching in the mid-infrared as VO2 is thermally cycled through an insulator-metal phase transition. The spectral range of operation is tailored in breadth by controlling the periodicity of the arrays and thus the hybridization of optical modes and in position through the mixing of VO2 and Au nanoparticles.
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12
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Li HX, Liu JJ, Chen ZX, Wu K, Liang B, Yang J, Cheng JC, Christensen J. Superwavelength self-healing of spoof surface sonic Airy-Talbot waves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7633. [PMID: 37993444 PMCID: PMC10665557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-imaging phenomena for nonperiodic waves along a parabolic trajectory encompass both the Talbot effect and the accelerating Airy beams. Beyond the ability to guide waves along a bent trajectory, the self-imaging component offers invaluable advantages to lensless imaging comprising periodic repetition of planar field distributions. In order to circumvent thermoviscous and diffraction effects, we structure subwavelength resonators in an acoustically impenetrable surface supporting spoof surface acoustic waves (SSAWs) to provide highly confined Airy-Talbot effect, extending Talbot distances along the propagation path and compressing subwavelength lobes in the perpendicular direction. From a linear array of loudspeakers, we judiciously control the amplitude and phase of the SSAWs above the structured surface and quantitatively evaluate the self-healing performance of the Airy-Talbot effect by demonstrating how the distinctive scattering patterns remain largely unaffected against superwavelength obstacles. Furthermore, we introduce a new mechanism utilizing subwavelength Airy beam as a coding/decoding degree of freedom for acoustic communication with high information density comprising robust transport of encoded signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Xian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Chun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Johan Christensen
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel, 2, 28906, Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Macis S, Paolozzi MC, D'Arco A, Piccirilli F, Stopponi V, Rossi M, Moia F, Toma A, Lupi S. Extraordinary optical transmittance generation on Si 3N 4 membranes. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16002-16009. [PMID: 37779505 PMCID: PMC10568977 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02834h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials are attracting increasing attention due to their ability to support novel and engineerable electromagnetic functionalities. In this paper, we investigate one of these functionalities, i.e. the extraordinary optical transmittance (EOT) effect based on silicon nitride (Si3N4) membranes patterned with a periodic lattice of micrometric holes. Here, the coupling between the incoming electromagnetic wave and a Si3N4 optical phonon located around 900 cm-1 triggers an increase of the transmitted infrared intensity in an otherwise opaque spectral region. Different hole sizes are investigated suggesting that the mediating mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is the excitation of a phonon-polariton mode. The electric field distribution around the holes is further investigated by numerical simulations and nano-IR measurements based on a Scattering-Scanning Near Field Microscope (s-SNOM) technique, confirming the phonon-polariton origin of the EOT effect. Being membrane technologies at the core of a broad range of applications, the confinement of IR radiation at the membrane surface provides this technology platform with a novel light-matter interaction functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Macis
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- INFN - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044, Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Paolozzi
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Annalisa D'Arco
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Piccirilli
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km-163, 5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Veronica Stopponi
- IOM-CNR, Area Science Park, Strada Statale 14, km 163, 5, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- SBAI, Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Via Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Moia
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Andrea Toma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Stefano Lupi
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- IOM-CNR, Area Science Park, Strada Statale 14, km 163, 5, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
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14
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Tselikov GI, Danilov A, Shipunova VO, Deyev SM, Kabashin AV, Grigorenko AN. Topological Darkness: How to Design a Metamaterial for Optical Biosensing with Ultrahigh Sensitivity. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19338-19348. [PMID: 37738093 PMCID: PMC10569102 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the absence of labels and fast analyses, optical biosensors promise major advances in biomedical diagnostics, security, environmental, and food safety applications. However, the sensitivity of the most advanced plasmonic biosensor implementations has a fundamental limitation caused by losses in the system and/or geometry of biochips. Here, we report a "scissor effect" in topologically dark metamaterials which is capable of providing ultrahigh-amplitude sensitivity to biosensing events, thus solving the bottleneck sensitivity limitation problem. We explain how the "scissor effect" can be realized via the proper design of topologically dark metamaterials and describe strategies for their fabrication. To validate the applicability of this effect in biosensing, we demonstrate the detection of folic acid (vitamin important for human health) in a wide 3-log linear dynamic range with a limit of detection of 0.22 nM, which is orders of magnitude better than those previously reported for all optical counterparts. Our work provides possibilities for designing and realizing plasmonic, semiconductor, and dielectric metamaterials with ultrasensitivity to binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb I. Tselikov
- Aix
Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7341 CNRS, LP3, Campus de Luminy−case 917, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Artem Danilov
- Aix
Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7341 CNRS, LP3, Campus de Luminy−case 917, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Victoria O. Shipunova
- Shemyakin−Ovchinnikov
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey M. Deyev
- Shemyakin−Ovchinnikov
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117997, Russia
- MEPhI, Institute of Engineering Physics
for Biomedicine (PhysBio), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Kabashin
- Aix
Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7341 CNRS, LP3, Campus de Luminy−case 917, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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15
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Pawar S, Skinner H, Suh SY, Yakovlev A. Cloaking of Equilateral Triangle Patch Antennas and Antenna Arrays with Planar Coated Metasurfaces. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5517. [PMID: 37420683 DOI: 10.3390/s23125517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed an effective metasurface design to accomplish the cloaking of equilateral patch antennas and their array configuration. As such, we have exploited the concept of electromagnetic invisibility, employing the mantle cloaking technique with the intention to eliminate the destructive interference ensuing between two distinct triangular patches situated in a very congested arrangement (sub-wavelength separation is maintained between the patch elements). Based on the numerous simulation results, we demonstrate that the implementation of the planar coated metasurface cloaks onto the patch antenna surfaces compels them to become invisible to each other, at the intended frequencies. In effect, an individual antenna element does not sense the presence of the other, in spite of being in a rather close vicinity. We also exhibit that the cloaks successfully reinstate the radiation attributes of each antenna in such a way that it emulates its respective performance in an isolated environment. Moreover, we have extended the cloak design to an interleaved one-dimensional array of the two patch antennas, and it is shown that the coated metasurfaces assure the efficient performance of each array in terms of their matching as well as radiation characteristics, which in turn, enables them to radiate independently for various beam-scanning angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Pawar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Yakovlev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
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16
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Gao Y, Xiao W, Zhao P, Wu X, Chen H. 540-degree deflecting lens and its general version. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20112-20121. [PMID: 37381412 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an isotropic device called 540-degree deflecting lens, which has symmetric refractive index and can deflect parallel beam by 540 degrees. The expression of its gradient refractive index is obtained and generalized. We discover it's an optical absolute instrument with self-imaging characteristic. Using conformal mapping, we deduce its general version in one-dimensional space. We also introduce a combined lens called the generalized inside-out 540-degree deflecting lens similar to the inside-out Eaton lens. Ray tracing and wave simulations are used to demonstrate their characteristics. Our study expands the family of absolute instruments and provides new ideas to design optical systems.
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17
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Jie S, Xue S, Yang Z, Ge Z, Bao Q, Zhu S, Chen H. Shear polaritons from transformation optics. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2688-2691. [PMID: 37186741 DOI: 10.1364/ol.486774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural in-plane hyperbolic crystals (such as α-MoO3) and natural monoclinic crystals (such as β-Ga2O3) have recently drawn great research focus. Despite their obvious similarities, however, these two kinds of materials are usually studied as separate topics. In this Letter, we explore the intrinsic relationship between materials like α-MoO3 and β-Ga2O3 under the framework of transformation optics, providing another perspective to understand the asymmetry of hyperbolic shear polaritons. It is worth mentioning that we demonstrate this novel, to the best of our knowledge, method from theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, which maintain a high degree of consistency. Our work not only combines natural hyperbolic materials with the theory of classical transformation optics, but also opens new avenues for future studies of various natural materials.
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18
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Dai G, Wang J. Transformation hydrodynamic metamaterials: Rigorous arguments on form invariance and structural design with spatial variance. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:055108. [PMID: 37329012 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.055108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transformation optics has been a powerful tool to manipulate physical fields if the governing equations in two spaces satisfy a certain form invariance. A recent interest has been applying this method to design hydrodynamic metamaterials described by the Navier-Stokes equations. However, transformation optics may not be applicable to such a general fluid model while especially the rigorous analysis is still absent. In this work, we give a definite criterion of the required form invariance, i.e., metric of one space and its affine connections that appear in curvilinear coordinates can be incorporated into material properties or interpreted by extra physical mechanisms introduced in another space. Based on this criterion, we prove that the Navier-Stokes equations, as well as its simplification in creeping flows (the Stokes equation), cannot be form invariant due to the redundant affine connections from their viscous terms. On the contrary, the creeping flows under the lubrication approximation, saying the classical Hele-Shaw model and its anisotropic counterpart, can retain the form of their governing equations for steady incompressible isothermal Newtonian fluids. Besides, we propose the design of multilayered structures with spatially varying cell depth to mimic the required anisotropic shear viscosity for modulating Hele-Shaw flows. Our results correct previous misunderstandings about the applicability of transformation optics under the Navier-Stokes equations, reveal the decisive role of lubrication approximation in maintaining form invariance (consistent with recent experiments featuring shallow configurations), and provide a feasible approach in experimental fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaole Dai
- School of Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Mathematics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
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19
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Liao J, Ji C, Yuan L, Huang C, Wang Y, Peng J, Luo X. Polarization-Insensitive Metasurface Cloak for Dynamic Illusions with an Electromagnetic Transparent Window. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16953-16962. [PMID: 36867759 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Artificial camouflage has garnered long-standing interest in both academia and industry. The metasurface-based cloak has attracted much attention due to the powerful capability of manipulating the electromagnetic wave, convenient multifunctional integration design, and easy fabrication. However, existing metasurface-based cloaks tend to be passive and of single function and monopolarization, which cannot meet the requirement of applications in ever-changing environments. So far, it is still challenging to realize a reconfigurable full-polarization metasurface cloak with multifunctional integration. Herein, we proposed an innovative metasurface cloak, which can simultaneously realize dynamic illusion effects at lower frequencies (e.g., 4.35 GHz) and specific microwave transparency at higher frequencies (e.g., X band) for communication with the outside environment. These electromagnetic functionalities are demonstrated by both numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The simulation and measurement results agree well with each other, indicating that our metasurface cloak can generate various electromagnetic illusions for full polarizations as well as a polarization-insensitive transparent window for the signal transmission to enable the communication between the cloaked device and the outside environment. It is believed that our design can offer powerful camouflage tactics to address the stealth problem in ever-changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Liming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuetang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Jinqiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Xiangang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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20
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Jia Y, Qian C, Fan Z, Cai T, Li EP, Chen H. A knowledge-inherited learning for intelligent metasurface design and assembly. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:82. [PMID: 36997520 PMCID: PMC10060944 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in deep learning have ushered in an essential tool for optics and photonics, recurring in various applications of material design, system optimization, and automation control. Deep learning-enabled on-demand metasurface design has been the subject of extensive expansion, as it can alleviate the time-consuming, low-efficiency, and experience-orientated shortcomings in conventional numerical simulations and physics-based methods. However, collecting samples and training neural networks are fundamentally confined to predefined individual metamaterials and tend to fail for large problem sizes. Inspired by object-oriented C++ programming, we propose a knowledge-inherited paradigm for multi-object and shape-unbound metasurface inverse design. Each inherited neural network carries knowledge from the "parent" metasurface and then is freely assembled to construct the "offspring" metasurface; such a process is as simple as building a container-type house. We benchmark the paradigm by the free design of aperiodic and periodic metasurfaces, with accuracies that reach 86.7%. Furthermore, we present an intelligent origami metasurface to facilitate compatible and lightweight satellite communication facilities. Our work opens up a new avenue for automatic metasurface design and leverages the assemblability to broaden the adaptability of intelligent metadevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Jia
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
| | - Chao Qian
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China.
| | - Zhixiang Fan
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
| | - Tong Cai
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi' an, 710051, China
| | - Er-Ping Li
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 321000, China.
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21
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Xiao W, Chen H. Analogy of the interior Schwarzschild metric from transformation optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:11490-11498. [PMID: 37155782 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we make an analogy of the interior Schwarzschild metric from transformation optics (we call the method transformation cosmology). It is shown that a simple refractive index profile is sufficient to capture the behavior of the metric to bend light. There is a critical value of the ratio of the radius of the massive star to the Schwarzschild radius, which is exactly related to the condition of collapsing into a black hole. We demonstrate the light bending effect for three cases from numerical simulations as well. Especially, we find that a point source at the photon sphere will form an image inside the star approximately, and the equivalent lens is like Maxwell's fish-eye lens. This work will help us to explore the phenomena of massive stars with laboratory optical tools.
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22
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Ge Z, Tao S, Chen H. Perfectly matched layer for biaxial hyperbolic materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:6965-6973. [PMID: 36823942 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic materials have attracted considerable interest for their unique open hyperbolic dispersion properties. These materials support high-momentum propagating modes and strong light confinement, leading to a wide range of applications including super-resolution technologies, negative refraction and long-life propagation. Even with these wonderful optical properties, hyperbolic materials, however, cause problems when applying perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary conditions in numerical simulation software such as COMSOL Multiphysics. Due to the unfit embedded attenuation function, the built-in PML of simulation software would result in a mass of reflections in the computational domain when the background medium is hyperbolic materials. Here, we take advantage of an imaginary coordinate mapping and the complex coordinate stretching of transformation optics theory to design a PML for biaxial hyperbolic materials, which avoids any reflections and can be tuned flexibly. The proposed recipe can provide antidote and new insights for hyperbolic material studies.
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23
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Yin Y, Duan Q, Li J, Qiu C, Chen H. Evolution of optical vortices in gradient media and curved spaces. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:315-318. [PMID: 36638446 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Light propagation in gradient media and curved spaces induce intriguing phenomena, such as focusing and self-imaging, thus delivering a wide range of applications. However, these systems are limited to excitations without orbital angular momentum, which may produce unforeseen results. Here, we demonstrate the reconstructions (or called imaging to some extent) of optical vortices (OVs) in two-dimensional (2D) gradient media and three-dimensional (3D) curved spaces. We present the evolution of OVs in two types of generalized Maxwell fisheye (GMFE) lenses from the perspective of geometrical and wave optics, and use coherent perfect absorbers (CPAs) to better recover the OVs in the converging position. Furthermore, we also demonstrate such phenomena in two types of 3D compact closed manifolds-sphere and spindle-which are also called geodesic lenses. Surprisingly, the results we obtained in 3D curved spaces can be seen as a strong verification of the Poincaré-Hopf theorem. Our work provides a new, to the best of our knowledge, platform to investigate the evolution of OVs on curved surfaces.
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24
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Ayik M, Kurt H, Minin OV, Minin IV, Turduev M. Multi-Directional Cloak Design by All-Dielectric Unit-Cell Optimized Structure. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4194. [PMID: 36500817 PMCID: PMC9735794 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we demonstrate the design and experimental proof of an optical cloaking structure that multi-directionally conceals a perfectly electric conductor (PEC) object from an incident plane wave. The dielectric modulation around the highly reflective scattering PEC object is determined by an optimization process for multi-directional cloaking purposes. Additionally, to obtain the multi-directional effect of the cloaking structure, an optimized slice is mirror symmetrized through a radial perimeter. The three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain method is integrated with genetic optimization to achieve a cloaking design. In order to overcome the technological problems of the corresponding devices in the optical range and to experimentally demonstrate the proposed concept, our experiments were carried out on a scale model in the microwave range. The scaled proof-of-concept of the proposed structure is fabricated by 3D printing of polylactide material, and the brass metallic alloy is used as a perfect electrical conductor for microwave experiments. A good agreement between numerical and experimental results is achieved. The proposed design approach is not restricted only to multi-directional optical cloaking but can also be applied to different cloaking scenarios dealing with electromagnetic waves at nanoscales as well as other types such as acoustic waves. Using nanotechnology, our scale proof-of-concept research will take the next step toward the creation of "optical cloaking" devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muratcan Ayik
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Aselsan Inc., Ankara 06200, Turkey
| | - Hamza Kurt
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Oleg V. Minin
- Nondestructive School, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Igor V. Minin
- Nondestructive School, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mirbek Turduev
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek 720038, Kyrgyzstan
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25
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Wu B, Xue S, Zhang Z, Chen H. Invisible devices with natural materials designed by evolutionary optimization. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:055312. [PMID: 36559475 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.055312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is a longstanding dream to put on a cloak and escape from sight. Transformation optics (TO) and artificial metamaterials turn this circumstance into reality, but the requirements for inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials make it almost impossible in practical realization. Furthermore, invisibility can only be constructed at a narrow frequency regime in previous studies and depends critically on the inescapable material losses. Here, the authors propose the multifrequency isotropic invisible devices and natural hyperbolic invisible devices using realistic materials, such as microwave materials and van der Waals (vdW) materials. The inherent material losses are taken into account in the optimization process, bringing the concept of invisibility closer to realistic conditions. To verify the stability of the proposed method, full-wave numerical simulations and analytical calculations are performed, and both obtained excellent invisibility performance. Due to the combined advantages of the simple two-layer core-shell configuration and natural materials, our work provides a promising platform for fabricating invisible devices at low cost and paves the way for new implementations of intelligent photonics beyond the limitations of TO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wu
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuwen Xue
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Huanyang Chen
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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26
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Zanotto S, Biasiol G, Santos PV, Pitanti A. Metamaterial-enabled asymmetric negative refraction of GHz mechanical waves. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5939. [PMID: 36209142 PMCID: PMC9547911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wave refraction at an interface between different materials is a basic yet fundamental phenomenon, transversal to several scientific realms - electromagnetism, gas and fluid acoustics, solid mechanics, and possibly also matter waves. Under specific circumstances, mostly enabled by structuration below the wavelength scale, i.e., through the metamaterial approach, waves undergo negative refraction, eventually enabling superlensing and transformation optics. However, presently known negative refraction systems are symmetric, in that they cannot distinguish between positive and negative angles of incidence. Exploiting a metamaterial with an asymmetric unit cell, we demonstrate that the aforementioned symmetry can be broken, ultimately relying on the specific shape of the Bloch mode isofrequency curves. Our study specialized upon a mechanical metamaterial operating at GHz frequency, which is by itself a building block for advanced technologies such as chip-scale hybrid optomechanical and electromechanical devices. However, the phenomenon is based on general wave theory concepts, and it applies to any frequency and time scale for any kind of linear waves, provided that a suitable shaping of the isofrequency contours is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Zanotto
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Biasiol
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR, Laboratorio TASC, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paulo V Santos
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e. V., 5-7, Hausvogteiplatz, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Alessandro Pitanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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Da H, Song Q, Hu P, Ye H. Prediction of negative refraction in Dirac semimetal metamaterial. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:415202. [PMID: 35785748 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7ded] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Negative refraction materials are indispensable building blocks in the optoelectric devices for their unique functionalities of controlling the light propagations, such as, superlens and transformation optics. However, material realizations of negative refraction are still limited to the conventional metals, semiconductors as well as magnetic materials. Here, we show that three dimensional Dirac semimetals have the opportunity to enable the negative refraction, which can be achieved through alternatively stacking three dimensional Dirac semimetals and the dielectric layers together. It is found that the effective perpendicular and parallel permittivities in this multilayered stack display the respective negative and positive values over a certain frequency region, which enables its negative group refractive angle and it can be controlled by the Fermi energy of Dirac semimetals. The spectra of transmittance in the multilayered structure for transverse magnetic wave also reveals an incident angle-independent transmittance dip, which originates from the zero value of the real part of the effective perpendicular permittivity. Our findings unveil the essential role of three dimensional Dirac semimetals in producing the negative group refraction responses and promise their applications in the metamaterial-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Da
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China; Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Song
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China; Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengya Hu
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China; Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huapeng Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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28
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Chen M, Shen X, Xu L. Realizing the thinnest hydrodynamic cloak in porous medium flow. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100263. [PMID: 35706453 PMCID: PMC9190057 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation mapping theory offers us great versatility to design invisible cloaks for the physical fields whose propagation equations remain invariant under coordinate transformations. Such cloaks are typically designed as a multi-layer shell with anisotropic material properties, which makes no disturbance to the external field. As a result, an observer outside the cloak cannot detect the existence of this object from the field disturbances, leading to the invisible effect in terms of field prorogation. In fact, for many prorogating fields, at a large enough distance, the field distortion caused by an object is negligible anyway; thus, a thin cloak is desirable to achieve near-field invisibility. However, a thin cloak typically requires more challenging material properties, which are difficult to realize due to the huge variation of anisotropic material parameters in a thin cloak region. For a flow field in a porous medium, by applying the bilayer cloak design method and integrating the inner layer with the obstacle, we successfully reduce the anisotropic multi-layer cloak into an isotropic single-layer cloak. By properly tailoring the permeability of the porous medium, we realize the challenging material parameters required by the ultrathin cloak and build the thinnest shell-shaped cloak of all physical fields up to now. The ratio between the cloak's thickness and its shielding region is only 0.003. The design of such an ultrathin cloak may help to achieve the near-field invisibility and concealment of objects inside a fluid environment more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Chen
- The Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangying Shen
- The Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- The Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Xu
- The Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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29
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Design and Reconfiguration of Multicomponent Hydrodynamic Manipulation Devices with Arbitrary Complex Structures. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Being a powerful strategy to preclude drag and achieve hydrodynamic invisibility, flow field manipulation is attracting widespread attention. In this investigation, we introduce a systematic set of arbitrary-space divide-and-conquer transformation strategies to design complex hydrodynamic cloaks. This theory removes the difficulties associated with the analytic description of complicated and irregular structures to construct hydrodynamic cloaks by adopting the divide-and-conquer algorithm and reconfiguring strategies. It also provides an approach for redistributing the flow field energy and guiding the fluid flow as desired. The proposed theory not only opens up new ideas for improving the speed and concealment of marine vehicles but also provides a new strategy for ensuring the safety of aquatic and underwater structure operations.
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30
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Wang B, Sun F, Chen H, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu X. Full-space omnidirectional cloak by subwavelength metal channels filled with homogeneous dielectrics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:21386-21395. [PMID: 36224859 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cloaks can greatly reduce the scattering cross-section of hidden objects through various mechanisms, thereby making them invisible to outside observers. Among them, the full-space omnidirectional cloak based on transformation optic with full parameters are difficult to realize without metamaterials and often needs to be simplified before realization, while most cloaks with simplified parameters have limited working direction and cannot achieve omnidirectional cloaking effect. In this study, a full-space omnidirectional cloak is designed based on transformation optics and optic-null medium, which only needed natural materials without metamaterials. The designed omnidirectional cloak is realized by subwavelength metal channels filled with isotropic dielectrics whose refractive indices range from 1 to 2, which is homogeneous in each channel. The numerical simulation results verify good scattering suppression effect of the designed cloak for various detecting waves.
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31
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Chu H, Zhang Y, Ma X, Xiong X, Peng R, Wang M, Lai Y. Flip-component metasurfaces for camouflaged meta-domes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:17321-17331. [PMID: 36221557 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Allowing microwaves to transmit through without changing the wavefront is one of the essential requirements of the dome structures of antenna arrays like radars. Here, we demonstrate a microwave metasurface as an array of two types of meta-atoms, which are the flip counterparts to each other. Due to the reciprocity and space-inversion symmetry, the wavefront in the transmission is unchanged by the metasurface in a broad spectrum; while at the same time, the wavefront in reflection can be manipulated independently by changing the arrangement of the meta-atoms. Specifically, a random-flip metasurface that produces diffuse reflection is realized, enabling a camouflaged meta-dome. The broadband, wide-angle, and polarization-independent diffuse reflection and undistorted transmission are numerically and experimentally verified. Our finding enables a unique meta-dome structure that has camouflage functionality.
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32
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Krešić I, Makris KG, Leonhardt U, Rotter S. Transforming Space with Non-Hermitian Dielectrics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:183901. [PMID: 35594088 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.183901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coordinate transformations are a versatile tool to mold the flow of light, enabling a host of astonishing phenomena such as optical cloaking with metamaterials. Moving away from the usual restriction that links isotropic materials with conformal transformations, we show how nonconformal distortions of optical space are intimately connected to the complex refractive index distribution of an isotropic non-Hermitian medium. Remarkably, this insight can be used to circumvent the material requirement of working with refractive indices below unity, which limits the applications of transformation optics. We apply our approach to design a broadband unidirectional dielectric cloak, which relies on nonconformal coordinate transformations to tailor the non-Hermitian refractive index profile around a cloaked object. Our insights bridge the fields of two-dimensional transformation optics and non-Hermitian photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor Krešić
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Vienna A-1040, Austria
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Konstantinos G Makris
- ITCP-Physics Department, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Lasers (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Ulf Leonhardt
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Vienna A-1040, Austria
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33
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Zhuo F, Li H, Cheng Z, Manchon A. Magnonic Metamaterials for Spin-Wave Control with Inhomogeneous Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interactions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1159. [PMID: 35407277 PMCID: PMC9000796 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A magnonic metamaterial in the presence of spatially modulated Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction is theoretically proposed and demonstrated by micromagnetic simulations. By analogy to the fields of photonics, we first establish magnonic Snell's law for spin waves passing through an interface between two media with different dispersion relations due to different Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions. Based on magnonic Snell's law, we find that spin waves can experience total internal reflection. The critical angle of total internal reflection is strongly dependent on the sign and strength of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Furthermore, spin-wave beam fiber and spin-wave lens are designed by utilizing the artificial magnonic metamaterials with inhomogeneous Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions. Our findings open up a rich field of spin waves manipulation for prospective applications in magnonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjun Zhuo
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hang Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Zhenxiang Cheng
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
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34
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Abstract
An invisibility cloak to conceal objects from an outside observer has long been a subject of interest in metamaterial design. While cloaks have been manufactured for optical, thermal, and electric fields, limited progress has been made for mechanical cloaks. Most existing designs rely on mapping-based methods, which have so far been limited to special base cells and a narrow selection of voids with simple shapes. In this study, we develop a fundamentally different approach by exploiting data-driven designs to offer timely, customized solutions to mechanical cloaking that were previously difficult to obtain. Through simulations and experimental validations, we show that excellent cloaking performance can be achieved for various boundary conditions, shapes of voids, base cells, and even multiple voids. Mechanical cloaks are materials engineered to manipulate the elastic response around objects to make them indistinguishable from their homogeneous surroundings. Typically, methods based on material-parameter transformations are used to design optical, thermal, and electric cloaks. However, they are not applicable in designing mechanical cloaks, since continuum-mechanics equations are not form invariant under general coordinate transformations. As a result, existing design methods for mechanical cloaks have so far been limited to a narrow selection of voids with simple shapes. To address this challenge, we present a systematic, data-driven design approach to create mechanical cloaks composed of aperiodic metamaterials using a large precomputed unit cell database. Our method is flexible to allow the design of cloaks with various boundary conditions, multiple loadings, different shapes and numbers of voids, and different homogeneous surroundings. It enables a concurrent optimization of both topology and properties distribution of the cloak. Compared to conventional fixed-shape solutions, this results in an overall better cloaking performance and offers unparalleled versatility. Experimental measurements on additively manufactured structures further confirm the validity of the proposed approach. Our research illustrates the benefits of data-driven approaches in quickly responding to new design scenarios and resolving the computational challenge associated with multiscale designs of functional structures. It could be generalized to accommodate other applications that require heterogeneous property distribution, such as soft robots and implants design.
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35
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Zhao P, Cai G, Chen H. Exact transformation optics by using electrostatics. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:246-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Xu L, Chen H. Transformation Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005489. [PMID: 34622508 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Based on the form-invariance of Maxwell's equations under coordinate transformations, mathematically smooth deformation of space can be physically equivalent to inhomogeneous and anisotropic electromagnetic (EM) medium (called a transformation medium). It provides a geometric recipe to control EM waves at will. A series of examples of achieving transformation media by artificially structured units from conventional materials is summarized here. Such concepts are firstly implemented for EM waves, and then extended to other wave dynamics, such as elastic waves, acoustic waves, surface water waves, and even stationary fields. These shall be cataloged as transformation metamaterials. In addition, it might be conceptually attractive and practically useful to control diverse waves for multi-physics designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province & Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huanyang Chen
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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37
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Meng Y, Chen Y, Lu L, Ding Y, Cusano A, Fan JA, Hu Q, Wang K, Xie Z, Liu Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Gong M, Xiao Q, Sun S, Zhang M, Yuan X, Ni X. Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:235. [PMID: 34811345 PMCID: PMC8608813 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing maturity of nanofabrication has ushered massive sophisticated optical structures available on a photonic chip. The integration of subwavelength-structured metasurfaces and metamaterials on the canonical building block of optical waveguides is gradually reshaping the landscape of photonic integrated circuits, giving rise to numerous meta-waveguides with unprecedented strength in controlling guided electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent advances in meta-structured waveguides that synergize various functional subwavelength photonic architectures with diverse waveguide platforms, such as dielectric or plasmonic waveguides and optical fibers. Foundational results and representative applications are comprehensively summarized. Brief physical models with explicit design tutorials, either physical intuition-based design methods or computer algorithms-based inverse designs, are cataloged as well. We highlight how meta-optics can infuse new degrees of freedom to waveguide-based devices and systems, by enhancing light-matter interaction strength to drastically boost device performance, or offering a versatile designer media for manipulating light in nanoscale to enable novel functionalities. We further discuss current challenges and outline emerging opportunities of this vibrant field for various applications in photonic integrated circuits, biomedical sensing, artificial intelligence and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Longhui Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yimin Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronic Division, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qiaomu Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhoutian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Minming Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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38
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Equivalence between positive and negative refractive index materials in electrostatic cloaks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20467. [PMID: 34650100 PMCID: PMC8516860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate, both theoretically and numerically, the equivalence relationship between the positive and negative refraction index dielectric materials in electrostatic invisibility cloak. We have derived an analytical formula that enables fast calculate the corresponding positive dielectric constant from the negative refraction index material. The numerical results show that the negative refraction index material can be replaced by the positive refractive index materials in the static field cloak. This offers some new viewpoints for designing new sensing systems and devices in physics, colloid science, and engineering applications.
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39
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Sun Z, Liu C, Xu R, Gong H, Xuan X, Liu R, Du M, Cao H. Discretization of two-dimensional Luneburg lens based on the correctional effective medium theory. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:33434-33444. [PMID: 34809155 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Luneburg lens is widely applied in both the optical and microwave regimes because it offers high gain and a wide beam-scanning range. However, Luneburg lens typically suffer from low efficiency which is caused by the dielectric loss of medium employed. To address this issue, we propose herein a general method for discretization of two-dimensional Luneburg lens based on correctional effective-medium theory. In discrete Luneburg, the efficiency is not dependent on the employed medium roughly because that the main component in the lens is air, resulting into a significant improvement of efficiency. Subsequently, a systemic study of lens discretization is presented, which is validated by a discrete Luneburg lens easily fabricated by using 3D printing. In addition, a novel wave-patch reduction feature allows the discrete lens to function as well. This work presents a fundamental theory for lens discretization, which is valid not only for the Luneburg lens but also for other types of lenses. It can be applied in imaging, antennas, or phase manipulation in both the optical and microwave bands.
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40
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Xu C, Chu H, Luo J, Hang ZH, Wu Y, Lai Y. Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Void Space. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:123902. [PMID: 34597082 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic void space is a medium, while geometrically occupying a finite volume of space, optically equivalent to an infinitesimal point, in which electromagnetic waves do not experience any phase accumulation. Here, we report the first realization of three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic void space by an all-dielectric photonic crystal possessing vanishing permittivity and permeability simultaneously. The 3D electromagnetic void space offers distinctive functionalities inaccessible to its 2D or acoustic counterparts because of the fundamental changes in topology, which comes from the ascension of dimensionality as well as the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. In particular, we demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, that the transmission through such a 3D void space is unaffected by its inner boundaries, but highly sensitive to the outer boundaries. This enables many applications such as the impurity "antidoping" effect, outer-boundary-controlled switching, and 3D perfect wave steering. Our work paves a road toward 3D exotic optics of an optically infinitesimal point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hongchen Chu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhi Hong Hang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yun Lai
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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41
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Chen S, Sun F, Liu Y, Yang Y, Chen Z. Full-view imaging on dynamic closed surface by curved-to-flat conversion lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:28167-28177. [PMID: 34614954 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conventional full-view imaging systems, which often need complicated image processing algorithms to reconstruct full-view images captured by motional/multiple cameras from different views, cannot have good real-time imaging capability. We design curved-to-flat conversion lens (CFCL) based on optic-null medium, which can directly project/image optical patterns from closed object surface onto image plane (e.g., the focal plane of microscopy), and shows good real-time full-view imaging performance. To realize the CFCL, the reduced optic-null medium is designed by subwavelength metal channels filled with homogeneous isotropic dielectrics. Numerical simulation results verify the function of the designed CFCL, which can image various dynamic optical patterns from the closed object surface to the finite-view image plane. The designed CFCL may have many applications in real-timely observing dynamic closed surfaces in full view, e.g., living tissue/cell and soft material's surface.
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42
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Breaking the acoustic diffraction limit with an arbitrary shape acoustic magnifying lens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12958. [PMID: 34155275 PMCID: PMC8217505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the transformation acoustics methodology, the design principle for achieving an arbitrary shape magnifying lens (ASML) is proposed. Contrary to the previous works, the presented ASML is competent of realizing far-field high resolution images and breaking the diffraction limit, regardless of the position of the utilized sources. Therefore, objects locating within the designed ASML can be properly resolved in the far-field region. It is shown that the obtained material through the theoretical investigations becomes an acoustic null medium (ANM), which has recently gained a significant attention. Besides the homogeneity of ANM, which makes it an implementable material, it is also independent of the perturbation in the geometry of the lens, in such a way that the same ANM can be used for different structural topologies. The obtained ANM has been implemented via acoustics unit cells formed by membranes and side branches with open ends and then was utilized to realize an ASML with the aid of effective medium theory. It is shown that the far-field results of an ideal ASML abide well with the results of the implemented sample, validating the proposed design principle. The presented acoustic magnifying lens has a wide spectrum of possible applications ranging from medical imaging, and biomedical sensors to focused ultrasound surgery.
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Verlhac C, Makhsiyan M, Haidar R, Primot J, Bouchon P. Towards perfect metallic behavior in optical resonant nanostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:18458-18468. [PMID: 34154101 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Looking for a perfect metallic behavior is a crucial research line for metamaterials scientists. This paper outlines a versatile strategy based on a contrast of dielectric index to control dissipative losses in metal within waveguides and resonant nanostructures. This permits us to tune the quality factor of the guided mode and of the resonance over a large range, up to eight orders of magnitude, and over a broad spectral band, from visible to millimeter waves. An interpretation involving a low-loss equivalent model for the metal is developed. The latter is based on a Drude model, in which the dissipative parameter can reach very low values, which amounts to a nearly perfect metallic behavior. Finally, this concept is applied to a practical design that permits us to finely control the localization of dissipation in an absorbing photonic structure.
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Ye KP, Pei WJ, Sa ZH, Chen H, Wu RX. Invisible Gateway by Superscattering Effect of Metamaterials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:227403. [PMID: 34152173 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.227403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Illusion devices, such as superscatterer and invisible gateway, have been theoretically studied under the theory of transformation optics and folded geometry transformations. The realization of these devices needs building blocks of metamaterials with negative permittivities and permeabilities. However, superscattering effects, such as stopping wave propagation in an air channel, have not been verified from illusion devices physically because of the challenge of metamaterial design, fabrication, and material loss. In this Letter, we implement a big metamaterial superscatterer, and experimentally demonstrate its superscattering effect at microwave frequencies by field-mapping technology. We confirm that superscattering is originated from the excitation of surface plasmons. Integrated with superscatterer, we experimentally display that an invisible gateway could stop electromagnetic waves in an air channel with a width much larger than the cutoff width of the corresponding rectangular waveguide. Our results provide a first direct observation of superscattering effect of double negative metamaterials and invisible gateway for electromagnetic waves. It builds up an ideal platform for future designs of other illusion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ping Ye
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wen-Jin Pei
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhong-Hao Sa
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huanyang Chen
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rui-Xin Wu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Boyko E, Bacheva V, Eigenbrod M, Paratore F, Gat AD, Hardt S, Bercovici M. Microscale Hydrodynamic Cloaking and Shielding via Electro-Osmosis. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:184502. [PMID: 34018770 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.184502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that injection of momentum in a region surrounding an object in microscale flow can yield both "cloaking" conditions, where the flow field outside the cloaking region is unaffected by the object, and "shielding" conditions, where the hydrodynamic forces on the object are eliminated. Using field-effect electro-osmosis as a mechanism for injection of momentum, we present a theoretical framework and analytical solutions for a range of geometrical shapes, validate these both numerically and experimentally, and demonstrate the ability to dynamically switch between the different states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Boyko
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003 Israel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Vesna Bacheva
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003 Israel
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Michael Eigenbrod
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Amir D Gat
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003 Israel
| | - Steffen Hardt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Moran Bercovici
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003 Israel
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Abstract
The extraordinary sensitivity of plasmonic sensors is well-known in the optics and photonics community. These sensors exploit simultaneously the enhancement and the localization of electromagnetic fields close to the interface between a metal and a dielectric. This enables, for example, the design of integrated biochemical sensors at scales far below the diffraction limit. Despite their practical realization and successful commercialization, the sensitivity and associated precision of plasmonic sensors are starting to reach their fundamental classical limit given by quantum fluctuations of light-known as the shot-noise limit. To improve the sensing performance of these sensors beyond the classical limit, quantum resources are increasingly being employed. This area of research has become known as "quantum plasmonic sensing", and it has experienced substantial activity in recent years for applications in chemical and biological sensing. This review aims to cover both plasmonic and quantum techniques for sensing, and it shows how they have been merged to enhance the performance of plasmonic sensors beyond traditional methods. We discuss the general framework developed for quantum plasmonic sensing in recent years, covering the basic theory behind the advancements made, and describe the important works that made these advancements. We also describe several key works in detail, highlighting their motivation, the working principles behind them, and their future impact. The intention of the review is to set a foundation for a burgeoning field of research that is currently being explored out of intellectual curiosity and for a wide range of practical applications in biochemistry, medicine, and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyoup Lee
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Quantum Universe Center, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Lawrie
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Raphael Pooser
- Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kwang-Geol Lee
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021Karlsruhe, Germany.,Max Planck School of Photonics, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mark Tame
- Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Ma Z, Shih KH, Lopez-Zelaya C, Renshaw CK. Volumetric imaging efficiency: the fundamental limit to compactness of imaging systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3173-3192. [PMID: 33770922 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new metric for imaging systems, the volumetric imaging efficiency (VIE), is introduced. It compares the compactness and capacity of an imager against fundamental limits imposed by diffraction. Two models are proposed for this fundamental limit based on an idealized thin-lens and the optical volume required to form diffraction-limited images. The VIE is computed for 2,871 lens designs and plotted as a function of FOV; this quantifies the challenge of creating compact, wide FOV lenses. We identify an empirical limit to the VIE given by VIE < 0.920 × 10-0.582×FOV when using conventional bulk optics imaging onto a flat sensor. We evaluate VIE for lenses employing curved image surfaces and planar, monochromatic metasurfaces to show that these new optical technologies can surpass the limit of conventional lenses and yield >100x increase in VIE.
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Liu B, He Y, Wong SW, Li Y. Experimental demonstration of a time-domain digital-coding metasurface for a Doppler cloak. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:740-750. [PMID: 33726304 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
By generating an artificial Doppler shift, a Doppler cloak can compensate for the Doppler shift from a moving object. An object covered by a Doppler cloak will be detected as a static object, even if it is actually moving. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the Doppler cloak in a radar system using a time-domain digital-coding metasurface. We theoretically illustrate an active metasurface with a modulated reflection phase that can imitate the motion of moving, thereby generating an artificial Doppler shift for a Doppler cloak. Moreover, a reflective metasurface composed of voltage-controlled varactor diodes with a 3-bit reflection phase was designed and fabricated. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate that an artificial Doppler shift for a Doppler cloak is obtained from the proposed metasurface using a discrete time-varying bias voltage. Simulation and measurement results show that the proposed time-domain digital-coding metasurface can cancel the Doppler shift and serve as a Doppler cloak. The proposed metasurface may have potential applications in a Doppler radar illusion, Doppler cancellation in vehicle-to-vehicle communications, and wireless communications.
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Su Y, Li Y, Yang T, Han T, Sun Y, Xiong J, Wu L, Qiu CW. Path-Dependent Thermal Metadevice beyond Janus Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003084. [PMID: 33306245 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Janus metamaterials, metasurfaces, and monolayers have received intensive attention in nanophotonics and 2D materials. Their core concept is to introduce asymmetry along the wave propagation direction, by stacking different materials or layers of meta-atoms, or breaking out-of-plane mirror asymmetry with external biases. Nevertheless, it has been hitherto elusive to realize a diffusive Janus metadevice, since scalar diffusion systems such as heat conduction normally operate in the absence of polarization control, spin manipulation, or electric-field stimuli, which all are widely used in achieving optical Janus devices. It is even more challenging, if not impossible, for a single diffusive metadevice to exhibit more than two thermal functions. Here a path-dependent thermal metadevice beyond Janus characteristics is proposed, which can exhibit three distinct thermal behaviors (cloaking, concentrating, and transparency) under different directions of heat flow. The rotation transformation mechanism of thermal conductivity provides a robust platform to assign a specific thermal behavior in any direction. The proof-of-concept experiment of anisotropic in-plane conduction successfully validates such a path-dependent trifunction thermal metamaterial device. It is anticipated that this path-dependent strategy can provide a new dimension for multifunctional metamaterial devices in the thermal field, as well as for a more general diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Su
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tiancheng Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yuguo Sun
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Linzhi Wu
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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Optical Realization of Wave-Based Analog Computing with Metamaterials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the study of analog optical computing raised renewed interest due to its natural advantages of parallel, high speed and low energy consumption over conventional digital counterpart, particularly in applications of big data and high-throughput image processing. The emergence of metamaterials or metasurfaces in the last decades offered unprecedented opportunities to arbitrarily manipulate the light waves within subwavelength scale. Metamaterials and metasurfaces with freely controlled optical properties have accelerated the progress of wave-based analog computing and are emerging as a practical, easy-integration platform for optical analog computing. In this review, the recent progress of metamaterial-based spatial analog optical computing is briefly reviewed. We first survey the implementation of classical mathematical operations followed by two fundamental approaches (metasurface approach and Green’s function approach). Then, we discuss recent developments based on different physical mechanisms and the classical optical simulating of quantum algorithms are investigated, which may lead to a new way for high-efficiency signal processing by exploiting quantum behaviors. The challenges and future opportunities in the booming research field are discussed.
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