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Calderón Ortiz GA, Zhu M, Wadsworth A, Dou L, McCulloch I, Hwang J. Unveiling Nanoscale Ordering in Amorphous Semiconducting Polymers Using Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39365986 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
We present four-dimensional (4D) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis to obtain a high level of detail regarding the nanoscale ordering within largely disordered organic semiconducting polymers. Understanding nanoscale molecular ordering in semiconducting polymers is crucial due to its connection to the materials' important properties. However, acquiring such information in a spatially localized manner has been limited by the lack of a nanoscale experimental probe, weak signal from ordering, and radiation damage to the sample. By collecting nanodiffraction patterns with a high dynamic range pixelated detector, we acquired statistically robust, high signal-to-noise ratio diffraction patterns from semiconducting organic materials, including poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), P3HT/[6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester, and indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole (IDTBT), which largely have disordered structures. Real-space images of the ordered domains were reconstructed from the 4D-STEM data set for a variety of scattering vectors and in-plane angles to capture the different molecular stacking distances and their in-plane orientation. These were then analyzed to obtain the average size of the ordered domains within the sample. Such measurements were arranged in a two-dimensional (2D) histogram, which showed a direct relationship between the type and size of molecular ordering. Complementary analyses, such as intensity variance and angular correlation, were applied to obtain ordering and symmetry information. These analyses enabled us to directly characterize the alkyl and π-π stacking of P3HT, as well as the fullerene domains caused by donor segregation in the P3HT sample. Furthermore, the analysis also captured changes in the P3HT domains when the fullerenes are incorporated. Lastly, IDTBT showed a much lesser degree of ordering without much disinclination between the domains within the 2D histogram. The 4D-STEM analysis that we report here unveils new details of molecular ordering that can be used to optimize the properties of this important class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Calderón Ortiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Menglin Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jinwoo Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
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2
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Tie K, Qi J, Hu Y, Fu Y, Sun S, Wang Y, Huang Y, Wang Z, Yuan L, Li L, Wei D, Chen X, Hu W. Crucial role of interfacial thermal dissipation in the operational stability of organic field-effect transistors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn5964. [PMID: 39241080 PMCID: PMC11378947 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
The operational stability becomes a key issue affecting the commercialization for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). It is widely recognized to be closely related to the defects and traps at the interface between dielectric and organic semiconductors, but this understanding does not always effectively address operational instability, implying that the factors influencing the operational stability have not been fully understood. Here, we reveal that the self-heating effect is another crucial factor in operational stability. By using hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to assist interfacial thermal dissipation, the dinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) FETs exhibit high mobility of 14.18 cm2 V-1 s-1 and saturated power density up to 1.8 × 104 W cm-2. The OFET can operate at a power density of 1.06 × 104 W cm-2 for 30,000 s with negligible performance degradation, showing excellent operational stability under high power density. This work deepens the understanding on operational stability and develops an effective way for ultrahigh stable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tie
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiannan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongxu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shougang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yinan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Liqian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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3
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Nketia-Yawson B, Nketia-Yawson V, Buer AB, Jo JW. Interfacial Charge Transport Enhancement of Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Transistors Enabled by Ionic Polyurethane Dielectric. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400265. [PMID: 38760951 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
In organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) using disordered organic semiconductors, interface traps that hinder efficient charge transport, stability, and device performance are inevitable. Benchmark poly(9,9-dioctylfuorene-co-bithiophene) (F8T2) liquid-crystalline polymer semiconductor has been extensively investigated for organic electronic devices due to its promising combination of charge transport and light emission properties. This study demonstrates that high-capacitance single-layered ionic polyurethane (PU) dielectrics enable enhanced charge transport in F8T2 OFETs. The ionic PU dielectrics are composed of a mild blending of PU ionogel and PU solution, thereby forming a solid-state film with robust interfacial characteristics with semiconductor layer and gate electrode in OFETs and measuring high capacitance values above 10 µF cm-2 owing to the combined dipole polarization and electric double layer formation. The optimized fabricated ionic PU-gated OFETs exhibit a low-voltage operation at -3 V with a remarkable hole mobility of over 5 cm2 V-1 s-1 (average = 2.50 ± 1.18 cm2 V-1 s-1), which is the highest mobility achieved so far for liquid-crystalline F8T2 OFETs. This device also provides excellent bias-stable characteristics in ambient air, exhibiting a negligible threshold voltage shift of -0.03 V in the transfer curves after extended bias stress, with a reduced trap density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Nketia-Yawson
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivian Nketia-Yawson
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Albert Buertey Buer
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jea Woong Jo
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
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4
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Losi T, Viola FA, Sala E, Heeney M, He Q, Kleemann H, Caironi M. Downscaling of Organic Field-Effect Transistors based on High-Mobility Semiconducting Blends for High-Frequency Operation. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400546. [PMID: 39104287 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Small molecule/polymer semiconductor blends are promising solutions for the development of high-performing organic electronics. They are able to combine ease in solution processability, thanks to the tunable rheological properties of polymeric inks, with outstanding charge transport properties thanks to high crystalline phases of small molecules. However, because of charge injection issues, so far such good performances are only demonstrated in ad-hoc device architectures, not suited for high-frequency applications, where transistor dimensions require downscaling. Here, the successful integration of the most performing blend reported to date, based on 2,7-dioctyl[1] benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) and poly(indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole) (C16IDT-BT), in OFETs characterized by channel and overlap lengths equal to 1.3 and 1.9 µm, respectively, is demonstrated, enabling a transition frequency of 23 MHz at -8 V. Two key aspects allowed such result: molecular doping, leading to width-normalized contact resistance of only 260 Ωcm, allowing to retain an apparent field-effect mobility as high as 3 cm2/(Vs) in short channel devices, and the implementation of a high capacitance dielectric stack, enabling the reduction of operating voltages below 10 V and the overcoming of self-heating issues. These results represent a fundamental step for the future development of low-cost and high-speed printed electronics for IoT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Losi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Antonio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, via Marengo, Cagliari, 09123, Italy
| | - Elda Sala
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4a, Milan, 20156, Italy
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Hans Kleemann
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
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5
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Sui N, Ji Y, Li M, Zheng F, Shao S, Li J, Liu Z, Wu J, Zhao J, Li L. Photoprogrammed Multifunctional Optoelectronic Synaptic Transistor Arrays Based on Photosensitive Polymer-Sorted Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Image Recognition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401794. [PMID: 38828719 PMCID: PMC11304235 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of neuromorphic optoelectronic systems opens up the possibility of the next generation of artificial vision. In this work, the novel broadband (from 365 to 940 nm) and multilevel storage optoelectronic synaptic thin-film transistor (TFT) arrays are reported using the photosensitive conjugated polymer (poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(bithiophene)], F8T2) sorted semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (sc-SWCNTs) as channel materials. The broadband synaptic responses are inherited to absorption from both photosensitive F8T2 and sorted sc-SWCNTs, and the excellent optoelectronic synaptic behaviors with 200 linearly increasing conductance states and long retention time > 103 s are attributed to the superior charge trapping at the AlOx dielectric layer grown by atomic layer deposition. Furthermore, the synaptic TFTs can achieve IOn/IOff ratios up to 106 and optoelectronic synaptic plasticity with the low power consumption (59 aJ per single pulse), which can simulate not only basic biological synaptic functions but also optical write and electrical erase, multilevel storage, and image recognition. Further, a novel Spiking Neural Network algorithm based on hardware characteristics is designed for the recognition task of Caltech 101 dataset and multiple features of the images are successfully extracted with higher accuracy (97.92%) of the recognition task from the multi-frequency curves of the optoelectronic synaptic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianzi Sui
- School of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaNo. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsu Province215123P. R. China
- Division of Nanodevices and Related NanomaterialsSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsu Province215123P. R. China
| | - Yixi Ji
- School of Artificial IntelligenceXidian UniversityXi'an710071P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- School of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaNo. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsu Province215123P. R. China
- Division of Nanodevices and Related NanomaterialsSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsu Province215123P. R. China
| | - Fanyuan Zheng
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Shao
- School of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaNo. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsu Province215123P. R. China
- Division of Nanodevices and Related NanomaterialsSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsu Province215123P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- School of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaNo. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsu Province215123P. R. China
- Division of Nanodevices and Related NanomaterialsSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsu Province215123P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxin Liu
- School of Artificial IntelligenceXidian UniversityXi'an710071P. R. China
| | - Jinjian Wu
- School of Artificial IntelligenceXidian UniversityXi'an710071P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Zhao
- School of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaNo. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsu Province215123P. R. China
- Division of Nanodevices and Related NanomaterialsSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsu Province215123P. R. China
| | - Lain‐Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong999077P. R. China
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6
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Gicevičius M, James AM, Reicht L, McIntosh N, Greco A, Fijahi L, Devaux F, Mas-Torrent M, Cornil J, Geerts YH, Zojer E, Resel R, Sirringhaus H. Impact of hydrophilic side chains on the thin film transistor performance of a benzothieno-benzothiophene derivative. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 5:6285-6294. [PMID: 39081471 PMCID: PMC11284759 DOI: 10.1039/d4ma00594e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Side-chain engineering in molecular semiconductors provides a versatile toolbox for precisely manipulating the material's processability, crystallographic properties, as well as electronic and optoelectronic characteristics. This study explores the impact of integrating hydrophilic side chains, specifically oligoethylene glycol (OEG) units, into the molecular structure of the small molecule semiconductor, 2,7-bis(2(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy) benzo[b]benzo[4,5] thieno[2,3-d] thiophene (OEG-BTBT). The investigation includes a comprehensive analysis of thin film morphology and crystallographic properties, along with the optimization of deposition parameters for improving the device performance. Despite the anticipated benefits, such as enhanced processability, our investigation into OEG-BTBT-based organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) reveals suboptimal performance marked by a low effective charge carrier mobility, a low on/off ratio, and a high threshold voltage. The study unveils bias stress effects and device degradation attributed to the high ionization energy of OEG-BTBT alongside the hydrophilic nature of the ethylene-glycol moieties, which lead to charge trapping at the dielectric interface. Our findings underscore the need for a meticulous balance between electronic properties and chemical functionalities in molecular semiconductors to achieve stable and efficient performance in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Gicevičius
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Ann Maria James
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Lukas Reicht
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Nemo McIntosh
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons 7000 Mons Belgium
| | | | - Lamiaa Fijahi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Félix Devaux
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe 1050 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe 1050 Bruxelles Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes of Physics and Chemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles 1050 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
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Yao ZF, Wu HT, Zhuang FD, Zhang PF, Li QY, Wang JY, Pei J. Achieving Ideal and Environmentally Stable n-Type Charge Transport in Polymer Field-Effect Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306010. [PMID: 37884476 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Realizing ideal charge transport in field-effect transistors (FETs) of conjugated polymers is crucial for evaluating device performance, such as carrier mobility and practical applications of conjugated polymers. However, the current FETs using conjugated polymers as the active layers generally show certain non-ideal transport characteristics and poor stability. Here, ideal charge transport of n-type polymer FETs is achieved on flexible polyimide substrates by using an organic-inorganic hybrid double-layer dielectric. Deposited conjugated polymer films show highly ordered structures and low disorder, which are supported by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, and molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the organic-inorganic hybrid double-layer dielectric provides low interfacial defects, leading to excellent charge transport in FETs with high electron mobility (1.49 ± 0.46 cm2 V-1 s-1) and ideal reliability factors (102 ± 7%). Fabricated polymer FETs show a self-encapsulation effect, resulting in high stability of the FET charge transport. The polymer FETs still work with high mobility above 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 after storage in air for more than 300 days. Compared with state-of-the-art conjugated polymer FETs, this work simultaneously achieves ideal charge transport and environmental stability in n-type polymer FETs, facilitating rapid device optimization of high-performance polymer electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fang-Dong Zhuang
- Ningbo Boya Poly Advanced Materials Co. Ltd., Ningbo, 315042, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Ningbo Boya Poly Advanced Materials Co. Ltd., Ningbo, 315042, China
| | - Qi-Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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8
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Yuan M, Qiu Y, Gao H, Feng J, Jiang L, Wu Y. Molecular Electronics: From Nanostructure Assembly to Device Integration. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7885-7904. [PMID: 38483827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Integrated electronics and optoelectronics based on organic semiconductors have attracted considerable interest in displays, photovoltaics, and biosensing owing to their designable electronic properties, solution processability, and flexibility. Miniaturization and integration of devices are growing trends in molecular electronics and optoelectronics for practical applications, which requires large-scale and versatile assembly strategies for patterning organic micro/nano-structures with simultaneously long-range order, pure orientation, and high resolution. Although various integration methods have been developed in past decades, molecular electronics still needs a versatile platform to avoid defects and disorders due to weak intermolecular interactions in organic materials. In this perspective, a roadmap of organic integration technologies in recent three decades is provided to review the history of molecular electronics. First, we highlight the importance of long-range-ordered molecular packing for achieving exotic electronic and photophysical properties. Second, we classify the strategies for large-scale integration of molecular electronics through the control of nucleation and crystallographic orientation, and evaluate them based on factors of resolution, crystallinity, orientation, scalability, and versatility. Third, we discuss the multifunctional devices and integrated circuits based on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and photodetectors. Finally, we explore future research directions and outlines the need for further development of molecular electronics, including assembly of doped organic semiconductors and heterostructures, biological interfaces in molecular electronics and integrated organic logics based on complementary FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hanfei Gao
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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9
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Park T, Kim M, Lee EK, Hur J, Yoo H. Overcoming Downscaling Limitations in Organic Semiconductors: Strategies and Progress. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306468. [PMID: 37857588 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have great potential to revolutionize electronics by enabling flexible and eco-friendly manufacturing of electronic devices on plastic film substrates. Recent research and development led to the creation of printed displays, radio-frequency identification tags, smart labels, and sensors based on organic electronics. Over the last 3 decades, significant progress has been made in realizing electronic devices with unprecedented features, such as wearable sensors, disposable electronics, and foldable displays, through the exploitation of desirable characteristics in organic electronics. Neverthless, the down-scalability of organic electronic devices remains a crucial consideration. To address this, efforts are extensively explored. It is of utmost importance to further develop these alternative patterning methods to overcome the downscaling challenge. This review comprehensively discusses the efforts and strategies aimed at overcoming the limitations of downscaling in organic semiconductors, with a particular focus on four main areas: 1) lithography-compatible organic semiconductors, 2) fine patterning of printing methods, 3) organic material deposition on pre-fabricated devices, and 4) vertical-channeled organic electronics. By discussing these areas, the full potential of organic semiconductors can be unlocked, and the field of flexible and sustainable electronics can be advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseo Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Hur
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
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10
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Sedghi M, Vael C, Hu WH, Bauer M, Padula D, Landi A, Lukovic M, Diethelm M, Wetzelaer GJ, Blom PWM, Nüesch F, Hany R. Formation of electron traps in semiconducting polymers via a slow triple-encounter between trap precursor particles. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2312148. [PMID: 38361531 PMCID: PMC10868412 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2312148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Already in 2012, Blom et al. reported (Nature Materials 2012, 11, 882) in semiconducting polymers on a general electron-trap density of ≈3 × 1017 cm-3, centered at an energy of ≈3.6 eV below vacuum. It was suggested that traps have an extrinsic origin, with the water-oxygen complex [2(H2O)-O2] as a possible candidate, based on its electron affinity. However, further evidence is lacking and the origin of universal electron traps remained elusive. Here, in polymer diodes, the temperature-dependence of reversible electron traps is investigated that develop under bias stress slowly over minutes to a density of 2 × 1017 cm-3, centered at an energy of 3.6 eV below vacuum. The trap build-up dynamics follows a 3rd-order kinetics, in line with that traps form via an encounter between three diffusing precursor particles. The accordance between universal and slowly evolving traps suggests that general electron traps in semiconducting polymers form via a triple-encounter process between oxygen and water molecules that form the suggested [2(H2O)-O2] complex as the trap origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sedghi
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Vael
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Fluxim AG, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Wei-Hsu Hu
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bauer
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Padula
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimia e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Landi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mirko Lukovic
- Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Diethelm
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Frank Nüesch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hany
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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11
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Huang Y, Wu K, Sun Y, Hu Y, Wang Z, Yuan L, Wang S, Ji D, Zhang X, Dong H, Gong Z, Li Z, Weng X, Huang R, Cui Y, Chen X, Li L, Hu W. Unraveling the crucial role of trace oxygen in organic semiconductors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:626. [PMID: 38245526 PMCID: PMC10799851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Optoelectronic properties of semiconductors are significantly modified by impurities at trace level. Oxygen, a prevalent impurity in organic semiconductors (OSCs), has long been considered charge-carrier traps, leading to mobility degradation and stability problems. However, this understanding relies on the conventional deoxygenation methods, by which oxygen residues in OSCs are inevitable. It implies that the current understanding is questionable. Here, we develop a non-destructive deoxygenation method (i.e., de-doping) for OSCs by a soft plasma treatment, and thus reveal that trace oxygen significantly pre-empties the donor-like traps in OSCs, which is the origin of p-type characteristics exhibited by the majority of these materials. This insight is completely opposite to the previously reported carrier trapping and can clarify some previously unexplained organic electronics phenomena. Furthermore, the de-doping results in the disappearance of p-type behaviors and significant increase of n-type properties, while re-doping (under light irradiation in O2) can controllably reverse the process. Benefiting from this, the key electronic characteristics (e.g., polarity, conductivity, threshold voltage, and mobility) can be precisely modulated in a nondestructive way, expanding the explorable property space for all known OSC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Huang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350207, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kunjie Wu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yajing Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yongxu Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhongwu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Liqian Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huanli Dong
- National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhongmiao Gong
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhiyun Li
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xuefei Weng
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Liqiang Li
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350207, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350207, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
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12
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Sung CY, Lin CY, Chueh CC, Lin YC, Chen WC. Investigating the Mobility-Compressibility Properties of Conjugated Polymers by the Contact Film Transfer Method with Prestrain. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300058. [PMID: 36913597 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, researches on the mobility-stretchability of semiconducting polymers are extensively investigated, but little attention was paid to their morphology and field-effect transistor characteristics under compressive strains, which is equally crucial in wearable electronic applications. In this work, a contact film transfer method is applied to evaluate the mobility-compressibility properties of conjugated polymers. A series of isoindigo-bithiophene conjugated polymers with symmetric carbosilane side chains (P(SiSi)), siloxane-terminated alkyl side chains (P(SiOSiO)), and combined asymmetric side chains (P(SiOSi)) are investigated. Accordingly, a compressed elastomer slab is used to transfer and compress the polymer films by releasing prestrain, and the morphology and mobility evolutions of these polymers are tracked. It is found that P(SiOSi) outperforms the other symmetric polymers including P(Si─Si) and P(SiO─SiO), having the ability to dissipate strain with its shortened lamellar spacing and orthogonal chain alignment. Notably, the mechanical durability of P(SiOSi) is also enhanced after consecutive compress-release cycles. In addition, the contact film transfer technique is demonstrated to be applicable to investigate the compressibility of different semiconducting polymers. These results demonstrate a comprehensive approach to understand the mobility-compressibility properties of semiconducting polymers under tensile and compressive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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13
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Schmitt A, Thompson BC. Relating Structure to Properties in Non-Conjugated Pendant Electroactive Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300219. [PMID: 37277618 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-conjugated pendant electroactive polymers (NCPEPs) are an emerging class of polymers that offer the potential of combining the desirable optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers with the superior synthetic methodologies and stability of traditional non-conjugated polymers. Despite an increasing number of studies focused on NCPEPs, particularly on understanding fundamental structure-property relationships, no attempts have been made to provide an overview on established relationships to date. This review showcases selected reports on NCPEP homopolymers and copolymers that demonstrate how optical, electronic, and physical properties of the polymers are affected by tuning of key structural variables such as the chemical structure of the polymer backbone, molecular weight, tacticity, spacer length, the nature of the pendant group, and in the case of copolymers the ratios between different comonomers and between individual polymer blocks. Correlation of structural features with improved π-stacking and enhanced charge carrier mobility serve as the primary figures of merit in evaluating impact on NCPEP properties. While this review is not intended to serve as a comprehensive summary of all reports on tuning of structural parameters in NCPEPs, it highlights relevant established structure-property relationships that can serve as a guideline for more targeted design of novel NCPEPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1661, USA
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1661, USA
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14
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Xu M, Wei C, Zhang Y, Chen J, Li H, Zhang J, Sun L, Liu B, Lin J, Yu M, Xie L, Huang W. Coplanar Conformational Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301671. [PMID: 37364981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical structure of conjugated polymers is critical to dominating their optoelectronic properties and applications. Compared to nonplanar conformational segments, coplanar conformational segments of conjugated polymers (CPs) demonstrate favorable properties for applications as a semiconductor. Herein, recent developments in the coplanar conformational structure of CPs for optoelectronic devices are summarized. First, this review comprehensively summarizes the unique properties of planar conformational structures. Second, the characteristics of the coplanar conformation in terms of optoelectrical properties and other polymer physics characteristics are emphasized. Five primary characterization methods for investigating the complanate backbone structures are illustrated, providing a systematical toolbox for studying this specific conformation. Third, internal and external conditions for inducing the coplanar conformational structure are presented, offering guidelines for designing this conformation. Fourth, the optoelectronic applications of this segment, such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and field-effect transistors, are briefly summarized. Finally, a conclusion and outlook for the coplanar conformational segment regarding molecular design and applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiefeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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15
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Zhao W, Fu GE, Yang H, Zhang T. Two-Dimensional Conjugated Polymers: a New Choice For Organic Thin-Film Transistors. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301076. [PMID: 38151907 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) as a vital component among transistors have shown great potential in smart sensing, flexible displays, and bionics due to their flexibility, biocompatibility and customizable chemical structures. Even though linear conjugated polymer semiconductors are common for constructing channel materials of OTFTs, advanced materials with high charge carrier mobility, tunable band structure, robust stability, and clear structure-property relationship are indispensable for propelling the evolution of OTFTs. Two-dimensional conjugated polymers (2DCPs), featured with conjugated lattice, tailorable skeletons, and functional porous structures, match aforementioned criteria closely. In this review, we firstly introduce the synthesis of 2DCP thin films, focusing on their characteristics compatible with the channels of OTFTs. Subsequently, the physics and operating mechanisms of OTFTs and the applications of 2DCPs in OTFTs are summarized in detail. Finally, the outlook and perspective in the field of OTFTs using 2DCPs are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-En Fu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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16
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Abstract
Efforts to design devices emulating complex cognitive abilities and response processes of biological systems have long been a coveted goal. Recent advancements in flexible electronics, mirroring human tissue's mechanical properties, hold significant promise. Artificial neuron devices, hinging on flexible artificial synapses, bioinspired sensors, and actuators, are meticulously engineered to mimic the biological systems. However, this field is in its infancy, requiring substantial groundwork to achieve autonomous systems with intelligent feedback, adaptability, and tangible problem-solving capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in artificial neuron devices. It starts with fundamental principles of artificial synaptic devices and explores artificial sensory systems, integrating artificial synapses and bioinspired sensors to replicate all five human senses. A systematic presentation of artificial nervous systems follows, designed to emulate fundamental human nervous system functions. The review also discusses potential applications and outlines existing challenges, offering insights into future prospects. We aim for this review to illuminate the burgeoning field of artificial neuron devices, inspiring further innovation in this captivating area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Cong Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yongli He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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17
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Simatos D, Jacobs IE, Dobryden I, Nguyen M, Savva A, Venkateshvaran D, Nikolka M, Charmet J, Spalek LJ, Gicevičius M, Zhang Y, Schweicher G, Howe DJ, Ursel S, Armitage J, Dimov IB, Kraft U, Zhang W, Alsufyani M, McCulloch I, Owens RM, Claesson PM, Knowles TPJ, Sirringhaus H. Effects of Processing-Induced Contamination on Organic Electronic Devices. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300476. [PMID: 37661594 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors are a family of pi-conjugated compounds used in many applications, such as displays, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, their susceptibility to processing-induced contamination is not well understood. Here, it is shown that many organic electronic devices reported so far may have been unintentionally contaminated, thus affecting their performance, water uptake, and thin film properties. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to detect and quantify contaminants originating from the glovebox atmosphere and common laboratory consumables used during device fabrication. Importantly, this in-depth understanding of the sources of contamination allows the establishment of clean fabrication protocols, and the fabrication of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with improved performance and stability. This study highlights the role of unintentional contaminants in organic electronic devices, and demonstrates that certain stringent processing conditions need to be met to avoid scientific misinterpretation, ensure device reproducibility, and facilitate performance stability. The experimental procedures and conditions used herein are typical of those used by many groups in the field of solution-processed organic semiconductors. Therefore, the insights gained into the effects of contamination are likely to be broadly applicable to studies, not just of OFETs, but also of other devices based on these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Illia Dobryden
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division of Bioeconomy and Health, Department of Material and Surface Design, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 11486, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Małgorzata Nguyen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 OAS, UK
| | - Deepak Venkateshvaran
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jérôme Charmet
- School of Engineering-HE-Arc Ingénierie, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Leszek J Spalek
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mindaugas Gicevičius
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Duncan J Howe
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sarah Ursel
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - John Armitage
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ulrike Kraft
- Department of Molecular Electronics, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 OAS, UK
| | - Per M Claesson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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18
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Park S, Choi W, Kim SH, Lee H, Cho K. Protonated Organic Semiconductors: Origin of Water-Induced Charge-Trap Generation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303707. [PMID: 37390456 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite dramatic improvements in the electronic characteristics of organic semiconductors, the low operational stability of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) hinders their direct use in practical applications. Although the literature contains numerous reports on the effects of water on the operational stability of OFETs, the underlying mechanisms of trap generation induced by water remain unclear. Here, a protonation-induced trap generation of organic semiconductors is proposed as a possible origin of the operational instability in organic field-effect transistors. Spectroscopic and electronic investigation techniques combined with simulations reveal that the direct protonation of organic semiconductors by water during operation may be responsible for the trap generation induced by bias stress; this phenomenon is independent of the trap generation at an insulator surface. In addition, the same feature occurred in small-bandgap polymers with fused thiophene rings irrespective of their crystalline ordering, implying the generality of protonation induced trap generation in various polymer semiconductors with a small bandgap. The finding of the trap-generation process provides new perspectives for achieving greater operational stability of organic field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsik Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookjin Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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19
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Zheng Y, Michalek L, Liu Q, Wu Y, Kim H, Sayavong P, Yu W, Zhong D, Zhao C, Yu Z, Chiong JA, Gong H, Ji X, Liu D, Zhang S, Prine N, Zhang Z, Wang W, Tok JBH, Gu X, Cui Y, Kang J, Bao Z. Environmentally stable and stretchable polymer electronics enabled by surface-tethered nanostructured molecular-level protection. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1175-1184. [PMID: 37322142 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable polymer semiconductors (PSCs) are essential for soft stretchable electronics. However, their environmental stability remains a longstanding concern. Here we report a surface-tethered stretchable molecular protecting layer to realize stretchable polymer electronics that are stable in direct contact with physiological fluids, containing water, ions and biofluids. This is achieved through the covalent functionalization of fluoroalkyl chains onto a stretchable PSC film surface to form densely packed nanostructures. The nanostructured fluorinated molecular protection layer (FMPL) improves the PSC operational stability over an extended period of 82 days and maintains its protection under mechanical deformation. We attribute the ability of FMPL to block water absorption and diffusion to its hydrophobicity and high fluorination surface density. The protection effect of the FMPL (~6 nm thickness) outperforms various micrometre-thick stretchable polymer encapsulants, leading to a stable PSC charge carrier mobility of ~1 cm2 V-1 s-1 in harsh environments such as in 85-90%-humidity air for 56 days or in water or artificial sweat for 42 days (as a benchmark, the unprotected PSC mobility degraded to 10-6 cm2 V-1 s-1 in the same period). The FMPL also improved the PSC stability against photo-oxidative degradation in air. Overall, we believe that our surface tethering of the nanostructured FMPL is a promising approach to achieve highly environmentally stable and stretchable polymer electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lukas Michalek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qianhe Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hyunjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Philaphon Sayavong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weilai Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Donglai Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chuanzhen Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jerika A Chiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Huaxin Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaozhou Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weichen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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20
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Huang Y, Wang Z, Chen X, Li L, Hu W. Stability bottleneck of organic field-effect transistors: from mechanism to solution. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1469-1473. [PMID: 37407360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Zhongwu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China; Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China; Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China.
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21
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Rezaee A, Carrabina J. Dual-Gate Organic Thin-Film Transistor and Multiplexer Chips for the Next Generation of Flexible EG-ISFET Sensor Chips. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6577. [PMID: 37514871 PMCID: PMC10384797 DOI: 10.3390/s23146577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) are used as elementary devices to build many types of chemical sensors and biosensors. Organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) ISFETs use either small molecules or polymers as semiconductors together with an additive manufacturing process of much lower cost than standard silicon sensors and have the additional advantage of being environmentally friendly. OTFT ISFETs' drawbacks include limited sensitivity and higher variability. In this paper, we propose a novel design technique for integrating extended-gate OTFT ISFETs (OTFT EG-ISFETs) together with dual-gate OTFT multiplexers (MUXs) made in the same process. The achieved results show that our OTFT ISFET sensors are of the state of the art of the literature. Our microsystem architecture enables switching between the different ISFETs implemented in the chip. In the case of sensors with the same gain, we have a fault-tolerant architecture since we are able to replace the faulty sensor with a fault-free one on the chip. For a chip including sensors with different gains, an external processor can select the sensor with the required sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Rezaee
- Department of Microelectronic and System, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Carrabina
- Department of Microelectronic and System, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Tang CG, Syafiqah MN, Koh QM, Ang MCY, Choo KK, Sun MM, Callsen M, Feng YP, Chua LL, Png RQ, Ho PKH. Water binding and hygroscopicity in π-conjugated polyelectrolytes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3978. [PMID: 37407561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of water strongly influences structure, dynamics and properties of ion-containing soft matter. Yet, the hydration of such matter is not well understood. Here, we show through a large study of monovalent π-conjugated polyelectrolytes that their reversible hydration, up to several water molecules per ion pair, occurs chiefly at the interface between the ion clusters and the hydrophobic matrix without disrupting ion packing. This establishes the appropriate model to be surface hydration, not the often-assumed internal hydration of the ion clusters. Through detailed analysis of desorption energies and O-H vibrational frequencies, together with OPLS4 and DFT calculations, we have elucidated key binding motifs of the sorbed water. Type-I water, which desorbs below 50 °C, corresponds to hydrogen-bonded water clusters constituting secondary hydration. Type-II water, which typically desorbs over 50-150 °C, corresponds to water bound to the anion under the influence of a proximal cation, or to a cation‒anion pair, at the cluster surface. This constitutes primary hydration. Type-III water, which irreversibly desorbs beyond 150 °C, corresponds to water kinetically trapped between ions. Its amount varies strongly with processing and heat treatment. As a consequence, hygroscopicity-which is the water sorption capacity per ion pair-depends not only on the ions, but also their cluster morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Guanyu Tang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mazlan Nur Syafiqah
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi-Mian Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mervin Chun-Yi Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kim-Kian Choo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming-Ming Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Callsen
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuan-Ping Feng
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lay-Lay Chua
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Rui-Qi Png
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Peter K H Ho
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore.
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23
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Xiao M, Ren X, Ji K, Chung S, Shi X, Han J, Yao Z, Tao X, Zelewski SJ, Nikolka M, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Jay N, Jacobs I, Wu W, Yu H, Abdul Samad Y, Stranks SD, Kang B, Cho K, Xie J, Yan H, Chen S, Sirringhaus H. Achieving ideal transistor characteristics in conjugated polymer semiconductors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8659. [PMID: 37267357 PMCID: PMC10413658 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with ideal behavior are highly desired, because nonideal devices may overestimate the intrinsic property and yield inferior performance in applications. In reality, most polymer OTFTs reported in the literature do not exhibit ideal characteristics. Supported by a structure-property relationship study of several low-disorder conjugated polymers, here, we present an empirical selection rule for polymer candidates for textbook-like OTFTs with high reliability factors (100% for ideal transistors). The successful candidates should have low energetic disorder along their backbones and form thin films with spatially uniform energetic landscapes. We demonstrate that these requirements are satisfied in the semicrystalline polymer PffBT4T-2DT, which exhibits a reliability factor (~100%) that is exceptionally high for polymer devices, rendering it an ideal candidate for OTFT applications. Our findings broaden the selection of polymer semiconductors with textbook-like OTFT characteristics and would shed light upon the molecular design criteria for next-generation polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Xiao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Kangyu Ji
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - Zefan Yao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. of China
| | - Xudong Tao
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Szymon J. Zelewski
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Semiconductor Materials Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zichen Wang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Nathan Jay
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ian Jacobs
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Weijing Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. of China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. of China
| | - Yarjan Abdul Samad
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Boseok Kang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. of China
| | - Shangshang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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24
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Zohaib M, Afzal T, Zahir Iqbal M, Almutairi BS, Ali Raza M, Maqsood MF, Raza MA, Riaz S, Naseem S, Iqbal MJ. Role of time-dependent foreign molecules bonding in the degradation mechanism of polymer field-effect transistors in ambient conditions. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221272. [PMID: 37325589 PMCID: PMC10265018 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-standing research efforts have enabled the widespread introduction of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) in next-generation technologies. Concurrently, environmental and operational stability is the major bottleneck in commercializing OFETs. The underpinning mechanism behind these instabilities is still elusive. Here we demonstrate the effect of ambient air on the performance of p-type polymer field-effect transistors. After exposure to ambient air, the device showed significant variations in performance parameters for around 30 days, and then relatively stable behaviour was observed. Two competing mechanisms influencing environmental stability are the diffusion of moisture and oxygen in the metal-organic interface and the active organic layer of the OFET. We measured the time-dependent contact and channel resistances to probe which mechanism is dominant. We found that the dominant role in the degradation of the device stability is the channel resistance rather than the contact resistance. Through time-dependent Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, we systematically prove that moisture and oxygen cause performance variation in OFETs. FTIR spectra revealed that water and oxygen interact with the polymer chain and perturb its conjugation, thus resulting in degraded performance of the device upon prolonged exposure to ambient air. Our results are important in addressing the environmental instability of organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zohaib
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Tahmina Afzal
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - M. Zahir Iqbal
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi-23640, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Badriah S. Almutairi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsin Ali Raza
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Universityof the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faheem Maqsood
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Universityof the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - M. Akram Raza
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Saira Riaz
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Naseem
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - M. Javaid Iqbal
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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25
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Xu X, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Wearable Electronics Based on Stretchable Organic Semiconductors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206309. [PMID: 36794301 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics are attracting increasing interest due to the emerging Internet of Things (IoT). Compared to their inorganic counterparts, stretchable organic semiconductors (SOSs) are promising candidates for wearable electronics due to their excellent properties, including light weight, stretchability, dissolubility, compatibility with flexible substrates, easy tuning of electrical properties, low cost, and low temperature solution processability for large-area printing. Considerable efforts have been dedicated to the fabrication of SOS-based wearable electronics and their potential applications in various areas, including chemical sensors, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photodiodes (OPDs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs), have been demonstrated. In this review, some recent advances of SOS-based wearable electronics based on the classification by device functionality and potential applications are presented. In addition, a conclusion and potential challenges for further development of SOS-based wearable electronics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhao Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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26
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Tran VV, Jeong G, Wi E, Lee D, Chang M. Design and Fabrication of Ultrathin Nanoporous Donor-Acceptor Copolymer-Based Organic Field-Effect Transistors for Enhanced VOC Sensing Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21270-21283. [PMID: 37092808 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of organic field-effect transistor (OFET) chemical sensors with high sensing performance and good air stability has remained a persistent challenge, thereby hindering their practical application. Herein, an OFET sensor based on a donor-acceptor copolymer is shown to provide high responsivity, sensitivity, and selectivity toward polar volatile organic compounds, as well as good air stability. In detail, a polymer blend of N-alkyl-diketopyrrolo-pyrrole-dithienylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DPP-DTT) and polystyrene is coated onto an FET substrate via shearing-assisted phase separation (SAPS) combined with selective solvent etching to fabricate the DPP-DTT-based OFET device having an ultrathin nanoporous structure suitable for gas sensing applications. This is achieved via optimization of the film morphology by varying the shear rate to adjust the dynamic balance between the shear and capillary forces to obtain an ultrathin thickness (∼8 nm) and nanopore size (80 nm) that are favorable for the efficient diffusion and interaction of analytes with the active layer. In particular, the sensor presents high responsivities toward methanol (∼70%), acetone (∼51.3%), ethanol (∼39%), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (∼29.8%), along with fast response and recovery times of ∼80 and 234 s, respectively. Moreover, the average sensitivity was determined to be 5.75%/ppm from the linear plot of the responsivity against the methanol concentration in the range of 1-100 ppm. Importantly, the device also exhibits excellent long-term (30-day) air and thermal storage stability, thereby demonstrating its high potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Van Tran
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea
| | - Ganghoon Jeong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Eunsol Wi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Daeho Lee
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
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27
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Ghamari P, Niazi MR, Perepichka DF. Improving Environmental and Operational Stability of Polymer Field-Effect Transistors by Doping with Tetranitrofluorenone. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19290-19299. [PMID: 36944187 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Operational instability of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is one of the key limitations for applications of printed electronics. Environmental species, especially oxygen and water, unintentionally introduced in the OFET channel, can act as either dopants or traps for charge carriers, affecting the electrical characteristics and stability of devices. Here, we report that intentional doping of the benchmark p-type semiconducting polymer (DPP-DTT) with 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone (TeNF) markedly improves the operational and environmental stability of OFETs. Electrical interrogation of DPP-DTT OFETs in various environments and at variable temperatures shows suppression of electron-induced traps and increase of hole mobility in oxygen-rich environment, while the water molecules act as traps for positive charge carrier, reducing the hole mobility and significantly shifting the threshold voltage. Doping of DPP-DTT with TeNF suppresses both effects, resulting in environmentally independent performance and superior long-term stability of unencapsulated devices for up to 4 months in ambient air. Furthermore, the doped OFETs exhibit dramatically reduced hysteresis and bias-stressed current drop. Such improvement of the environmental and operational stabilities is ascribed to the mitigation of traps induced by the injected minority carrier (electrons) and the reduction of the majority carrier (hole) traps in doped polymer films due to enhanced microstructural order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Ghamari
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Niazi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dmytro F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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28
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Sun C, Wang T. Organic thin-film transistors and related devices in life and health monitoring. NANO RESEARCH 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37359073 PMCID: PMC10102697 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The early determination of disease-related biomarkers can significantly improve the survival rate of patients. Thus, a series of explorations for new diagnosis technologies, such as optical and electrochemical methods, have been devoted to life and health monitoring. Organic thin-film transistor (OTFT), as a state-of-the-art nano-sensing technology, has attracted significant attention from construction to application owing to the merits of being label-free, low-cost, facial, and rapid detection with multi-parameter responses. Nevertheless, interference from non-specific adsorption is inevitable in complex biological samples such as body liquid and exhaled gas, so the reliability and accuracy of the biosensor need to be further improved while ensuring sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. Herein, we overviewed the composition, mechanism, and construction strategies of OTFTs for the practical determination of disease-related biomarkers in both body fluids and exhaled gas. The results show that the realization of bio-inspired applications will come true with the rapid development of high-effective OTFTs and related devices. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-023-5606-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfang Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Tie Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384 China
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29
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Nguyen M, Kraft U, Tan WL, Dobryden I, Broch K, Zhang W, Un HI, Simatos D, Venkateshavaran D, McCulloch I, Claesson PM, McNeill CR, Sirringhaus H. Improving OFF-State Bias-Stress Stability in High-Mobility Conjugated Polymer Transistors with an Antisolvent Treatment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205377. [PMID: 36373490 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer field-effect transistors are emerging as an enabling technology for flexible electronics due to their excellent mechanical properties combined with sufficiently high charge-carrier mobilities and compatibility with large-area, low-temperature processing. However, their electrical stability remains a concern. ON-state (accumulation mode) bias-stress instabilities in organic semiconductors have been widely studied, and multiple mitigation strategies have been suggested. In contrast, OFF-state (depletion mode) bias-stress instabilities remain poorly understood despite being crucial for many applications in which the transistors are held in their OFF-state for most of the time. Here, a simple method of using an antisolvent treatment is presented to achieve significant improvements in OFF-state bias-stress and environmental stability as well as general device performance for one of the best performing polymers, solution-processable indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole (IDT-BT). IDT-BT is weakly crystalline, and the notable improvements to an antisolvent-induced, increased degree of crystallinity, resulting in a lower probability of electron trapping and the removal of charge traps is attributed. The work highlights the importance of the microstructure in weakly crystalline polymer films and offers a simple processing strategy for achieving the reliability required for applications in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Nguyen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ulrike Kraft
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, PI-P, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Illia Dobryden
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Experimental Physics, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, University of Tübingen, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Deepak Venkateshavaran
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Per M Claesson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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30
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Wolski K, Smenda J, Grobelny A, Dąbczyński P, Marzec M, Cernescu A, Wytrwal M, Bernasik A, Rysz J, Zapotoczny S. Surface engineering of mixed conjugated/polyelectrolyte brushes - Tailoring interface structure and electrical properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:209-220. [PMID: 36535159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Mixed polymer brushes (MPBs) could be synthesized by surface dilution of homopolymer brushes and subsequent grafting of other type of chains in the formed voids. Nanophase separation and dynamics of surface-grafted chains could be tailored by modification of their molecular architecture. Mixed polyelectrolyte and conjugated chains contribute synergistically to tailor properties of the coating. EXPERIMENTS A new synthetic strategy that allowed spatially controlled grafting of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) chains (PSSNa) in close neighborhood of poly(3-methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM) brushes (precursors of the conjugated chains) using surface-initiated polymerizations was developed. The final mixed conjugated/polyelectrolyte brushes were prepared by template polymerization of pendant thiophene groups in PMTM chains. Surface dynamics and nanophase separation of MPBs were studied by nanoscale resolution IR imaging, SIMS profiling and AFM mapping in selective solvents. FINDINGS Unconjugated MPBs were shown to undergo vertical, and horizontal nanophase separation, while the size and shape of the nanodomains were dependent on molar ratio of the mixed chains and their relative lengths. Generation of the conjugated chains led to diminishing of nanophase separation thanks to stronger mutual interactions of conjugated PMTM and PSSNa (macromolecular mixing). The obtained systems demonstrated tunable interfacial structure and resistance switching phenomenon desired in construction of smart surfaces or memristive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Wolski
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Smenda
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Grobelny
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Dąbczyński
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Marzec
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Wytrwal
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Rysz
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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31
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Li J, Babuji A, Fijahi L, James AM, Resel R, Salzillo T, Pfattner R, Ocal C, Barrena E, Mas-Torrent M. Synergistic Effect of Solvent Vapor Annealing and Chemical Doping for Achieving High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Ideal Electrical Characteristics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5521-5528. [PMID: 36651188 PMCID: PMC9949699 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Contact resistance and charge trapping are two key obstacles, often intertwined, that negatively impact on the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) by reducing the overall device mobility and provoking a nonideal behavior. Here, we expose organic semiconductor (OSC) thin films based on blends of 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT-C8) with polystyrene (PS) to (i) a CH3CN vapor annealing process, (ii) a doping I2/water procedure, and (iii) vapors of I2/CH3CN to simultaneously dope and anneal the films. After careful analysis of the OFET electrical characteristics and by performing local Kelvin probe force microscopy studies, we found that the vapor annealing process predominantly reduces interfacial shallow traps, while the chemical doping of the OSC film is responsible for the diminishment of deeper traps and promoting a significant reduction of the contact resistance. Remarkably, the devices treated with I2/CH3CN reveal ideal electrical characteristics with a low level of shallow/deep traps and a very high and almost gate-independent mobility. Hence, this work demonstrates the promising synergistic effects of performing simultaneously a solvent vapor annealing and doping procedure, which can lead to trap-free OSC films with negligible contact resistance problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Li
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Adara Babuji
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lamiaa Fijahi
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ann Maria James
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Tommaso Salzillo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136Bologna, Italy
| | - Raphael Pfattner
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carmen Ocal
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Barrena
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193Bellaterra, Spain
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32
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Shan Y, Wang J, Guo Z, Liu D, Zhao Y, Lu N, Li L. Surface-Doping-Induced Mobility Modulation Effect for Transport Enhancement in Organic Single-Crystal Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205517. [PMID: 36303527 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping has conventionally been an effective way to improve the electrical-transport performances in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), while corresponding mechanisms associated with specific doping techniques have been less investigated and discussed in detail. Here, based on ultrathin dinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f]-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) single crystals, robust transconductance enhancements are realized in OFETs upon surface molecular doping realized via van der Waals epitaxially growing crystalline 1,3,4,5,7,8-hexafluoro-tetracyanonaphthoquinodimethane (F6TCNNQ) onto the single crystal's surface. It is proposed that it is the mobility modulation effect (MME) from the interactions between charge-transfer interface and gate electric field, that contributes to more weighted bulk carriers, and finally improves charge-transport performances. The evaluations are further supported by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) surface potential characterizations, which manifest the gate-induced more delocalized holes near the charge-transfer interfaces. Space-charge-limited current (SCLC) investigations, numerical calculations, and theoretical mobility modeling are also performed to corroborate the analysis. This study can deepen the understanding of charge transport in doped semiconductors and provide effective ways for optimizing the electrical performance of organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shan
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- The School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, Beijing, 230026, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- Institute of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zean Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- Institute of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- Institute of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- Institute of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nianduan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- Institute of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- The School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, Beijing, 230026, China
- Institute of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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33
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Kim SH, Yook H, Sung W, Choi J, Lim H, Chung S, Han JW, Cho K. Extremely Suppressed Energetic Disorder in a Chemically Doped Conjugated Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207320. [PMID: 36271732 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical doping can be used to tune the optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers (CPs), extending their applications as conducting materials. Unfortunately, chemically doped CP films containing excess dopants exhibit an increase in energetic disorder upon structural alteration, and Coulomb interactions between charge carriers and dopants also affect such disorder. The increase in energetic disorder leads to a broadening of the density of states, which consequently impedes efficient charge transport in chemically doped CPs. However, the molecular origins that are inherently resistant to such incidental increase of energetic disorder in chemically doped CPs have not been sufficiently explored. Here, it is discovered that energetic disorder in chemically doped CPs can be suppressed to a level close to the theoretical limit. Indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole (IDTBT) doped with triethyloxonium hexachloroantimonate (OA) exhibits disorder-free charge-transport characteristics and band-like transport behavior with astonishing carrier mobility as a result of reinforced 1D intramolecular transport. Molecular structure of IDTBT provides a capability to lower the energetic disorder that generally arises from the inclusion of heterogeneous dopants. The results suggest the possibilities of implementing disorder-free CPs that exhibit excellent charge transport characteristics in the chemically doped state and satisfy a prerequisite for their availability in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Yook
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Woong Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Jinhyeok Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyungsub Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
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34
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Irfan A, Kalam A, Al-Sehemi AG, Dubey M. Investigation of the Effect of Substituents on Electronic and Charge Transport Properties of Benzothiazole Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:8672. [PMID: 36557807 PMCID: PMC9781107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new benzothiazole-derived donor-acceptor-based compounds (Comp1-4) were synthesized and characterized with the objective of tuning their multifunctional properties, i.e., charge transport, electronic, and optical. All the proposed structural formulations (Comp1-4) were commensurate using FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-mass, UV-vis, and elemental analysis techniques. The effects of the electron-donating group (-CH3) and electron-withdrawing group (-NO2) on the optoelectronic and charge transfer properties were studied. The substituent effect on absorption was calculated at the TD-B3LYP/6-31+G** level in the gas and solvent phases. The effect of solvent polarity on the absorption spectra using various polar and nonpolar solvents, i.e., ethanol, acetone, DMF, and DMSO was investigated. Light was shed on the charge transport in benzothiazole compounds by calculating electron affinity, ionization potential, and reorganization energies. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were used to prepare thin films on the FTO substrate to evaluate the charge carrier mobility and other related device parameters with the help of I-V characteristic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abul Kalam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mrigendra Dubey
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Discipline of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
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35
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Irfan A, Al-Sehemi AG, Kalam A. Tuning the Electronic and Charge Transport Properties of Schiff Base Compounds by Electron Donor and/or Acceptor Groups. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8590. [PMID: 36500086 PMCID: PMC9736113 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have gained substantial interest as active materials in electronic devices due to their advantages over conventional semiconductors. We first designed four Schiff base compounds, then the effect of electron donor/acceptor groups (methyl/nitro) was studied on the compounds' electronic and transport nature. The absorption spectra (λabs) were computed by time-dependent DFT at TD-B3LYP/6-31+G** level. The effect of different solvents (ethanol, DMF, DMSO, and acetone) was investigated on the λabs. The substitution of the -NO2 group to the furan moiety at the 5th position in Compound 3 leads to a red-shift in the absorption spectrum. A smaller hole reorganization energy value in Compound 3 would be beneficial to get the hole's intrinsic mobility. In contrast, a reduced-electron reorganization energy value of Compound 4 than hole may result in enhanced electron charge transfer capabilities. The reorganization energies of compounds 1 and 2 exposed balanced hole/electron transport probability. The optical, electronic, and charge transport properties at the molecular level indicate that Compound 3 is suitable for organic electronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abul Kalam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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36
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Lee H, Moon B, Kim MJ, Kim HS, Hwang DH, Kang B, Cho K. Fluorination-Induced Charge Trapping and Operational Instability in Conjugated-Polymer Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39098-39108. [PMID: 35972221 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorination of a conjugated polymer backbone is an effective strategy to control the microstructure and electronic structure of a conjugated polymer. Although fluorination has been widely reported to increase charge carrier mobility, its effect on the operational stability of electronic devices has not been extensively investigated. Here, the effect of fluorination of a conjugated polymer backbone on charge trapping and the operational stability of organic field-effect transistors is investigated. The results show that the device based on a fluorinated conjugated polymer exhibits relatively poor operational stability despite its greater charge carrier mobility compared with that in the device based on its nonfluorinated polymer counterpart. Experimental results reveal that the low stability originates from the greater degree of shallow trapping of charge carriers within the fluorinated polymer thin film and that the shallow trapping is closely related to the presence of minority charge carriers. A mechanism of charge trapping is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Byungho Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Min-Jae Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hee Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Boseok Kang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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37
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Lin H, Xu B, Wang J, Yu X, Du X, Zheng CJ, Tao S. Novel Dark Current Reduction Strategy via Deep Bulk Traps for High-Performance Solution-Processed Organic Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34891-34900. [PMID: 35861208 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The performance improvement of the organic photodetectors (OPDs) focuses on suppressing the dark current density (Jd) to improve the specific detectivity. In this work, a dark current reduction strategy relying on constructing limited deep traps in the active layer to suppress charge injection rate was newly proposed. And an optimization method has been successfully demonstrated on the solution-processed OPDs accordingly. Compared with the Jd expressed by the OPD with the shallow trap system, the device with deep bulk traps exhibits a dramatically reduced dark current while ensuring high responsivity. At a bias of -2 V, the optimized photodiode with a Jd down to 1.4 × 10-5 mA cm-2 and a maximum responsivity of 0.42 A W-1 @620 nm was realized, leading to a maximum detectivity calculated from shot noise of 6.23 × 1012 Jones. This value is 49-fold higher than that of the original OPD with the same structure. The effects of deep traps inside the semiconductor film on injected carriers and photogenerated carriers are well explained by the relative positions of the initial hopping levels. A better understanding of charge transport regimes in OPD helps to open new approaches for constructing high-performance OPD toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jiake Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiaoyang Du
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Cai-Jun Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Silu Tao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
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Dobryden I, Korolkov VV, Lemaur V, Waldrip M, Un HI, Simatos D, Spalek LJ, Jurchescu OD, Olivier Y, Claesson PM, Venkateshvaran D. Dynamic self-stabilization in the electronic and nanomechanical properties of an organic polymer semiconductor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3076. [PMID: 35654891 PMCID: PMC9163058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of organic electronics has profited from the discovery of new conjugated semiconducting polymers that have molecular backbones which exhibit resilience to conformational fluctuations, accompanied by charge carrier mobilities that routinely cross the 1 cm2/Vs benchmark. One such polymer is indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole. Previously understood to be lacking in microstructural order, we show here direct evidence of nanosized domains of high order in its thin films. We also demonstrate that its device-based high-performance electrical and thermoelectric properties are not intrinsic but undergo rapid stabilization following a burst of ambient air exposure. The polymer's nanomechanical properties equilibrate on longer timescales owing to an orthogonal mechanism; the gradual sweating-out of residual low molecular weight solvent molecules from its surface. We snapshot the quasistatic temporal evolution of the electrical, thermoelectric and nanomechanical properties of this prototypical organic semiconductor and investigate the subtleties which play on competing timescales. Our study documents the untold and often overlooked story of a polymer device's dynamic evolution toward stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illia Dobryden
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Experimental Physics, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Vladimir V Korolkov
- Park Systems UK Limited, MediCity Nottingham, Thane Road, NG90 6BH, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Matthew Waldrip
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leszek J Spalek
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oana D Jurchescu
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Per M Claesson
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Deepak Venkateshvaran
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK.
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39
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Loganathan K, Scaccabarozzi AD, Faber H, Ferrari F, Bizak Z, Yengel E, Naphade DR, Gedda M, He Q, Solomeshch O, Adilbekova B, Yarali E, Tsetseris L, Salama KN, Heeney M, Tessler N, Anthopoulos TD. 14 GHz Schottky Diodes Using a p-Doped Organic Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108524. [PMID: 34990058 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The low carrier mobility of organic semiconductors and the high parasitic resistance and capacitance often encountered in conventional organic Schottky diodes hinder their deployment in emerging radio frequency (RF) electronics. Here, these limitations are overcome by combining self-aligned asymmetric nanogap electrodes (≈25 nm) produced by adhesion lithography, with a high mobility organic semiconductor, and RF Schottky diodes able to operate in the 5G frequency spectrum are demonstrated. C16 IDT-BT is used, as the high hole mobility polymer, and the impact of p-doping on the diode performance is studied. Pristine C16 IDT-BT-based diodes exhibit maximum intrinsic and extrinsic cutoff frequencies (fC ) of >100 and 6 GHz, respectively. This extraordinary performance is attributed to the planar nature of the nanogap channel and the diode's small junction capacitance (<2 pF). Doping of C16 IDT-BT with the molecular p-dopant C60 F48 improves the diode's performance further by reducing the series resistance resulting to intrinsic and extrinsic fC of >100 and ≈14 GHz respectively, while the DC output voltage of an RF rectifier circuit increases by a tenfold. Our work highlights the importance of the planar nanogap architecture and paves the way for the use of organic Schottky diodes in large-area RF electronics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivanan Loganathan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik Faber
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Ferrari
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhanibek Bizak
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emre Yengel
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dipti R Naphade
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murali Gedda
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Olga Solomeshch
- The Zisapel Nano-Electronic Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200, Israel
| | - Begimai Adilbekova
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emre Yarali
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, GR-15780, Greece
| | - Khaled N Salama
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Nir Tessler
- The Zisapel Nano-Electronic Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200, Israel
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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40
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Xu J, Wu HC, Mun J, Ning R, Wang W, Wang GJN, Nikzad S, Yan H, Gu X, Luo S, Zhou D, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Tuning Conjugated Polymer Chain Packing for Stretchable Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104747. [PMID: 34558121 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to apply polymer semiconductors to stretchable electronics, they need to be easily deformed under strain without being damaged. A small number of conjugated polymers, typically with semicrystalline packing structures, have been reported to exhibit mechanical stretchability. Herein, a method is reported to modify polymer semiconductor packing-structure using a molecular additive, dioctyl phthalate (DOP), which is found to act as a molecular spacer, to be inserted between the amorphous chain networks and disrupt the crystalline packing. As a result, large-crystal growth is suppressed while short-range aggregations of conjugated polymers are promoted, which leads to an improved mechanical stretchability without affecting charge-carrier transport. Due to the reduced conjugated polymer intermolecular interactions, strain-induced chain alignment and crystallization are observed. By adding DOP to a well-known conjugated polymer, poly[2,5-bis(4-decyltetradecyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-(2H,5H)-dione-(E)-1,2-di(2,2'-bithiophen-5-yl)ethene] (DPPTVT), stretchable transistors are obtained with anisotropic charge-carrier mobilities under strain, and stable current output under strain up to 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rui Ning
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Weichen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ging-Ji Nathan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shayla Nikzad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Shaochuan Luo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Kosco J, Gonzalez-Carrero S, Howells CT, Zhang W, Moser M, Sheelamanthula R, Zhao L, Willner B, Hidalgo TC, Faber H, Purushothaman B, Sachs M, Cha H, Sougrat R, Anthopoulos TD, Inal S, Durrant JR, McCulloch I. Oligoethylene Glycol Side Chains Increase Charge Generation in Organic Semiconductor Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105007. [PMID: 34714562 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) composed of an electron donor/acceptor (D/A) semiconductor blend have recently emerged as an efficient class of hydrogen-evolution photocatalysts. It is demonstrated that using conjugated polymers functionalized with (oligo)ethylene glycol side chains in NP photocatalysts can greatly enhance their H2 -evolution efficiency compared to their nonglycolated analogues. The strategy is broadly applicable to a range of structurally diverse conjugated polymers. Transient spectroscopic studies show that glycolation facilitates charge generation even in the absence of a D/A heterojunction, and further suppresses both geminate and nongeminate charge recombination in D/A NPs. This results in a high yield of photogenerated charges with lifetimes long enough to efficiently drive ascorbic acid oxidation, which is correlated with greatly enhanced H2 -evolution rates in the glycolated NPs. Glycolation increases the relative permittivity of the semiconductors and facilitates water uptake. Together, these effects may increase the high-frequency relative permittivity inside the NPs sufficiently, to cause the observed suppression of exciton and charge recombination responsible for the high photocatalytic activities of the glycolated NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kosco
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Soranyel Gonzalez-Carrero
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Calvyn T Howells
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Weimin Zhang
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- KAUST Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Willner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Tania C Hidalgo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik Faber
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Balaji Purushothaman
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Sachs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Rachid Sougrat
- KAUST Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
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42
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High-performance hysteresis-free perovskite transistors through anion engineering. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1741. [PMID: 35365628 PMCID: PMC8975846 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive development of metal halide perovskites in diverse optoelectronics, progress on high-performance transistors employing state-of-the-art perovskite channels has been limited due to ion migration and large organic spacer isolation. Herein, we report high-performance hysteresis-free p-channel perovskite thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on methylammonium tin iodide (MASnI3) and rationalise the effects of halide (I/Br/Cl) anion engineering on film quality improvement and tin/iodine vacancy suppression, realising high hole mobilities of 20 cm2 V-1 s-1, current on/off ratios exceeding 107, and threshold voltages of 0 V along with high operational stabilities and reproducibilities. We reveal ion migration has a negligible contribution to the hysteresis of Sn-based perovskite TFTs; instead, minority carrier trapping is the primary cause. Finally, we integrate the perovskite TFTs with commercialised n-channel indium gallium zinc oxide TFTs on a single chip to construct high-gain complementary inverters, facilitating the development of halide perovskite semiconductors for printable electronics and circuits.
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43
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Chen X, Wang Z, Qi J, Hu Y, Huang Y, Sun S, Sun Y, Gong W, Luo L, Zhang L, Du H, Hu X, Han C, Li J, Ji D, Li L, Hu W. Balancing the film strain of organic semiconductors for ultrastable organic transistors with a five-year lifetime. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1480. [PMID: 35296674 PMCID: PMC8927116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The instability of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is one key obstacle to practical application and is closely related to the unstable aggregate state of organic semiconductors (OSCs). However, the underlying reason for this instability remains unclear, and no effective solution has been developed. Herein, we find that the intrinsic tensile and compressive strains that exist in OSC films are the key origins for aggregate state instability and device degradation. We further report a strain balance strategy to stabilize the aggregate state by regulating film thickness, which is based on the unique transition from tensile strain to compressive strain with increasing film thickness. Consequently, a strain-free and ultrastable OSC film is obtained by regulating the film thickness, with which an ultrastable OFET with a five-year lifetime is realized. This work provides a deeper understanding of and a solution to the instability of OFETs and sheds light on their industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhongwu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiannan Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yongxu Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yinan Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shougang Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yajing Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Gong
- School of Physics and Energy, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, China
| | - Langli Luo
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Haiyan Du
- Analysis and Testing Center of Tianjin University, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Analysis and Testing Center of Tianjin University, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Cheng Han
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jie Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China. .,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China.
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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44
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Peng Z, Ye L, Ade H. Understanding, quantifying, and controlling the molecular ordering of semiconducting polymers: from novices to experts and amorphous to perfect crystals. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:577-606. [PMID: 34878458 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh00837k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular packing and texture of semiconducting polymers are often critical to the performance of devices using these materials. Although frameworks exist to quantify the ordering, interpretations are often just qualitative, resulting in imprecise use of terminology. Here, we reemphasize the significance of quantifying molecular ordering in terms of degree of crystallinity (volume fractions that are ordered) and quality of ordering and their relation to the size scale of an ordered region. We are motivated in part by our own imprecise and inconsistent use of terminology in the past, as well as the need to have a primer or tutorial reference to teach new group members. We strive to develop and use consistent terminology with regards to crystallinity, semicrystallinity, paracrystallinity, and related characteristics. To account for vastly different quality of ordering along different directions, we classify paracrystals into 2D and 3D paracrystals and use paracrystallite to describe the spatial extent of molecular ordering in 1-10 nm. We show that a deeper understanding of molecular ordering can be achieved by combining grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry, even though not all aspects of these measurements are consistent, and some classification appears to be method dependent. We classify a broad range of representative polymers under common processing conditions into five categories based on the quantitative analysis of the paracrystalline disorder parameter (g) and thermal transitions. A small database is presented for 13 representative conjugated and insulating polymers ranging from amorphous to semi-paracrystalline. Finally, we outline the challenges to rationally design more perfect polymer crystals and propose a new molecular design approach that envisions conceptual molecular grafting that is akin to strained and unstrained hetero-epitaxy in classic (compound) semiconductors thin film growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Peng
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
| | - Long Ye
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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45
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Li N, Lei Y, Miao Y, Zhu F. Improved electrical ideality and photoresponse in near-infrared phototransistors realized by bulk heterojunction channels. iScience 2022; 25:103711. [PMID: 35072005 PMCID: PMC8761658 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors that affect the electrical ideality and photoresponse in near-infrared (NIR) organic phototransistors (OPTs) are still nebulous. Here, simultaneous increase in electrical ideality and NIR response in the OPTs is realized by applying a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) channel. The acceptor in the channel helps to trap the undesirable injected electrons, avoiding the accumulation of the electrons at the active channel/dielectric interface, and thereby improving the hole transporting. Use of a BHJ channel also helps reducing the contact resistance in the OPTs. The electrical stability is then improved with mitigated dependence of charge mobility on gate voltage in the saturation region. The BHJ channel also offers an improved photoresponse through enhanced exciton dissociation, leading to more than one order of magnitude increase in responsivity than that in a control OPT. The results are encouraging, which pave the way for the development of high-performing NIR OPTs. The use of BHJ channel in NIR OPTs improves the electrical ideality and photoresponse The acceptor traps injected electrons to maintain the efficient hole transport The contact resistance in OPTs with BHJ channel is reduced The better exciton dissociation in BHJ channel offers improved photoresponse
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Physics, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanlian Lei
- Department of Physics, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanqin Miao
- Department of Physics, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Furong Zhu
- Department of Physics, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author
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46
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Ni X, Li H, Liu F, Brédas JL. Engineering of flat bands and Dirac bands in two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs): relationships among molecular orbital symmetry, lattice symmetry, and electronic-structure characteristics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:88-98. [PMID: 34866138 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D-COFs), also referred to as 2D polymer networks, display unusual electronic-structure characteristics, which can significantly enrich and broaden the fields of electronics and spintronics. In this Focus article, our objective is to lay the groundwork for the conceptual description of the fundamental relationships among the COF electronic structures, the symmetries of their 2D lattices, and the frontier molecular orbitals (MOs) of their core and linker components. We focus on monolayers of hexagonal COFs and use tight-binding model analyses to highlight the critical role of the frontier-MO symmetry, in addition to lattice symmetry, in determining the nature of the electronic bands near the Fermi level. We rationalize the intriguing feature that, when the core unit has degenerate highest occupied MOs [or lowest unoccupied MOs], the COF highest valence band [or lowest conduction band] is flat but degenerate with a dispersive band at a high-symmetry point of the Brillouin zone; the consequences of having such band characteristics are briefly described. Multi-layer and bulk 2D COFs are found to maintain the salient features of the monolayer electronic structures albeit with a reduced bandgap due to the interlayer coupling. This Focus article is thus meant to provide an effective framework for the engineering of flat and Dirac bands in 2D polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088, USA.
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088, USA.
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088, USA.
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47
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Samal S, Schmitt A, Thompson BC. Contrasting the Charge Carrier Mobility of Isotactic, Syndiotactic, and Atactic Poly(( N-carbazolylethylthio)propyl methacrylate). ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1493-1500. [PMID: 35549131 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isotactic nonconjugated pendant electroactive polymers (NCPEPs) have recently shown potential to achieve comparable charge carrier mobilities with conjugated polymers. Here we report the broader influence of tacticity in NCPEPs, using poly((N-carbazolylethylthio)propyl methacrylate) (PCzETPMA) as a model polymer. We utilized the thiol-ene reaction as an efficient postpolymerization functionalization method to achieve pendant polymers with high isotacticity and syndiotacticity. We found that a stereoregular isotactic polymer showed ∼100 times increased hole mobility (μh) as compared to both atactic and low molecular weight syndiotactic PCzETPMA, achieving μh of 2.19 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 after annealing at 120 °C. High molecular weight syndiotactic PCzETPMA gave ∼10 times higher μh than its atactic counterpart, comparable to isotactic PCzETPMA after annealing at 150 °C. Importantly, high molecular weight syndiotactic PCzETPMA showed a dramatic increase in μh to 1.82 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 when measured after annealing at 210 °C, which surpassed the well-known conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) (μh = 4.51 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1). MD simulations indicated short-range π-π stacked ordering in the case of stereoregular isotactic and syndiotactic polymers. This work is the first report of charge carrier mobilities in syndiotactic NCPEPs and demonstrates that the tacticity, annealing conditions, and molecular weight of NCPEPs can strongly affect μh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Samal
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alexander Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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48
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Kang MH, Armitage J, Andaji‐Garmaroudi Z, Sirringhaus H. Surface Passivation Treatment to Improve Performance and Stability of Solution-Processed Metal Oxide Transistors for Hybrid Complementary Circuits on Polymer Substrates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101502. [PMID: 34672118 PMCID: PMC8655209 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid integration of n-type oxide with p-type polymer transistors is an attractive approach for realizing high performance complementary circuits on flexible substrates. However, the stability of solution-processed oxide transistors is limiting the lifetime and reliability of such circuits. Oxygen vacancies are the main defect degrading metal oxide transistor performance when ambient oxygen adsorbs onto metal oxide films. Here, an effective surface passivation treatment based on negative oxygen ion exposure combined with UV light is demonstrated, that is able to significantly reduce surface oxygen vacancy concentration and improve the field effect mobility to values up to 41 cm2 V-1 s-1 with high on-off current ratio of 108 . The treatment also reduces the threshold voltage shift after 2 days in air from 5 to 0.07 V. The improved stability of the oxide transistors also improves the lifetime of hybrid complementary circuits and stable operation of complementary, analog amplifiers is confirmed for 60 days in air. The suggested approach is facile and can be widely applicable for flexible electronics using low-temperature solution-processed metal oxide semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Hyo Kang
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ J Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- 2D Materials and Devices GroupDepartment of Materials Science & MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge27 Charles Babbage RoadCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - John Armitage
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ J Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- 412 Riverdale AvenueOttawaOntarioK1S1S2Canada
| | - Zahra Andaji‐Garmaroudi
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ J Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ J Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
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49
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Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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50
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Peng Z, Balar N, Ghasemi M, Ade H. Upper and Apparent Lower Critical Solution Temperature Branches in the Phase Diagram of Polymer:Small Molecule Semiconducting Systems. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10845-10853. [PMID: 34726923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable semiconducting materials are complex materials with a wide range of applications. Despite their extensive study and utility, their molecular interactions as manifested, for example, in phase behavior are poorly understood. Here, we aim to understand the phase behavior of conjugated systems by determining phase diagrams spanning extensive temperature ranges for various combinations of the highly disordered semiconducting polymer (PTB7-Th) with crystallizable (IT-M and PC61BM) and noncrystallizable (di-PDI) small molecule acceptors (SMAs), with polystyrene as an amorphous control, a nonsemiconducting commodity polymer. We discover that the apparent binodal of the studied blends frequently consists of an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) and lower critical solution temperature (LCST) branch, exhibiting a sharp kink where the branches join. Our work suggests that phase diagrams might be a probe in combination with sophisticated models to understand the complexity of semiconducting materials, including microstructure and molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Peng
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nrup Balar
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Masoud Ghasemi
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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