1
|
Alnatah H, Yao Q, Beaumariage J, Mukherjee S, Tam MC, Wasilewski Z, West K, Baldwin K, Pfeiffer LN, Snoke DW. Coherence measurements of polaritons in thermal equilibrium reveal a power law for two-dimensional condensates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk6960. [PMID: 38701210 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
We have created a spatially homogeneous polariton condensate in thermal equilibrium, up to very high condensate fraction. Under these conditions, we have measured the coherence as a function of momentum and determined the total coherent fraction of this boson system from very low density up to density well above the condensation transition. These measurements reveal a consistent power law for the coherent fraction as a function of the total density over nearly three orders of its magnitude. The same power law is seen in numerical simulations solving the two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the equilibrium coherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alnatah
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Qi Yao
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Jonathan Beaumariage
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Shouvik Mukherjee
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Man Chun Tam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Zbigniew Wasilewski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kirk Baldwin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Loren N Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David W Snoke
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alnatah H, Comaron P, Mukherjee S, Beaumariage J, Pfeiffer LN, West K, Baldwin K, Szymańska M, Snoke DW. Critical fluctuations in a confined driven-dissipative quantum condensate. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi6762. [PMID: 38517958 PMCID: PMC10959404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Phase fluctuations determine the low-energy properties of quantum condensates. However, at the condensation threshold, both density and phase fluctuations are relevant. While strong emphasis has been given to the investigation of phase fluctuations, which dominate the physics of the quantum system away from the critical point, number fluctuations have been much less explored even in thermal equilibrium. In this work, we report experimental observation and theoretical description of fluctuations in a circularly confined nonequilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate of polaritons near the condensation threshold. We observe critical fluctuations, which combine the number fluctuations of a single-mode condensate state and competition between different states. The latter is analogous to mode hopping in photon lasers. Our theoretical analysis indicates that this phenomenon is of a quantum character, while classical noise of the pump is not sufficient to explain the experiments. The manifestation of a critical quantum state competition unlocks possibilities for the study of condensate formation while linking to practical realizations in photonic lasers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alnatah
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Paolo Comaron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shouvik Mukherjee
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jonathan Beaumariage
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Loren N. Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kirk Baldwin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Marzena Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David W. Snoke
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ricco LS, Shelykh IA, Kavokin A. Qubit gate operations in elliptically trapped polariton condensates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4211. [PMID: 38378989 PMCID: PMC10879284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We consider bosonic condensates of exciton-polaritons optically confined in elliptical traps. A superposition of two non-degenerated p-type states of the condensate oriented along the two main axes of the trap is represented by a point on a Bloch sphere, being considered as an optically tunable qubit. We describe a set of universal single-qubit gates resulting in a controllable shift of the Bloch vector by means of an auxiliary laser beam. Moreover, we consider interaction mechanisms between two neighboring traps that enable designing two-qubit operations such as CPHASE and CNOT gates. Both the single- and two-qubit gates are analyzed in the presence of error sources in the context of polariton traps, such as pure dephasing and spontaneous relaxation mechanisms, leading to a fidelity reduction of the final qubit states and quantum concurrence, as well as the increase of Von Neumann entropy. We also discuss the applicability of our qubit proposal in the context of DiVincenzo's criteria for the realization of local quantum computing processes. Altogether, the developed set of quantum operations would pave the way to the realization of a variety of quantum algorithms in a planar microcavity with a set of optically induced elliptical traps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano S Ricco
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Ivan A Shelykh
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo IC, Bolshoy Bulvar 30 bld. 1, Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, MIPT, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, 141707, Russia
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Riminucci F, Gianfrate A, Nigro D, Ardizzone V, Dhuey S, Francaviglia L, Baldwin K, Pfeiffer LN, Ballarini D, Trypogeorgos D, Schwartzberg A, Gerace D, Sanvitto D. Polariton Condensation in Gap-Confined States of Photonic Crystal Waveguides. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:246901. [PMID: 38181143 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.246901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of patterned multiquantum well heterostructures in GaAs/AlGaAs waveguides has recently made it possible to achieve exciton-polariton condensation in a topologically protected bound state in the continuum (BIC). Polariton condensation was shown to occur above a saddle point of the two-dimensional polariton dispersion in a one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide. A rigorous analysis of the condensation phenomenon in these systems, as well as the role of the BIC, is still missing. In the present Letter, we theoretically and experimentally fill this gap by showing that polariton confinement resulting from the negative effective mass and the photonic energy gap in the dispersion play a key role in enhancing the relaxation toward the condensed state. In fact, our results show that low-threshold polariton condensation is achieved within the effective trap created by the exciting laser spot, regardless of whether the resulting confined mode is long-lived (polariton BIC) or short-lived (lossy mode). In both cases, the spatial quantization of the polariton condensate and the threshold differences associated to the corresponding state lifetime are measured and characterized. For a given negative mass, a slightly lower condensation threshold from the polariton BIC mode is found and associated to its reduced radiative losses, as compared to the lossy one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Riminucci
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Gianfrate
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Nigro
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, via Bassi 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - V Ardizzone
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - S Dhuey
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L Francaviglia
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Baldwin
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - L N Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - D Ballarini
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Trypogeorgos
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A Schwartzberg
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Gerace
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, via Bassi 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - D Sanvitto
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen W, Huang CJ, Zhu Q. Searching for Unconventional Superfluid in Excitons of Monolayer Semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:236004. [PMID: 38134763 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.236004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that two-dimensional (2D) bosons in homogeneous space cannot undergo real Bose-Einstein condensation, and the superfluid to normal phase transition is Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) type, associated with vortex-antivortex pair unbinding. Here we point out a 2D bosonic system whose low energy physics goes beyond conventional paradigm of 2D homogeneous bosons, i.e., intralayer excitons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. With intrinsic valley-orbit coupling and valley Zeeman energy, exciton dispersion becomes linear at small momentum, giving rise to a series of novel features. The critical temperature of Bose-Einstein condensation of these excitons is nonzero, suggesting true long-range order in 2D homogeneous system. The dispersion of Goldstone mode at long wavelength has the form ϵ(q)∼sqrt[q], in contrast to conventional linear phonon spectrum. The vortex energy deviates from the usual logarithmic form with respect to system size, but instead has an additional linear term. Superfluid to normal phase transition is no longer BKT type for system size beyond a characteristic scale, without discontinuous jump in superfluid density. With the recent experimental progress on exciton fluid at thermal equilibrium in monolayer semiconductors, our work points out an experimentally accessible system to search for unconventional 2D superfluids beyond BKT paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chun-Jiong Huang
- Department of Physics and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute for Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qizhong Zhu
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dagvadorj G, Comaron P, Szymańska MH. Unconventional Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless Transition in the Multicomponent Polariton System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:136001. [PMID: 37067328 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.136001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We study a four-component polariton system in the optical parametric oscillator regime consisting of exciton, photon, signal, and idler modes across the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition. We show that all four components share the same BKT critical point, and algebraic decay of spatial coherence with the same critical exponent. However, while the collective excitations in different components are strongly locked, both close to and far from criticality, the spontaneous creation of topological defects in the vicinity of the phase transition is found to be largely independent of the intercomponent mode locking, and instead strongly dependent on the density within a given mode. This peculiar characteristic allows us to reveal a novel state of matter, characterized by configurations of topological defects proliferating on top of a superfluid with algebraic decay of coherence, observation of which is demonstrated to be within reach of current experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Dagvadorj
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - P Comaron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M H Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lüders C, Pukrop M, Barkhausen F, Rozas E, Schneider C, Höfling S, Sperling J, Schumacher S, Aßmann M. Tracking Quantum Coherence in Polariton Condensates with Time-Resolved Tomography. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:113601. [PMID: 37001069 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Long-term quantum coherence constitutes one of the main challenges when engineering quantum devices. However, easily accessible means to quantify complex decoherence mechanisms are not readily available, nor are sufficiently stable systems. We harness novel phase-space methods-expressed through non-Gaussian convolutions of highly singular Glauber-Sudarshan quasiprobabilities-to dynamically monitor quantum coherence in polariton condensates with significantly enhanced coherence times. Via intensity- and time-resolved reconstructions of such phase-space functions from homodyne detection data, we probe the systems' resourcefulness for quantum information processing up to the nanosecond regime. Our experimental findings are confirmed through numerical simulations, for which we develop an approach that renders established algorithms compatible with our methodology. In contrast to commonly applied phase-space functions, our distributions can be directly sampled from measured data, including uncertainties, and yield a simple operational measure of quantum coherence via the distribution's variance in phase. Therefore, we present a broadly applicable framework and a platform to explore time-dependent quantum phenomena and resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lüders
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias Pukrop
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Franziska Barkhausen
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Elena Rozas
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Sperling
- Theoretical Quantum Science, Institute for Photonic Quantum Systems (PhoQS), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Marc Aßmann
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sigurdsson H, Gnusov I, Alyatkin S, Pickup L, Gippius NA, Lagoudakis PG, Askitopoulos A. Persistent Self-Induced Larmor Precession Evidenced through Periodic Revivals of Coherence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:155301. [PMID: 36269967 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.155301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interferometric measurements of an optically trapped exciton-polariton condensate reveal a regime where the condensate pseudo-spin precesses persistently within the driving optical pulse. For a single 20 μs optical pulse, the condensate pseudo-spin undergoes over 10^{5} full precessions with striking frequency stability. The emergence of the precession is traced to polariton nonlinear interactions that give rise to a self-induced out-of-plane magnetic field, which in turn drives the system spin dynamics. The Larmor precession frequency and trajectory are directly influenced by the condensate density, enabling the control of this effect with optical means. Our results accentuate the system's potential for the realization of magnetometry devices and can lead to the emergence of spin-squeezed polariton condensates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sigurdsson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, United Kingdom
| | - I Gnusov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - S Alyatkin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - L Pickup
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, United Kingdom
| | - N A Gippius
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - P G Lagoudakis
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, United Kingdom
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Askitopoulos
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- QUBITECH, Thessalias 10, Chalandri, 15231 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality in a one-dimensional polariton condensate. Nature 2022; 608:687-691. [PMID: 36002483 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Revealing universal behaviours is a hallmark of statistical physics. Phenomena such as the stochastic growth of crystalline surfaces1 and of interfaces in bacterial colonies2, and spin transport in quantum magnets3-6 all belong to the same universality class, despite the great plurality of physical mechanisms they involve at the microscopic level. More specifically, in all these systems, space-time correlations show power-law scalings characterized by universal critical exponents. This universality stems from a common underlying effective dynamics governed by the nonlinear stochastic Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation7. Recent theoretical works have suggested that this dynamics also emerges in the phase of out-of-equilibrium systems showing macroscopic spontaneous coherence8-17. Here we experimentally demonstrate that the evolution of the phase in a driven-dissipative one-dimensional polariton condensate falls in the KPZ universality class. Our demonstration relies on a direct measurement of KPZ space-time scaling laws18,19, combined with a theoretical analysis that reveals other key signatures of this universality class. Our results highlight fundamental physical differences between out-of-equilibrium condensates and their equilibrium counterparts, and open a paradigm for exploring universal behaviours in driven open quantum systems.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sunami S, Singh VP, Garrick D, Beregi A, Barker AJ, Luksch K, Bentine E, Mathey L, Foot CJ. Observation of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless Transition in a Two-Dimensional Bose Gas via Matter-Wave Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:250402. [PMID: 35802452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.250402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We probe local phase fluctuations of trapped two-dimensional Bose gases using matter-wave interferometry. This enables us to measure the phase correlation function, which changes from an algebraic to an exponential decay when the system crosses the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition. We determine the temperature dependence of the BKT exponent η and find the critical value η_{c}=0.17(3) for our trapped system. Furthermore, we measure the local vortex density as a function of the local phase-space density, which shows a scale-invariant behavior across the transition. Our experimental investigation is supported by Monte Carlo simulations and provides a comprehensive understanding of the BKT transition in a trapped system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sunami
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - V P Singh
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien and Institut für Laserphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Garrick
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A Beregi
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A J Barker
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - K Luksch
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E Bentine
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L Mathey
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien and Institut für Laserphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - C J Foot
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Diessel OK, Diehl S, Chiocchetta A. Emergent Kardar-Parisi-Zhang Phase in Quadratically Driven Condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:070401. [PMID: 35244410 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In bosonic gases at thermal equilibrium, an external quadratic drive can induce a Bose-Einstein condensation described by the Ising transition, as a consequence of the explicitly broken U(1) phase rotation symmetry down to Z_{2}. However, in physical realizations such as exciton polaritons and nonlinear photonic lattices, thermal equilibrium is lost and the state is rather determined by a balance between losses and external drive. A fundamental question is then how nonequilibrium fluctuations affect this transition. Here, we show that in a two-dimensional driven-dissipative Bose system the Ising phase is suppressed and replaced by a nonequilibrium phase featuring Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) physics. Its emergence is rooted in a U(1)-symmetry restoration mechanism enabled by the strong fluctuations in reduced dimensionality. Moreover, we show that the presence of the quadratic drive term enhances the visibility of the KPZ scaling, compared to two-dimensional U(1)-symmetric gases, where it has remained so far elusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oriana K Diessel
- Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Diehl
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessio Chiocchetta
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moilanen AJ, Daskalakis KS, Taskinen JM, Törmä P. Spatial and Temporal Coherence in Strongly Coupled Plasmonic Bose-Einstein Condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:255301. [PMID: 35029458 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.255301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report first-order spatial and temporal correlations in strongly coupled plasmonic Bose-Einstein condensates. The condensate is large, more than 20 times the spatial coherence length of the polaritons in the uncondensed system and 100 times the healing length, making plasmonic lattices an attractive platform for studying long-range spatial correlations in two dimensions. We find that both spatial and temporal coherence display nonexponential decay; the results suggest power-law or stretched exponential behavior with different exponents for spatial and temporal correlation decays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antti J Moilanen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Konstantinos S Daskalakis
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Turku University Faculty of Technology, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Jani M Taskinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Päivi Törmä
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun Z, Beaumariage J, Wan Q, Alnatah H, Hougland N, Chisholm J, Cao Q, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hunt BM, Bondarev IV, Snoke D. Charged Bosons Made of Fermions in Bilayer Structures with Strong Metallic Screening. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7669-7675. [PMID: 34516139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional monolayer structures of transition metal dichalogenides (TMDs) have been shown to allow many higher-order excitonic bound states, including trions (charged excitons), biexcitons (excitonic molecules), and charged biexcitons. We report here experimental evidence and the theoretical basis for a new bound excitonic complex, consisting two free carriers bound to an exciton in a bilayer structure. Our experimental measurements on structures made using two different materials show a new spectral line at the predicted energy with two different TMD materials (MoSe2 and WSe2) with both n- and p-doping if and only if all the required theoretical conditions for this complex are fulfilled, in particular, only in the presence of a parallel metal layer that significantly screens the repulsive interaction between the like-charge carriers. Because these four-carrier bound states are charged bosons, they could eventually be the basis for a new path to superconductivity without Cooper pairing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jonathan Beaumariage
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Qiaochu Wan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Hassan Alnatah
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Nicholas Hougland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jessica Chisholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Qingrui Cao
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Benjamin Matthew Hunt
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Igor V Bondarev
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - David Snoke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rouzaire Y, Levis D. Defect Superdiffusion and Unbinding in a 2D XY Model of Self-Driven Rotors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:088004. [PMID: 34477446 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.088004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We consider a nonequilibrium extension of the 2D XY model, equivalent to the noisy Kuramoto model of synchronization with short-range coupling, where rotors sitting on a square lattice are self-driven by random intrinsic frequencies. We study the static and dynamic properties of topological defects (vortices) and establish how self-spinning affects the Berezenskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition scenario. The nonequilibrium drive breaks the quasi-long-range ordered phase of the 2D XY model into a mosaic of ordered domains of controllable size and results in self-propelled vortices that generically unbind at any temperature, featuring superdiffusion ⟨r^{2}(t)⟩∼t^{3/2} with a Gaussian distribution of displacements. Our work provides a simple framework to investigate topological defects in nonequilibrium matter and sheds new light on the problem of synchronization of locally coupled oscillators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ylann Rouzaire
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Departament de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Demian Levis
- Departament de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
- UBICS University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Panico R, Macorini G, Dominici L, Gianfrate A, Fieramosca A, De Giorgi M, Gigli G, Sanvitto D, Lanotte AS, Ballarini D. Dynamics of a Vortex Lattice in an Expanding Polariton Quantum Fluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:047401. [PMID: 34355971 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.047401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
If a quantum fluid is driven with enough angular momentum, at equilibrium the ground state of the system is given by a lattice of quantized vortices whose density is prescribed by the quantization of circulation. We report on the first experimental study of the Feynman-Onsager relation in a nonequilibrium polariton fluid, free to expand and rotate. Upon initially imprinting a lattice of vortices in the quantum fluid, we track the vortex core positions on picosecond timescales. We observe an accelerated stretching of the lattice and an outward bending of the linear trajectories of the vortices, due to the repulsive polariton interactions. Access to the full density and phase fields allows us to detect a small deviation from the Feynman-Onsager rule in terms of a transverse velocity component, due to the density gradient of the fluid envelope acting on the vortex lattice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Panico
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Guido Macorini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Gianfrate
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sez.Lecce, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra S Lanotte
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sez.Lecce, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao J, Su R, Fieramosca A, Zhao W, Du W, Liu X, Diederichs C, Sanvitto D, Liew TCH, Xiong Q. Ultralow Threshold Polariton Condensate in a Monolayer Semiconductor Microcavity at Room Temperature. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3331-3339. [PMID: 33797259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons, hybrid light-matter bosonic quasiparticles, can condense into a single quantum state, i.e., forming a polariton Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), which represents a crucial step for the development of nanophotonic technology. Recently, atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) emerged as promising candidates for novel polaritonic devices. Although the formation of robust valley-polaritons has been realized up to room temperature, the demonstration of polariton lasing remains elusive. Herein, we report for the first time the realization of this important milestone in a TMD microcavity at room temperature. Continuous wave pumped polariton lasing is evidenced by the macroscopic occupation of the ground state, which undergoes a nonlinear increase of the emission along with the emergence of temporal coherence, the presence of an exciton fraction-controlled threshold and the buildup of linear polarization. Our work presents a critically important step toward exploiting nonlinear polariton-polariton interactions, as well as offering a new platform for thresholdless lasing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rui Su
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Weijie Zhao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Wei Du
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Xue Liu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Carole Diederichs
- MajuLab, International Joint Research Unit UMI 3654, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sorbonne Université, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Département de physique de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Timothy C H Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- MajuLab, International Joint Research Unit UMI 3654, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sorbonne Université, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Qihua Xiong
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Estrecho E, Pieczarka M, Wurdack M, Steger M, West K, Pfeiffer LN, Snoke DW, Truscott AG, Ostrovskaya EA. Low-Energy Collective Oscillations and Bogoliubov Sound in an Exciton-Polariton Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:075301. [PMID: 33666453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.075301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of low-energy, low-momenta collective oscillations of an exciton-polariton condensate in a round "box" trap. The oscillations are dominated by the dipole and breathing modes, and the ratio of the frequencies of the two modes is consistent with that of a weakly interacting two-dimensional trapped Bose gas. The speed of sound extracted from the dipole oscillation frequency is smaller than the Bogoliubov sound, which can be partly explained by the influence of the incoherent reservoir. These results pave the way for understanding the effects of reservoir, dissipation, energy relaxation, and finite temperature on the superfluid properties of exciton-polariton condensates and other two-dimensional open-dissipative quantum fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Estrecho
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies & Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Pieczarka
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies & Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Wurdack
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies & Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Steger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - K West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - L N Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - D W Snoke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - A G Truscott
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E A Ostrovskaya
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies & Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baranov D, Fieramosca A, Yang RX, Polimeno L, Lerario G, Toso S, Giansante C, Giorgi MD, Tan LZ, Sanvitto D, Manna L. Aging of Self-Assembled Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Superlattices: Effects on Photoluminescence and Energy Transfer. ACS NANO 2021; 15:650-664. [PMID: 33350811 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Excitonic coupling, electronic coupling, and cooperative interactions in self-assembled lead halide perovskite nanocrystals were reported to give rise to a red-shifted collective emission peak with accelerated dynamics. Here we report that similar spectroscopic features could appear as a result of the nanocrystal reactivity within the self-assembled superlattices. This is demonstrated by studying CsPbBr3 nanocrystal superlattices over time with room-temperature and cryogenic micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. It is shown that a gradual contraction of the superlattices and subsequent coalescence of the nanocrystals occurs over several days of keeping such structures under vacuum. As a result, a narrow, low-energy emission peak is observed at 4 K with a concomitant shortening of the photoluminescence lifetime due to the energy transfer between nanocrystals. When exposed to air, self-assembled CsPbBr3 nanocrystals develop bulk-like CsPbBr3 particles on top of the superlattices. At 4 K, these particles produce a distribution of narrow, low-energy emission peaks with short lifetimes and excitation fluence-dependent, oscillatory decays. Overall, the aging of CsPbBr3 nanocrystal assemblies dramatically alters their emission properties and that should not be overlooked when studying collective optoelectronic phenomena nor confused with superfluorescence effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Baranov
- Nanochemistry Department, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Ruo Xi Yang
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Laura Polimeno
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. de Giorgi", Università Del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lerario
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Stefano Toso
- Nanochemistry Department, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
- International Doctoral Program in Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia 25121, Italy
| | - Carlo Giansante
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Liang Z Tan
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Liberato Manna
- Nanochemistry Department, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gladilin VN, Wouters M. Vortices in Nonequilibrium Photon Condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:215301. [PMID: 33274963 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.215301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of vortices in arrays of photon condensates. Even when interactions are negligible, as is the case in current experiments, pumping and losses can lead to a finite vortex core size. While some properties of photon condensate vortices, such as their self-acceleration and the generation of vortex pairs by a moving vortex resemble those in lasers and interacting polariton condensates far from equilibrium, in several aspects they differ from previously studied systems: the vortex core size is determined by the balance between pumping and tunneling, the core appears oblate in the direction of its motion, and new vortex pairs can spontaneously nucleate in the core region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Gladilin
- TQC, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Michiel Wouters
- TQC, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zamora A, Dagvadorj G, Comaron P, Carusotto I, Proukakis NP, Szymańska MH. Kibble-Zurek Mechanism in Driven Dissipative Systems Crossing a Nonequilibrium Phase Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:095301. [PMID: 32915606 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.095301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Kibble-Zurek mechanism constitutes one of the most fascinating and universal phenomena in the physics of critical systems. It describes the formation of domains and the spontaneous nucleation of topological defects when a system is driven across a phase transition exhibiting spontaneous symmetry breaking. While a characteristic dependence of the defect density on the speed at which the transition is crossed was observed in a vast range of equilibrium condensed matter systems, its extension to intrinsically driven dissipative systems is a matter of ongoing research. In this Letter, we numerically confirm the Kibble-Zurek mechanism in a paradigmatic family of driven dissipative quantum systems, namely exciton-polaritons in microcavities. Our findings show how the concepts of universality and critical dynamics extend to driven dissipative systems that do not conserve energy or particle number nor satisfy a detailed balance condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Zamora
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - G Dagvadorj
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - P Comaron
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotnikw 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - I Carusotto
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Università di Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo, Italy
| | - N P Proukakis
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - M H Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ballarini D, Caputo D, Dagvadorj G, Juggins R, Giorgi MD, Dominici L, West K, Pfeiffer LN, Gigli G, Szymańska MH, Sanvitto D. Directional Goldstone waves in polariton condensates close to equilibrium. Nat Commun 2020; 11:217. [PMID: 31924751 PMCID: PMC6954190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum fluids of light are realized in semiconductor microcavities using exciton-polaritons, solid-state quasi-particles with a light mass and sizeable interactions. Here, we use the microscopic analogue of oceanographic techniques to measure the excitation spectrum of a thermalised polariton condensate. Increasing the fluid density, we demonstrate the transition from a free-particle parabolic dispersion to a linear, sound-like Goldstone mode characteristic of superfluids at equilibrium. Notably, we reveal the effect of an asymmetric pumping by showing that collective excitations are created with a definite direction with respect to the condensate. Furthermore, we measure the critical sound speed for polariton superfluids close to equilibrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Davide Caputo
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.,University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Galbadrakh Dagvadorj
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard Juggins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Kenneth West
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Loren N Pfeiffer
- Electrical Engineering Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.,University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzena H Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.,INFN, Sez. Lecce, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ballarini D, Chestnov I, Caputo D, De Giorgi M, Dominici L, West K, Pfeiffer LN, Gigli G, Kavokin A, Sanvitto D. Self-Trapping of Exciton-Polariton Condensates in GaAs Microcavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:047401. [PMID: 31491238 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.047401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The self-trapping of exciton-polariton condensates is demonstrated and explained by the formation of a new polaronlike state. Above the polariton lasing threshold, local variation of the lattice temperature provides the mechanism for an attractive interaction between polaritons. Because of this attraction, the condensate collapses into a small bright spot. Its position and momentum variances approach the Heisenberg quantum limit. The self-trapping does not require either a resonant driving force or a presence of defects. The trapped state is stabilized by the phonon-assisted stimulated scattering of excitons into the polariton condensate. While the formation mechanism of the observed self-trapped state is similar to the Landau-Pekar polaron model, this state is populated by several thousands of quasiparticles, in a striking contrast to the conventional single-particle polaron state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Igor Chestnov
- Westlake University, School of Science, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Natural Sciences, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Vladimir State University, 600000 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Davide Caputo
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Kenneth West
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton Unviversity, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Loren N Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton Unviversity, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- Westlake University, School of Science, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Natural Sciences, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Russian Quantum Centre, 100 Novaya St., 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dang S, Anankine R, Gomez C, Lemaître A, Holzmann M, Dubin F. Defect Proliferation at the Quasicondensate Crossover of Two-Dimensional Dipolar Excitons Trapped in Coupled GaAs Quantum Wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:117402. [PMID: 30951355 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.117402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study ultracold dipolar excitons confined in a 10 μm trap of a double GaAs quantum well. Based on the local density approximation, we unveil for the first time the equation of state of excitons. Specifically, in this regime and below a critical temperature of about 1 K, we show that for a local density n∼(2-3)×10^{10} cm^{-2} a coherent quasicondensate phase forms in the inner region of the trap, encircled by a more dilute and normal component in the outer rim. Remarkably, this spatial arrangement correlates directly with the concentration of defects in the exciton density, which is strongly decreased in the quasicondensed region, consistent with a superfluid phase. Thus, our observations point towards a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless crossover for two-dimensional excitons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Dang
- Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, CNRS and Sorbonne University, 4 pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Anankine
- Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, CNRS and Sorbonne University, 4 pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carmen Gomez
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology-C2N, University Paris Saclay and CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology-C2N, University Paris Saclay and CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Markus Holzmann
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPMMC, 3800 Grenoble, France
| | - François Dubin
- Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, CNRS and Sorbonne University, 4 pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Comaron P, Dagvadorj G, Zamora A, Carusotto I, Proukakis NP, Szymańska MH. Dynamical Critical Exponents in Driven-Dissipative Quantum Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:095302. [PMID: 30230863 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.095302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the phase ordering of parametrically and incoherently driven microcavity polaritons after an infinitely rapid quench across the critical region. We confirm that the system, despite its driven-dissipative nature, satisfies the dynamical scaling hypothesis for both driving schemes by exhibiting self-similar patterns for the two-point correlator at late times of the phase ordering. We show that polaritons are characterized by the dynamical critical exponent z≈2 with topological defects playing a fundamental role in the dynamics, giving logarithmic corrections both to the power-law decay of the number of vortices and to the associated growth of the characteristic length scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Comaron
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - G Dagvadorj
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - A Zamora
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - I Carusotto
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - N P Proukakis
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - M H Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Single-shot condensation of exciton polaritons and the hole burning effect. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2944. [PMID: 30093641 PMCID: PMC6085311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A bosonic condensate of exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity is a macroscopic quantum state subject to pumping and decay. The fundamental nature of this driven-dissipative condensate is still under debate. Here, we gain an insight into spontaneous condensation by imaging long-lifetime exciton polaritons in a high-quality inorganic microcavity in a single-shot optical excitation regime, without averaging over multiple condensate realisations. We demonstrate that condensation is strongly influenced by an incoherent reservoir and that the reservoir depletion, the so-called spatial hole burning, is critical for the transition to the ground state. Condensates of photon-like polaritons exhibit strong shot-to-shot fluctuations and density filamentation due to the effective self-focusing associated with the reservoir depletion. In contrast, condensates of exciton-like polaritons display smoother spatial density distributions and are second-order coherent. Our observations show that the single-shot measurements offer a unique opportunity to study fundamental properties of non-equilibrium condensation in the presence of a reservoir.
Collapse
|
26
|
Spin polarized semimagnetic exciton-polariton condensate in magnetic field. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6694. [PMID: 29703917 PMCID: PMC5923979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their integer spin, exciton-polaritons in microcavities can be used for observation of non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation in solid state. However, spin-related phenomena of such condensates are difficult to explore due to the relatively small Zeeman effect of standard semiconductor microcavity systems and the strong tendency to sustain an equal population of two spin components, which precludes the observation of condensates with a well defined spin projection along the axis of the system. The enhancement of the Zeeman splitting can be achieved by introducing magnetic ions to the quantum wells, and consequently forming semimagnetic polaritons. In this system, increasing magnetic field can induce polariton condensation at constant excitation power. Here we evidence the spin polarization of a semimagnetic polaritons condensate exhibiting a circularly polarized emission over 95% even in a moderate magnetic field of about 3 T. Furthermore, we show that unlike nonmagnetic polaritons, an increase on excitation power results in an increase of the semimagnetic polaritons condensate spin polarization. These properties open new possibilities for testing theoretically predicted phenomena of spin polarized condensate.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sich M, Chana JK, Egorov OA, Sigurdsson H, Shelykh IA, Skryabin DV, Walker PM, Clarke E, Royall B, Skolnick MS, Krizhanovskii DN. Transition from Propagating Polariton Solitons to a Standing Wave Condensate Induced by Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:167402. [PMID: 29756939 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.167402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We explore phase transitions of polariton wave packets, first, to a soliton and then to a standing wave polariton condensate in a multimode microwire system, mediated by nonlinear polariton interactions. At low excitation density, we observe ballistic propagation of the multimode polariton wave packets arising from the interference between different transverse modes. With increasing excitation density, the wave packets transform into single-mode bright solitons due to effects of both intermodal and intramodal polariton-polariton scattering. Further increase of the excitation density increases thermalization speed, leading to relaxation of the polariton density from a solitonic spectrum distribution in momentum space down to low momenta, with the resultant formation of a nonequilibrium condensate manifested by a standing wave pattern across the whole sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - J K Chana
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Base4 Innovation, Ltd., Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - O A Egorov
- Technische Physik der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Sigurdsson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - I A Shelykh
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - D V Skryabin
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - P M Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - E Clarke
- EPSRC National Centre for III-V Technologies, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DE, United Kingdom
| | - B Royall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - M S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - D N Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dominici L, Carretero-González R, Gianfrate A, Cuevas-Maraver J, Rodrigues AS, Frantzeskakis DJ, Lerario G, Ballarini D, De Giorgi M, Gigli G, Kevrekidis PG, Sanvitto D. Interactions and scattering of quantum vortices in a polariton fluid. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1467. [PMID: 29654228 PMCID: PMC5899148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum vortices, the quantized version of classical vortices, play a prominent role in superfluid and superconductor phase transitions. However, their exploration at a particle level in open quantum systems has gained considerable attention only recently. Here we study vortex pair interactions in a resonant polariton fluid created in a solid-state microcavity. By tracking the vortices on picosecond time scales, we reveal the role of nonlinearity, as well as of density and phase gradients, in driving their rotational dynamics. Such effects are also responsible for the split of composite spin–vortex molecules into elementary half-vortices, when seeding opposite vorticity between the two spinorial components. Remarkably, we also observe that vortices placed in close proximity experience a pull–push scenario leading to unusual scattering-like events that can be described by a tunable effective potential. Understanding vortex interactions can be useful in quantum hydrodynamics and in the development of vortex-based lattices, gyroscopes, and logic devices. Superfluid flow around a vortex is quantized so that vortices become discrete, particle-like defects, with interactions mediated by the surrounding fluid. Here, the authors use a polariton system to experimentally investigate the behavior and scattering of vortices in a two-component superfluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Ricardo Carretero-González
- Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Group, Computational Sciences Research Center, and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-7720, USA
| | - Antonio Gianfrate
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Jesús Cuevas-Maraver
- Grupo de Física No Lineal, Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, 41011, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Matemáticas de la Universidad de Sevilla (IMUS), Edificio Celestino Mutis. Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Augusto S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Física e Astronomia/CFP, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dimitri J Frantzeskakis
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, Athens, 15784, Greece
| | - Giovanni Lerario
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Panayotis G Kevrekidis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-4515, USA
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.,INFN Sezione di Lecce, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|