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Censi ST, Mariani-Costantini R, Granzotto A, Tomassini V, Sensi SL. Endogenous retroviruses in multiple sclerosis: A network-based etiopathogenic model. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102392. [PMID: 38925481 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The present perspective article proposes an etiopathological model for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and progression associated with the activation of human endogenous retroviruses. We reviewed preclinical, clinical, epidemiological, and evolutionary evidence indicating how the complex, multi-level interplay of genetic traits and environmental factors contributes to multiple sclerosis. We propose that endogenous retroviruses transactivation acts as a critical node in disease development. We also discuss the rationale for combined anti-retroviral therapy in multiple sclerosis as a disease-modifying therapeutic strategy. Finally, we propose that the immuno-pathogenic process triggered by endogenous retrovirus activation can be extended to aging and aging-related neurodegeneration. In this regard, endogenous retroviruses can be envisioned to act as epigenetic noise, favoring the proliferation of disorganized cellular subpopulations and accelerating system-specific "aging". Since inflammation and aging are two sides of the same coin (plastic dis-adaptation to external stimuli with system-specific degree of freedom), the two conditions may be epiphenomenal products of increased epigenomic entropy. Inflammation accelerates organ-specific aging, disrupting communication throughout critical systems of the body and producing symptoms. Overlapping neurological symptoms and syndromes may emerge from the activity of shared molecular networks that respond to endogenous retroviruses' reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano T Censi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Renato Mariani-Costantini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Valentina Tomassini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Institute of Neurology, SS Annunziata Hospital, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Institute of Neurology, SS Annunziata Hospital, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.
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Adler GL, Le K, Fu Y, Kim WS. Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:745. [PMID: 38927681 PMCID: PMC11202925 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are DNA transposable elements that have integrated into the human genome via an ancestral germline infection. The potential importance of HERVs is underscored by the fact that they comprise approximately 8% of the human genome. HERVs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, a group of CNS diseases characterized by a progressive loss of structure and function of neurons, resulting in cell death and multiple physiological dysfunctions. Much evidence indicates that HERVs are initiators or drivers of neurodegenerative processes in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and clinical trials have been designed to target HERVs. In recent years, the role of HERVs has been explored in other major neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, with some interesting discoveries. This review summarizes and evaluates the past and current research on HERVs in neurodegenerative diseases. It discusses the potential role of HERVs in disease manifestation and neurodegeneration. It critically reviews antiretroviral strategies used in the therapeutic intervention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle L. Adler
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Kelvin Le
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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da Silva AL, Guedes BLM, Santos SN, Correa GF, Nardy A, Nali LHDS, Bachi ALL, Romano CM. Beyond pathogens: the intriguing genetic legacy of endogenous retroviruses in host physiology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1379962. [PMID: 38655281 PMCID: PMC11035796 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1379962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The notion that viruses played a crucial role in the evolution of life is not a new concept. However, more recent insights suggest that this perception might be even more expansive, highlighting the ongoing impact of viruses on host evolution. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are considered genomic remnants of ancient viral infections acquired throughout vertebrate evolution. Their exogenous counterparts once infected the host's germline cells, eventually leading to the permanent endogenization of their respective proviruses. The success of ERV colonization is evident so that it constitutes 8% of the human genome. Emerging genomic studies indicate that endogenous retroviruses are not merely remnants of past infections but rather play a corollary role, despite not fully understood, in host genetic regulation. This review presents some evidence supporting the crucial role of endogenous retroviruses in regulating host genetics. We explore the involvement of human ERVs (HERVs) in key physiological processes, from their precise and orchestrated activities during cellular differentiation and pluripotency to their contributions to aging and cellular senescence. Additionally, we discuss the costs associated with hosting a substantial amount of preserved viral genetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lopes da Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Luiz Miranda Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Nascimento Santos
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Francisco Correa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariane Nardy
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andre Luis Lacerda Bachi
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Malta Romano
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Zheng W, Gojobori J, Suh A, Satta Y. Different Host-Endogenous Retrovirus Relationships between Mammals and Birds Reflected in Genome-Wide Evolutionary Interaction Patterns. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae065. [PMID: 38527852 PMCID: PMC11005779 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammals and birds differ largely in their average endogenous retrovirus loads, namely the proportion of endogenous retrovirus in the genome. The host-endogenous retrovirus relationships, including conflict and co-option, have been hypothesized among the causes of this difference. However, there has not been studies about the genomic evolutionary signal of constant host-endogenous retrovirus interactions in a long-term scale and how such interactions could lead to the endogenous retrovirus load difference. Through a phylogeny-controlled correlation analysis on ∼5,000 genes between the dN/dS ratio of each gene and the load of endogenous retrovirus in 12 mammals and 21 birds, separately, we detected genes that may have evolved in association with endogenous retrovirus loads. Birds have a higher proportion of genes with strong correlation between dN/dS and the endogenous retrovirus load than mammals. Strong evidence of association is found between the dN/dS of the coding gene for leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 23 and endogenous retrovirus load in birds. Gene set enrichment analysis shows that gene silencing rather than immunity and DNA recombination may have a larger contribution to the association between dN/dS and the endogenous retrovirus load for both mammals and birds. The above results together showing different evolutionary patterns between bird and mammal genes can partially explain the apparently lower endogenous retrovirus loads of birds, while gene silencing may be a universal mechanism that plays a remarkable role in the evolutionary interaction between the host and endogenous retrovirus. In summary, our study presents signals that the host genes might have driven or responded to endogenous retrovirus load changes in long-term evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Zheng
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jun Gojobori
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Alexander Suh
- Department of Organismal Biology—Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences—Organisms and the Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Yoko Satta
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
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Banazadeh M, Abiri A, Poortaheri MM, Asnaashari L, Langarizadeh MA, Forootanfar H. Unexplored power of CRISPR-Cas9 in neuroscience, a multi-OMICs review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130413. [PMID: 38408576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The neuroscience and neurobiology of gene editing to enhance learning and memory is of paramount interest to the scientific community. The advancements of CRISPR system have created avenues to treat neurological disorders by means of versatile modalities varying from expression to suppression of genes and proteins. Neurodegenerative disorders have also been attributed to non-canonical DNA secondary structures by affecting neuron activity through controlling gene expression, nucleosome shape, transcription, translation, replication, and recombination. Changing DNA regulatory elements which could contribute to the fate and function of neurons are thoroughly discussed in this review. This study presents the ability of CRISPR system to boost learning power and memory, treat or cure genetically-based neurological disorders, and alleviate psychiatric diseases by altering the activity and the irritability of the neurons at the synaptic cleft through DNA manipulation, and also, epigenetic modifications using Cas9. We explore and examine how each different OMIC techniques can come useful when altering DNA sequences. Such insight into the underlying relationship between OMICs and cellular behaviors leads us to better neurological and psychiatric therapeutics by intelligently designing and utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Banazadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ardavan Abiri
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Lida Asnaashari
- Student Research Committee, Kerman Universiy of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Langarizadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Machnik G, Bułdak Ł, Zapletal-Pudełko K, Grabarek BO, Staszkiewicz R, Sobański D, Okopień B. The impact of wound-healing assay, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation and siRNA-mediated FURIN gene silencing on endogenous retroviral ERVW-1 expression level in U87-MG astrocytoma cells. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:113-124. [PMID: 38403160 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are ubiquitous genomic sequences. Normally dormant HERVs, undergo reactivation by environmental factors. This deregulation of HERVs' transcriptional equilibrium correlates with medical conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we sought to explore whether exposing the U-87 MG astrocytoma cells to traumatic injury deregulates the expression of HERV-W family member ERVW-1 encoding syncytin-1. We also examined the expression of FURIN gene that is crucial in syncytin-1 synthesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Scratch assay was used as a model of cells injury in U-87 MG cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot (WB) and migration assay using Boyden chamber were used. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used for cell stimulation and gene expression inhibition, respectively. RESULTS Results revealed reduced ERVW-1 expression in cells exposed to injury (p < 0.05) while GFAP gene - a marker of active astrocytes, was upregulated (p < 0.01). These findings were confirmed by both WB and RT-qPCR. Expression of FURIN gene was not altered after injury, but cell stimulation by PMA strongly increased FURIN expression, simultaneously downregulating ERVW-1 (p < 0.01). SiRNA-mediated expression inhibition of ERVW-1 and FURIN influenced the mRNA level for SLC1A5 (ASCT2) - primary syncytin-1 receptor, that was significantly lower. FURIN inhibition by siRNA caused strong upregulation of ERVW-1 expression (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Results showed that mechanical impact affects the expression of endogenous retroviruses in U-87 MG astrocytoma cells by scratch assay. Regulation of FURIN, a crucial enzyme in ERVW-1 turnover may support the therapy of some neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Machnik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Zapletal-Pudełko
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Beniamin Oskar Grabarek
- Collegium Medicum, WSB University, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology, Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Staszkiewicz
- Collegium Medicum, WSB University, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Sobański
- Collegium Medicum, WSB University, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Szpital sw. Rafala in Cracow, Poland
| | - Bogusław Okopień
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Takahashi Ueda M. Retrotransposon-derived transcripts and their functions in immunity and disease. Genes Genet Syst 2024; 98:305-319. [PMID: 38199240 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.23-00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Retrotransposons, which account for approximately 42% of the human genome, have been increasingly recognized as "non-self" pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) due to their virus-like sequences. In abnormal conditions such as cancer and viral infections, retrotransposons that are aberrantly expressed due to impaired epigenetic suppression display PAMPs, leading to their recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system and triggering inflammation. This viral mimicry mechanism has been observed in various human diseases, including aging and autoimmune disorders. However, recent evidence suggests that retrotransposons possess highly regulated immune reactivity and play important roles in the development and function of the immune system. In this review, I discuss a wide range of retrotransposon-derived transcripts, their role as targets in immune recognition, and the diseases associated with retrotransposon activity. Furthermore, I explore the implications of chimeric transcripts formed between retrotransposons and known gene mRNAs, which have been previously underestimated, for the increase of immune-related gene isoforms and their influence on immune function. Retrotransposon-derived transcripts have profound and multifaceted effects on immune system function. The aim of this comprehensive review is to provide a better understanding of the complex relationship between retrotransposon transcripts and immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahoko Takahashi Ueda
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Toudic C, Maurer M, St-Pierre G, Xiao Y, Bannert N, Lafond J, Rassart É, Sato S, Barbeau B. Galectin-1 Modulates the Fusogenic Activity of Placental Endogenous Retroviral Envelopes. Viruses 2023; 15:2441. [PMID: 38140682 PMCID: PMC10747188 DOI: 10.3390/v15122441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Syncytin-1 and -2 are glycoproteins encoded by human endogenous retrovirus (hERV) that, through their fusogenic properties, are needed for the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Previous studies suggested that these proteins, in addition to the EnvP(b) envelope protein, are also involved in other cell fusion events. Since galectin-1 is a β-galactoside-binding protein associated with cytotrophoblast fusion during placental development, we previously tested its effect on Syncytin-mediated cell fusion and showed that this protein differently modulates the fusogenic potential of Syncytin-1 and -2. Herein, we were interested in comparing the impact of galectin-1 on hERV envelope proteins in different cellular contexts. Using a syncytium assay, we first demonstrated that galectin-1 increased the fusion of Syncytin-2- and EnvP(b)-expressing cells. We then tested the infectivity of Syncytin-1 and -2 vs. VSV-G-pseudotyped viruses toward Cos-7 and various human cell lines. In the presence of galectin-1, infection of Syncytin-2-pseudotyped viruses augmented for all cell lines. In contrast, the impact of galectin-1 on the infectivity of Syncytin-1-pseudotyped viruses varied, being cell- and dose-dependent. In this study, we report the functional associations between three hERV envelope proteins and galectin-1, which should provide information on the fusogenic activity of these proteins in the placenta and other biological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Toudic
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Maike Maurer
- Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Guillaume St-Pierre
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases and Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.S.-P.); (S.S.)
| | - Yong Xiao
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Julie Lafond
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Éric Rassart
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases and Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.S.-P.); (S.S.)
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
- Regroupement Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l’Université du Québec, Montréal, QC H2X 1E3, Canada
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9
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Shin W, Mun S, Han K. Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K (HML-2)-Related Genetic Variation: Human Genome Diversity and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2150. [PMID: 38136972 PMCID: PMC10742618 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) comprise a significant portion of the human genome, making up roughly 8%, a notable comparison to the 2-3% represented by coding sequences. Numerous studies have underscored the critical role and importance of HERVs, highlighting their diverse and extensive influence on the evolution of the human genome and establishing their complex correlation with various diseases. Among HERVs, the HERV-K (HML-2) subfamily has recently attracted significant attention, integrating into the human genome after the divergence between humans and chimpanzees. Its insertion in the human genome has received considerable attention due to its structural and functional characteristics and the time of insertion. Originating from ancient exogenous retroviruses, these elements succeeded in infecting germ cells, enabling vertical transmission and existing as proviruses within the genome. Remarkably, these sequences have retained the capacity to form complete viral sequences, exhibiting activity in transcription and translation. The HERV-K (HML-2) subfamily is the subject of active debate about its potential positive or negative effects on human genome evolution and various pathologies. This review summarizes the variation, regulation, and diseases in human genome evolution arising from the influence of HERV-K (HML-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Shin
- NGS Clinical Laboratory, Division of Cancer Research, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seyoung Mun
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
- College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyudong Han
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
- Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioconvergence Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, HuNBiome Co., Ltd., Seoul 08507, Republic of Korea
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10
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Liu S, Heumüller SE, Hossinger A, Müller SA, Buravlova O, Lichtenthaler SF, Denner P, Vorberg IM. Reactivated endogenous retroviruses promote protein aggregate spreading. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5034. [PMID: 37596282 PMCID: PMC10439213 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion-like spreading of protein misfolding is a characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases, but the exact mechanisms of intercellular protein aggregate dissemination remain unresolved. Evidence accumulates that endogenous retroviruses, remnants of viral germline infections that are normally epigenetically silenced, become upregulated in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and tauopathies. Here we uncover that activation of endogenous retroviruses affects prion-like spreading of proteopathic seeds. We show that upregulation of endogenous retroviruses drastically increases the dissemination of protein aggregates between cells in culture, a process that can be inhibited by targeting the viral envelope protein or viral protein processing. Human endogenous retrovirus envelopes of four different clades also elevate intercellular spreading of proteopathic seeds, including pathological Tau. Our data support a role of endogenous retroviruses in protein misfolding diseases and suggest that antiviral drugs could represent promising candidates for inhibiting protein aggregate spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - André Hossinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Buravlova
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Denner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ina M Vorberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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11
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Dawson T, Rentia U, Sanford J, Cruchaga C, Kauwe JSK, Crandall KA. Locus specific endogenous retroviral expression associated with Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1186470. [PMID: 37484691 PMCID: PMC10359044 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1186470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are transcriptionally-active remnants of ancient retroviral infections that may play a role in Alzheimer's disease. Methods We combined two, publicly available RNA-Seq datasets with a third, novel dataset for a total cohort of 103 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 45 healthy controls. We use telescope to perform HERV quantification for these samples and simultaneously perform gene expression analysis. Results We identify differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed HERVs in Alzheimer's disease patients. Differentially expressed HERVs are scattered throughout the genome; many of them are members of the HERV-K superfamily. A number of HERVs are correlated with the expression of dysregulated genes in Alzheimer's and are physically proximal to genes which drive disease pathways. Discussion Dysregulated expression of ancient retroviral insertions in the human genome are present in Alzheimer's disease and show localization patterns that may explain how these elements drive pathogenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Dawson
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Uzma Rentia
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jessie Sanford
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - John S. K. Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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12
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Li Z, Wang Q, Lv N, Xu G, Yang X, Zhu B. Genome-wide identification of endogenous retrovirus elements and their active transcription in mink genome. MLIFE 2023; 2:201-208. [PMID: 38817617 PMCID: PMC10989824 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are ancient retroviruses that have been integrated into genomes. ERVs were believed to be inactive until the discovery of ERV transcription in the mouse genome. However, the transcription level and function of ERV elements in mammalian genomes are not well understood. In this study, we performed the first genome-wide scanning of ERV loci in the American mink (Neogale vison) genome (NeoERV) followed by transcriptomic analysis to detect actively transcribed NeoERV elements. A total of 365,791 NeoERV loci were identified, and161,205 (44%) of these loci were found to be actively transcribed based on transcriptomic data from three types of tissues (amygdala, trachea and lung). More than one third of the actively transcribed NeoERV loci were tissue-specific. Furthermore, some of the active loci were associated with host gene transcription, and the level of NeoERV transcription was positively correlated with that of host genes, specifically when active loci were located in overlapped gene regions. An in-depth analysis of the envelope protein coding env gene showed that, in general, its transcription level was higher than that of NeoERVs, which is believed to be associated with host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Na Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanChina
| | - Guojin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xuemei Yang
- Beijing Pediatric Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanChina
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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13
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Copley KE, Shorter J. Repetitive elements in aging and neurodegeneration. Trends Genet 2023; 39:381-400. [PMID: 36935218 PMCID: PMC10121923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive elements (REs), such as transposable elements (TEs) and satellites, comprise much of the genome. Here, we review how TEs and (peri)centromeric satellite DNA may contribute to aging and neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Alterations in RE expression, retrotransposition, and chromatin microenvironment may shorten lifespan, elicit neurodegeneration, and impair memory and movement. REs may cause these phenotypes via DNA damage, protein sequestration, insertional mutagenesis, and inflammation. We discuss several TE families, including gypsy, HERV-K, and HERV-W, and how TEs interact with various factors, including transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) and the siRNA and piwi-interacting (pi)RNA systems. Studies of TEs in neurodegeneration have focused on Drosophila and, thus, further examination in mammals is needed. We suggest that therapeutic silencing of REs could help mitigate neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Copley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Our defenses against infection rely on the ability of the immune system to distinguish invading pathogens from self. This task is exceptionally challenging, if not seemingly impossible, in the case of retroviruses that have integrated almost seamlessly into the host. This review examines the limits of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by endogenous retroviruses and other retroelements, the targets of immune recognition, and the consequences for host health and disease. Contrary to theoretical expectation, endogenous retroelements retain substantial immunogenicity, which manifests most profoundly when their epigenetic repression is compromised, contributing to autoinflammatory and autoimmune disease and age-related inflammation. Nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that regulated immune reactivity to endogenous retroelements is integral to immune system development and function, underpinning cancer immunosurveillance, resistance to infection, and responses to the microbiota. Elucidation of the interaction points with endogenous retroelements will therefore deepen our understanding of immune system function and contribution to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom;
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Tovo PA, Marozio L, Abbona G, Calvi C, Frezet F, Gambarino S, Dini M, Benedetto C, Galliano I, Bergallo M. Pregnancy Is Associated with Impaired Transcription of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and of TRIM28 and SETDB1, Particularly in Mothers Affected by Multiple Sclerosis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030710. [PMID: 36992419 PMCID: PMC10051116 DOI: 10.3390/v15030710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence highlights the pathogenetic role of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in eliciting and maintaining multiple sclerosis (MS). Epigenetic mechanisms, such as those regulated by TRIM 28 and SETDB1, are implicated in HERV activation and in neuroinflammatory disorders, including MS. Pregnancy markedly improves the course of MS, but no study explored the expressions of HERVs and of TRIM28 and SETDB1 during gestation. Using a polymerase chain reaction real-time Taqman amplification assay, we assessed and compared the transcriptional levels of pol genes of HERV-H, HERV-K, HERV-W; of env genes of Syncytin (SYN)1, SYN2, and multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus (MSRV); and of TRIM28 and SETDB1 in peripheral blood and placenta from 20 mothers affected by MS; from 27 healthy mothers, in cord blood from their neonates; and in blood from healthy women of child-bearing age. The HERV mRNA levels were significantly lower in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. Expressions of all HERVs were downregulated in the chorion and in the decidua basalis of MS mothers compared to healthy mothers. The former also showed lower mRNA levels of HERV-K-pol and of SYN1, SYN2, and MSRV in peripheral blood. Significantly lower expressions of TRIM28 and SETDB1 also emerged in pregnant vs. nonpregnant women and in blood, chorion, and decidua of mothers with MS vs. healthy mothers. In contrast, HERV and TRIM28/SETDB1 expressions were comparable between their neonates. These results show that gestation is characterized by impaired expressions of HERVs and TRIM28/SETDB1, particularly in mothers with MS. Given the beneficial effects of pregnancy on MS and the wealth of data suggesting the putative contribution of HERVs and epigenetic processes in the pathogenesis of the disease, our findings may further support innovative therapeutic interventions to block HERV activation and to control aberrant epigenetic pathways in MS-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier-Angelo Tovo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.-A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Luca Marozio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Abbona
- Pathology Unit, Department Laboratory Medicine, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Calvi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Frezet
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Gambarino
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maddalena Dini
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Galliano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bergallo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.-A.T.); (M.B.)
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16
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Dhillon P, Mulholland KA, Hu H, Park J, Sheng X, Abedini A, Liu H, Vassalotti A, Wu J, Susztak K. Increased levels of endogenous retroviruses trigger fibroinflammation and play a role in kidney disease development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:559. [PMID: 36732547 PMCID: PMC9895454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a common feature of all forms of chronic kidney disease; however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Evolutionarily inherited endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) have the potential to trigger an immune reaction. Comprehensive RNA-sequencing of control and diseased kidneys from human and mouse disease models indicated higher expression of transposable elements (TEs) and ERVs in diseased kidneys. Loss of cytosine methylation causing epigenetic derepression likely contributes to an increase in ERV levels. Genetic deletion/pharmacological inhibition of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) induces ERV expression. In cultured kidney tubule cells, ERVs elicit the activation of cytosolic nucleotide sensors such as RIG-I, MDA5, and STING. ERVs expressions in kidney tubules trigger RIG-I/STING, and cytokine expression, and correlate with the presence of immune cells. Genetic deletion of RIG-I or STING or treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitor ameliorates kidney fibroinflammation. Our data indicate an important role of epigenetic derepression-induced ERV activation triggering renal fibroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Dhillon
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
| | - Kelly Ann Mulholland
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
| | - Hailong Hu
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
| | - Jihwan Park
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
| | - Xin Sheng
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
| | - Amin Abedini
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
| | - Allison Vassalotti
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
| | - Junnan Wu
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA.
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, USA.
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17
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A comprehensive investigation of human endogenous retroviral syncytin proteins and their receptors in men with normozoospermia and impaired semen quality. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:97-111. [PMID: 36469256 PMCID: PMC9734899 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aims to investigate first the presence of Syncytin 2 and its receptor, MFSD2, in human sperm, and second whether the expressions of Syncytin 1, Syncytin 2, and their receptors, SLC1A5 and MFSD2, differ between normozoospermic, asthenozoospermic, oligozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic human sperm samples. METHODS The localization patterns and expression levels of syncytins and their receptors were evaluated in normozoospermic (concentration = 88.9 ± 5.5 × 106, motility = 79.2 ± 3.15%, n = 30), asthenozoospermic (concentration = 51.7 ± 7.18 × 106, motility = 24.0 ± 3.12%, n = 15), mild oligozoospermic (concentration = 13.5 ± 2.17 × 106, motility = 72.1 ± 6.5%, n = 15), moderate oligozoospermic (concentration = 8.4 ± 3.21 × 106, motility = 65.1 ± 8.9%, n = 15), severe oligozoospermic (concentration = 2.1 ± 1.01 × 106, motility = 67.5 ± 3.2%, n = 15), and oligoasthenozoospermic (concentration = 5.5 ± 3.21 × 106, motility = 18.5 ± 1.2%, n = 15) samples by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. RESULTS Syncytins and their receptors visualized by immunofluorescence showed similar staining patterns with slight staining of the tail in all spermatozoa regardless of normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, or oligoasthenozoospermia. The localization patterns were categorized as equatorial segment, midpiece region, acrosome, and post-acrosomal areas. The combined staining patterns were also detected as acrosomal cap plus post acrosomal region, the midpiece plus equatorial segment, and midpiece plus acrosomal region. However, some sperm cells were categorized as non-stained. Both syncytin proteins were most intensely localized in the midpiece region, while their receptors were predominantly present in the midpiece plus acrosomal region. Conspicuously, syncytins and their receptors showed decreased expression in asthenozospermic, oligozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic samples compared to normozoospermic samples. CONCLUSION The expression patterns of HERV-derived syncytins and their receptors were identical regardless of the spermatozoa in men with normozoospermia versus impaired semen quality. Further, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and oligoasthenozoospermia as male fertility issues are associated with decreased expression of both syncytins and their receptors.
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18
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Rangel SC, da Silva MD, da Silva AL, dos Santos JDMB, Neves LM, Pedrosa A, Rodrigues FM, Trettel CDS, Furtado GE, de Barros MP, Bachi ALL, Romano CM, Nali LHDS. Human endogenous retroviruses and the inflammatory response: A vicious circle associated with health and illness. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057791. [PMID: 36518758 PMCID: PMC9744114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are derived from ancient exogenous retroviral infections that have infected our ancestors' germline cells, underwent endogenization process, and were passed throughout the generations by retrotransposition and hereditary transmission. HERVs comprise 8% of the human genome and are critical for several physiological activities. Yet, HERVs reactivation is involved in pathological process as cancer and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the multiple aspects of HERVs' role within the human genome, as well as virological and molecular aspects, and their fusogenic property. We also discuss possibilities of how the HERVs are possibly transactivated and participate in modulating the inflammatory response in health conditions. An update on their role in several autoimmune, inflammatory, and aging-related diseases is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Coelho Rangel
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Lopes da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Melo Neves
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Pedrosa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, (3004-504), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Caio dos Santos Trettel
- Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços – S. Martinho do Bispo, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Malta Romano
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP (LIM52), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Da Silva Nali
- UNISA Research Center, Universidade Santo Amaro, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Luiz Henrique Da Silva Nali, ;
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19
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Modulation of HERV Expression by Four Different Encephalitic Arboviruses during Infection of Human Primary Astrocytes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112505. [PMID: 36423114 PMCID: PMC9694637 DOI: 10.3390/v14112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human retroelements (HERVs) are retroviral origin sequences fixed in the human genome. HERVs induction is associated with neurogenesis, cellular development, immune activation, and neurological disorders. Arboviruses are often associated with the development of encephalitis. The interplay between these viruses and HERVs has not been fully elucidated. In this work, we analyzed RNAseq data derived from infected human primary astrocytes by Zika (ZikV), Mayaro (MayV), Oropouche (OroV) and Chikungunya (ChikV) viruses, and evaluated the modulation of HERVs and their nearby genes. Our data show common HERVs expression modulation by both alphaviruses, suggesting conserved evolutionary routes of transcription regulation. A total of 15 HERVs were co-modulated by the four arboviruses, including the highly upregulated HERV4_4q22. Data on the upregulation of genes nearby to these elements in ChikV, MayV and OroV infections were also obtained, and interaction networks were built. The upregulation of 14 genes common among all viruses was observed in the networks, and 93 genes between MayV and ChikV. These genes are related to cellular processes such as cellular replication, cytoskeleton, cell vesicle traffic and antiviral response. Together, our results support the role of HERVs induction in the transcription regulation process of genes during arboviral infections.
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20
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Jia L, Liu M, Yang C, Li H, Liu Y, Han J, Zhai X, Wang X, Li T, Li J, Zhang B, Yu C, Li L. Comprehensive identification and characterization of the HERV-K (HML-9) group in the human genome. Retrovirology 2022; 19:11. [PMID: 35676699 PMCID: PMC9178832 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) result from ancestral infections caused by exogenous retroviruses that became incorporated into the germline DNA and evolutionarily fixed in the human genome. HERVs can be transmitted vertically in a Mendelian fashion and be stably maintained in the human genome, of which they are estimated to comprise approximately 8%. HERV-K (HML1-10) transcription has been confirmed to be associated with a variety of diseases, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, rheumatoid arthritis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the poor characterization of HML-9 prevents a detailed understanding of the regulation of the expression of this family in humans and its impact on the host genome. In light of this, a precise and updated HERV-K HML-9 genomic map is urgently needed to better evaluate the role of these elements in human health. Results We report a comprehensive analysis of the presence and distribution of HERV-K HML-9 elements within the human genome, with a detailed characterization of the structural and phylogenetic properties of the group. A total of 23 proviruses and 47 solo LTR elements were characterized, with a detailed description of the provirus structure, integration time, potential regulated genes, transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), and primer binding site (PBS) features. The integration time results showed that the HML-9 elements found in the human genome integrated into the primate lineage between 17.5 and 48.5 million years ago (mya). Conclusion The results provide a clear characterization of HML-9 and a comprehensive background for subsequent functional studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-022-00596-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Mengying Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Caiqin Yang
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hanping Li
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jingwan Han
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiuli Zhai
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, 100071, China.
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21
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Licastro F. Special Issue Editorial: "Infections, Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer Disease" Infections, Neuronal Senescence, and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115865. [PMID: 35682542 PMCID: PMC9180241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex chronic disease of the brain characterized by several neurodegenerative mechanisms and is responsible for most dementia cases in the elderly. Declining immunity during ageing is often associated with peripheral chronic inflammation, and chronic neuroinflammation is a constant component of AD brain pathology. In the Special Issue published in 2021 eight papers were collected regarding different aspects of neurodegeneration associated with AD. Five papers presented and discussed infectious agents involved in brain AD pathology and three discussed data regarding receptors regulation and possible treatment of the disease. Below I will discuss and further elaborate on topics related to infections, inflammation, and neurodegenerative pathways in AD and brain senescence. The topic presented here may contribute to early intervention protocols for preventing or slowing the progression of cognitive deterioration in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Licastro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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22
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The Role of Transposable Elements of the Human Genome in Neuronal Function and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105847. [PMID: 35628657 PMCID: PMC9148063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) have been extensively studied for decades. In recent years, the introduction of whole-genome and whole-transcriptome approaches, as well as single-cell resolution techniques, provided a breakthrough that uncovered TE involvement in host gene expression regulation underlying multiple normal and pathological processes. Of particular interest is increased TE activity in neuronal tissue, and specifically in the hippocampus, that was repeatedly demonstrated in multiple experiments. On the other hand, numerous neuropathologies are associated with TE dysregulation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of literature about the role of TEs in neurons published over the last three decades. The first chapter of the present review describes known mechanisms of TE interaction with host genomes in general, with the focus on mammalian and human TEs; the second chapter provides examples of TE exaptation in normal neuronal tissue, including TE involvement in neuronal differentiation and plasticity; and the last chapter lists TE-related neuropathologies. We sought to provide specific molecular mechanisms of TE involvement in neuron-specific processes whenever possible; however, in many cases, only phenomenological reports were available. This underscores the importance of further studies in this area.
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23
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Bu C, Wang Z, Ren Y, Chen D, Jiang SW. Syncytin-1 nonfusogenic activities modulate inflammation and contribute to preeclampsia pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:290. [PMID: 35536515 PMCID: PMC11073204 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Maternal cellular and humoral immune responses to the allogeneic fetoplacental unit are a normal part of pregnancy adaptation. Overactive or dysregulated immune responses that often manifest as inflammation are considered a key element for the development of preeclampsia. Infiltration and activation of macrophages, nature killer cells, and T lymphocytes are frequently observed in the decidua and placenta associated with preeclampsia. In addition to local inflammation, systemic inflammatory changes including increased levels of TNF-α and interleukins (ILs) are detected in the maternal circulation. Syncytin-1 is an endogenous retroviral envelope protein that mediates the fusion of trophoblasts to form syncytiotrophoblasts, a cellular component carrying out most of placental barrier, exchange, and endocrine functions. In addition to these well-defined fusogenic functions that are known for their close association with preeclampsia, multiple studies indicated that syncytin-1 possesses nonfusogenic activities such as those for cell cycle and apoptosis regulation. Moreover, syncytin-1 expressed by trophoblasts and various types of immune cells may participate in regulation of inflammation in preeclamptic placenta and decidua. This review concentrates on the triangular relationship among inflammation, syncytin-1 nonfusogenic functions, and preeclampsia pathogenesis. Data regarding the reciprocal modulations of inflammation and poor vascularization/hypoxia are summarized. The impacts of syncytin-A (the mouse counterpart of human syncytin-1) gene knockout on placental vascularization and their implications for preeclampsia are discussed. Syncytin-1 expression in immune cells and its significance for inflammation are analyzed in the context of preeclampsia development. Finally, the involvements of syncytin-1 nonfusogenic activities in neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis are compared to findings from preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhi Bu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongwei Ren
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Daozhen Chen
- Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China.
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China.
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24
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Ravichandran J, Roust LR, Katsanos CS. Increased Expression of Syncytin-1 in Skeletal Muscle of Humans With Increased Body Mass Index. Front Physiol 2022; 13:858341. [PMID: 35444566 PMCID: PMC9013906 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.858341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity negatively impacts skeletal muscle protein metabolism, and also impairs skeletal muscle maintenance and regeneration. We analyzed muscle biopsy samples from humans with increased body mass index (BMI) (i.e. > 30 kg/m2) and controls (i.e., BMI < 25 kg/m2) for expression of syncytin-1, a fusogenic protein regulating skeletal muscle regeneration. When compared to controls, humans with increased BMI and concomitant reduction in muscle protein synthesis had higher expression of syncytin-1 in skeletal muscle (p < 0.05). Across human subjects, muscle protein synthesis correlated inversely (r = −0.51; p = 0.03) with syncytin-1 expression in muscle. Using a C2C12 cell line we found that expression of syncytin-A (i.e, corresponding protein in murine tissue) is increased by insulin, and that this response is impaired in the presence of fatty acids, whose metabolism is altered within the metabolic environment induced by increased BMI. In C2C12 cells, the response of the protein 4E-BP1, which signals increase in protein synthesis in muscle, resembled that of syncytin-A. These findings provide novel insights into the expression of syncytin-1 in skeletal muscle of humans with increased BMI, as well as its basic regulation by insulin and fatty acids in muscle. The findings signify the need for further research into the regulation of syncytin-1 in skeletal muscle of humans with increased BMI, as well as its biological implications for altering muscle protein metabolism and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori R. Roust
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Christos S. Katsanos
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Christos S. Katsanos,
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25
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Sheng L, Luo Q, Chen L. Amino Acid Solute Carrier Transporters in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-AR-2021-000705. [PMID: 35152203 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The past decade exposed the importance of many homeostasis and metabolism related proteins in autoimmunity disease and inflammation. Solute carriers (SLCs) are a group of membrane channels that can transport amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, nutrients, and neurotransmitters. This review summarizes the role of SLCs amino acid transporters in inflammation and autoimmunity disease. In detail, the importance of Glutamate transporters SLC1A1, SLC1A2, and SLC1A3, mainly expressed in the brain where they help prevent glutamate excitotoxicity, is discussed in the context of central nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Similarly, the cationic amino acid transporter SLC7A1 (CAT1), which is an important arginine transporter for T cells, and SLC7A2 (CAT2), essential for innate immunity. SLC3 family proteins, which bind with light chains from the SLC7 family (SLC7A5, SLC7A7 and SLC7A11) to form heteromeric amino acid transporters, are also explored to describe their roles in T cells, NK cells, macrophages and tumor immunotherapies. Altogether, the link between SLC amino acid transporters with inflammation and autoimmunity may contribute to a better understanding of underlying mechanism of disease and provide novel potential therapeutic avenues. Significance Statement SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this review, we summarize the link between SLC amino acid transporters and inflammation and immune responses, specially SLC1 family members and SLC7 members. Studying the link may contribute to a better understanding of related diseases and provide potential therapeutic targets and useful to the researchers who have interest in the involvement of amino acids in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Luo
- Tsinghua University, China
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26
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Peze-Heidsieck E, Bonnifet T, Znaidi R, Ravel-Godreuil C, Massiani-Beaudoin O, Joshi RL, Fuchs J. Retrotransposons as a Source of DNA Damage in Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:786897. [PMID: 35058771 PMCID: PMC8764243 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.786897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), still remains elusive and no curative treatment is available. Age is the major risk factor for PD and AD, but the molecular link between aging and neurodegeneration is not fully understood. Aging is defined by several hallmarks, some of which partially overlap with pathways implicated in NDs. Recent evidence suggests that aging-associated epigenetic alterations can lead to the derepression of the LINE-1 (Long Interspersed Element-1) family of transposable elements (TEs) and that this derepression might have important implications in the pathogenesis of NDs. Almost half of the human DNA is composed of repetitive sequences derived from TEs and TE mobility participated in shaping the mammalian genomes during evolution. Although most TEs are mutated and no longer mobile, more than 100 LINE-1 elements have retained their full coding potential in humans and are thus retrotransposition competent. Uncontrolled activation of TEs has now been reported in various models of neurodegeneration and in diseased human brain tissues. We will discuss in this review the potential contribution of LINE-1 elements in inducing DNA damage and genomic instability, which are emerging pathological features in NDs. TEs might represent an important molecular link between aging and neurodegeneration, and a potential target for urgently needed novel therapeutic disease-modifying interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Peze-Heidsieck
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Tom Bonnifet
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Rania Znaidi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Camille Ravel-Godreuil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Massiani-Beaudoin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Rajiv L Joshi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Julia Fuchs
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, Université PSL, Paris, France
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27
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Durnaoglu S, Lee SK, Ahnn J. Syncytin, envelope protein of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV): no longer 'fossil' in human genome. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 25:358-368. [PMID: 35059135 PMCID: PMC8765258 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.2019109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are 'fossil viruses' that resulted from stable integrations of exogenous retroviruses throughout evolution. HERVs are defective and do not produce infectious viral particles. However, some HERVs retain a limited coding capacity and produce retroviral transcripts and proteins, which function in human developmental process and various pathologies, including many cancers and neurological diseases. Recently, it has been reported that HERVs are differently expressed in COVID-19 disease caused by infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we discuss the molecular structure and function of HERV ENV proteins, particularly syncytins, and their conventional roles in human development and diseases, and potential involvement in COVID-19 regarding the newly reported mental symptoms. We also address COVID-19 vaccine-related infertility concerns arising from the similarity of syncytin with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which have been proved invalid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpen Durnaoglu
- College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohong Ahnn
- College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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Yamashina K, Yamamoto S, Matsumoto M, Iwasa K, Takeda N, Haruta C, Maruyama K, Shimizu K, Yoshikawa K. Suppressive Effect of Fruiting Bodies of Medicinal Mushrooms on Demyelination and Motor Dysfunction in a Cuprizone-Induced Multiple Sclerosis Mouse Model. Int J Med Mushrooms 2022; 24:15-24. [DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022044840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Bozorgi H, Ghahremanfard F, Motaghi E, Zamaemifard M, Zamani M, Izadi A. Effectiveness of crocin of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) against chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114511. [PMID: 34390797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the complications vexes patients treated with anti-cancer agents. Saffron has been demonstrated to attenuate symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in animal models. Also, there is a published clinical trial that investigated the pain relieving effect of saffron following nationally accepted rules and concluded that saffron was successful in alleviating pain symptoms in patients suffering from fibromyalgia. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to determine the efficacy of crocin as a constituent of saffron in CIPN as the first report. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and seventy-seven enrolled eligible patients (between December 2018 and March 2020) for study entry were cases demonstrating mild to severe symptomatic CIPN for at least a month. These cases were randomly assigned to two main groups including 15 mg crocin tablet, bid (30 mg total daily target dose) and placebo tablet for 8 weeks. A crossover study was performed with a 2-week washout period. Patient outcomes were measured once a week for 8 consecutive weeks. RESULTS Grade of sensory, motor and neuropathic pain decreased considerably and significantly in the crocin group compared with placebo (P < 0.05). Observed toxicities were mild and adverse effects had no significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Crocin considerably seems to be effective for relieving symptoms of CIPN in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy agents. However, further studies are needed about crocin with its beneficial neuropharmacological effects and lower adverse effects than the chemical agents such as antidepressants, lamotrigine, and gabapentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Bozorgi
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Farahnaz Ghahremanfard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Motaghi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Amin Izadi
- School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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30
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Nali LH, Olival GS, Montenegro H, da Silva IT, Dias-Neto E, Naya H, Spangenberg L, Penalva-de-Oliveira AC, Romano CM. Human endogenous retrovirus and multiple sclerosis: A review and transcriptome findings. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 57:103383. [PMID: 34922254 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease with an unknown etiology. Both genetic and environmental factors are believed to trigger MS autoimmunity. Among the environmental factors, infectious agents have been extensively investigated, and the Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs), especially HERV-W, are believed to be associated with MS pathogenesis. HERVs are derived from ancestral infections and comprise around 8% of the human genome. Although most HERVs are silenced, retroviral genes may be expressed with virion formation. There is extensive evidence of the relationship between HERV-W and MS, including higher levels of HERV-W expression in MS patients, HERV-W protein detection in MS plaques, and the HERV-W env protein inducing an inflammatory response in in vitro and in vivo models. Here we discuss possible links of HERVs and the pathogenesis of MS and present new data regarding the diversity of HERVs expression in samples derived from MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H Nali
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, LIM-52 (LIMHC) Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University, Rua Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, 340, São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Olival
- Departamento de Neurologia Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, R. Dr. Cesário Mota Júnior, 112, São Paulo 01221-020 Brazil
| | | | - Israel T da Silva
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01525-001, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01525-001, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo Naya
- Unidad de Bioinformática Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Eugenio Garzón 780, CP12900 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucia Spangenberg
- Unidad de Bioinformática Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Augusto C Penalva-de-Oliveira
- Departamento de Neurologia Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, R. Dr. Cesário Mota Júnior, 112, São Paulo 01221-020 Brazil; Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 165, São Paulo 01246-900, Brazil
| | - Camila M Romano
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, LIM-52 (LIMHC) Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP (LIM52), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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31
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Activation of Endogenous Retrovirus, Brain Infections and Environmental Insults in Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147263. [PMID: 34298881 PMCID: PMC8303979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative diseases are complex, and their pathogenesis is uncertain. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain alteration that is responsible for most dementia cases in the elderly. AD etiology is still uncertain; however, chronic neuroinflammation is a constant component of brain pathology. Infections have been associated with several neurological diseases and viruses of the Herpes family appear to be a probable cause of AD neurodegenerative alterations. Several different factors may contribute to the AD clinical progression. Exogeneous viruses or other microbes and environmental pollutants may directly induce neurodegeneration by activating brain inflammation. In this paper, we suggest that exogeneous brain insults may also activate retrotransposons and silent human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). The initial inflammation of small brain areas induced by virus infections or other brain insults may activate HERV dis-regulation that contributes to neurodegenerative mechanisms. Chronic HERV activation in turn may cause progressive neurodegeneration that thereafter merges in cognitive impairment and dementia in genetically susceptible people. Specific treatment for exogenous end endogenous pathogens and decreasing pollutant exposure may show beneficial effect in early intervention protocol to prevent the progression of cognitive deterioration in the elderly.
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32
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Bello-Morales R, Andreu S, Ripa I, López-Guerrero JA. HSV-1 and Endogenous Retroviruses as Risk Factors in Demyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115738. [PMID: 34072259 PMCID: PMC8199333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that can infect the peripheral and central nervous systems, and it has been implicated in demyelinating and neurodegenerative processes. Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that can move from one genomic location to another. TEs have been linked to several diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of unknown etiology influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Exogenous viral transactivators may activate certain retrotransposons or class I TEs. In this context, several herpesviruses have been linked to MS, and one of them, HSV-1, might act as a risk factor by mediating processes such as molecular mimicry, remyelination, and activity of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Several herpesviruses have been involved in the regulation of human ERVs (HERVs), and HSV-1 in particular can modulate HERVs in cells involved in MS pathogenesis. This review exposes current knowledge about the relationship between HSV-1 and human ERVs, focusing on their contribution as a risk factor for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabina Andreu
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Ripa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Wang HF, Xiang W, Xue BZ, Wang YH, Yi DY, Jiang XB, Zhao HY, Fu P. Cell fusion in cancer hallmarks: Current research status and future indications. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:530. [PMID: 34055095 PMCID: PMC8138896 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fusion is involved in several physiological processes, such as reproduction, development and immunity. Although cell fusion in tumors was reported 130 years ago, it has recently attracted great interest, with recent progress in tumorigenesis research. However, the role of cell fusion in tumor progression remains unclear. The pattern of cell fusion and its role under physiological conditions are the basis for our understanding of the pathological role of cell fusion. However, the role of cell fusion in tumors and its functions are complicated. Cell fusion can directly increase tumor heterogeneity by forming polyploids or aneuploidies. Several studies have reported that cell fusion is associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence, drug resistance and the formation of cancer stem cells. Given the diverse roles cell fusion plays in different tumor phenotypes, methods based on targeted cell fusion have been designed to treat tumors. Research on cell fusion in tumors may provide novel ideas for further treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Zhou Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Ye Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Kristensen MK, Christensen T. Regulation of the expression of human endogenous retroviruses: elements in fetal development and a possible role in the development of cancer and neurological diseases. APMIS 2021; 129:241-253. [PMID: 33683784 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral germline infections. Most HERV sequences are silenced in somatic cells, but interest is emerging on the involvement of HERV derived transcripts and proteins in human physiology and disease. A HERV-W encoded protein, syncytin-1, has been co-opted into fetal physiology, where it plays a role in trophoblast formation. Altered HERV transcription and expression of HERV derived proteins are associated with various cancer types and neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The implication of HERVs as potential mediators of both health and disease suggests important roles of regulatory mechanisms and alterations of these in physiological and pathological processes. The regulation of HERV sequences is mediated by a wide variety of mechanisms, and the focus of this review is on selected aspects of these, including epigenetic mechanisms such as CpG methylation and histone modifications of the HP1-H3K9me axis, viral transactivation events, and regulatory perspectives of transient stimuli in the microenvironment. Increasing knowledge of the regulation of HERV sequences will not only contribute to the understanding of complex pathogeneses, but also may pinpoint potential targets for better diagnosis and treatment in complex diseases as MS.
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35
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Charvet B, Pierquin J, Brunel J, Gorter R, Quétard C, Horvat B, Amor S, Portoukalian J, Perron H. Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type W Envelope from Multiple Sclerosis Demyelinating Lesions Shows Unique Solubility and Antigenic Characteristics. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1006-1026. [PMID: 33770381 PMCID: PMC8558138 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), human endogenous retrovirus W family (HERV-W) envelope protein, pHERV-W ENV, limits remyelination and induces microglia-mediated neurodegeneration. To better understand its role, we examined the soluble pHERV-W antigen from MS brain lesions detected by specific antibodies. Physico-chemical and antigenic characteristics confirmed differences between pHERV-W ENV and syncytin-1. pHERV-W ENV monomers and trimers remained associated with membranes, while hexamers self-assembled from monomers into a soluble macrostructure involving sulfatides in MS brain. Extracellular hexamers are stabilized by internal hydrophobic bonds and external hydrophilic moieties. HERV-W studies in MS also suggest that this diffusible antigen may correspond to a previously described high-molecular-weight neurotoxic factor secreted by MS B-cells and thus represents a major agonist in MS pathogenesis. Adapted methods are now needed to identify encoding HERV provirus(es) in affected cells DNA. The properties and origin of MS brain pHERV-W ENV soluble antigen will allow a better understanding of the role of HERVs in MS pathogenesis. The present results anyhow pave the way to an accurate detection of the different forms of pHERV-W ENV antigen with appropriate conditions that remained unseen until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Charvet
- GeNeuro Innovation, Lyon, 69008, France. .,CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University of Lyon, ENS Lyon, France. .,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69000, France.
| | | | - Joanna Brunel
- GeNeuro Innovation, Lyon, 69008, France.,CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University of Lyon, ENS Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69000, France
| | - Rianne Gorter
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University of Lyon, ENS Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69000, France
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | | | - Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro Innovation, Lyon, 69008, France. .,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69000, France.
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36
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Römer C. Viruses and Endogenous Retroviruses as Roots for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:648629. [PMID: 33776642 PMCID: PMC7994506 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.648629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with chronic inflammation in the brain and periphery giving rise to a continuous imbalance of immune processes. Next to inflammation markers, activation of transposable elements, including long intrespersed nuclear elements (LINE) elements and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), has been identified during neurodegenerative disease progression and even correlated with the clinical severity of the disease. ERVs are remnants of viral infections in the human genome acquired during evolution. Upon activation, they produce transcripts and the phylogenetically youngest ones are still able to produce viral-like particles. In addition, ERVs can bind transcription factors and modulate immune response. Being between own and foreign, ERVs are reviewed in the context of viral infections of the central nervous system, in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, this review tests the hypothesis that viral infection may be a trigger at the onset of neuroinflammation and that ERVs sustain the inflammatory imbalance by summarizing existing data of neurodegenerative diseases associated with viruses and/or ERVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Römer
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Jönsson ME, Garza R, Sharma Y, Petri R, Södersten E, Johansson JG, Johansson PA, Atacho DA, Pircs K, Madsen S, Yudovich D, Ramakrishnan R, Holmberg J, Larsson J, Jern P, Jakobsson J. Activation of endogenous retroviruses during brain development causes an inflammatory response. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106423. [PMID: 33644903 PMCID: PMC8090857 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) make up a large fraction of mammalian genomes and are thought to contribute to human disease, including brain disorders. In the brain, aberrant activation of ERVs is a potential trigger for an inflammatory response, but mechanistic insight into this phenomenon remains lacking. Using CRISPR/Cas9‐based gene disruption of the epigenetic co‐repressor protein Trim28, we found a dynamic H3K9me3‐dependent regulation of ERVs in proliferating neural progenitor cells (NPCs), but not in adult neurons. In vivo deletion of Trim28 in cortical NPCs during mouse brain development resulted in viable offspring expressing high levels of ERVs in excitatory neurons in the adult brain. Neuronal ERV expression was linked to activated microglia and the presence of ERV‐derived proteins in aggregate‐like structures. This study demonstrates that brain development is a critical period for the silencing of ERVs and provides causal in vivo evidence demonstrating that transcriptional activation of ERV in neurons results in an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Jönsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Raquel Garza
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yogita Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Petri
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Södersten
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny G Johansson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pia A Johansson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Diahann Am Atacho
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolina Pircs
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Madsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Yudovich
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Holmberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patric Jern
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Jakobsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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38
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Elkjaer ML, Frisch T, Tonazzolli A, Röttger R, Reynolds R, Baumbach J, Illes Z. Unbiased examination of genome-wide human endogenous retrovirus transcripts in MS brain lesions. Mult Scler 2021; 27:1829-1837. [PMID: 33464158 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520987269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) expression in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain lesions may contribute to chronic inflammation, but expression of genome-wide HERVs in different MS lesions is unknown. OBJECTIVE We examined the HERV expression landscape in different MS lesions compared to control brains. METHODS Transcripts from 71 MS brain samples and 25 control WM were obtained by next-generation RNA sequencing and mapped against HERV transcripts across the human genome. Differential expression of mapped HERV-W and HERV-H reads between MS lesion types and controls was analysed. RESULTS Out of 6.38 billion high-quality paired end reads, 174 million reads (2.73%) mapped to HERV transcripts. There was no difference in HERVs expression level between MS and control brains, but HERV-W transcripts were significantly reduced in chronic active lesions. Of the four HERV-W transcripts exclusively present in MS, ERV3633503 located on chromosome 7q21.13 close to the MS genetic risk locus had the highest number of reads. In the HERV-H family, 75% of transcripts located to nearby 7q21-22 were overrepresented in MS, and ERV3643914 was expressed more than 16 times in MS compared to control brains. CONCLUSION Novel HERV-W and HERV-H transcripts located at chromosome 7 regions were uniquely expressed in MS lesions, indicating their potential role in brain lesion evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Elkjaer
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark/Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark/Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tobias Frisch
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Arianna Tonazzolli
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark/Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Richard Röttger
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Baumbach
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark/Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark/Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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39
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Gröger V, Emmer A, Staege MS, Cynis H. Endogenous Retroviruses in Nervous System Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010070. [PMID: 33467098 PMCID: PMC7829834 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several nervous system disorders including multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The toxicity of HERV-derived RNAs and proteins for neuronal cells has been demonstrated. The involvement of HERV in the pathogenesis of currently incurable diseases might offer new treatment strategies based on the inhibition of HERV activities by small molecules or therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gröger
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Martin S. Staege
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Correspondence: (M.S.S.); (H.C.); Tel.: +49-345-557-7280 (M.S.S.); +49-345-13142835 (H.C.)
| | - Holger Cynis
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.S.S.); (H.C.); Tel.: +49-345-557-7280 (M.S.S.); +49-345-13142835 (H.C.)
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40
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Shaw JC, Crombie GK, Palliser HK, Hirst JJ. Impaired Oligodendrocyte Development Following Preterm Birth: Promoting GABAergic Action to Improve Outcomes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:618052. [PMID: 33634057 PMCID: PMC7901941 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.618052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with poor long-term neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes, even in the absence of obvious brain injury at the time of birth. In particular, behavioral disorders characterized by inattention, social difficulties and anxiety are common among children and adolescents who were born moderately to late preterm (32-37 weeks' gestation). Diffuse deficits in white matter microstructure are thought to play a role in these poor outcomes with evidence suggesting that a failure of oligodendrocytes to mature and myelinate axons is responsible. However, there remains a major knowledge gap over the mechanisms by which preterm birth interrupts normal oligodendrocyte development. In utero neurodevelopment occurs in an inhibitory-dominant environment due to the action of placentally derived neurosteroids on the GABAA receptor, thus promoting GABAergic inhibitory activity and maintaining the fetal behavioral state. Following preterm birth, and the subsequent premature exposure to the ex utero environment, this action of neurosteroids on GABAA receptors is greatly reduced. Coinciding with a reduction in GABAergic inhibition, the preterm neonatal brain is also exposed to ex utero environmental insults such as periods of hypoxia and excessive glucocorticoid concentrations. Together, these insults may increase levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the developing brain and result in a shift in the balance of inhibitory: excitatory activity toward excitatory. This review will outline the normal development of oligodendrocytes, how it is disrupted under excitation-dominated conditions and highlight how shifting the balance back toward an inhibitory-dominated environment may improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Shaw
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabrielle K Crombie
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah K Palliser
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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41
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das Neves SP, Sousa JC, Sousa N, Cerqueira JJ, Marques F. Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. Glia 2020; 69:1341-1368. [PMID: 33247866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. In MS, the patients' immune system starts to attack the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and, ultimately, loss of vital neurological functions such as walking. There is currently no cure for MS and the available treatments only slow the initial phases of the disease. The later-disease mechanisms are poorly understood and do not directly correlate with the activity of immune system cells, the main target of the available treatments. Instead, evidence suggests that disease progression and disability are better correlated with the maintenance of a persistent low-grade inflammation inside the CNS, driven by local glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia. Depending on the context, astrocytes can (a) exacerbate inflammation or (b) promote immunosuppression and tissue repair. In this review, we will address the present knowledge that exists regarding the role of astrocytes in MS and experimental animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pereira das Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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42
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Evans TA, Erwin JA. Retroelement-derived RNA and its role in the brain. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:68-80. [PMID: 33229216 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Comprising ~40% of the human genome, retroelements are mobile genetic elements which are transcribed into RNA, then reverse-transcribed into DNA and inserted into a new site in the genome. Retroelements are referred to as "genetic parasites", residing among host genes and relying on host machinery for transcription and evolutionary propagation. The healthy brain has the highest expression of retroelement-derived sequences compared to other somatic tissue, which leads to the question: how does retroelement-derived RNA influence human traits and cellular states? While the functional importance of upregulating retroelement expression in the brain is an active area of research, RNA species derived from retroelements influence both self- and host gene expression by contributing to chromatin remodeling, alternative splicing, somatic mosaicism and translational repression. Here, we review the emerging evidence that the functional importance of RNA derived from retroelements is multifaceted. Retroelements can influence organismal states through the seeding of epigenetic states in chromatin, the production of structured RNA and even catalytically active ribozymes, the generation of cytoplasmic ssDNA and RNA/DNA hybrids, the production of viral-like proteins, and the generation of somatic mutations. Comparative sequencing suggests that retroelements can contribute to intraspecies variation through these mechanisms to alter transcript identity and abundance. In humans, an increasing number of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions are associated with dysregulated retroelements, including Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), Rett syndrome (RTT), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia (SZ), and aging. Taken together, these concepts suggest a larger functional role for RNA derived from retroelements. This review aims to define retroelement-derived RNA, discuss how it impacts the mammalian genome, as well as summarize data supporting phenotypic consequences of this unique RNA subset in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Evans
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Ann Erwin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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43
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Fusogen-mediated neuron-neuron fusion disrupts neural circuit connectivity and alters animal behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23054-23065. [PMID: 32855296 PMCID: PMC7502713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919063117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ramón y Cajal’s neuron doctrine, which states that neurons are individual cells that do not share any membrane or cytoplasmic continuity between them, has underpinned our view of modern neuroscience. However, there is considerable evidence that fusogens, specialized proteins essential and sufficient for the fusion of cells in other tissues, are expressed in the nervous system of several species in response to viral infection, stress conditions, and neurological disease. By manipulating the expression of fusogens in the chemosensory neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans, our results provide conclusive evidence that deregulation of fusogen expression causes neuronal fusion and can have deleterious effects on neural circuitry and behavioral outputs, revealing a possible novel underlying cause of neurological disorders. The 100-y-old neuron doctrine from Ramón y Cajal states that neurons are individual cells, rejecting the process of cell−cell fusion in the normal development and function of the nervous system. However, fusogens—specialized molecules essential and sufficient for the fusion of cells—are expressed in the nervous system of different species under conditions of viral infection, stress, or disease. Despite these findings, whether the expression of fusogens in neurons leads to cell−cell fusion, and, if so, whether this affects neuronal fate, function, and animal behavior, has not been explored. Here, using Caenorhabditis elegans chemosensory neurons as a model system, we provide proof-of-principle that aberrant expression of fusogens in neurons results in neuron−neuron fusion and behavioral impairments. We demonstrate that fusion between chemoattractive neurons does not affect the response to odorants, whereas fusion between chemoattractive and chemorepulsive neurons compromises chemosensation. Moreover, we provide evidence that fused neurons are viable and retain their original specific neuronal fate markers. Finally, analysis of calcium transients reveals that fused neurons become electrically coupled, thereby compromising neural circuit connectivity. Thus, we propose that aberrant expression of fusogens in the nervous system disrupts neuronal individuality, which, in turn, leads to a change in neural circuit connectivity and disruption of normal behavior. Our results expose a previously uncharacterized basis of circuit malfunction, and a possible underlying cause of neurological diseases.
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44
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Bello-Morales R, Andreu S, López-Guerrero JA. The Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in Demyelination of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145026. [PMID: 32708697 PMCID: PMC7404202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that infects the peripheral and central nervous systems. After primary infection in epithelial cells, HSV-1 spreads retrogradely to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where it establishes a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG). The virus can reactivate from the latent state, traveling anterogradely along the axon and replicating in the local surrounding tissue. Occasionally, HSV-1 may spread trans-synaptically from the TG to the brainstem, from where it may disseminate to higher areas of the central nervous system (CNS). It is not completely understood how HSV-1 reaches the CNS, although the most accepted idea is retrograde transport through the trigeminal or olfactory tracts. Once in the CNS, HSV-1 may induce demyelination, either as a direct trigger or as a risk factor, modulating processes such as remyelination, regulation of endogenous retroviruses, or molecular mimicry. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about the involvement of HSV-1 in demyelination, describing the pathways used by this herpesvirus to spread throughout the CNS and discussing the data that suggest its implication in demyelinating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabina Andreu
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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45
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O'Hare Doig RL, Santhakumar S, Fehily B, Raja S, Solomon T, Bartlett CA, Fitzgerald M, Hodgetts SI. Acute Cellular and Functional Changes With a Combinatorial Treatment of Ion Channel Inhibitors Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:85. [PMID: 32670018 PMCID: PMC7331598 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the extent of secondary degeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI) is necessary to preserve function, but treatment options have thus far been limited. A combination of the ion channel inhibitors Lomerizine (Lom), YM872 and oxATP, to inhibit voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors, and purinergic P2X7 receptors respectively, effectively limits secondary consequences of injury in in vitro and in vivo models of CNS injury. Here, we investigated the efficacy of these inhibitors in a clinically relevant model of SCI. Fischer (F344) rats were subjected to a moderate (150 kD) contusive SCI at thoracic level T10 and assessed at 2 weeks or 10 weeks post-injury. Lom was delivered orally twice daily and YM872 and oxATP were delivered via osmotic mini-pump implanted at the time of SCI until 2 weeks following injury. Open field locomotion analysis revealed that treatment with the three inhibitors in combination improved the rate of functional recovery of the hind limb (compared to controls) as early as 1-day post-injury, with beneficial effects persisting to 14 days post-injury, while all three inhibitors were present. At 2 weeks following combinatorial treatment, the functional improvement was associated with significantly decreased cyst size, increased immunoreactivity of β-III tubulin+ve axons, myelin basic protein, and reduced lipid peroxidation by-products, and increased CC1+ve oligodendrocytes and NG2+ve/PDGFα+ve oligodendrocyte progenitor cell densities, compared to vehicle-treated SCI animals. The combination of Lom, oxATP, and YM872 shows preclinical promise for control of secondary degeneration following SCI, and further investigation of long-term sustained treatment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L O'Hare Doig
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Spinal Research Group, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sreya Santhakumar
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Brooke Fehily
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sushmitha Raja
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Tanya Solomon
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Carole A Bartlett
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stuart I Hodgetts
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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46
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Piwi reduction in the aged niche eliminates germline stem cells via Toll-GSK3 signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3147. [PMID: 32561720 PMCID: PMC7305233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposons are known to participate in tissue aging, but their effects on aged stem cells remain unclear. Here, we report that in the Drosophila ovarian germline stem cell (GSC) niche, aging-related reductions in expression of Piwi (a transposon silencer) derepress retrotransposons and cause GSC loss. Suppression of Piwi expression in the young niche mimics the aged niche, causing retrotransposon depression and coincident activation of Toll-mediated signaling, which promotes Glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity to degrade β-catenin. Disruption of β-catenin-E-cadherin-mediated GSC anchorage then results in GSC loss. Knocking down gypsy (a highly active retrotransposon) or toll, or inhibiting reverse transcription in the piwi-deficient niche, suppresses GSK3 activity and β-catenin degradation, restoring GSC-niche attachment. This retrotransposon-mediated impairment of aged stem cell maintenance may have relevance in many tissues, and could represent a viable therapeutic target for aging-related tissue degeneration.
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47
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Luganini A, Gribaudo G. Retroviruses of the Human Virobiota: The Recycling of Viral Genes and the Resulting Advantages for Human Hosts During Evolution. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1140. [PMID: 32547531 PMCID: PMC7270195 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
All humans are colonized by a vast diversity of microbes (bacteria, archaea, protozoa, yeast, and fungi; collectively referred to as the microbiota) and viruses (the virobiota). This latter group includes viruses infecting prokaryotic cells (bacteriophages), viruses infecting eukaryotic-host cells, and virus-derived genetic elements present in host chromosomes. Although these eukaryotic viruses are mostly known to be pathogens, they are also able to establish mutualistic relationships with humans. Little is known about the mutualistic aspects of viral infection. Nevertheless, it is clear that evolution of some animal virus-host interactions has led to benefits in the health of the hosts, as is the case with symbiogenesis and endogenization of retroviruses that has exerted a neuroprotective effect on the human brain, and an important role in the fetal development, thus on the evolution of host species. In this review, we summarize how retroviruses provide amazing examples of cooperative-evolution, i.e., successful exchange between viruses and host, and how, in some cases, the benefits have become essential for the hosts’ survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luganini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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48
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Panova V, Attig J, Young GR, Stoye JP, Kassiotis G. Antibody-induced internalisation of retroviral envelope glycoproteins is a signal initiation event. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008605. [PMID: 32453763 PMCID: PMC7274472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As obligate parasites, viruses highjack, modify and repurpose the cellular machinery for their own replication. Viral proteins have, therefore, evolved biological functions, such as signalling potential, that alter host cell physiology in ways that are still incompletely understood. Retroviral envelope glycoproteins interact with several host proteins, extracellularly with their cellular receptor and anti-envelope antibodies, and intracellularly with proteins of the cytoskeleton or sorting, endocytosis and recirculation pathways. Here, we examined the impact of endogenous retroviral envelope glycoprotein expression and interaction with host proteins, particularly antibodies, on the cell, independently of retroviral infection. We found that in the commonly used C57BL/6 substrains of mice, where murine leukaemia virus (MLV) envelope glycoproteins are expressed by several endogenous MLV proviruses, the highest expressed MLV envelope glycoprotein is under the control of an immune-responsive cellular promoter, thus linking MLV envelope glycoprotein expression with immune activation. We further showed that antibody ligation induces extensive internalisation from the plasma membrane into endocytic compartments of MLV envelope glycoproteins, which are not normally subject to constitutive endocytosis. Importantly, antibody binding and internalisation of MLV envelope glycoproteins initiates signalling cascades in envelope-expressing murine lymphocytic cell lines, leading to cellular activation. Similar effects were observed by MLV envelope glycoprotein ligation by its cellular receptor mCAT-1, and by overexpression in human lymphocytic cells, where it required an intact tyrosine-based YXXΦ motif in the envelope glycoprotein cytoplasmic tail. Together, these results suggest that signalling potential is a general property of retroviral envelope glycoproteins and, therefore, a target for intervention. The outcome of viral infection depends on the balance between host immunity and the ability of the virus to avoid, evade or subvert it. The envelope glycoproteins of diverse viruses, including retroviruses, are displayed on the surface of virions and of infected cells and thus constitute the major target of the host antibody response. Antibody responses are elicited not only against infectious viruses we acquire during our life-history, but also against the numerous retroviral envelopes encoded by our genome and acquired during our species’ life-history. In turn, viruses have evolved ways to reduce exposure of their envelope glycoproteins to the host immune system, including constitutive endocytosis or antibody-induced internalisation. Using murine leukaemia viruses as models of infectious and endogenous retroviruses, we show that antibody binding to retroviral envelopes induces extensive internalisation of the envelope-antibody complex and initiates signalling cascades, ultimately leading to transcriptional activation of envelope glycoprotein-expressing lymphocytes. We further show that expression of endogenous retroviral envelopes is coupled to physiological lymphocyte activation, integrating them with the immune response. These findings reveal an unexpected layer of interaction between the host antibody response and retroviral envelope glycoproteins, which could be considered immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Panova
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Attig
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom
| | - George R. Young
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Stoye
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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49
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Alcazer V, Bonaventura P, Depil S. Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs): Shaping the Innate Immune Response in Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030610. [PMID: 32155827 PMCID: PMC7139688 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are accounting for 8% of the human genome. These sequences are remnants from ancient germline infections by exogenous retroviruses. After million years of evolution and multiple integrations, HERVs have acquired many damages rendering them defective. At steady state, HERVs are mostly localized in the heterochromatin and silenced by methylation. Multiple conditions have been described to induce their reactivation, including auto-immune diseases and cancers. HERVs re-expression leads to RNA (simple and double-stranded) and DNA production (by reverse transcription), modulating the innate immune response. Some studies also argue for a role of HERVs in shaping the evolution of innate immunity, notably in the development of the interferon response. However, their exact role in the innate immune response, particularly in cancer, remains to be defined. In this review, we see how HERVs could be key-players in mounting an antitumor immune response. After a brief introduction on HERVs characteristics and biology, we review the different mechanisms by which HERVs can interact with the immune system, with a focus on the innate response. We then discuss the potential impact of HERVs expression on the innate immune response in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Alcazer
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Paola Bonaventura
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Stephane Depil
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
- ErVaccine Technologies, 69008 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (S.D.)
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50
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Garcia-Montojo M, Rodriguez-Martin E, Ramos-Mozo P, Ortega-Madueño I, Dominguez-Mozo MI, Arias-Leal A, García-Martínez MÁ, Casanova I, Galan V, Arroyo R, Álvarez-Lafuente R, Villar LM. Syncytin-1/HERV-W envelope is an early activation marker of leukocytes and is upregulated in multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:685-694. [PMID: 32012247 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Syncytin-1 is the envelope protein of the human endogenous retrovirus W (HERV-W). It has been related to multiple sclerosis (MS) but its role in cellular immunity and its pathogenic mechanism in the autoimmune context are not fully understood. We analyzed syncytin-1 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) subsets from healthy donors, MS patients in relapse or remission, and patients with acute infections by flow cytometry. PBMC cultures were also prepared to analyze protein expression kinetics. MS patients had higher levels of syncytin-1 levels than controls. We found that syncytin-1 is elevated in monocytes during MS relapses and infections. Cells expressing syncytin-1, including monocytes, T and B lymphocytes, and NKs presented mainly an activated phenotype and, upon stimulation with LPS, its levels increased rapidly on antigen-presenting cells. Syncytin-1 ligation promoted the activation of monocytes, as demonstrated by the upregulation of CD80 and the nonclassical subset CD14low CD16+ . Our results suggest an important role for syncytin-1 in the activation of leukocytes. Given that the expression of syncytin-1 is upregulated in MS patients, this protein might be contributing to the autoimmune cascade in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcia-Montojo
- Department of Immunology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Institute Ramon y Cajal for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain.,Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Institute Clinico San Carlos for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia Rodriguez-Martin
- Department of Immunology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Institute Ramon y Cajal for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila Ramos-Mozo
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Institute Clinico San Carlos for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Ortega-Madueño
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Institute Clinico San Carlos for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Arias-Leal
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Institute Clinico San Carlos for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Ángel García-Martínez
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Institute Clinico San Carlos for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Casanova
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Institute Clinico San Carlos for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Galan
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Institute Clinico San Carlos for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Arroyo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Institute Clinico San Carlos for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Álvarez-Lafuente
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Institute Clinico San Carlos for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa María Villar
- Department of Immunology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Institute Ramon y Cajal for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
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