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Orsher Y, Rom A, Perel R, Lahini Y, Blinder P, Shein-Idelson M. Sequentially activated discrete modules appear as traveling waves in neuronal measurements with limited spatiotemporal sampling. eLife 2024; 12:RP92254. [PMID: 38451063 PMCID: PMC10942589 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have identified traveling waves in the cortex and suggested they play important roles in brain processing. These waves are most often measured using macroscopic methods that are unable to assess the local spiking activity underlying wave dynamics. Here, we investigated the possibility that waves may not be traveling at the single neuron scale. We first show that sequentially activating two discrete brain areas can appear as traveling waves in EEG simulations. We next reproduce these results using an analytical model of two sequentially activated regions. Using this model, we were able to generate wave-like activity with variable directions, velocities, and spatial patterns, and to map the discriminability limits between traveling waves and modular sequential activations. Finally, we investigated the link between field potentials and single neuron excitability using large-scale measurements from turtle cortex ex vivo. We found that while field potentials exhibit wave-like dynamics, the underlying spiking activity was better described by consecutively activated spatially adjacent groups of neurons. Taken together, this study suggests caution when interpreting phase delay measurements as continuously propagating wavefronts in two different spatial scales. A careful distinction between modular and wave excitability profiles across scales will be critical for understanding the nature of cortical computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Orsher
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- School of Physics & Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Ariel Rom
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, IsraelTel AvivIsrael
| | - Rotem Perel
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Yoav Lahini
- School of Physics & Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, IsraelTel AvivIsrael
| | - Pablo Blinder
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, IsraelTel AvivIsrael
| | - Mark Shein-Idelson
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, IsraelTel AvivIsrael
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2
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Tarchick MJ, Clute DA, Renna JM. Modeling cholinergic retinal waves: starburst amacrine cells shape wave generation, propagation, and direction bias. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2834. [PMID: 36808155 PMCID: PMC9938278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stage II cholinergic retinal waves are one of the first instances of neural activity in the visual system as they are present at a developmental timepoint in which light-evoked activity remains largely undetectable. These waves of spontaneous neural activity sweeping across the developing retina are generated by starburst amacrine cells, depolarize retinal ganglion cells, and drive the refinement of retinofugal projections to numerous visual centers in the brain. Building from several well-established models, we assemble a spatial computational model of starburst amacrine cell-mediated wave generation and wave propagation that includes three significant advancements. First, we model the intrinsic spontaneous bursting of the starburst amacrine cells, including the slow afterhyperpolarization, which shapes the stochastic process of wave generation. Second, we establish a mechanism of wave propagation using reciprocal acetylcholine release, synchronizing the bursting activity of neighboring starburst amacrine cells. Third, we model the additional starburst amacrine cell release of GABA, changing the spatial propagation of retinal waves and in certain instances, the directional bias of the retinal wave front. In total, these advancements comprise a now more comprehensive model of wave generation, propagation, and direction bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin A Clute
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3908, USA
| | - Jordan M Renna
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3908, USA.
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3
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Fitzpatrick MJ, Kerschensteiner D. Homeostatic plasticity in the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 94:101131. [PMID: 36244950 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vision begins in the retina, whose intricate neural circuits extract salient features of the environment from the light entering our eyes. Neurodegenerative diseases of the retina (e.g., inherited retinal degenerations, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma) impair vision and cause blindness in a growing number of people worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that homeostatic plasticity (i.e., the drive of a neural system to stabilize its function) can, in principle, preserve retinal function in the face of major perturbations, including neurodegeneration. Here, we review the circumstances and events that trigger homeostatic plasticity in the retina during development, sensory experience, and disease. We discuss the diverse mechanisms that cooperate to compensate and the set points and outcomes that homeostatic retinal plasticity stabilizes. Finally, we summarize the opportunities and challenges for unlocking the therapeutic potential of homeostatic plasticity. Homeostatic plasticity is fundamental to understanding retinal development and function and could be an important tool in the fight to preserve and restore vision.
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Phosphorylation of cysteine string protein-α up-regulates the frequency of cholinergic waves via starburst amacrine cells. Vis Neurosci 2022; 39:E003. [PMID: 35543445 PMCID: PMC9107963 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523822000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During the first postnatal week in rodents, cholinergic retinal waves initiate in starburst amacrine cells (SACs), propagating to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and visual centers, essential for visual circuit refinement. By modulating exocytosis in SACs, dynamic changes in the protein kinase A (PKA) activity can regulate the spatiotemporal patterns of cholinergic waves. Previously, cysteine string protein-α (CSPα) is found to interact with the core exocytotic machinery by PKA-mediated phosphorylation at serine 10 (S10). However, whether PKA-mediated CSPα phosphorylation may regulate cholinergic waves via SACs remains unknown. Here, we examined how CSPα phosphorylation in SACs regulates cholinergic waves. First, we identified that CSPα1 is the major isoform in developing rat SACs and the inner plexiform layer during the first postnatal week. Using SAC-specific expression, we found that the CSPα1-PKA-phosphodeficient mutant (CSP-S10A) decreased wave frequency, but did not alter the wave spatial correlation compared to control, wild-type CSPα1 (CSP-WT), or two PKA-phosphomimetic mutants (CSP-S10D and CSP-S10E). These suggest that CSPα-S10 phosphodeficiency in SACs dampens the frequency of cholinergic waves. Moreover, the level of phospho-PKA substrates was significantly reduced in SACs overexpressing CSP-S10A compared to control or CSP-WT, suggesting that the dampened wave frequency is correlated with the decreased PKA activity. Further, compared to control or CSP-WT, CSP-S10A in SACs reduced the periodicity of wave-associated postsynaptic currents (PSCs) in neighboring RGCs, suggesting that these RGCs received the weakened synaptic inputs from SACs overexpressing CSP-S10A. Finally, CSP-S10A in SACs decreased the PSC amplitude and the slope to peak PSC compared to control or CSP-WT, suggesting that CSPα-S10 phosphodeficiency may dampen the speed of the SAC-RGC transmission. Thus, via PKA-mediated phosphorylation, CSPα in SACs may facilitate the SAC-RGC transmission, contributing to the robust frequency of cholinergic waves.
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5
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Chen Y, Alba M, Tieu T, Tong Z, Minhas RS, Rudd D, Voelcker NH, Cifuentes-Rius A, Elnathan R. Engineering Micro–Nanomaterials for Biomedical Translation. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Maria Alba
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Terence Tieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Ziqiu Tong
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Rajpreet Singh Minhas
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - David Rudd
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University 22 Alliance Lane Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Anna Cifuentes-Rius
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University 22 Alliance Lane Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
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6
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Ge X, Zhang K, Gribizis A, Hamodi AS, Sabino AM, Crair MC. Retinal waves prime visual motion detection by simulating future optic flow. Science 2021; 373:373/6553/eabd0830. [PMID: 34437090 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perceive and respond to environmental stimuli emerges in the absence of sensory experience. Spontaneous retinal activity prior to eye opening guides the refinement of retinotopy and eye-specific segregation in mammals, but its role in the development of higher-order visual response properties remains unclear. Here, we describe a transient window in neonatal mouse development during which the spatial propagation of spontaneous retinal waves resembles the optic flow pattern generated by forward self-motion. We show that wave directionality requires the same circuit components that form the adult direction-selective retinal circuit and that chronic disruption of wave directionality alters the development of direction-selective responses of superior colliculus neurons. These data demonstrate how the developing visual system patterns spontaneous activity to simulate ethologically relevant features of the external world and thereby instruct self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ge
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kathy Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Alexandra Gribizis
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ali S Hamodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Aude Martinez Sabino
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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7
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Nakazawa S, Iwasato T. Spatial organization and transitions of spontaneous neuronal activities in the developing sensory cortex. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:323-339. [PMID: 34166527 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sensory cortex underlies our ability to perceive and interact with the external world. Sensory perceptions are controlled by specialized neuronal circuits established through fine-tuning, which relies largely on neuronal activity during the development. Spontaneous neuronal activity is an essential driving force of neuronal circuit refinement. At early developmental stages, sensory cortices display spontaneous activities originating from the periphery and characterized by correlated firing arranged spatially according to the modality. The firing patterns are reorganized over time and become sparse, which is typical for the mature brain. This review focuses mainly on rodent sensory cortices. First, the features of the spontaneous activities during early postnatal stages are described. Then, the developmental changes in the spatial organization of the spontaneous activities and the transition mechanisms involved are discussed. The identification of the principles controlling the spatial organization of spontaneous activities in the developing sensory cortex is essential to understand the self-organization process of neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Japan
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Choi BJ, Chen YCD, Desplan C. Building a circuit through correlated spontaneous neuronal activity in the developing vertebrate and invertebrate visual systems. Genes Dev 2021; 35:677-691. [PMID: 33888564 PMCID: PMC8091978 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348241.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the vertebrate nervous systems, genetic programs assemble an immature circuit that is subsequently refined by neuronal activity evoked by external stimuli. However, prior to sensory experience, the intrinsic property of the developing nervous system also triggers correlated network-level neuronal activity, with retinal waves in the developing vertebrate retina being the best documented example. Spontaneous activity has also been found in the visual system of Drosophila Here, we compare the spontaneous activity of the developing visual system between mammalian and Drosophila and suggest that Drosophila is an emerging model for mechanistic and functional studies of correlated spontaneous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jiwon Choi
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | | | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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9
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Redolfi N, Lodovichi C. Spontaneous Afferent Activity Carves Olfactory Circuits. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:637536. [PMID: 33767612 PMCID: PMC7985084 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.637536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical activity has a key role in shaping neuronal circuits during development. In most sensory modalities, early in development, internally generated spontaneous activity sculpts the initial layout of neuronal wiring. With the maturation of the sense organs, the system relies more on sensory-evoked electrical activity. Stimuli-driven neuronal discharge is required for the transformation of immature circuits in the specific patterns of neuronal connectivity that subserve normal brain function. The olfactory system (OS) differs from this organizational plan. Despite the important role of odorant receptors (ORs) in shaping olfactory topography, odor-evoked activity does not have a prominent role in refining neuronal wiring. On the contrary, afferent spontaneous discharge is required to achieve and maintain the specific diagram of connectivity that defines the topography of the olfactory bulb (OB). Here, we provide an overview of the development of olfactory topography, with a focus on the role of afferent spontaneous discharge in the formation and maintenance of the specific synaptic contacts that result in the topographic organization of the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute CNR, Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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10
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Zhang K, Wu L, Lin K, Zhang M, Li W, Tong X, Zheng J. Integrin-dependent microgliosis mediates ketamine-induced neuronal apoptosis during postnatal rat retinal development. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113659. [PMID: 33640375 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a pivotal role for microglia in developing retina. We tested whether integrin-dependent microgliosis mediates ketamine-induced neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat retina. METHODS We performed immunofluorescence assays to investigate the role of integrin receptors expressed in the microglia in ketamine-induced neuronal apoptosis. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to investigate the protein and mRNA levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and/or chemokines (CCL2, CXCL6, CXCL10, and CXCL12). Experiments were performed using whole-mount retinas dissected from P7 Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS Integrin receptors expressed in microglia were upregulated in ketamine-induced neuronal apoptosis in the early developing rat retina. Downregulating integrin receptors with RGD peptide ameliorated ketamine-induced microgliosis through: 1) ameliorating the change in microglia morphology from immature ramified microglia to an amoeboid state; 2) decreasing the number of microglia and intensity of activated microglia in the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL); and 3) decreasing cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) and chemokine (CCL2, CXCL10) levels in the retinal tissue. Inhibition of activated microglia with minocycline or the blockade of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) with a receptor antagonist (RA) attenuated neuronal apoptosis after exposure to ketamine. CONCLUSIONS The upregulation of integrin β1 receptors in the microglia acts as a signaling molecule, triggering microgliosis to aggravate ketamine-induced neuronal apoptosis via the release of TNF-α and IL-1β in the early developing rat retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China; Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China; Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Kana Lin
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Mazhong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China; Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weiguang Li
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jijian Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China; Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
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11
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Souihel S, Cessac B. On the potential role of lateral connectivity in retinal anticipation. JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 11:3. [PMID: 33420903 PMCID: PMC7796858 DOI: 10.1186/s13408-020-00101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We analyse the potential effects of lateral connectivity (amacrine cells and gap junctions) on motion anticipation in the retina. Our main result is that lateral connectivity can-under conditions analysed in the paper-trigger a wave of activity enhancing the anticipation mechanism provided by local gain control (Berry et al. in Nature 398(6725):334-338, 1999; Chen et al. in J. Neurosci. 33(1):120-132, 2013). We illustrate these predictions by two examples studied in the experimental literature: differential motion sensitive cells (Baccus and Meister in Neuron 36(5):909-919, 2002) and direction sensitive cells where direction sensitivity is inherited from asymmetry in gap junctions connectivity (Trenholm et al. in Nat. Neurosci. 16:154-156, 2013). We finally present reconstructions of retinal responses to 2D visual inputs to assess the ability of our model to anticipate motion in the case of three different 2D stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Souihel
- Biovision Team and Neuromod Institute, Inria, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
| | - Bruno Cessac
- Biovision Team and Neuromod Institute, Inria, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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12
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Yan RS, Yang XL, Zhong YM, Zhang DQ. Spontaneous Depolarization-Induced Action Potentials of ON-Starburst Amacrine Cells during Cholinergic and Glutamatergic Retinal Waves. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122574. [PMID: 33271919 PMCID: PMC7759856 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlated spontaneous activity in the developing retina (termed “retinal waves”) plays an instructive role in refining neural circuits of the visual system. Depolarizing (ON) and hyperpolarizing (OFF) starburst amacrine cells (SACs) initiate and propagate cholinergic retinal waves. Where cholinergic retinal waves stop, SACs are thought to be driven by glutamatergic retinal waves initiated by ON-bipolar cells. However, the properties and function of cholinergic and glutamatergic waves in ON- and OFF-SACs still remain poorly understood. In the present work, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and Ca2+ imaging from genetically labeled ON- and OFF-SACs in mouse flat-mount retinas. We found that both SAC subtypes exhibited spontaneous rhythmic depolarization during cholinergic and glutamatergic waves. Interestingly, ON-SACs had wave-induced action potentials (APs) in an age-dependent manner, but OFF-SACs did not. Simultaneous Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that, during a cholinergic wave, APs of an ON-SAC appeared to promote the dendritic release of acetylcholine onto neighboring ON- and OFF-SACs, which enhances their Ca2+ transients. These results advance the understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying correlated spontaneous activity in the developing retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Shan Yan
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (R.-S.Y.); (X.-L.Y.)
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4479, USA
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (R.-S.Y.); (X.-L.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (R.-S.Y.); (X.-L.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.Z.); (D.-Q.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-5423-7736 (Y.-M.Z.); +1-248-3702399 (D.-Q.Z.)
| | - Dao-Qi Zhang
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4479, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.Z.); (D.-Q.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-5423-7736 (Y.-M.Z.); +1-248-3702399 (D.-Q.Z.)
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13
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Chaunsali L, Tewari BP, Gallucci A, Thompson EG, Savoia A, Feld N, Campbell SL. Glioma-induced peritumoral hyperexcitability in a pediatric glioma model. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14567. [PMID: 33026196 PMCID: PMC7539466 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures are among the most common presenting symptom in patients with glioma. The etiology of glioma-related seizures is complex and not completely understood. Studies using adult glioma patient tissue and adult glioma mouse models, show that neurons adjacent to the tumor mass, peritumoral neurons, are hyperexcitable and contribute to seizures. Although it is established that there are phenotypic and genotypic distinctions in gliomas from adult and pediatric patients, it is unknown whether these established differences in pediatric glioma biology and the microenvironment in which these glioma cells harbor, the developing brain, differentially impacts surrounding neurons. In the present study, we examine the effect of patient-derived pediatric glioma cells on the function of peritumoral neurons using two pediatric glioma models. Pediatric glioma cells were intracranially injected into the cerebrum of postnatal days 2 and 3 (p2/3) mouse pups for 7 days. Electrophysiological recordings showed that cortical layer 2/3 peritumoral neurons exhibited significant differences in their intrinsic properties compared to those of sham control neurons. Peritumoral neurons fired significantly more action potentials in response to smaller current injection and exhibited a depolarization block in response to higher current injection. The threshold for eliciting an action potential and pharmacologically induced epileptiform activity was lower in peritumoral neurons compared to sham. Our findings suggest that pediatric glioma cells increase excitability in the developing peritumoral neurons by exhibiting early onset of depolarization block, which was not previously observed in adult glioma peritumoral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Chaunsali
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate ProgramSchool of NeuroscienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Bhanu P. Tewari
- Fralin Biomedical Research InstituteGlial Biology in HealthDisease and CancerVirginia TechRoanokeVAUSA
| | - Allison Gallucci
- Fralin Biomedical Research InstituteTranslational Biology, Medicine and HealthVirginia TechRoanokeVAUSA
| | | | - Andrew Savoia
- Animal and Poultry SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Noah Feld
- School of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Susan L. Campbell
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate ProgramSchool of NeuroscienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- Fralin Biomedical Research InstituteGlial Biology in HealthDisease and CancerVirginia TechRoanokeVAUSA
- Animal and Poultry SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
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14
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Kostka JK, Gretenkord S, Spehr M, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Bursting mitral cells time the oscillatory coupling between olfactory bulb and entorhinal networks in neonatal mice. J Physiol 2020; 598:5753-5769. [PMID: 32926437 DOI: 10.1113/jp280131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS During early postnatal development, mitral cells show either irregular bursting or non-bursting firing patterns Bursting mitral cells preferentially fire during theta bursts in the neonatal olfactory bulb, being locked to the theta phase Bursting mitral cells preferentially fire during theta bursts in the neonatal lateral entorhinal cortex and are temporally related to both respiration rhythm- and theta phase Bursting mitral cells act as a cellular substrate of the olfactory drive that promotes the oscillatory entrainment of entorhinal networks ABSTRACT: Shortly after birth, the olfactory system provides not only the main source of environmental inputs to blind, deaf, non-whisking and motorically-limited rodents, but also the drive boosting the functional entrainment of limbic circuits. However, the cellular substrate of this early communication remains largely unknown. Here, we combine in vivo and in vitro patch-clamp and extracellular recordings to reveal the contribution of mitral cell (MC) firing to early patterns of network activity in both the neonatal olfactory bulb (OB) and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), the gatekeeper of limbic circuits. We show that MCs predominantly fire either in an irregular bursting or non-bursting pattern during discontinuous theta events in the OB. However, the temporal spike-theta phase coupling is stronger for bursting than non-bursting MCs. In line with the direct OB-to-LEC projections, both bursting and non-bursting discharge augments during co-ordinated patterns of entorhinal activity, albeit with higher magnitude for bursting MCs. For these neurons, temporal coupling to the discontinuous theta events in the LEC is stronger. Thus, bursting MCs might drive the entrainment of the OB-LEC network during neonatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Kostka
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Gretenkord
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute of Biology II, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Retinal Drug Delivery: Rethinking Outcomes for the Efficient Replication of Retinal Behavior. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The retina is a highly organized structure that is considered to be "an approachable part of the brain." It is attracting the interest of development scientists, as it provides a model neurovascular system. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing significant development in the knowledge of the mechanisms that induce the shape of the retinal vascular system, as well as knowledge of disease processes that lead to retina degeneration. Knowledge and understanding of how our vision works are crucial to creating a hardware-adaptive computational model that can replicate retinal behavior. The neuronal system is nonlinear and very intricate. It is thus instrumental to have a clear view of the neurophysiological and neuroanatomic processes and to take into account the underlying principles that govern the process of hardware transformation to produce an appropriate model that can be mapped to a physical device. The mechanistic and integrated computational models have enormous potential toward helping to understand disease mechanisms and to explain the associations identified in large model-free data sets. The approach used is modulated and based on different models of drug administration, including the geometry of the eye. This work aimed to review the recently used mathematical models to map a directed retinal network.
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16
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Gamlin CR, Zhang C, Dyer MA, Wong ROL. Distinct Developmental Mechanisms Act Independently to Shape Biased Synaptic Divergence from an Inhibitory Neuron. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1258-1268.e2. [PMID: 32109390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurons often contact more than one postsynaptic partner type and display stereotypic patterns of synaptic divergence. Such synaptic patterns usually involve some partners receiving more synapses than others. The developmental strategies generating "biased" synaptic distributions remain largely unknown. To gain insight, we took advantage of a compact circuit in the vertebrate retina, whereby the AII amacrine cell (AII AC) provides inhibition onto cone bipolar cell (BC) axons and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrites, but makes the majority of its synapses with the BCs. Using light and electron microscopy, we reconstructed the morphology and connectivity of mouse retinal AII ACs across postnatal development. We found that AII ACs do not elaborate their presynaptic structures, the lobular appendages, until BCs differentiate about a week after RGCs are present. Lobular appendages are present in mutant mice lacking BCs, implying that although synchronized with BC axonal differentiation, presynaptic differentiation of the AII ACs is not dependent on cues from BCs. With maturation, AII ACs maintain a constant number of synapses with RGCs, preferentially increase synaptogenesis with BCs, and eliminate synapses with wide-field amacrine cells. Thus, AII ACs undergo partner type-specific changes in connectivity to attain their mature pattern of synaptic divergence. Moreover, AII ACs contact non-BCs to the same extent in bipolarless retinas, indicating that AII ACs establish partner-type-specific connectivity using diverse mechanisms that operate in parallel but independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare R Gamlin
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude's Children Research Hospital, Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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17
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Gu QL, Xiao Y, Li S, Zhou D. Emergence of spatially periodic diffusive waves in small-world neuronal networks. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:042401. [PMID: 31770933 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.042401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been observed in experiment that the anatomical structure of neuronal networks in the brain possesses the feature of small-world networks. Yet how the small-world structure affects network dynamics remains to be fully clarified. Here we study the dynamics of a class of small-world networks consisting of pulse-coupled integrate-and-fire (I&F) neurons. Under stochastic Poisson drive, we find that the activity of the entire network resembles diffusive waves. To understand its underlying mechanism, we analyze the simplified regular-lattice network consisting of firing-rate-based neurons as an approximation to the original I&F small-world network. We demonstrate both analytically and numerically that, with strongly coupled connections, in the absence of noise, the activity of the firing-rate-based regular-lattice network spatially forms a static grating pattern that corresponds to the spatial distribution of the firing rate observed in the I&F small-world neuronal network. We further show that the spatial grating pattern with different phases comprise the continuous attractor of both the I&F small-world and firing-rate-based regular-lattice network dynamics. In the presence of input noise, the activity of both networks is perturbed along the continuous attractor, which gives rise to the diffusive waves. Our numerical simulations and theoretical analysis may potentially provide insights into the understanding of the generation of wave patterns observed in cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong L Gu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, MOE-LSC, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyang Xiao
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA and NYUAD Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Songting Li
- School of Mathematical Sciences, MOE-LSC, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Douglas Zhou
- School of Mathematical Sciences, MOE-LSC, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Rule ME, Schnoerr D, Hennig MH, Sanguinetti G. Neural field models for latent state inference: Application to large-scale neuronal recordings. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007442. [PMID: 31682604 PMCID: PMC6855563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale neural recording methods now allow us to observe large populations of identified single neurons simultaneously, opening a window into neural population dynamics in living organisms. However, distilling such large-scale recordings to build theories of emergent collective dynamics remains a fundamental statistical challenge. The neural field models of Wilson, Cowan, and colleagues remain the mainstay of mathematical population modeling owing to their interpretable, mechanistic parameters and amenability to mathematical analysis. Inspired by recent advances in biochemical modeling, we develop a method based on moment closure to interpret neural field models as latent state-space point-process models, making them amenable to statistical inference. With this approach we can infer the intrinsic states of neurons, such as active and refractory, solely from spiking activity in large populations. After validating this approach with synthetic data, we apply it to high-density recordings of spiking activity in the developing mouse retina. This confirms the essential role of a long lasting refractory state in shaping spatiotemporal properties of neonatal retinal waves. This conceptual and methodological advance opens up new theoretical connections between mathematical theory and point-process state-space models in neural data analysis. Developing statistical tools to connect single-neuron activity to emergent collective dynamics is vital for building interpretable models of neural activity. Neural field models relate single-neuron activity to emergent collective dynamics in neural populations, but integrating them with data remains challenging. Recently, latent state-space models have emerged as a powerful tool for constructing phenomenological models of neural population activity. The advent of high-density multi-electrode array recordings now enables us to examine large-scale collective neural activity. We show that classical neural field approaches can yield latent state-space equations and demonstrate that this enables inference of the intrinsic states of neurons from recorded spike trains in large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Rule
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - David Schnoerr
- Theoretical Systems Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias H. Hennig
- Department of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Sanguinetti
- Department of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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A biophysical model explains the spontaneous bursting behavior in the developing retina. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1859. [PMID: 30755684 PMCID: PMC6372601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During early development, waves of activity propagate across the retina and play a key role in the proper wiring of the early visual system. During a particular phase of the retina development (stage II) these waves are triggered by a transient network of neurons, called Starburst Amacrine Cells (SACs), showing a bursting activity which disappears upon further maturation. The underlying mechanisms of the spontaneous bursting and the transient excitability of immature SACs are not completely clear yet. While several models have attempted to reproduce retinal waves, none of them is able to mimic the rhythmic autonomous bursting of individual SACs and reveal how these cells change their intrinsic properties during development. Here, we introduce a mathematical model, grounded on biophysics, which enables us to reproduce the bursting activity of SACs and to propose a plausible, generic and robust, mechanism that generates it. The core parameters controlling repetitive firing are fast depolarizing V-gated calcium channels and hyperpolarizing V-gated potassium channels. The quiescent phase of bursting is controlled by a slow after hyperpolarization (sAHP), mediated by calcium-dependent potassium channels. Based on a bifurcation analysis we show how biophysical parameters, regulating calcium and potassium activity, control the spontaneously occurring fast oscillatory activity followed by long refractory periods in individual SACs. We make a testable experimental prediction on the role of voltage-dependent potassium channels on the excitability properties of SACs and on the evolution of this excitability along development. We also propose an explanation on how SACs can exhibit a large variability in their bursting periods, as observed experimentally within a SACs network as well as across different species, yet based on a simple, unique, mechanism. As we discuss, these observations at the cellular level have a deep impact on the retinal waves description.
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20
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Presynaptic SNAP-25 regulates retinal waves and retinogeniculate projection via phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3262-3267. [PMID: 30728295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812169116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterned spontaneous activity periodically displays in developing retinas termed retinal waves, essential for visual circuit refinement. In neonatal rodents, retinal waves initiate in starburst amacrine cells (SACs), propagating across retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), further through visual centers. Although these waves are shown temporally synchronized with transiently high PKA activity, the downstream PKA target important for regulating the transmission from SACs remains unidentified. A t-SNARE, synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25/SN25), serves as a PKA substrate, implying a potential role of SN25 in regulating retinal development. Here, we examined whether SN25 in SACs could regulate wave properties and retinogeniculate projection during development. In developing SACs, overexpression of wild-type SN25b, but not the PKA-phosphodeficient mutant (SN25b-T138A), decreased the frequency and spatial correlation of wave-associated calcium transients. Overexpressing SN25b, but not SN25b-T138A, in SACs dampened spontaneous, wave-associated, postsynaptic currents in RGCs and decreased the SAC release upon augmenting the cAMP-PKA signaling. These results suggest that SN25b overexpression may inhibit the strength of transmission from SACs via PKA-mediated phosphorylation at T138. Moreover, knockdown of endogenous SN25b increased the frequency of wave-associated calcium transients, supporting the role of SN25 in restraining wave periodicity. Finally, the eye-specific segregation of retinogeniculate projection was impaired by in vivo overexpression of SN25b, but not SN25b-T138A, in SACs. These results suggest that SN25 in developing SACs dampens the spatiotemporal properties of retinal waves and limits visual circuit refinement by phosphorylation at T138. Therefore, SN25 in SACs plays a profound role in regulating visual circuit refinement.
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21
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Akin O, Bajar BT, Keles MF, Frye MA, Zipursky SL. Cell-type-Specific Patterned Stimulus-Independent Neuronal Activity in the Drosophila Visual System during Synapse Formation. Neuron 2019; 101:894-904.e5. [PMID: 30711355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stereotyped synaptic connections define the neural circuits of the brain. In vertebrates, stimulus-independent activity contributes to neural circuit formation. It is unknown whether this type of activity is a general feature of nervous system development. Here, we report patterned, stimulus-independent neural activity in the Drosophila visual system during synaptogenesis. Using in vivo calcium, voltage, and glutamate imaging, we found that all neurons participate in this spontaneous activity, which is characterized by brain-wide periodic active and silent phases. Glia are active in a complementary pattern. Each of the 15 of over 100 specific neuron types in the fly visual system examined exhibited a unique activity signature. The activity of neurons that are synaptic partners in the adult was highly correlated during development. We propose that this cell-type-specific activity coordinates the development of the functional circuitry of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Akin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Bryce T Bajar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mehmet F Keles
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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22
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Tiriac A, Smith BE, Feller MB. Light Prior to Eye Opening Promotes Retinal Waves and Eye-Specific Segregation. Neuron 2018; 100:1059-1065.e4. [PMID: 30392793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal waves are bursts of correlated activity that occur prior to eye opening and provide a critical source of activity that drives the refinement of retinofugal projections. Retinal waves are thought to be initiated spontaneously with their spatiotemporal features dictated by immature neural circuits. Here we demonstrate that, during the second postnatal week in mice, changes in light intensity dictate where and when a subset of retinal waves are triggered via activation of conventional photoreceptors. Propagation properties of triggered waves are indistinguishable from spontaneous waves, indicating that they are activating the same retinal circuits. Using whole-brain imaging techniques, we demonstrate that light deprivation prior to eye opening diminishes eye-specific segregation of the retinal projections to the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, but not other retinal targets. These data indicate that light that passes through the closed eyelids plays a critical role in the development of the image-forming visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Tiriac
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin E Smith
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marla B Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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23
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Ramirez JM, Baertsch N. Defining the Rhythmogenic Elements of Mammalian Breathing. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:302-316. [PMID: 30109823 PMCID: PMC6230551 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00025.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing's remarkable ability to adapt to changes in metabolic, environmental, and behavioral demands stems from a complex integration of its rhythm-generating network within the wider nervous system. Yet, this integration complicates identification of its specific rhythmogenic elements. Based on principles learned from smaller rhythmic networks of invertebrates, we define criteria that identify rhythmogenic elements of the mammalian breathing network and discuss how they interact to produce robust, dynamic breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Nathan Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
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24
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Kossio FYK, Goedeke S, van den Akker B, Ibarz B, Memmesheimer RM. Growing Critical: Self-Organized Criticality in a Developing Neural System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:058301. [PMID: 30118252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.058301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Experiments in various neural systems found avalanches: bursts of activity with characteristics typical for critical dynamics. A possible explanation for their occurrence is an underlying network that self-organizes into a critical state. We propose a simple spiking model for developing neural networks, showing how these may "grow into" criticality. Avalanches generated by our model correspond to clusters of widely applied Hawkes processes. We analytically derive the cluster size and duration distributions and find that they agree with those of experimentally observed neuronal avalanches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Goedeke
- Neural Network Dynamics and Computation, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Borja Ibarz
- Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Group, Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raoul-Martin Memmesheimer
- Neural Network Dynamics and Computation, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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25
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Muller L, Chavane F, Reynolds J, Sejnowski TJ. Cortical travelling waves: mechanisms and computational principles. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018; 19:255-268. [PMID: 29563572 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2018.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multichannel recording technologies have revealed travelling waves of neural activity in multiple sensory, motor and cognitive systems. These waves can be spontaneously generated by recurrent circuits or evoked by external stimuli. They travel along brain networks at multiple scales, transiently modulating spiking and excitability as they pass. Here, we review recent experimental findings that have found evidence for travelling waves at single-area (mesoscopic) and whole-brain (macroscopic) scales. We place these findings in the context of the current theoretical understanding of wave generation and propagation in recurrent networks. During the large low-frequency rhythms of sleep or the relatively desynchronized state of the awake cortex, travelling waves may serve a variety of functions, from long-term memory consolidation to processing of dynamic visual stimuli. We explore new avenues for experimental and computational understanding of the role of spatiotemporal activity patterns in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Muller
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Frédéric Chavane
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - John Reynolds
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
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26
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Tang J, Qin N, Chong Y, Diao Y, Yiliguma, Wang Z, Xue T, Jiang M, Zhang J, Zheng G. Nanowire arrays restore vision in blind mice. Nat Commun 2018; 9:786. [PMID: 29511183 PMCID: PMC5840349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The restoration of light response with complex spatiotemporal features in retinal degenerative diseases towards retinal prosthesis has proven to be a considerable challenge over the past decades. Herein, inspired by the structure and function of photoreceptors in retinas, we develop artificial photoreceptors based on gold nanoparticle-decorated titania nanowire arrays, for restoration of visual responses in the blind mice with degenerated photoreceptors. Green, blue and near UV light responses in the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are restored with a spatial resolution better than 100 µm. ON responses in RGCs are blocked by glutamatergic antagonists, suggesting functional preservation of the remaining retinal circuits. Moreover, neurons in the primary visual cortex respond to light after subretinal implant of nanowire arrays. Improvement in pupillary light reflex suggests the behavioral recovery of light sensitivity. Our study will shed light on the development of a new generation of optoelectronic toolkits for subretinal prosthetic devices. The restoration of light response using retinal prosthesis could be a way to restore vision following retinal degenerative disease. Here the authors develop gold-titania nanowire arrays that restore visual response in blind mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan Qin
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Chong
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yupu Diao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiliguma
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhexuan Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian Xue
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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27
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Vardi R, Goldental A, Sardi S, Sheinin A, Kanter I. Simultaneous multi-patch-clamp and extracellular-array recordings: Single neuron reflects network activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36228. [PMID: 27824075 PMCID: PMC5099952 DOI: 10.1038/srep36228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of recording electrodes enhances the capability of capturing the network’s cooperative activity, however, using too many monitors might alter the properties of the measured neural network and induce noise. Using a technique that merges simultaneous multi-patch-clamp and multi-electrode array recordings of neural networks in-vitro, we show that the membrane potential of a single neuron is a reliable and super-sensitive probe for monitoring such cooperative activities and their detailed rhythms. Specifically, the membrane potential and the spiking activity of a single neuron are either highly correlated or highly anti-correlated with the time-dependent macroscopic activity of the entire network. This surprising observation also sheds light on the cooperative origin of neuronal burst in cultured networks. Our findings present an alternative flexible approach to the technique based on a massive tiling of networks by large-scale arrays of electrodes to monitor their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Vardi
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.,Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center and the Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Amir Goldental
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Shira Sardi
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Anton Sheinin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Kanter
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.,Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center and the Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Stereotyped initiation of retinal waves by bipolar cells via presynaptic NMDA autoreceptors. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12650. [PMID: 27586999 PMCID: PMC5025778 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic retinal waves, the spontaneous patterned neural activities propagating among developing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), instruct the activity-dependent refinement of visuotopic maps. However, its initiation and underlying mechanism remain largely elusive. Here using larval zebrafish and multiple in vivo approaches, we discover that bipolar cells (BCs) are responsible for the generation of glutamatergic retinal waves. The wave originates from BC axon terminals (ATs) and propagates laterally to nearby BCs and vertically to downstream RGCs and the optic tectum. Its initiation is triggered by the activation of and consequent glutamate release from BC ATs, and is mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDARs) expressed at these ATs. Intercellular asymmetry of NMDAR expression at BC ATs enables the preferential initiation of waves at the temporal retina, where BC ATs express more NMDARs. Thus, our findings indicate that glutamatergic retinal waves are initiated by BCs through a presynaptic NMDA autoreceptor-dependent process. Retinal waves are important for visual system development. However, the mechanism involved in their generation remains largely unknown. Here using in vivo two-photon imaging the authors identify the presence of retinal waves in zebrafish larvae and find that they are initiated at bipolar cells via presynaptic NMDARs.
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Retinal Wave Patterns Are Governed by Mutual Excitation among Starburst Amacrine Cells and Drive the Refinement and Maintenance of Visual Circuits. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3871-86. [PMID: 27030771 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3549-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Retinal waves are correlated bursts of spontaneous activity whose spatiotemporal patterns are critical for early activity-dependent circuit elaboration and refinement in the mammalian visual system. Three separate developmental wave epochs or stages have been described, but the mechanism(s) of pattern generation of each and their distinct roles in visual circuit development remain incompletely understood. We used neuroanatomical,in vitroandin vivoelectrophysiological, and optical imaging techniques in genetically manipulated mice to examine the mechanisms of wave initiation and propagation and the role of wave patterns in visual circuit development. Through deletion of β2 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (β2-nAChRs) selectively from starburst amacrine cells (SACs), we show that mutual excitation among SACs is critical for Stage II (cholinergic) retinal wave propagation, supporting models of wave initiation and pattern generation from within a single retinal cell type. We also demonstrate that β2-nAChRs in SACs, and normal wave patterns, are necessary for eye-specific segregation. Finally, we show that Stage III (glutamatergic) retinal waves are not themselves necessary for normal eye-specific segregation, but elimination of both Stage II and Stage III retinal waves dramatically disrupts eye-specific segregation. This suggests that persistent Stage II retinal waves can adequately compensate for Stage III retinal wave loss during the development and refinement of eye-specific segregation. These experiments confirm key features of the "recurrent network" model for retinal wave propagation and clarify the roles of Stage II and Stage III retinal wave patterns in visual circuit development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spontaneous activity drives early mammalian circuit development, but the initiation and patterning of activity vary across development and among modalities. Cholinergic "retinal waves" are initiated in starburst amacrine cells and propagate to retinal ganglion cells and higher-order visual areas, but the mechanism responsible for creating their unique and critical activity pattern is incompletely understood. We demonstrate that cholinergic wave patterns are dictated by recurrent connectivity within starburst amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells act as "readouts" of patterned activity. We also show that eye-specific segregation occurs normally without glutamatergic waves, but elimination of both cholinergic and glutamatergic waves completely disrupts visual circuit development. These results suggest that each retinal wave pattern during development is optimized for concurrently refining multiple visual circuits.
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Zhou EK, Xu HP. GABAergic regulation of spontaneous spike patterns in the developing rabbit retina. Neurosci Lett 2015; 600:137-42. [PMID: 26054939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous retinal waves play a critical role in the establishment of precise neuronal connections in the developing visual system. Retinal waves in mammals progress through three distinct developmental stages prior to eye opening. Using multielectrode array (MEA) recording from the rabbit retina, this study found characteristic changes in the spontaneous spike pattern in the ganglion cell layer during the transition from stage II to stage III retinal waves. These changes led to an increased diversity in the spatiotemporal pattern of the spontaneous activity, consistent with a potential role of stage III retinal waves in the establishment of diverse, cell type-specific neuronal connectivity during visual system development. The study also showed that GABAergic inhibition, predominantly mediated by GABAA receptors, was critical in breaking down large waves of ganglion cell spiking into spatially restricted and temporally diverse spike patterns at stage III, suggesting an important role of amacrine cells in shaping the diverse spontaneous activity patterns of developing ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton K Zhou
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Hong-Ping Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Spontaneous retinal activity mediated by glutamatergic neurotransmission-so-called "Stage 3" retinal waves-drives anti-correlated spiking in ON and OFF RGCs during the second week of postnatal development of the mouse. In the mature retina, the activity of a retinal interneuron called the AII amacrine cell is responsible for anti-correlated spiking in ON and OFF α-RGCs. In mature AIIs, membrane hyperpolarization elicits bursting behavior. Here, we postulated that bursting in AIIs underlies the initiation of glutamatergic retinal waves. We tested this hypothesis by using two-photon calcium imaging of spontaneous activity in populations of retinal neurons and by making whole-cell recordings from individual AIIs and α-RGCs in in vitro preparations of mouse retina. We found that AIIs participated in retinal waves, and that their activity was correlated with that of ON α-RGCs and anti-correlated with that of OFF α-RGCs. Though immature AIIs lacked the complement of membrane conductances necessary to generate bursting, pharmacological activation of the M-current, a conductance that modulates bursting in mature AIIs, blocked retinal wave generation. Interestingly, blockade of the pacemaker conductance Ih, a conductance absent in AIIs but present in both ON and OFF cone bipolar cells, caused a dramatic loss of spatial coherence of spontaneous activity. We conclude that during glutamatergic waves, AIIs act to coordinate and propagate activity generated by BCs rather than to initiate spontaneous activity.
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32
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Xu HP, Burbridge TJ, Chen MG, Ge X, Zhang Y, Zhou ZJ, Crair MC. Spatial pattern of spontaneous retinal waves instructs retinotopic map refinement more than activity frequency. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:621-40. [PMID: 25787992 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous activity during early development is necessary for the formation of precise neural connections, but it remains uncertain whether activity plays an instructive or permissive role in brain wiring. In the visual system, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections to the brain form two prominent sensory maps, one reflecting eye of origin and the other retinotopic location. Recent studies provide compelling evidence supporting an instructive role for spontaneous retinal activity in the development of eye-specific projections, but evidence for a similarly instructive role in the development of retinotopy is more equivocal. Here, we report on experiments in which we knocked down the expression of β2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (β2-nAChRs) specifically in the retina through a Cre-loxP recombination strategy. Overall levels of spontaneous retinal activity in retina-specific β2-nAChR mutant mice (Rx-β2cKO), examined in vitro and in vivo, were reduced to a degree comparable to that observed in whole animal β2-nAChR mouse mutants (β2KO). However, many residual spontaneous waves in Rx-β2cKO mice displayed local propagating features with strong correlations between nearby but not distant RGCs typical of waves observed in wild-type (WT) but not β2KO mice. We further observed that eye-specific segregation was disrupted in Rx-β2cKO mice, but retinotopy was spared in a competition-dependent manner. These results suggest that propagating patterns of spontaneous retinal waves are essential for normal development of the retinotopic map, even while overall activity levels are significantly reduced, and support an instructive role for spontaneous retinal activity in both eye-specific segregation and retinotopic refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | | | - Ming-Gang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Xinxin Ge
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Yueyi Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Zhimin Jimmy Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510.,Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
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33
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Li J, Kritzer E, Ford NC, Arbabi S, Baccei ML. Connectivity of pacemaker neurons in the neonatal rat superficial dorsal horn. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1038-1053. [PMID: 25380417 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pacemaker neurons with an intrinsic ability to generate rhythmic burst-firing have been characterized in lamina I of the neonatal spinal cord, where they are innervated by high-threshold sensory afferents. However, little is known about the output of these pacemakers, as the neuronal populations that are targeted by pacemaker axons have yet to be identified. The present study combines patch-clamp recordings in the intact neonatal rat spinal cord with tract-tracing to demonstrate that lamina I pacemaker neurons contact multiple spinal motor pathways during early life. Retrograde labeling of premotor interneurons with the trans-synaptic pseudorabies virus PRV-152 revealed the presence of burst-firing in PRV-infected lamina I neurons, thereby confirming that pacemakers are synaptically coupled to motor networks in the spinal ventral horn. Notably, two classes of pacemakers could be distinguished in lamina I based on cell size and the pattern of their axonal projections. Whereas small pacemaker neurons possessed ramified axons that contacted ipsilateral motor circuits, large pacemaker neurons had unbranched axons that crossed the midline and ascended rostrally in the contralateral white matter. Recordings from identified spino-parabrachial and spino-periaqueductal gray neurons indicated the presence of pacemaker activity within neonatal lamina I projection neurons. Overall, these results show that lamina I pacemakers are positioned to regulate both the level of activity in developing motor circuits and the ascending flow of nociceptive information to the brain, thus highlighting a potential role for pacemaker activity in the maturation of pain and sensorimotor networks in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Pain Research Center, Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati OH 45267
| | - Elizabeth Kritzer
- Pain Research Center, Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati OH 45267
| | - Neil C Ford
- Pain Research Center, Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati OH 45267.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45267
| | - Shahriar Arbabi
- Pain Research Center, Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati OH 45267
| | - Mark L Baccei
- Pain Research Center, Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati OH 45267.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45267
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34
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Renna JM, Chellappa DK, Ross CL, Stabio ME, Berson DM. Melanopsin ganglion cells extend dendrites into the outer retina during early postnatal development. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:935-46. [PMID: 25534911 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanopsin ganglion cells express the photopigment melanopsin and are the first functional photoreceptors to develop in the mammalian retina. They have been shown to play a variety of important roles in visual development and behavior in the early postnatal period (Johnson et al., 2010; Kirkby and Feller, 2013; Rao et al., 2013; Renna et al., 2011). Here, we probed the maturation of the dendritic arbors of melanopsin ganglion cells during this developmental period in mice. We found that some melanopsin ganglion cells (mainly the M1-subtype) transiently extend their dendrites not only into the inner plexiform layer (where they receive synaptic inputs from bipolar and amacrine cells) but also into the outer plexiform layer, where in mature retina, rod and cone photoreceptors are thought to contact only bipolar and horizontal cells. Thus, some immature melanopsin ganglion cells are biplexiform. This feature is much less common although still present in the mature retina. It reaches peak incidence 8-12 days after birth, before the eyes open and bipolar cells are sufficiently mature to link rods and cones to ganglion cells. At this age, some outer dendrites of melanopsin ganglion cells lie in close apposition to the axon terminals of cone photoreceptors and express a postsynaptic marker of glutamatergic transmission, postsynaptic density-95 protein (PSD-95). These findings raise the possibility of direct, monosynaptic connections between cones and melanopsin ganglion cells in the early postnatal retina. We provide a detailed description of the developmental profile of these processes and consider their possible functional and evolutionary significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Renna
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, 185 E. Mill St., Akron, Ohio, 44325-3908
| | - Deepa K Chellappa
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912
| | - Christopher L Ross
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, 185 E. Mill St., Akron, Ohio, 44325-3908
| | - Maureen E Stabio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Ave, RC1 South 12120, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - David M Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912
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35
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Lansdell B, Ford K, Kutz JN. A reaction-diffusion model of cholinergic retinal waves. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003953. [PMID: 25474327 PMCID: PMC4256014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to receiving visual stimuli, spontaneous, correlated activity in the retina, called retinal waves, drives activity-dependent developmental programs. Early-stage waves mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) manifest as slow, spreading bursts of action potentials. They are believed to be initiated by the spontaneous firing of Starburst Amacrine Cells (SACs), whose dense, recurrent connectivity then propagates this activity laterally. Their inter-wave interval and shifting wave boundaries are the result of the slow after-hyperpolarization of the SACs creating an evolving mosaic of recruitable and refractory cells, which can and cannot participate in waves, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that cholinergic waves may be modulated by the extracellular concentration of ACh. Here, we construct a simplified, biophysically consistent, reaction-diffusion model of cholinergic retinal waves capable of recapitulating wave dynamics observed in mice retina recordings. The dense, recurrent connectivity of SACs is modeled through local, excitatory coupling occurring via the volume release and diffusion of ACh. In addition to simulation, we are thus able to use non-linear wave theory to connect wave features to underlying physiological parameters, making the model useful in determining appropriate pharmacological manipulations to experimentally produce waves of a prescribed spatiotemporal character. The model is used to determine how ACh mediated connectivity may modulate wave activity, and how parameters such as the spontaneous activation rate and sAHP refractory period contribute to critical wave size variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lansdell
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - J. Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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36
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Burbridge TJ, Xu HP, Ackman JB, Ge X, Zhang Y, Ye MJ, Zhou ZJ, Xu J, Contractor A, Crair MC. Visual circuit development requires patterned activity mediated by retinal acetylcholine receptors. Neuron 2014; 84:1049-64. [PMID: 25466916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The elaboration of nascent synaptic connections into highly ordered neural circuits is an integral feature of the developing vertebrate nervous system. In sensory systems, patterned spontaneous activity before the onset of sensation is thought to influence this process, but this conclusion remains controversial, largely due to the inherent difficulty recording neural activity in early development. Here, we describe genetic and pharmacological manipulations of spontaneous retinal activity, assayed in vivo, that demonstrate a causal link between retinal waves and visual circuit refinement. We also report a decoupling of downstream activity in retinorecipient regions of the developing brain after retinal wave disruption. Significantly, we show that the spatiotemporal characteristics of retinal waves affect the development of specific visual circuits. These results conclusively establish retinal waves as necessary and instructive for circuit refinement in the developing nervous system and reveal how neural circuits adjust to altered patterns of activity prior to experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Burbridge
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hong-Ping Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - James B Ackman
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xinxin Ge
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yueyi Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Ye
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Z Jimmy Zhou
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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37
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Unichenko P, Yang JW, Luhmann HJ, Kirischuk S. Glutamatergic system controls synchronization of spontaneous neuronal activity in the murine neonatal entorhinal cortex. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1565-1575. [PMID: 25163767 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synchronized spontaneous neuronal activity is a characteristic feature of the developing brain. Rhythmic network discharges in the neonatal medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) in vitro depend on activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors, but spontaneously active neurons are required for their initiation. Field potential recordings revealed synchronized neuronal activity in the mEC in vivo developmentally earlier than in vitro. We suggested that not only ionotropic receptors, but also other components of the glutamatergic system modulate neuronal activity in the mEC. Ca(2+) imaging was used to record neuronal activity in neonatal murine brain slices. Two types of spontaneous events were distinguished: global synchronous discharges (synchronous activity) and asynchronously (not synchronized with global discharges) active cells (asynchronous activity). AMPA receptor blockade strongly reduced the frequency of synchronous discharges, while NMDA receptor inhibition was less effective. AMPA and NMDA receptor blockade or activation of group 2/3 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) completely suppressed synchronous discharges and increased the number of active cells. Blockade of glutamate transporters with DL-TBOA led to NMDA receptor-mediated hyper-synchronization of neuronal activity. Inhibition of NMDA receptors in the presence of DL-TBOA failed to restore synchronous discharges. The latter were partially reestablished only after blockade of mGluR2/3. We conclude that the glutamatergic system can influence neuronal activity via different receptors/mechanisms. As both NMDA and mGluR2/3 receptors have a high affinity for glutamate, changes in extracellular glutamate levels resulting for instance from glutamate transporter malfunction can balance neuronal activity in the mEC, affecting in turn synapse and network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Unichenko
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jeng-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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38
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Lemak MS, Voloshanenko O, Draguhn A, Egorov AV. KATP channels modulate intrinsic firing activity of immature entorhinal cortex layer III neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:255. [PMID: 25221474 PMCID: PMC4145353 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial temporal lobe structures are essential for memory formation which is associated with coherent network oscillations. During ontogenesis, these highly organized patterns develop from distinct, less synchronized forms of network activity. This maturation process goes along with marked changes in intrinsic firing patterns of individual neurons. One critical factor determining neuronal excitability is activity of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP channels) which coupled electrical activity to metabolic state. Here, we examined the role of KATP channels for intrinsic firing patterns and emerging network activity in the immature medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) of rats. Western blot analysis of Kir6.2 (a subunit of the KATP channel) confirmed expression of this protein in the immature entorhinal cortex. Neuronal activity was monitored by field potential (fp) and whole-cell recordings from layer III (LIII) of the mEC in horizontal brain slices obtained at postnatal day (P) 6–13. Spontaneous fp-bursts were suppressed by the KATP channel opener diazoxide and prolonged after blockade of KATP channels by glibenclamide. Immature mEC LIII principal neurons displayed two dominant intrinsic firing patterns, prolonged bursts or regular firing activity, respectively. Burst discharges were suppressed by the KATP channel openers diazoxide and NN414, and enhanced by the KATP channel blockers tolbutamide and glibenclamide. Activity of regularly firing neurons was modulated in a frequency-dependent manner: the diazoxide-mediated reduction of firing correlated negatively with basal frequency, while the tolbutamide-mediated increase of firing showed a positive correlation. These data are in line with an activity-dependent regulation of KATP channel activity. Together, KATP channels exert powerful modulation of intrinsic firing patterns and network activity in the immature mEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Lemak
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany ; Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana Voloshanenko
- Division of Signalling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany ; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexei V Egorov
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany ; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim Heidelberg, Germany
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Hoon M, Okawa H, Della Santina L, Wong ROL. Functional architecture of the retina: development and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 42:44-84. [PMID: 24984227 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Structure and function are highly correlated in the vertebrate retina, a sensory tissue that is organized into cell layers with microcircuits working in parallel and together to encode visual information. All vertebrate retinas share a fundamental plan, comprising five major neuronal cell classes with cell body distributions and connectivity arranged in stereotypic patterns. Conserved features in retinal design have enabled detailed analysis and comparisons of structure, connectivity and function across species. Each species, however, can adopt structural and/or functional retinal specializations, implementing variations to the basic design in order to satisfy unique requirements in visual function. Recent advances in molecular tools, imaging and electrophysiological approaches have greatly facilitated identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that establish the fundamental organization of the retina and the specializations of its microcircuits during development. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how these mechanisms act to shape structure and function at the single cell level, to coordinate the assembly of cell populations, and to define their specific circuitry. We also highlight how structure is rearranged and function is disrupted in disease, and discuss current approaches to re-establish the intricate functional architecture of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Hoon
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Haruhisa Okawa
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Luca Della Santina
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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40
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Genetic elimination of GABAergic neurotransmission reveals two distinct pacemakers for spontaneous waves of activity in the developing mouse cortex. J Neurosci 2014; 34:3854-63. [PMID: 24623764 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3811-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many structures of the mammalian CNS generate propagating waves of electrical activity early in development. These waves are essential to CNS development, mediating a variety of developmental processes, such as axonal outgrowth and pathfinding, synaptogenesis, and the maturation of ion channel and receptor properties. In the mouse cerebral cortex, waves of activity occur between embryonic day 18 and postnatal day 8 and originate in pacemaker circuits in the septal nucleus and the piriform cortex. Here we show that genetic knock-out of the major synthetic enzyme for GABA, GAD67, selectively eliminates the picrotoxin-sensitive fraction of these waves. The waves that remain in the GAD67 knock-out have a much higher probability of propagating into the dorsal neocortex, as do the picrotoxin-resistant fraction of waves in controls. Field potential recordings at the point of wave initiation reveal different electrical signatures for GABAergic and glutamatergic waves. These data indicate that: (1) there are separate GABAergic and glutamatergic pacemaker circuits within the piriform cortex, each of which can initiate waves of activity; (2) the glutamatergic pacemaker initiates waves that preferentially propagate into the neocortex; and (3) the initial appearance of the glutamatergic pacemaker does not require preceding GABAergic waves. In the absence of GAD67, the electrical activity underlying glutamatergic waves shows greatly increased tendency to burst, indicating that GABAergic inputs inhibit the glutamatergic pacemaker, even at stages when GABAergic pacemaker circuitry can itself initiate waves.
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Huang PC, Hsiao YT, Kao SY, Chen CF, Chen YC, Chiang CW, Lee CF, Lu JC, Chern Y, Wang CT. Adenosine A(2A) receptor up-regulates retinal wave frequency via starburst amacrine cells in the developing rat retina. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95090. [PMID: 24777042 PMCID: PMC4002430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing retinas display retinal waves, the patterned spontaneous activity essential for circuit refinement. During the first postnatal week in rodents, retinal waves are mediated by synaptic transmission between starburst amacrine cells (SACs) and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The neuromodulator adenosine is essential for the generation of retinal waves. However, the cellular basis underlying adenosine's regulation of retinal waves remains elusive. Here, we investigated whether and how the adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) regulates retinal waves and whether A(2A)R regulation of retinal waves acts via presynaptic SACs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We showed that A(2A)R was expressed in the inner plexiform layer and ganglion cell layer of the developing rat retina. Knockdown of A(2A)R decreased the frequency of spontaneous Ca²⁺ transients, suggesting that endogenous A(2A)R may up-regulate wave frequency. To investigate whether A(2A)R acts via presynaptic SACs, we targeted gene expression to SACs by the metabotropic glutamate receptor type II promoter. Ca²⁺ transient frequency was increased by expressing wild-type A(2A)R (A2AR-WT) in SACs, suggesting that A(2A)R may up-regulate retinal waves via presynaptic SACs. Subsequent patch-clamp recordings on RGCs revealed that presynaptic A(2A)R-WT increased the frequency of wave-associated postsynaptic currents (PSCs) or depolarizations compared to the control, without changing the RGC's excitability, membrane potentials, or PSC charge. These findings suggest that presynaptic A(2A)R may not affect the membrane properties of postsynaptic RGCs. In contrast, by expressing the C-terminal truncated A(2A)R mutant (A(2A)R-ΔC) in SACs, the wave frequency was reduced compared to the A(2A)R-WT, but was similar to the control, suggesting that the full-length A(2A)R in SACs is required for A(2A)R up-regulation of retinal waves. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A(2A)R up-regulates the frequency of retinal waves via presynaptic SACs, requiring its full-length protein structure. Thus, by coupling with the downstream intracellular signaling, A(2A)R may have a great capacity to modulate patterned spontaneous activity during neural circuit refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chien Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tien Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yen Kao
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Chiang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-fei Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juu-Chin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Tien Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Spontaneous activity is known to be essential for the proper formation of sensory networks in the developing CNS. This activity can be produced by a variety of mechanisms including the presence of "pacemaker" neurons, which can be defined by their intrinsic ability to generate rhythmic bursts of action potential discharge. Recent work has identified pacemaker activity within lamina I of the neonatal rodent spinal cord that emerges from a complex interaction between voltage-dependent and voltage-independent ("leak") ionic conductances, including an important modulatory role for the inward-rectifying K(+) (Kir) channels. The available evidence suggests that lamina I pacemakers are glutamatergic and project extensively throughout the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord, although the identity of their postsynaptic targets has yet to be elucidated. A better understanding of this connectivity could yield valuable insight into the role of the lamina I pacemaker population in the maturation of spinal circuitry underlying nociceptive processing and/or sensorimotor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Baccei
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Abstract
Throughout development, the nervous system produces patterned spontaneous activity. Research over the past two decades has revealed a core group of mechanisms that mediate spontaneous activity in diverse circuits. Many circuits engage several of these mechanisms sequentially to accommodate developmental changes in connectivity. In addition to shared mechanisms, activity propagates through developing circuits and neuronal pathways (i.e., linked circuits in different brain areas) in stereotypic patterns. Increasing evidence suggests that spontaneous network activity shapes synaptic development in vivo Variations in activity-dependent plasticity may explain how similar mechanisms and patterns of activity can be employed to establish diverse circuits. Here, I will review common mechanisms and patterns of spontaneous activity in emerging neural networks and discuss recent insights into their contribution to synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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GABAA receptor-mediated tonic depolarization in developing neural circuits. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:702-23. [PMID: 24022163 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The activation of GABAA receptors (the type A receptors for γ-aminobutyric acid) produces two distinct forms of responses, phasic (i.e., transient) and tonic (i.e., persistent), that are mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, respectively. During development, the intracellular chloride levels are high so activation of these receptors causes a net outward flow of anions that leads to neuronal depolarization rather than hyperpolarization. Therefore, in developing neural circuits, tonic activation of GABAA receptors may provide persistent depolarization. Recently, it became evident that GABAA receptor-mediated tonic depolarization alters the structure of patterned spontaneous activity, a feature that is common in developing neural circuits and is important for neural circuit refinement. Thus, this persistent depolarization may lead to a long-lasting increase in intracellular calcium level that modulates network properties via calcium-dependent signaling cascades. This article highlights the features of GABAA receptor-mediated tonic depolarization, summarizes the principles for discovery, reviews the current findings in diverse developing circuits, examines the underlying molecular mechanisms and modulation systems, and discusses their functional specializations for each developing neural circuit.
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Furman M, Xu HP, Crair MC. Competition driven by retinal waves promotes morphological and functional synaptic development of neurons in the superior colliculus. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:1441-54. [PMID: 23741047 PMCID: PMC3763158 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01066.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to eye opening, waves of spontaneous activity sweep across the developing retina. These "retinal waves," together with genetically encoded molecular mechanisms, mediate the formation of visual maps in the brain. However, the specific role of wave activity in synapse development in retino-recipient brain regions is unclear. Here we compare the functional development of synapses and the morphological development of neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) of wild-type (WT) and transgenic (β2-TG) mice in which retinal wave propagation is spatially truncated (Xu HP, Furman M, Mineur YS, Chen H, King SL, Zenisek D, Zhou ZJ, Butts DA, Tian N, Picciotto MR, Crair MC. Neuron 70: 1115-1127, 2011). We use two recently developed brain slice preparations to examine neurons and synapses in the binocular vs. mainly monocular SC. We find that retinocollicular synaptic strength is reduced whereas the number of retinal inputs is increased in the binocular SC of β2-TG mice compared with WT mice. In contrast, in the mainly monocular SC the number of retinal inputs is normal in β2-TG mice, but, transiently, synapses are abnormally strong, possibly because of enhanced activity-dependent competition between local, "small" retinal wave domains. These findings demonstrate that retinal wave size plays an instructive role in the synaptic and morphological development of SC neurons, possibly through a competitive process among retinofugal axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Furman
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Ford KJ, Arroyo DA, Kay JN, Lloyd EE, Bryan RM, Sanes JR, Feller MB. A role for TREK1 in generating the slow afterhyperpolarization in developing starburst amacrine cells. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:2250-9. [PMID: 23390312 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01085.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow afterhyperpolarizations (sAHPs) play an important role in establishing the firing pattern of neurons that in turn influence network activity. sAHPs are mediated by calcium-activated potassium channels. However, the molecular identity of these channels and the mechanism linking calcium entry to their activation are still unknown. Here we present several lines of evidence suggesting that the sAHPs in developing starburst amacrine cells (SACs) are mediated by two-pore potassium channels. First, we use whole cell and perforated patch voltage clamp recordings to characterize the sAHP conductance under different pharmacological conditions. We find that this conductance was calcium dependent, reversed at EK, blocked by barium, insensitive to apamin and TEA, and activated by arachidonic acid. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of calcium-activated phosphodiesterase reduced the sAHP. Second, we performed gene profiling on isolated SACs and found that they showed strong preferential expression of the two-pore channel gene kcnk2 that encodes TREK1. Third, we demonstrated that TREK1 knockout animals exhibited an altered frequency of retinal waves, a frequency that is set by the sAHPs in SACs. With these results, we propose a model in which depolarization-induced decreases in cAMP lead to disinhibition of the two-pore potassium channels and in which the kinetics of this biochemical pathway dictate the slow activation and deactivation of the sAHP conductance. Our model offers a novel pathway for the activation of a conductance that is physiologically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Ford
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Pacemaker and plateau potentials shape output of a developing locomotor network. Curr Biol 2012; 22:2285-93. [PMID: 23142042 PMCID: PMC3525839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background During development, spinal networks undergo an intense period of maturation in which immature forms of motor behavior are observed. Such behaviors are transient, giving way to more mature activity as development proceeds. The processes governing age-specific transitions in motor behavior are not fully understood. Results Using in vivo patch clamp electrophysiology, we have characterized ionic conductances and firing patterns of developing zebrafish spinal neurons. We find that a kernel of spinal interneurons, the ipsilateral caudal (IC) cells, generate inherent bursting activity that depends upon a persistent sodium current (INaP). We further show that developmental transitions in motor behavior are accompanied by changes in IC cell bursting: during early life, these cells generate low frequency membrane oscillations that likely drive “coiling,” an immature form of motor output. As fish mature to swimming stages, IC cells switch to a sustained mode of bursting that permits generation of high-frequency oscillations during locomotion. Finally, we find that perturbation of IC cell bursting disrupts motor output at both coiling and swimming stages. Conclusions Our results suggest that neurons with unique bursting characteristics are a fundamental component of developing motor networks. During development, these may shape network output and promote stage-specific reconfigurations in motor behavior.
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Chiang CW, Chen YC, Lu JC, Hsiao YT, Chang CW, Huang PC, Chang YT, Chang PY, Wang CT. Synaptotagmin I regulates patterned spontaneous activity in the developing rat retina via calcium binding to the C2AB domains. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47465. [PMID: 23091625 PMCID: PMC3472990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In neonatal binocular animals, the developing retina displays patterned spontaneous activity termed retinal waves, which are initiated by a single class of interneurons (starburst amacrine cells, SACs) that release neurotransmitters. Although SACs are shown to regulate wave dynamics, little is known regarding how altering the proteins involved in neurotransmitter release may affect wave dynamics. Synaptotagmin (Syt) family harbors two Ca2+-binding domains (C2A and C2B) which serve as Ca2+ sensors in neurotransmitter release. However, it remains unclear whether SACs express any specific Syt isoform mediating retinal waves. Moreover, it is unknown how Ca2+ binding to C2A and C2B of Syt affects wave dynamics. Here, we investigated the expression of Syt I in the neonatal rat retina and examined the roles of C2A and C2B in regulating wave dynamics. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunostaining and confocal microscopy showed that Syt I was expressed in neonatal rat SACs and cholinergic synapses, consistent with its potential role as a Ca2+ sensor mediating retinal waves. By combining a horizontal electroporation strategy with the SAC-specific promoter, we specifically expressed Syt I mutants with weakened Ca2+-binding ability in C2A or C2B in SACs. Subsequent live Ca2+ imaging was used to monitor the effects of these molecular perturbations on wave-associated spontaneous Ca2+ transients. We found that targeted expression of Syt I C2A or C2B mutants in SACs significantly reduced the frequency, duration, and amplitude of wave-associated Ca2+ transients, suggesting that both C2 domains regulate wave temporal properties. In contrast, these C2 mutants had relatively minor effects on pairwise correlations over distance for wave-associated Ca2+ transients. Conclusions/Significance Through Ca2+ binding to C2A or C2B, the Ca2+ sensor Syt I in SACs may regulate patterned spontaneous activity to shape network activity during development. Hence, modulating the releasing machinery in presynaptic neurons (SACs) alters wave dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Chiang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juu-Chin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tien Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chien Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Payne Y. Chang
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chih-Tien Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Egorov AV, Draguhn A. Development of coherent neuronal activity patterns in mammalian cortical networks: common principles and local hetereogeneity. Mech Dev 2012; 130:412-23. [PMID: 23032193 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many mammals are born in a very immature state and develop their rich repertoire of behavioral and cognitive functions postnatally. This development goes in parallel with changes in the anatomical and functional organization of cortical structures which are involved in most complex activities. The emerging spatiotemporal activity patterns in multi-neuronal cortical networks may indeed form a direct neuronal correlate of systemic functions like perception, sensorimotor integration, decision making or memory formation. During recent years, several studies--mostly in rodents--have shed light on the ontogenesis of such highly organized patterns of network activity. While each local network has its own peculiar properties, some general rules can be derived. We therefore review and compare data from the developing hippocampus, neocortex and--as an intermediate region--entorhinal cortex. All cortices seem to follow a characteristic sequence starting with uncorrelated activity in uncoupled single neurons where transient activity seems to have mostly trophic effects. In rodents, before and shortly after birth, cortical networks develop weakly coordinated multineuronal discharges which have been termed synchronous plateau assemblies (SPAs). While these patterns rely mostly on electrical coupling by gap junctions, the subsequent increase in number and maturation of chemical synapses leads to the generation of large-scale coherent discharges. These patterns have been termed giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) for predominantly GABA-induced events or early network oscillations (ENOs) for mostly glutamatergic bursts, respectively. During the third to fourth postnatal week, cortical areas reach their final activity patterns with distinct network oscillations and highly specific neuronal discharge sequences which support adult behavior. While some of the mechanisms underlying maturation of network activity have been elucidated much work remains to be done in order to fully understand the rules governing transition from immature to mature patterns of network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Egorov
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience-BCCN Heidelberg/Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dhande OS, Bhatt S, Anishchenko A, Elstrott J, Iwasato T, Swindell EC, Xu HP, Jamrich M, Itohara S, Feller MB, Crair MC. Role of adenylate cyclase 1 in retinofugal map development. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1562-83. [PMID: 22102330 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of topographic maps of the sensory periphery is sensitive to the disruption of adenylate cyclase 1 (AC1) signaling. AC1 catalyzes the production of cAMP in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent manner, and AC1 mutant mice (AC1−/−) have disordered visual and somatotopic maps. However, the broad expression of AC1 in the brain and the promiscuous nature of cAMP signaling have frustrated attempts to determine the underlying mechanism of AC1-dependent map development. In the mammalian visual system, the initial coarse targeting of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections to the superior colliculus (SC) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is guided by molecular cues, and the subsequent refinement of these crude projections occurs via an activity-dependent process that depends on spontaneous retinal waves. Here, we show that AC1−/− mice have normal retinal waves but disrupted map refinement. We demonstrate that AC1 is required for the emergence of dense and focused termination zones and elimination of inaccurately targeted collaterals at the level of individual retinofugal arbors. Conditional deletion of AC1 in the retina recapitulates map defects, indicating that the locus of map disruptions in the SC and dorsal LGN of AC1−/− mice is presynaptic. Finally, map defects in mice without AC1 and disrupted retinal waves (AC1−/−;β2−/− double KO mice) are no worse than those in mice lacking only β2−/−, but loss of AC1 occludes map recovery in β2−/− mice during the second postnatal week. These results suggest that AC1 in RGC axons mediates the development of retinotopy and eye-specific segregation in the SC and dorsal LGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar S Dhande
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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