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Keiser L, Dollet B, Marmottant P. Embolism propagation in Adiantum leaves and in a biomimetic system with constrictions. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240103. [PMID: 39140327 PMCID: PMC11323083 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Drought poses a significant threat to forest survival worldwide by potentially generating air bubbles that obstruct sap transport within plants' hydraulic systems. However, the detailed mechanism of air entry and propagation at the scale of the veins remains elusive. Building upon a biomimetic model of leaf which we developed, we propose a direct comparison of the air embolism propagation in Adiantum (maidenhair fern) leaves, presented in Brodribb et al. (Brodribb TJ, Bienaimé D, Marmottant P. 2016 Revealing catastrophic failure of leaf networks under stress. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 4865-4869 (doi:10.1073/pnas.1522569113)) and in our biomimetic leaves. In particular, we evidence that the jerky dynamics of the embolism propagation observed in Adiantum leaves can be recovered through the introduction of micrometric constrictions in the section of our biomimetic veins, mimicking the nanopores present in the bordered pit membranes in real leaves. We show that the intermittency in the propagation can be retrieved by a simple model coupling the variations of pressure induced by the constrictions and the variations of the volume of the compliant microchannels. Our study marks a step with the design of a biomimetic leaf that reproduces particular aspects of embolism propagation in real leaves, using a minimal set of controllable and readily tunable components. This biomimetic leaf constitutes a promising physical analogue and sets the stage for future enhancements to fully embody the unique physical features of embolizing real leaves.
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Lin S, Feng D, Han X, Li L, Lin Y, Gao H. Microfluidic platform for omics analysis on single cells with diverse morphology and size: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1294:342217. [PMID: 38336406 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microfluidic techniques have emerged as powerful tools in single-cell research, facilitating the exploration of omics information from individual cells. Cell morphology is crucial for gene expression and physiological processes. However, there is currently a lack of integrated analysis of morphology and single-cell omics information. A critical challenge remains: what platform technologies are the best option to decode omics data of cells that are complex in morphology and size? RESULTS This review highlights achievements in microfluidic-based single-cell omics and isolation of cells based on morphology, along with other cell sorting methods based on physical characteristics. Various microfluidic platforms for single-cell isolation are systematically presented, showcasing their diversity and adaptability. The discussion focuses on microfluidic devices tailored to the distinct single-cell isolation requirements in plants and animals, emphasizing the significance of considering cell morphology and cell size in optimizing single-cell omics strategies. Simultaneously, it explores the application of microfluidic single-cell sorting technologies to single-cell sequencing, aiming to effectively integrate information about cell shape and size. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY The novelty lies in presenting a comprehensive overview of recent accomplishments in microfluidic-based single-cell omics, emphasizing the integration of different microfluidic platforms and their implications for cell morphology-based isolation. By underscoring the pivotal role of the specialized morphology of different cells in single-cell research, this review provides robust support for delving deeper into the exploration of single-cell omics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Lin
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China; Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian-Macao Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Oriented Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment, Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
| | - Yao Lin
- Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian-Macao Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Oriented Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment, Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Haibing Gao
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China.
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Liu Z, Liu S, Xiao F, Sweetman AJ, Cui Q, Guo H, Xu J, Luo Z, Wang M, Zhong L, Gan J, Tan W. Tissue-specific distribution and bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids, isomers, alternatives, and precursors in citrus trees of contaminated fields: Implication for risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133184. [PMID: 38064944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The ingestion of fruits containing perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) presents potential hazards to human health. This study aimed to fill knowledge gaps concerning the tissue-specific distribution patterns and bioaccumulation behavior of PFAAs and their isomers, alternatives, and precursors (collectively as per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs) within citrus trees growing in contaminated fields. It also assessed the potential contribution of precursor degradation to human exposure risk of PFASs. High concentrations of total target PFASs (∑PFASstarget, 92.45-7496.16 ng/g dw) and precursors measured through the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay (130.80-13979.21 ng/g dw) were found in citrus tree tissues, and short-chain PFASs constituted the primary components. The total PFASs concentrations followed the order of leaves > fruits > branches, bark > wood, and peel > pulp > seeds. The average contamination burden of peel (∑PFASstarget: 57.75%; precursors: 71.15%) was highest among fruit tissues. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and translocation potentials of short-chain, branched, or carboxylate-based PFASs exceeded those of their relatively hydrophobic counterparts, while ether-based PFASs showed lower BAFs than similar PFAAs in above-ground tissues of citrus trees. In the risk assessment of residents consuming contaminated citruses, precursor degradation contributed approximately 36.07% to total PFASs exposure, and therefore should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shun Liu
- The Seventh Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Hao Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziyao Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingxia Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Linlin Zhong
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Santos E, Montanha GS, Agostinho LF, Polezi S, Marques JPR, de Carvalho HWP. Foliar Calcium Absorption by Tomato Plants: Comparing the Effects of Calcium Sources and Adjuvant Usage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2587. [PMID: 37514202 PMCID: PMC10385325 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The deficiency of calcium (Ca) reduces the quality and shelf life of fruits. In this scenario, although foliar spraying of Ca2+ has been used, altogether with soil fertilization, as an alternative to prevent deficiencies, little is known regarding its absorption dynamics by plant leaves. Herein, in vivo microprobe X-ray fluorescence was employed aiming to monitor the foliar absorption of CaCl2, Ca-citrate complex, and Ca3(PO4)2 nanoparticles with and without using adjuvant. We also investigated whether Sr2+ can be employed as Ca2+ proxy in foliar absorption studies. Moreover, the impact of treatments on the cuticle structure was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. For this study, 45-day-old tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Micro-Tom) plants were used as a model species. After 100 h, the leaves absorbed 90, 18, and 4% of aqueous CaCl2, Ca-citrate, and Ca3(PO4)2 nanoparticles, respectively. The addition of adjuvant increased the absorption of Ca-citrate to 28%, decreased that of CaCl2 to 77%, and did not affect Ca3(PO4)2. CaCl2 displayed an exponential decay absorption profile with half-lives of 15 h and 5 h without and with adjuvant, respectively. Ca-citrate and Ca3(PO4)2 exhibited absorption profiles that were closer to a linear behavior. Sr2+ was a suitable Ca2+ tracer because of its similar absorption profiles. Furthermore, the use of adjuvant affected the epicuticular crystal structure. Our findings reveal that CaCl2 was the most efficient Ca2+ source. The effects caused by adjuvant suggest that CaCl2 and Ca-citrate were absorbed mostly through hydrophilic and lipophilic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Santos
- Group of Specialty Fertilizers and Plant Nutrition, Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário, 303, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Sgarbiero Montanha
- Group of Specialty Fertilizers and Plant Nutrition, Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário, 303, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi, 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luís Fernando Agostinho
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Samira Polezi
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Rodrigues Marques
- Group of Specialty Fertilizers and Plant Nutrition, Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário, 303, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Hudson Wallace Pereira de Carvalho
- Group of Specialty Fertilizers and Plant Nutrition, Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário, 303, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil
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Nakad M, Domec JC, Sevanto S, Katul G. Radial-axial transport coordination enhances sugar translocation in the phloem vasculature of plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2061-2071. [PMID: 35588257 PMCID: PMC9343002 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mass transport of photosynthates in the phloem of plants is necessary for predicting plant carbon allocation, productivity, and responses to water and thermal stress. Several hypotheses about optimization of phloem structure and function and limitations of phloem transport under drought have been proposed and tested with models and anatomical data. However, the true impact of radial water exchange of phloem conduits with their surroundings on mass transport of photosynthates has not been addressed. Here, the physics of the Munch mechanism of sugar transport is re-evaluated to include local variations in viscosity resulting from the radial water exchange in two dimensions (axial and radial) using transient flow simulations. Model results show an increase in radial water exchange due to a decrease in sap viscosity leading to increased sugar front speed and axial mass transport across a wide range of phloem conduit lengths. This increase is around 40% for active loaders (e.g. crops) and around 20% for passive loaders (e.g. trees). Thus, sugar transport operates more efficiently than predicted by previous models that ignore these two effects. A faster front speed leads to higher phloem resiliency under drought because more sugar can be transported with a smaller pressure gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 INRA-ISPA, Gradignan 33175, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Particle-Based Imaging Tools Revealing Water Flows in Maize Nodal Vascular Plexus. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121533. [PMID: 35736684 PMCID: PMC9228485 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In plants, water flows are the major driving force behind growth and play a crucial role in the life cycle. To study hydrodynamics, methods based on tracking small particles inside water flows attend a special place. Thanks to these tools, it is possible to obtain information about the dynamics of the spatial distribution of the flux characteristics. In this paper, using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we show that gadolinium chelate, used as an MRI contrast agent, marks the structural characteristics of the xylem bundles of maize stem nodes and internodes. Supplementing MRI data, the high-precision visualization of xylem vessels by laser scanning microscopy was used to reveal the structural and dimensional characteristics of the stem vascular system. In addition, we propose the concept of using prototype “Y-type xylem vascular connection” as a model of the elementary connection of vessels within the vascular system. A Reynolds number could match the microchannel model with the real xylem vessels.
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Miras M, Pottier M, Schladt TM, Ejike JO, Redzich L, Frommer WB, Kim JY. Plasmodesmata and their role in assimilate translocation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 270:153633. [PMID: 35151953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During multicellularization, plants evolved unique cell-cell connections, the plasmodesmata (PD). PD of angiosperms are complex cellular domains, embedded in the cell wall and consisting of multiple membranes and a large number of proteins. From the beginning, it had been assumed that PD provide passage for a wide range of molecules, from ions to metabolites and hormones, to RNAs and even proteins. In the context of assimilate allocation, it has been hypothesized that sucrose produced in mesophyll cells is transported via PD from cell to cell down a concentration gradient towards the phloem. Entry into the sieve element companion cell complex (SECCC) is then mediated on three potential routes, depending on the species and conditions, - either via diffusion across PD, after conversion to raffinose via PD using a polymer trap mechanism, or via a set of transporters which secrete sucrose from one cell and secondary active uptake into the SECCC. Multiple loading mechanisms can likely coexist. We here review the current knowledge regarding photoassimilate transport across PD between cells as a prerequisite for translocation from leaves to recipient organs, in particular roots and developing seeds. We summarize the state-of-the-art in protein composition, structure, transport mechanism and regulation of PD to apprehend their functions in carbohydrate allocation. Since many aspects of PD biology remain elusive, we highlight areas that require new approaches and technologies to advance our understanding of these enigmatic and important cell-cell connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Miras
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Mathieu Pottier
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - T Moritz Schladt
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - J Obinna Ejike
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Laura Redzich
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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Babst BA, Braun DM, Karve AA, Frank Baker R, Tran TM, Kenny DJ, Rohlhill J, Knoblauch J, Knoblauch M, Lohaus G, Tappero R, Scherzer S, Hedrich R, Jensen KH. Sugar loading is not required for phloem sap flow in maize plants. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:171-180. [PMID: 35194203 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem transport of photoassimilates from leaves to non-photosynthetic organs, such as the root and shoot apices and reproductive organs, is crucial to plant growth and yield. For nearly 90 years, evidence has been generally consistent with the theory of a pressure-flow mechanism of phloem transport. Central to this hypothesis is the loading of osmolytes, principally sugars, into the phloem to generate the osmotic pressure that propels bulk flow. Here we used genetic and light manipulations to test whether sugar import into the phloem is required as the driving force for phloem sap flow. Using carbon-11 radiotracer, we show that a maize sucrose transporter1 (sut1) loss-of-function mutant has severely reduced export of carbon from photosynthetic leaves (only ~4% of the wild type level). Yet, the mutant remarkably maintains phloem pressure at ~100% and sap flow speeds at ~50-75% of those of wild type. Potassium (K+) abundance in the phloem was elevated in sut1 mutant leaves. Fluid dynamic modelling supports the conclusion that increased K+ loading compensated for decreased sucrose loading to maintain phloem pressure, and thereby maintained phloem transport via the pressure-flow mechanism. Furthermore, these results suggest that sap flow and transport of other phloem-mobile nutrients and signalling molecules could be regulated independently of sugar loading into the phloem, potentially influencing carbon-nutrient homoeostasis and the distribution of signalling molecules in plants encountering different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR, USA.
| | - David M Braun
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Abhijit A Karve
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Office of Technology Commercialization, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Frank Baker
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thu M Tran
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Douglas J Kenny
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Rohlhill
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Department of Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Bacchin P, Leng J, Salmon JB. Microfluidic Evaporation, Pervaporation, and Osmosis: From Passive Pumping to Solute Concentration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:6938-6985. [PMID: 34882390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation, pervaporation, and forward osmosis are processes leading to a mass transfer of solvent across an interface: gas/liquid for evaporation and solid/liquid (membrane) for pervaporation and osmosis. This Review provides comprehensive insight into the use of these processes at the microfluidic scales for applications ranging from passive pumping to the screening of phase diagrams and micromaterials engineering. Indeed, for a fixed interface relative to the microfluidic chip, these processes passively induce flows driven only by gradients of chemical potential. As a consequence, these passive-transport phenomena lead to an accumulation of solutes that cannot cross the interface and thus concentrate solutions in the microfluidic chip up to high concentration regimes, possibly up to solidification. The purpose of this Review is to provide a unified description of these processes and associated microfluidic applications to highlight the differences and similarities between these three passive-transport phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Bacchin
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Leng
- CNRS, Solvay, LOF, UMR 5258, Université de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
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van den Herik B, Bergonzi S, Bachem CWB, ten Tusscher K. Modelling the physiological relevance of sucrose export repression by an Flowering Time homolog in the long-distance phloem of potato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:792-806. [PMID: 33314152 PMCID: PMC7986384 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Yield of harvestable plant organs depends on photosynthetic assimilate production in source leaves, long-distance sucrose transport and sink-strength. While photosynthesis optimization has received considerable interest for optimizing plant yield, the potential for improving long-distance sucrose transport has received far less attention. Interestingly, a recent potato study demonstrates that the tuberigen StSP6A binds to and reduces activity of the StSWEET11 sucrose exporter. While the study suggested that reducing phloem sucrose efflux may enhance tuber yield, the precise mechanism and physiological relevance of this effect remained an open question. Here, we develop the first mechanistic model for sucrose transport, parameterized for potato plants. The model incorporates SWEET-mediated sucrose export, SUT-mediated sucrose retrieval from the apoplast and StSP6A-StSWEET11 interactions. Using this model, we were able to substantiate the physiological relevance of the StSP6A-StSWEET11 interaction in the long-distance phloem for potato tuber yield, as well as to show the non-linear nature of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van den Herik
- Computational Developmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sara Bergonzi
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Geng H, Lv C, Wu M, Ma H, Cheng H, Li C, Yuan J, Qu L. Biomimetic Antigravity Water Transport and Remote Harvesting Powered by Sunlight. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2020; 4:2000043. [PMID: 33163226 PMCID: PMC7607244 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Antigravity water transport plays important roles in various applications ranging from agriculture, industry, and environmental engineering. In natural trees, ubiquitous water-flow over 100 m high from roots through the hierarchical xylem to leaves is driven by sunlight-powered continuous evaporation and the negative pressure. Inspired by natural trees, herein an artificial trunk-leaf system is built up to structurally mimic natural trees for a continuous antigravity water delivery. The artificial tree consists of directional microchannels for antigravity water transport, and a top leaf-like hybrid hydrogel that are acts as continuous solar steam evaporator, plus a purposely engineered steam collector. It is found that continuous uniform microchannels of acetylated chitin optimize and enhance capillary rise (≈37 cm at 300 min) and reduce vertical water transport resistance. A remote water harvesting, and purification is performed with a high rate of 1.6 kg m-2 h-1 and 184 cm in height under 1 sun irradiation and the collection efficiency up to 100% by evaporative cooling technique. It is envisioned that the basic design principles underlying the artificial tree can be used to transform solar energy into potential energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Geng
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Cunjing Lv
- Applied Mechanics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering Mechanics and Center for Nano and Micro MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Mingmao Wu
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Hongyun Ma
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Huhu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology and Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing TechnologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholmSE‐106 91Sweden
| | - Liangti Qu
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology and Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing TechnologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
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Jiang S, Balan B, Assis RDAB, Sagawa CHD, Wan X, Han S, Wang L, Zhang L, Zaini PA, Walawage SL, Jacobson A, Lee SH, Moreira LM, Leslie CA, Dandekar AM. Genome-Wide Profiling and Phylogenetic Analysis of the SWEET Sugar Transporter Gene Family in Walnut and Their Lack of Responsiveness to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041251. [PMID: 32070009 PMCID: PMC7072939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following photosynthesis, sucrose is translocated to sink organs, where it provides the primary source of carbon and energy to sustain plant growth and development. Sugar transporters from the SWEET (sugar will eventually be exported transporter) family are rate-limiting factors that mediate sucrose transport across concentration gradients, sustain yields, and participate in reproductive development, plant senescence, stress responses, as well as support plant-pathogen interaction, the focus of this study. We identified 25 SWEET genes in the walnut genome and distinguished each by its individual gene structure and pattern of expression in different walnut tissues. Their chromosomal locations, cis-acting motifs within their 5' regulatory elements, and phylogenetic relationship patterns provided the first comprehensive analysis of the SWEET gene family of sugar transporters in walnut. This family is divided into four clades, the analysis of which suggests duplication and expansion of the SWEET gene family in Juglans regia. In addition, tissue-specific gene expression signatures suggest diverse possible functions for JrSWEET genes. Although these are commonly used by pathogens to harness sugar products from their plant hosts, little was known about their role during Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) infection. We monitored the expression profiles of the JrSWEET genes in different tissues of "Chandler" walnuts when challenged with pathogen Xaj417 and concluded that SWEET-mediated sugar translocation from the host is not a trigger for walnut blight disease development. This may be directly related to the absence of type III secretion system-dependent transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) in Xaj417, which suggests different strategies are employed by this pathogen to promote susceptibility to this major aboveground disease of walnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijiao Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Bipin Balan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari Forestali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Renata de A. B. Assis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil;
| | - Cintia H. D. Sagawa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Xueqin Wan
- Department of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Shan Han
- Department of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Sriema L. Walawage
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Steven H. Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Leandro M. Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil;
| | - Charles A. Leslie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.J.); (B.B.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (L.W.); (L.Z.); (P.A.Z.); (S.L.W.); (A.J.); (S.H.L.); (C.A.L.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Hernández-Hernández V, Benítez M, Boudaoud A. Interplay between turgor pressure and plasmodesmata during plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:768-777. [PMID: 31563945 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata traverse cell walls, generating connections between neighboring cells. They allow intercellular movement of molecules such as transcription factors, hormones, and sugars, and thus create a symplasmic continuity within a tissue. One important factor that determines plasmodesmal permeability is their aperture, which is regulated during developmental and physiological processes. Regulation of aperture has been shown to affect developmental events such as vascular differentiation in the root, initiation of lateral roots, or transition to flowering. Extensive research has unraveled molecular factors involved in the regulation of plasmodesmal permeability. Nevertheless, many plant developmental processes appear to involve feedbacks mediated by mechanical forces, raising the question of whether mechanical forces and plasmodesmal permeability affect each other. Here, we review experimental data on how one of these forces, turgor pressure, and plasmodesmal permeability may mutually influence each other during plant development, and we discuss the questions raised by these data. Addressing such questions will improve our knowledge of how cellular patterns emerge during development, shedding light on the evolution of complex multicellular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Hernández-Hernández
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología & Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
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14
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Shi W, Dalrymple RM, McKenny CJ, Morrow DS, Rashed ZT, Surinach DA, Boreyko JB. Passive water ascent in a tall, scalable synthetic tree. Sci Rep 2020; 10:230. [PMID: 31937824 PMCID: PMC6959229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transpiration cycle in trees is powered by a negative water potential generated within the leaves, which pumps water up a dense array of xylem conduits. Synthetic trees can mimic this transpiration cycle, but have been confined to pumping water across a single microcapillary or microfluidic channels. Here, we fabricated tall synthetic trees where water ascends up an array of large diameter conduits, to enable transpiration at the same macroscopic scale as natural trees. An array of 19 tubes of millimetric diameter were embedded inside of a nanoporous ceramic disk on one end, while their free end was submerged in a water reservoir. After saturating the synthetic tree by boiling it underwater, water can flow continuously up the tubes even when the ceramic disk was elevated over 3 m above the reservoir. A theory is developed to reveal two distinct modes of transpiration: an evaporation-limited regime and a flow-limited regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Richard M Dalrymple
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Collin J McKenny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - David S Morrow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Ziad T Rashed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Daniel A Surinach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Jonathan B Boreyko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States.
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15
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Jung Y, Park K, Jensen KH, Kim W, Kim HY. A design principle of root length distribution of plants. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190556. [PMID: 31795862 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Shaping a plant root into an ideal structure for water capture is increasingly important for sustainable agriculture in the era of global climate change. Although the current genetic engineering of crops favours deep-reaching roots, here we show that nature has apparently adopted a different strategy of shaping roots. We construct a mathematical model for optimal root length distribution by considering that plants seek maximal water uptake at the metabolic expenses of root growth. Our theory finds a logarithmic decrease of root length density with depth to be most beneficial for efficient water uptake, which is supported by biological data as well as our experiments using root-mimicking network systems. Our study provides a tool to gauge the relative performance of root networks in transgenic plants engineered to endure a water deficit. Moreover, we lay a fundamental framework for mechanical understanding and design of water-absorptive growing networks, such as medical and industrial fluid transport systems and soft robots, which grow in porous media including soils and biotissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsu Jung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Keunhwan Park
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wonjung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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16
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Making Microfluidic Devices that Simulate Phloem Transport. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31197811 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Phloem tissues are exquisitely difficult to probe experimentally. The biomimetic approach based on synthetic phloem devices might prove useful by allowing to uncover the dynamics and physicochemical couplings of the phloem. In this chapter we discuss the design of a synthetic microfluidic device simulating phloem transport, and the importance of such a device in testing various hypotheses of phloem physiology.
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17
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Plant leaves inspired sunlight-driven purifier for high-efficiency clean water production. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1512. [PMID: 30944322 PMCID: PMC6447597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural vascular plants leaves rely on differences in osmotic pressure, transpiration and guttation to produce tons of clean water, powered by sunlight. Inspired by this, we report a sunlight-driven purifier for high-efficiency water purification and production. This sunlight-driven purifier is characterized by a negative temperature response poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel (PN) anchored onto a superhydrophilic melamine foam skeleton, and a layer of PNIPAm modified graphene (PG) filter membrane coated outside. Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental results show that the superhydrophilicity of the relatively rigid melamine skeleton significantly accelerates the swelling/deswelling rate of the PNPG-F purifier. Under one sun, this rational engineered structure offers a collection of 4.2 kg m−2 h−1 and an ionic rejection of > 99% for a single PNPG-F from brine feed via the cooperation of transpiration and guttation. We envision that such a high-efficiency sunlight driven system could have great potential applications in diverse water treatments. Natural leaves can purify water under sunlight through a combination of osmotic pressure, transpiration, and guttation effects. Here the authors design a composite material mimicking these combined effects, achieving sunlight-driven pure water production from brine with high collection rate.
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18
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Dollet B, Louf JF, Alonzo M, Jensen KH, Marmottant P. Drying of channels by evaporation through a permeable medium. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20180690. [PMID: 30958181 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the drying of isolated channels initially filled with water moulded in a water-permeable polymer (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) by pervaporation, when placed in a dry atmosphere. Channel drying is monitored by tracking a meniscus, separating water from air, advancing within the channels. The role of two geometrical parameters, the channel width and the PDMS thickness, is investigated experimentally. All data show that drying displays a truncated exponential dynamics. A fully predictive analytical model, in excellent agreement with the data, is proposed to explain such a dynamics, by solving water diffusion both in the PDMS layer and in the gas inside the channel. This drying process is crucial in geological or biological systems, such as rock disintegration or the drying of plant leaves after cavitation and embolism formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dollet
- 1 Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Jean-François Louf
- 1 Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy , 38000 Grenoble , France.,2 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Mathieu Alonzo
- 1 Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- 2 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
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Stanfield R, Laur J. Aquaporins Respond to Chilling in the Phloem by Altering Protein and mRNA Expression. Cells 2019; 8:E202. [PMID: 30818743 PMCID: PMC6468725 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous experiments using heat exchangers (liquid cooled blocks) to chill a portion of plant stem have shown a transient stoppage in phloem translocation and an increase in measured phloem pressure. Although a chilled-induced stoppage of phloem transport has been known for over 100 years, the mechanism of this phenomenon is still poorly understood. Recently, work has highlighted that aquaporins occur within the plasma membrane of the sieve tubes along the entire source-to-sink pathway, and that isoforms of these water channel proteins may change dynamically. Aquaporins show regulatory roles in controlling tissue and cellular water status in response to environmental hardships. Thus, we tested if protein localization and mRNA transcript abundance changes occur in response to chilling in balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) using immunohistochemistry and qrtPCR. The results of the immunolocalization experiments show that the labeling intensity of the sieve elements treated for only 2 min of chill time significantly increased for PIP2. After 10 min of chilling, this signal declined significantly to lower than that of the pre-chilled sieve elements. Overall, the abundance of mRNA transcript increased for the tested PIP2s following cold application. We discuss the implication that aquaporins are responsible for the alleviation of sieve tube pressure and the resumption of flow following a cold-induced blockage event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Stanfield
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Joan Laur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Sellier D, Mammeri Y. Diurnal dynamics of phloem loading: theoretical consequences for transport efficiency and flow characteristics. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:300-311. [PMID: 30753675 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phloem transport is the process by which plants internally distribute assimilates. The loading of assimilates near the photosynthetic source is responsible for generating enough osmotic pressure to drive sap flow towards the sink tissues where assimilates are consumed. Phloem loading is variable and subject to a diurnal cycle. It is dominated by photosynthesis during the day and by degradation of leaf starch to sugars at night. Most studies ignore the effect of the loading cycle on transport and assume that sugar flow operates at equilibrium. In this study, phloem transport was simulated for three successive days using a finite element model of time-dependent Münch-Horwitz equations. The spatial and temporal distributions of phloem pressure, sucrose concentration, sap velocity and sucrose flux were predicted for five different time variations in sucrose loading. Results showed that periodic loading induces an alternance of two distinct transport phases: one with high pressure, concentration and sucrose flux magnitudes and another with low magnitudes. In contrast, phloem water velocity remained remarkably stable. The alternating phases persisted over time and, under source-driven variation, transport did not reach steady-state conditions for the tested configuration. However, the impact of loading dynamics on transport was mitigated by pathway effects. Oscillations were not only delayed as one travelled away from the source, their amplitude was also reduced over distance. That behaviour stabilized the supply of sucrose to the sink, which continued at moderate levels during the dark cycles. This finding suggests that transport would assist night conversion of starch to sugars in the leaf to prevent carbon starvation at distant sinks in the early morning. The propagation velocity of pressure/concentration waves in phloem was predicted to vary by a factor up to 2.5 depending on the time series chosen to describe the dynamics of loading. Finally, the model predicted that up to 87% of the amount of sucrose loaded over 48 h would be unloaded under time-dependent loading, whereas only 76% would under constant-rate loading. This additional efficiency was periodic. It did not increase significantly the overall efficiency of the system but could be responsible for inducing rhythms in sink activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Sellier
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (trading as SCION), Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Youcef Mammeri
- Laboratoire Amiénois de Mathématique Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS UMR 7352, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA UMR 1349, Le Rheu, France
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21
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Marbach S, Bocquet L. Osmosis, from molecular insights to large-scale applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3102-3144. [PMID: 31114820 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00420j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Osmosis is a universal phenomenon occurring in a broad variety of processes and fields. It is the archetype of entropic forces, both trivial in its fundamental expression - the van 't Hoff perfect gas law - and highly subtle in its physical roots. While osmosis is intimately linked with transport across membranes, it also manifests itself as an interfacial transport phenomenon: the so-called diffusio-osmosis and -phoresis, whose consequences are presently actively explored for example for the manipulation of colloidal suspensions or the development of active colloidal swimmers. Here we give a global and unifying view of the phenomenon of osmosis and its consequences with a multi-disciplinary perspective. Pushing the fundamental understanding of osmosis allows one to propose new perspectives for different fields and we highlight a number of examples along these lines, for example introducing the concepts of osmotic diodes, active separation and far from equilibrium osmosis, raising in turn fundamental questions in the thermodynamics of separation. The applications of osmosis are also obviously considerable and span very diverse fields. Here we discuss a selection of phenomena and applications where osmosis shows great promises: osmotic phenomena in membrane science (with recent developments in separation, desalination, reverse osmosis for water purification thanks in particular to the emergence of new nanomaterials); applications in biology and health (in particular discussing the kidney filtration process); osmosis and energy harvesting (in particular, osmotic power and blue energy as well as capacitive mixing); applications in detergency and cleaning, as well as for oil recovery in porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marbach
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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22
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Jensen KH. Phloem physics: mechanisms, constraints, and perspectives. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:96-100. [PMID: 29660560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved specialized vascular tissues for the distribution of energy, water, nutrients, and for communication. The phloem transports sugars from photosynthetic source regions (e.g. mature leaves) to sugar sinks (e.g. developing tissues such as buds, flowers, roots). Moreover, chemical signals such as hormones, RNAs and proteins also move in the phloem. Basic physical processes strongly limit phloem anatomy and function. This paper provides an overview of recent research and perspectives on phloem biomechanics and the physical constraints relevant to sugar transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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23
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Knox K, Oparka K. Illuminating the translocation stream. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:113-118. [PMID: 29729487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent development of a suite of fluorescent probes that can be used to trace phloem-transport rates in a range of diverse species. Some of these probes are loaded into the phloem by virtue of optimal physico-chemical properties for ion trapping in the high pH environment of the sieve element. However, others are clearly loaded by carrier-mediated transport, such as the blue-emitting probe, esculin, which is loaded into the Arabidopsis phloem by the sucrose transporter, AtSUC2, allowing it to be used as a surrogate for sucrose in phloem transport studies. We also describe additional chemical groups which, although highly charged (e.g. sulphonates), facilitate entry into the phloem. The addition of such 'mobilophores' to existing chemical groups has allowed us to expand the range of fluorophores that can be loaded into the phloem, and provides clues as to the nature of selectivity for phloem loading of xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Knox
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Rutherford Building, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, Max Born Crescent, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Karl Oparka
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Rutherford Building, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, Max Born Crescent, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Carvalho MR, Losada JM, Niklas KJ. Phloem networks in leaves. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:29-35. [PMID: 29306742 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The survival of all vascular plants depends on phloem and xylem, which comprise a hydraulically coupled tissue system that transports photosynthates, water, and a variety of other molecules and ions. Although xylem hydraulics has been extensively studied, until recently, comparatively little is known quantitatively about the phloem hydraulic network and how it is functionally coupled to the xylem network, particularly in photosynthetic leaves. Here, we summarize recent advances in quantifying phloem hydraulics in fully expanded mature leaves with different vascular architectures and show that (1) the size of phloem conducting cells across phylogenetically different taxa scales isometrically with respect to xylem conducting cell size, (2) cell transport areas and lengths increase along phloem transport pathways in a manner that can be used to model Münch's pressure-flow hypothesis, and (3) report observations that invalidate da Vinci's and Murray's hydraulic models as plausible constructs for understanding photosynthate transport in the leaf lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica R Carvalho
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Juan M Losada
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 1300 Centre St., Boston, MA 02131, USA
| | - Karl J Niklas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Zhang C, Turgeon R. Mechanisms of phloem loading. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:71-75. [PMID: 29448176 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The complex form of higher plants requires continuous, balanced transport of nutrients in the phloem. The initial step of transferring sugars, amino acids, and other materials from photosynthetic cells to the conducting sieve tubes is known as phloem loading. Three phloem loading mechanisms have been described. The first involves release of sucrose into the apoplast and subsequent retrieval by the phloem. The initial release step in this process is now known to be mediated by a new class of transporters, the SWEET proteins. In the other two loading mechanisms, polymer trapping and diffusion, sucrose passes into the phloem through cytoplasmic channels, the plasmodesmata. Recent models have shed additional light on these mechanisms and their ability to sustain the growth of even the tallest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 49707, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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26
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Gu S, Zhang L, Yan Z, van der Werf W, Evers JB. Quantifying within-plant spatial heterogeneity in carbohydrate availability in cotton using a local-pool model. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1005-1017. [PMID: 29373640 PMCID: PMC5906919 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Within-plant spatial heterogeneity in the production of and demand for assimilates may have major implications for the formation of fruits. Spatial heterogeneity is related to organ age, but also to position on the plant. This study quantifies the variation in local carbohydrate availability for the phytomers in the same cohort using a cotton growth model that captures carbohydrate production in phytomers and carbohydrate movement between phytomers. Methods Based on field observations, we developed a functional-structural plant model of cotton that simulates production and storage of carbohydrates in individual phytomers and transport of surplus to other phytomers. Simulated total leaf area, total above-ground dry mass, dry mass distribution along the stem, and dry mass allocation fractions to each organ at the plant level were compared with field observations for plants grown at different densities. The distribution of local carbohydrate availability throughout the plant was characterized and a sensitivity analysis was conducted regarding the value of the carbohydrate transport coefficient. Key Results The model reproduced cotton leaf expansion and dry mass allocation across plant densities adequately. Individual leaf area was underestimated at very high plant densities. Best correspondence with measured plant traits was obtained for a value of the transport coefficient of 0.1 d-1. The simulated translocation of carbohydrates agreed well with results from C-labelling studies. Moreover, simulation results revealed the heterogeneous pattern of local carbohydrate availability over the plant as an emergent model property. Conclusions This modelling study shows how heterogeneity in local carbohydrate production within the plant structure in combination with limitations in transport result in heterogeneous satisfaction of demand over the plant. This model provides a tool to explore phenomena in cotton that are thought to be determined by local carbohydrate availability, such as branching pattern and fruit abortion in relation to climate and crop management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Gu
- China Agricultural University, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
- Wageningen University, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Droevendaalsesteeg, the Netherlands
| | - Lizhen Zhang
- China Agricultural University, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yan
- China Agricultural University, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Wageningen University, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Droevendaalsesteeg, the Netherlands
| | - Jochem B Evers
- Wageningen University, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Droevendaalsesteeg, the Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
The phloem plays a central role in transporting resources and signalling molecules from fully expanded leaves to provide precursors for, and to direct development of, heterotrophic organs located throughout the plant body. We review recent advances in understanding mechanisms regulating loading and unloading of resources into, and from, the phloem network; highlight unresolved questions regarding the physiological significance of the vast array of proteins and RNAs found in phloem saps; and evaluate proposed structure/function relationships considered to account for bulk flow of sap, sustained at high rates and over long distances, through the transport phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Liesche
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling , China
| | - John Patrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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Lee M, Lim H, Lee J. Fabrication of Artificial Leaf to Develop Fluid Pump Driven by Surface Tension and Evaporation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14735. [PMID: 29116152 PMCID: PMC5676738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants transport water from roots to leaves via xylem through transpiration, which is an evaporation process that occurs at the leaves. During transpiration, suction pressure is generated by the porous structure of mesophyll cells in the leaves. Here, we fabricate artificial leaf consisting of micro and nano hierarchy structures similar to the mesophyll cells and veins of a leaf using cryo-gel method. We show that the microchannels in agarose gel greatly decrease the flow resistance in dye diffusion and permeability experiments. Capillary tube and silicone oil are used for measuring the suction pressure of the artificial leaf. We maintain low humidity (20%) condition for measuring suction pressure that is limited by Laplace pressure, which is smaller than the water potential of air followed by the Kelvin-Laplace relation. Suction pressure of the artificial leaf is maximized by changing physical conditions, e.g., pore size, wettability of the structure. We change the agarose gel’s concentration to decrease the pore size down to 200 nm and add the titanium nano particles to increase the wettability by changing contact angle from 63.6° to 49.4°. As a result, the measured suction pressure of the artificial leaf can be as large as 7.9 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minki Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosub Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Carvalho MR, Turgeon R, Owens T, Niklas KJ. The hydraulic architecture of Ginkgo leaves. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1285-1298. [PMID: 29885239 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The hydraulics of xylem has been widely studied in numerous species and organ types. However, comparatively little is known about how phloem and xylem are hydraulically coupled or about many of the basic structural properties of phloem (such as conducting cell numbers and conductive areas), which nevertheless have direct bearing on understanding phloem loading and unloading. METHODS Using a combination of light, epifluorescence, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy, we quantified the hydraulic architecture of Ginkgo biloba leaf laminae and examined the scaling relationships between phloem and xylem in five fully mature leaves. KEY RESULTS The conductive areas and lengths of sieve cells and tracheids increase basipetally toward the petiole in a manner that is consistent with Münch's pressure flow hypothesis for phloem transport. This trend holds true for individual veins, the sum of conductive areas across all veins at any distance from the petiole, and for individual sieve cells and tracheids. Further, the conductive areas of phloem and xylem are isometrically correlated across the entire vasculature of the leaf lamina. The data for conducting cell areas do not conform with the predictions of the hydraulic models of da Vinci and Murray. CONCLUSIONS The scaling of Ginkgo lamina hydraulics complies with that observed in leaves of other gymnosperms and most angiosperms and is inconsistent with theoretical models that assume that the volume of transported incompressible fluids is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica R Carvalho
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon Republic of Panama
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
| | - Thomas Owens
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
| | - Karl J Niklas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
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30
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Dietrich D, Pang L, Kobayashi A, Fozard JA, Boudolf V, Bhosale R, Antoni R, Nguyen T, Hiratsuka S, Fujii N, Miyazawa Y, Bae TW, Wells DM, Owen MR, Band LR, Dyson RJ, Jensen OE, King JR, Tracy SR, Sturrock CJ, Mooney SJ, Roberts JA, Bhalerao RP, Dinneny JR, Rodriguez PL, Nagatani A, Hosokawa Y, Baskin TI, Pridmore TP, De Veylder L, Takahashi H, Bennett MJ. Root hydrotropism is controlled via a cortex-specific growth mechanism. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:965-972. [PMID: 28481327 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants can acclimate by using tropisms to link the direction of growth to environmental conditions. Hydrotropism allows roots to forage for water, a process known to depend on abscisic acid (ABA) but whose molecular and cellular basis remains unclear. Here we show that hydrotropism still occurs in roots after laser ablation removed the meristem and root cap. Additionally, targeted expression studies reveal that hydrotropism depends on the ABA signalling kinase SnRK2.2 and the hydrotropism-specific MIZ1, both acting specifically in elongation zone cortical cells. Conversely, hydrotropism, but not gravitropism, is inhibited by preventing differential cell-length increases in the cortex, but not in other cell types. We conclude that root tropic responses to gravity and water are driven by distinct tissue-based mechanisms. In addition, unlike its role in root gravitropism, the elongation zone performs a dual function during a hydrotropic response, both sensing a water potential gradient and subsequently undergoing differential growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dietrich
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Plant &Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lei Pang
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akie Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - John A Fozard
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Véronique Boudolf
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Plant &Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Regina Antoni
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Sotaro Hiratsuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Fujii
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miyazawa
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Tae-Woong Bae
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Plant &Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Markus R Owen
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine &Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Leah R Band
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine &Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Rosemary J Dyson
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Oliver E Jensen
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - John R King
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine &Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Saoirse R Tracy
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Craig J Sturrock
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sacha J Mooney
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jeremy A Roberts
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Plant &Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, S-901 83 Umea, Sweden
- College of Science, KSU, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Akira Nagatani
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science &Technology, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9297, USA
| | - Tony P Pridmore
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Plant &Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
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Liesche J. Sucrose transporters and plasmodesmal regulation in passive phloem loading. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:311-321. [PMID: 28429873 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An essential step for the distribution of carbon throughout the whole plant is the loading of sugars into the phloem in source organs. In many plants, accumulation of sugars in the sieve element-companion cell (SE-CC) complex is mediated and regulated by active processes. However, for poplar and many other tree species, a passive symplasmic mechanism of phloem loading has been proposed, characterized by symplasmic continuity along the pre-phloem pathway and the absence of active sugar accumulation in the SE-CC complex. A high overall leaf sugar concentration is thought to enable diffusion of sucrose into the phloem. In this review, we critically evaluate current evidence regarding the mechanism of passive symplasmic phloem loading, with a focus on the potential influence of active sugar transport and plasmodesmal regulation. The limited experimental data, combined with theoretical considerations, suggest that a concomitant operation of passive symplasmic and active phloem loading in the same minor vein is unlikely. However, active sugar transport could well play an important role in how passively loading plants might modulate the rate of sugar export from leaves. Insights into the operation of this mechanism has direct implications for our understanding of how these plants utilize assimilated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Liesche
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, No 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Stanfield RC, Hacke UG, Laur J. Are phloem sieve tubes leaky conduits supported by numerous aquaporins? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:719-732. [PMID: 28526726 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Aquaporin membrane water channels have been previously identified in the phloem of angiosperms, but currently their cellular characterization is lacking, especially in tree species. Pinpointing the cellular location will help generate new hypotheses of how membrane water exchange facilitates sugar transport in plants. METHODS We studied histological sections of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) in leaf, petiole, and stem organs. Immuno-labeling techniques were used to characterize the distribution of PIP1 and PIP2 subfamilies of aquaporins along the phloem pathway. Confocal and super resolution microscopy (3D-SIM) was used to identify the localization of aquaporins at the cellular level. KEY RESULTS Sieve tubes of the leaf lamina, petiole, and stem were labeled with antibodies directed at PIP1s and PIP2s. While PIP2s were mostly observed in the plasma membrane, PIP1s showed both an internal membrane and plasma membrane labeling pattern. CONCLUSIONS The specificity and consistency of PIP2 labeling in sieve element plasma membranes points to high water exchange rates between sieve tubes and adjacent cells. The PIP1s may relocate between internal membranes and the plasma membrane to facilitate dynamic changes in membrane permeability of sieve elements in response to changing internal or environmental conditions. Aquaporin-mediated changes in membrane permeability of sieve tubes would also allow for some control of radial exchange of water between xylem and phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Stanfield
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada; ORCID id: 0000-0002-7507-7550
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada; ORCID id: 0000-0002-7507-7550
| | - Joan Laur
- Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Université Laval, Envirotron, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
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Malmsten A, Malmsten J, Blomqvist G, Näslund K, Vernersson C, Hägglund S, Dalin AM, Ågren EO, Valarcher JF. Serological testing of Schmallenberg virus in Swedish wild cervids from 2012 to 2016. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:84. [PMID: 28376790 PMCID: PMC5379663 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schmallenberg virus (SBV) first emerged in Europe in 2011, and in Sweden in late 2012. The virus was still circulating in parts of Europe in 2015. In recent testing, the virus has not been detected in Swedish domestic animals, indicating that it is no longer circulating in Sweden. It is not known if the virus has circulated and is still circulating in Swedish wild cervid populations and whether wildlife can act as virus reservoirs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SBV has circulated, and is still circulating among wild cervids in Sweden. RESULTS Ninety-two sera from moose (Alces alces, n = 22), red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 15), fallow deer (Dama dama, n = 44), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, n = 11) were collected and analyzed for antibodies against SBV. The sampling occurred in the southern and middle part of Sweden during three time periods: 1) before the vector season in 2012, 2) after the vector season in 2012, and 3) after the vector season in 2015. Animals from periods 1 and 2 were of varying ages, whereas animals collected in period 3 were born after the vector season 2013. Animals from period 1 (n = 15) and 3 (n = 47) were seronegative, but, 53% (16 of 30) of animals from period 2 were seropositive, determined by SBV competitive ELISA. Samples from period 2 were additionally analyzed for SBV-neutralizing antibodies. Such antibodies were detected in 16/16 SBV-N-antibody-positive, 3/12 negative and 2/2 doubtful sera. The two tests were in accordance at SBV-neutralizing antibody titers of 1:32 or higher. CONCLUSION Our results show that SBV circulated among wild cervids during the vector season of 2012. Three years later, no SBV-antibodies were detected in animals born after the vector season 2013. The likely absence of SBV circulation in Sweden, in contrast to other parts of Europe, might be explained by the annual occurrence of a vector-free season due to climate conditions. Interpretations are limited by the small sample-size, but the results suggest that the SBV competitive ELISA has high specificity but might have slightly lower sensitivity compared to a seroneutralization assay, when using samples from wild cervids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malmsten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - J Malmsten
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - G Blomqvist
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Vernersson
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Hägglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, DOS, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A-M Dalin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E O Ågren
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J-F Valarcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, DOS, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Ruminant medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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