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Barbosa-Méndez S, Matus-Ortega M, Hernandez-Miramontes R, Salazar-Juarez A. COT-TT vaccine attenuates cocaine-seeking and cocaine-conditioned place preference in rats. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2299068. [PMID: 38228468 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2299068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination active, promising alternative immunological strategy to treat of CUD. Various models of cocaine vaccines have been evaluated in animals and humans with relative success. In this sense, it is necessary to improve or optimize the cocaine vaccines already evaluated. Our laboratory previously reported the efficacy of the tetanus toxoid-conjugated morphine vaccine (M6-TT). The M6-TT vaccine can generate high titers of antibodies and reduce heroin-induced behavioral effects in rodents. So, it would be plausible to assume that if we modify the M6-TT vaccine by changing the hapten and maintaining the rest of the structural elements of the vaccine, we will maintain the properties of the M6-TT vaccine (high antibody titers). The objective of this study was to determine whether the antibodies generated by a tetanus toxoid-conjugated cocaine vaccine (COC-TT) can recognize and capture cocaine and decrease the cocaine-induced reinforcing effects. Male Wistar rats were immunized with the COC-TT. A solid-phase antibody-capture ELISA was used to monitor antibody titer responses after each booster dose in vaccinated animals. The study used cocaine self-administration and place-preference testing to evaluate the cocaine-reinforcing effects. The COC-TT vaccine could generate high levels of anti-cocaine antibodies. The antibodies reduced the cocaine self-administration and cocaine place preference. In addition, they decreased the cocaine-induced Fos protein expression. These findings suggest that the COC-TT vaccine generates a robust immunogenic response capable of reducing the reinforcing effects of cocaine, which supports its possible future use in clinical trials in patients with CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa-Méndez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maura Matus-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Neuroquímica de las Adicciones, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Hernandez-Miramontes
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juarez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
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Lu T, Li X, Zheng W, Kuang C, Wu B, Liu X, Xue Y, Shi J, Lu L, Han Y. Vaccines to Treat Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:84. [PMID: 38258095 PMCID: PMC10820210 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Addiction, particularly in relation to psychostimulants and opioids, persists as a global health crisis with profound social and economic ramifications. Traditional interventions, including medications and behavioral therapies, often encounter limited success due to the chronic and relapsing nature of addictive disorders. Consequently, there is significant interest in the development of innovative therapeutics to counteract the effects of abused substances. In recent years, vaccines have emerged as a novel and promising strategy to tackle addiction. Anti-drug vaccines are designed to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that bind to addictive compounds, such as nicotine, cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine, and heroin. These antibodies effectively neutralize the target molecules, preventing them from reaching the brain and eliciting their rewarding effects. By obstructing the rewarding sensations associated with substance use, vaccines aim to reduce cravings and the motivation to engage in drug use. Although anti-drug vaccines hold significant potential, challenges remain in their development and implementation. The reversibility of vaccination and the potential for combining vaccines with other addiction treatments offer promise for improving addiction outcomes. This review provides an overview of anti-drug vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and their potential impact on treatment for substance use disorders. Furthermore, this review summarizes recent advancements in vaccine development for each specific drug, offering insights for the development of more effective and personalized treatments capable of addressing the distinct challenges posed by various abused substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangsheng Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Chenyan Kuang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China;
| | - Bingyi Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China;
| | - Xiaoxing Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Yanxue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
- Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Ying Han
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
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Koch SE, Marckel JA, Rubinstein J, Norman AB. A humanized anti-cocaine mAb antagonizes the cardiovascular effects of cocaine in rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01045. [PMID: 36631960 PMCID: PMC9834608 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recombinant monoclonal anti-cocaine antibody, h2E2, sequesters cocaine in plasma increasing concentrations more than 10-fold. The increased levels of cocaine in the plasma could have detrimental peripheral effects, particularly on the cardiovascular system. We investigated the duration and magnitude of the effect of cocaine on the rat heart, and if h2E2 could antagonize that effect. Echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac function under isoflurane anesthesia, while a tail-cuff was used to measure blood pressure. Cocaine was delivered intravenously and the rats were continuously monitored for a total of 45 min. Echocardiography measurements were recorded every 5 min and blood pressure measurements were recorded throughout the duration of the experiment using 30-s cycles. ECG recordings were taken simultaneously with the echocardiography measurements. An increase in ejection fraction was seen after the cocaine push with the maximum change occurring at 25 min. Treatment with h2E2 1 h before the cocaine push did not have any effect on cardiac parameters. Subsequent cocaine treatment had no effect on the ejection fraction, indicating that the antibody-bound cocaine does not affect the heart. This antagonism of cocaine's effects was greatly decreased after 1 week and entirely absent after 1 month. Cocaine in the presence of h2E2 is pharmacologically inert and h2E2 may have additional clinical utility for reversing cocaine effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl E. Koch
- Division of Cardiovascular Health & Disease, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Jordan A. Marckel
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems PhysiologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Jack Rubinstein
- Division of Cardiovascular Health & Disease, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Andrew B. Norman
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems PhysiologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
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Luba R, Martinez S, Jones J, Pravetoni M, Comer SD. Immunotherapeutic strategies for treating opioid use disorder and overdose. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:77-87. [PMID: 36696567 PMCID: PMC10035039 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2173062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Development and implementation of effective treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) and prevention of overdose are urgent public health needs. Though existing medications for OUD (MOUD) are effective, barriers to initiation and retention in treatment persist. Therefore, development of novel treatments, especially those may complement existing treatments, is needed. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of vaccines for substance use disorders (SUD) and mechanisms underlying their function and efficacy. Next, we focus on existing preclinical and clinical trials of SUD vaccines. We focus briefly on related strategies before providing an expert opinion on prior, current, and future work on vaccines for OUD. We included published findings from preclinical and clinical trials found on PubMed and ScienceDirect as well as ongoing or initiated trials listed on ClinicalTrials.gov. EXPERT OPINION The present opioid overdose and OUD crises necessitate urgent development and implementation of effective treatments, especially those that offer protection from overdose and can serve as adjuvants to existing medications. Promising preclinical trial results paired with careful efforts to develop vaccines that account for prior SUD vaccine shortcomings offer hope for current and future clinical trials of opioid vaccines. Clinical advantages of opioid vaccines appear to outnumber disadvantages, which may result in improved treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Luba
- New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University Irving Medical Center Division on Substance Use Disorders
| | - Suky Martinez
- New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University Irving Medical Center Division on Substance Use Disorders
| | - Jermaine Jones
- New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University Irving Medical Center Division on Substance Use Disorders
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Medication Development for Substance Use Disorders and Overdose, Seattle, WA
| | - Sandra D Comer
- New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University Irving Medical Center Division on Substance Use Disorders
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Celik M, Fuehrlein B. A Review of Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Prospects. Immunotargets Ther 2022; 11:55-66. [PMID: 36199734 PMCID: PMC9528911 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s370435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Celik
- Research Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Fuehrlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Correspondence: Brian Fuehrlein, Mental Health Service Line, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, Tel +1-203-932-5711 x4471, Fax +1-203-937-4904, Email
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Lee W, Suresh M. Vaccine adjuvants to engage the cross-presentation pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940047. [PMID: 35979365 PMCID: PMC9376467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines for stimulating optimal immune responses to non-replicating, inactivated and subunit antigens. Eliciting balanced humoral and T cell-mediated immunity is paramount to defend against diseases caused by complex intracellular pathogens, such as tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS. However, currently used vaccines elicit strong antibody responses, but poorly stimulate CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. To elicit potent CTL memory, vaccines need to engage the cross-presentation pathway, and this requirement has been a crucial bottleneck in the development of subunit vaccines that engender effective T cell immunity. In this review, we focus on recent insights into DC cross-presentation and the extent to which clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants, such as aluminum-based nanoparticles, water-in oil emulsion (MF59) adjuvants, saponin-based adjuvants, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands modulate DC cross-presentation efficiency. Further, we discuss the feasibility of using carbomer-based adjuvants as next generation of adjuvant platforms to elicit balanced antibody- and T-cell based immunity. Understanding of the molecular mechanism of DC cross-presentation and the mode of action of adjuvants will pave the way for rational design of vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer that require balanced antibody- and T cell-based immunity.
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da Silva Neto L, da Silva Maia AF, Godin AM, de Almeida Augusto PS, Pereira RLG, Caligiorne SM, Alves RB, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, Goulart GAC, Martins FT, das Neves MDCL, Garcia FD, de Fátima Â. Calix[ n]arene-based immunogens: A new non-proteic strategy for anti-cocaine vaccine. J Adv Res 2022; 38:285-298. [PMID: 35572397 PMCID: PMC9091763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cocaine use disorder is a significant public health issue without a current specific approved treatment. Among different approaches to this disorder, it is possible to highlight a promising immunologic strategy in which an immunogenic agent may reduce the reinforcing effects of the drug if they are able to yield sufficient specific antibodies capable to bind cocaine and/or its psychoactive metabolites before entering into the brain. Several carriers have been investigated in the anti-cocaine vaccine development; however, they generally present a very complex chemical structure, which potentially hampers the proper assessment of the coupling efficiency between the hapten units and the protein structure. Objectives The present study reports the design, synthesis and preclinical evaluation of two novel calix[n]arene-based anti-cocaine immunogens (herein named as V4N2 and V8N2) by the tethering of the hydrolysis-tolerant hapten GNE (15) on calix[4]arene and calix[8]arene moieties. Methods The preclinical assessment corresponded to the immunogenicity and dose-response evaluation of V4N2 and V8N2. The potential of the produced antibodies to reduce the passage of cocaine analogue through the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), modifying its biodistribution was also investigated. Results Both calix[n]arene-based immunogens elicited high titers of cocaine antibodies that modified the biodistribution of a cocaine radiolabeled analogue (99mTc-TRODAT-1) and decreased cocaine-induced behavior, according to an animal model. Conclusion The present results demonstrate the potential of V4N2 and V8N2 as immunogens for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo da Silva Neto
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Angélica Faleiros da Silva Maia
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana Martins Godin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sordaini Maria Caligiorne
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosemeire Brondi Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele Assis Castro Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Terra Martins
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Frederico Duarte Garcia
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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8
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Hadizadeh H, Flores J, Nunes E, Mayerson T, Potenza MN, Angarita GA. Novel Pharmacological Agents for the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-022-00246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Lee YK, Gold MS, Fuehrlein BS. Looking beyond the opioid receptor: A desperate need for new treatments for opioid use disorder. J Neurol Sci 2022; 432:120094. [PMID: 34933249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The mainstay of treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) is opioid agonist therapy (OAT), which modulates opioid receptors to reduce substance craving and use. OAT maintains dependence on opioids but helps reduce overdose and negative sequelae of substance abuse. Despite increasing availability of OAT, its effectiveness is limited by difficulty in initiating and maintaining patients on treatment. With the worsening opioid epidemic in the United States and rising overdose deaths, a more durable and effective treatment for OUD is necessary. This paper reviews novel treatments being investigated for OUD, including neuromodulatory interventions, psychedelic drugs, and other novel approaches. Neuromodulatory interventions can stimulate the addiction neural circuitry involving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and deeper mesolimbic structures to curb craving and reduce use, and multiple clinical trials for interventional treatment for OUD are currently conducted. Similarly, psychedelic agents are being investigated for efficacy in OUD specifically. There is a resurgence of interest in psychedelic agents' therapeutic potential, with evidence of improving mood symptoms and decreased substance use even after just one dose. Exact mechanism of their anti-addictive effect is not fully elucidated, but psychedelic agents do not maintain opioid dependence and some may even be helpful in abating symptoms of withdrawal. Other potential approaches for OUD include targeting different parts of the dopamine-dependent addiction pathway, identifying susceptible genes and modulating gene products, as well as utilizing vaccines as immunotherapy to blunt the addictive effects of substances. Much more clinical data are needed to support efficacy and safety of these therapies in OUD, but these proposed novel treatments look beyond the opioid receptor to offer hope for a more durably effective OUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyung Lee
- School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Mark S Gold
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Brian S Fuehrlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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10
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Akache B, Stark FC, Agbayani G, Renner TM, McCluskie MJ. Adjuvants: Engineering Protective Immune Responses in Human and Veterinary Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2412:179-231. [PMID: 34918246 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are key components of many vaccines, used to enhance the level and breadth of the immune response to a target antigen, thereby enhancing protection from the associated disease. In recent years, advances in our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune systems have allowed for the development of a number of novel adjuvants with differing mechanisms of action. Herein, we review adjuvants currently approved for human and veterinary use, describing their use and proposed mechanisms of action. In addition, we will discuss additional promising adjuvants currently undergoing preclinical and/or clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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11
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Havlicek DF, Rosenberg JB, De BP, Hicks MJ, Sondhi D, Kaminsky SM, Crystal RG. Cocaine vaccine dAd5GNE protects against moderate daily and high-dose "binge" cocaine use. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239780. [PMID: 33253224 PMCID: PMC7703925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cocaine vaccine dAd5GNE is comprised of a disrupted serotype 5 adenovirus gene therapy vector covalently conjugated to the cocaine analog GNE. The vaccine evokes a high titer of circulating anti-cocaine antibodies that prevent cocaine from reaching its cognate receptors in the central nervous system. Prior studies have demonstrated the efficacy of dAd5GNE in models of occasional, moderate cocaine use. However, previous studies have not sufficiently evaluated the efficacy of dAd5GNE in models of the repetitive and high-dose "binge" use patterns common in human addicts. In the present study, we evaluated the capacity of dAd5GNE vaccination to protect against "binge" cocaine use and circumstances where vaccinated addicts attempt to override the vaccine. We modeled repetitive daily cocaine use in vaccinated Balb/c mice and African green monkeys, and evaluated high-dose "binge" scenarios in Balb/c mice. In each model of daily use the dAd5GNE vaccine prevented cocaine from reaching the central nervous system. In the high-dose "binge" model, vaccination decreased cocaine-induced hyperactivity and reduced the number of cocaine-induced seizures. Based on this data and our prior data in rodents and nonhuman primates, we have initiated a clinical trial evaluating the dAd5GNE anti-cocaine vaccine as a potential therapy for cocaine addicts who wish to stop cocaine use. If dAd5GNE vaccination is safe and produces high anti-cocaine antibody titers in the clinic, we hypothesize that the vaccine will restrict the access of cocaine to the central nervous system and inhibit cocaine-induced "highs" even in the context of moderate daily and high-dose "binge" use that might otherwise cause a drug-induced overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Havlicek
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan B. Rosenberg
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bishnu P. De
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Hicks
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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12
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Lowell JA, Dikici E, Joshi PM, Landgraf R, Lemmon VP, Daunert S, Izenwasser S, Daftarian P. Vaccination against cocaine using a modifiable dendrimer nanoparticle platform. Vaccine 2020; 38:7989-7997. [PMID: 33158592 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological therapies for the treatment of cocaine addiction have had disappointing efficacy, and the lack of recent developments in the clinical care of cocaine-addicted patients indicates a need for novel treatment strategies. Recent studies have shown that vaccination against cocaine to elicit production of antibodies that reduce concentrations of free drug in the blood is a promising method to protect against the effects of cocaine and reduce rates of relapse. However, the poorly immunogenic nature of cocaine remains a major hurdle to active immunization. Therefore, we hypothesized that strategies to increase targeted exposure of cocaine to the immune system may produce a more effective vaccine. To specifically direct an immune response against cocaine, in the present study we have conjugated a cocaine analog to a dendrimer-based nanoparticle carrier with MHC II-binding moieties that previously has been shown to activate antigen-presenting cells necessary for antibody production. This strategy produced a rapid, prolonged, and high affinity anti-cocaine antibody response without the need for an adjuvant. Surprisingly, additional evaluation using multiple adjuvant formulations in two strains of inbred mice found adjuvants were either functionally redundant or deleterious in the vaccination against cocaine using this platform. The use of conditioned place preference in rats after administration of this vaccine provided proof of concept for the ability of this vaccine to diminish cocaine reward. Together these data demonstrate the intrinsic efficacy of an immune-targeting dendrimer-based cocaine vaccine, with a vast potential for design of future vaccines against other poorly immunogenic antigens by substitution of the conjugated cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Lowell
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Life Science and Technology Park, 1951 Northwest 7th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Pratibha M Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Life Science and Technology Park, 1951 Northwest 7th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Ralf Landgraf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Vance P Lemmon
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Life Science and Technology Park, 1951 Northwest 7th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Miami, Clinical Research Building, 1120 NW 14th St., Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Sari Izenwasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10(th) Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Pirouz Daftarian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Life Science and Technology Park, 1951 Northwest 7th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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13
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Garinot M, Piras-Douce F, Probeck P, Chambon V, Varghese K, Liu Y, Luna E, Drake D, Haensler J. A potent novel vaccine adjuvant based on straight polyacrylate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2020; 2:100054. [PMID: 32776001 PMCID: PMC7398942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A structure-activity study was conducted to identify the structural characteristics underlying the adjuvant activity of straight (i.e. non-crosslinked) polyacrylate polymers (PAAs) in order to select a new PAA adjuvant candidate for future clinical development. The study revealed that the adjuvant effect of PAA was mainly influenced by polymer size (Mw) and dose. Maximal effects were obtained with large PAAs above 350 kDa and doses above 100 μg in mice. Small PAAs below 10 kDa had virtually no adjuvant effect. HPSEC analysis revealed that PAA polydispersity index and ramification had less impact on adjuvanticity. Heat stability studies indicated that residual persulfate could be detrimental to PAA stability. Hence, this impurity was systematically eliminated by diafiltration along with small Mw PAAs and residual acrylic acid that could potentially affect product safety, potency and stability. The selected PAA, termed SPA09, displayed an adjuvant effect that was superior to that of a standard emulsion adjuvant when tested with CMV-gB in mice, even in the absence of binding to the antigen. The induced immune response was dominated by strong IFNγ, IgG2c and virus neutralizing titers. The activity of SPA09 was then confirmed on human cells via the innate immune module of the human MIMIC® system. Straight polyacrylate (350 kDa < Mw < 650 kDa; termed SPA09) is a strong adjuvant easy to formulate with vaccine antigens SPA09 induces Th-1 type immune responses in mice, dominated by strong IFN-γ, IgG2c and virus neutralizing titers SPA09 can activate human antigen presenting cells when tested via the innate immune module (PTE) of the human MIMIC® system SPA09 constitutes a straightforward new adjuvant candidate for future clinical development
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Garinot
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | | | - Kucku Varghese
- Global Clinical Immunology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA
| | - Yuanqing Liu
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Jean Haensler
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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14
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Waninger S, Berka C, Stevanovic Karic M, Korszen S, Mozley PD, Henchcliffe C, Kang Y, Hesterman J, Mangoubi T, Verma A. Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2020; 10:471-480. [PMID: 32116262 PMCID: PMC7242849 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for reliable and robust Parkinson's disease biomarkers that reflect severity and are sensitive to disease modifying investigational therapeutics. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the utility of EEG as a reliable, quantitative biomarker with potential as a pharmacodynamic endpoint for use in clinical assessments of neuroprotective therapeutics for Parkison's disease. METHODS A multi modal study was performed including aquisition of resting state EEG data and dopamine transporter PET imaging from Parkinson's disease patients off medication and compared against age-matched controls. RESULTS Qualitative and test/retest analysis of the EEG data demonstrated the reliability of the methods. Source localization using low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography identified significant differences in Parkinson's patients versus control subjects in the anterior cingulate and temporal lobe, areas with established association to Parkinson's disease pathology. Changes in cortico-cortical and cortico-thalamic coupling were observed as excessive EEG beta coherence in Parkinson's disease patients, and correlated with UPDRS scores and dopamine transporter activity, supporting the potential for cortical EEG coherence to serve as a reliable measure of disease severity. Using machine learning approaches, an EEG discriminant function analysis classifier was identified that parallels the loss of dopamine synapses as measured by dopamine transporter PET. CONCLUSION Our results support the utility of EEG in characterizing alterations in neurophysiological oscillatory activity associated with Parkinson's disease and highlight potential as a reliable method for monitoring disease progression and as a pharmacodynamic endpoint for Parkinson's disease modification therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Waninger
- Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA,Correspondence to: Shani Waninger, Advanced Brain Monitoring, Inc., 2237 Faraday Avenue, Suite 100,
Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA. E-mail:
| | - Chris Berka
- Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yeona Kang
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Crystal RG. My Pathway to Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:273-282. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.29112.rgc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G. Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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16
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Huang WS, Chen GJ, Tsai TH, Cheng CY, Shiue CY, Ma KH, Yeh SHH. In vivo long-lasting alterations of central serotonin transporter activity and associated dopamine synthesis after acute repeated administration of methamphetamine. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:92. [PMID: 31535286 PMCID: PMC6751231 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methamphetamine (METH)-associated alterations in the striatal dopamine (DA) system or dopamine transport (DAT) have been identified in clinical and preclinical studies with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging but have not been well correlated with in vivo serotonin transporter (SERT) availability due to the lack of appropriate imaging agents to assess SERTs. N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-[18F]-fluorophenylthio) benzylamine (4-[18F]-ADAM) has been developed by our group and validated for its high affinity and selectivity for SERTs, allowing the in vivo examination of SERT density, location, and binding function. The aims of this study were to investigate the potential of SERT imaging using 4-[18F]-ADAM PET to estimate the long-lasting effects of METH-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity, and further determine whether a correlative relationship exists between SERT availability/activity and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in various brain regions due to the long-lasting consequences of METH treatment. Results Male rats received four administrations of METH (5 or 10 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline (1 ml/kg, s.c.) at 1-h intervals. At 30 days post-administration, in vivo SERT availability and activity were measured by 4-[18F]ADAM PET imaging. In contrast to the controls, the uptake of 4-[18F]ADAM in METH-treated mice was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner in the midbrain, followed by the hypothalamus, thalamus, striatum, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. The regional effects of METH on TH activity were assessed by quantitative immunohistochemistry and presented as integrated optical density (IOD). A significant decrease in TH immunostaining and IOD ratios was seen in the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra pars compacta, and substantia nigra pars reticulata in the METH-treated rats compared to controls. Conclusion The present results suggested that the long-lasting response to METH decreased the uptake of 4-[18F]-ADAM and varied regionally along with TH immunoreactivity. In addition, 4-[18F]ADAM PET could be used to detect serotonergic neuron loss and to evaluate the severity of serotonergic neurotoxicity of METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Nuclear Medicine Department, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Juh Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 600, Sec. 2, Shixian Rd., West District, Chiayi City, 60090, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yi Cheng
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyng-Yann Shiue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde St., Zhongzheng District, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Anatomy and Biology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Skye Hsin-Hsien Yeh
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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17
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Myagkova MA, Morozova VS. Vaccines for substance abuse treatment: new approaches in the immunotherapy of addictions. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Moulahoum H, Zihnioglu F, Timur S, Coskunol H. Novel technologies in detection, treatment and prevention of substance use disorders. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 27:22-31. [PMID: 30648574 PMCID: PMC9298618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a widely recognized problem, which affects various levels of communities and influenced the world socioeconomically. Its source is deeply embedded in the global population. In order to fight against such an adversary, governments have spared no efforts in implementing substance abuse treatment centers and funding research to develop treatments and prevention procedures. In this review, we will discuss the use of immunological-based treatments and detection kit technologies. We will be detailing the steps followed to produce performant antibodies (antigens, carriers, and adjuvants) focusing on cocaine and methamphetamine as examples. Furthermore, part of this review is dedicated to substance use detection. Owing to novel technologies such as bio-functional polymeric surfaces and biosensors manufacturing, detection has become a more convenient method with the fast and on-site developed devices. Commercially available devices are able to test substance use disorders in urine, saliva, hair, and sweat. This improvement has had a tremendous impact on the prevention of driving under influence and other illicit behaviors. Lastly, substance abuse became a major issue involving the cooperation of experts on all levels to devise better treatment programs and prevent abuse-based accidents, injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Moulahoum
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
| | - Figen Zihnioglu
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Hakan Coskunol
- Addiction Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
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19
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Kang Y, Henchcliffe C, Verma A, Vallabhajosula S, He B, Kothari PJ, Pryor KO, Mozley PD. 18F-FPEB PET/CT Shows mGluR5 Upregulation in Parkinson's Disease. J Neuroimaging 2018; 29:97-103. [DOI: 10.1111/jon.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeona Kang
- Department of Radiology; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York NY
| | | | | | | | - Bin He
- Department of Radiology; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York NY
| | | | - Kane O. Pryor
- Department of Anesthesiology; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York NY
| | - P. David Mozley
- Department of Radiology; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York NY
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20
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Kimishima A, Olson ME, Janda KD. Investigations into the efficacy of multi-component cocaine vaccines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2779-2783. [PMID: 29317163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although cocaine addiction remains a serious health and societal problem in the United States, no FDA-approved treatment has been developed. Vaccines offer an exciting strategy for the treatment of cocaine addiction; however, vaccine formulations need to be optimized to improve efficacy. Herein, we examine the effectiveness of a tricomponent cocaine vaccine, defined as having its hapten (GNE) and adjuvant (cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, CpG ODN 1826) covalently linked via the immunogenic protein ovalbumin (OVA). The tricomponent vaccine (GNE-OVA-CpG 1826) and a vaccine of analogous, individual components (GNE-OVA+CpG ODN 1826) were found to similarly induce highly specific anticocaine antibody production in mice and block cocaine's stimulant effects in hyperlocomotor testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimishima
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Margaret E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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21
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Hagedorn C, Kreppel F. Capsid Engineering of Adenovirus Vectors: Overcoming Early Vector-Host Interactions for Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 28:820-832. [PMID: 28854810 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus-based vectors comprise the most frequently used vector type in clinical studies to date. Both intense lab research and insights from the clinical trials reveal the importance of a comprehensive understanding of vector-host interactions. Especially for systemic intravenous adenovirus vector delivery, it is paramount to develop safe and efficacious vectors. Very early vector-host interactions that take place in blood long before the first cell is being transduced are phenomena triggered by the surface, shape, and size of the adenovirus vector particles. Not surprisingly, a multitude of different technologies ranging from genetics to chemistry has been developed to alter the adenovirus vector surface. In this review, we discuss the most important technologies and evaluate them for their suitability to overcome hurdles imposed by early vector-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hagedorn
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University , Witten, Germany
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University , Witten, Germany
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22
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Kimishima A, Olson ME, Natori Y, Janda KD. Efficient Syntheses of Cocaine Vaccines and Their in Vivo Evaluation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:411-416. [PMID: 29795751 PMCID: PMC5949726 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Though cocaine abuse
and addiction continue to have serious implications
for health and society, no FDA-approved interventions have been developed.
Anticocaine conjugate vaccines offer an attractive opportunity for
addiction treatment; however, vaccines have thus far failed in clinical
trials. As a result, anticocaine vaccines must be further optimized
to achieve clinical translation. Herein, we report a study on the
relationship between vaccine efficacy and hapten stability toward
hydrolysis. Two haptens developed by our laboratory, GND and GNE,
were conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) and formulated with alum and
cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG ODN 1826) adjuvants,
the optimal formulation in anticocaine vaccine design. GND, a diamide,
is more hydrolytically stable than GNE, a monoamide, toward butyrylcholinesterases.
Ultimately, both vaccines induced antibodies with high affinity for
cocaine. In hyperlocomotion testing, GND-TT and GNE-TT vaccinated
mice exhibited a robust blockade of cocaine’s stimulatory effects
at all tested doses. Overall, antibodies raised against both haptens
were highly effective in protecting mice from cocaine-induced psychostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimishima
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Margaret E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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23
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Abstract
Substance use disorder, especially in relation to opioids such as heroin and fentanyl, is a significant public health issue and has intensified in recent years. As a result, substantial interest exists in developing therapeutics to counteract the effects of abused drugs. A promising universal strategy for antagonizing the pharmacology of virtually any drug involves the development of a conjugate vaccine, wherein a hapten structurally similar to the target drug is conjugated to an immunogenic carrier protein. When formulated with adjuvants and immunized, the immunoconjugate should elicit serum IgG antibodies with the ability to sequester the target drug to prevent its entry to the brain, thereby acting as an immunoantagonist. Despite the failures of first-generation conjugate vaccines against cocaine and nicotine in clinical trials, second-generation vaccines have shown dramatically improved performance in preclinical models, thus renewing the potential clinical utility of conjugate vaccines in curbing substance use disorder. This review explores the critical design elements of drug conjugate vaccines such as hapten structure, adjuvant formulation, bioconjugate chemistry, and carrier protein selection. Methods for evaluating these vaccines are discussed, and recent progress in vaccine development for each drug is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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24
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Augmenting the efficacy of anti-cocaine catalytic antibodies through chimeric hapten design and combinatorial vaccination. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3666-3668. [PMID: 28709828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Given the need for further improvements in anti-cocaine vaccination strategies, a chimeric hapten (GNET) was developed that combines chemically-stable structural features from steady-state haptens with the hydrolytic functionality present in transition-state mimetic haptens. Additionally, as a further investigation into the generation of an improved bifunctional antibody pool, sequential vaccination with steady-state and transition-state mimetic haptens was undertaken. While GNET induced the formation of catalytically-active antibodies, it did not improve overall behavioral efficacy. In contrast, the resulting pool of antibodies from GNE/GNT co-administration demonstrated intermediate efficacy as compared to antibodies developed from either hapten alone. Overall, improved antibody catalytic efficiency appears necessary to achieve the synergistic benefits of combining cocaine hydrolysis with peripheral sequestration.
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25
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Bremer PT, Schlosburg JE, Banks ML, Steele FF, Zhou B, Poklis JL, Janda KD. Development of a Clinically Viable Heroin Vaccine. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8601-8611. [PMID: 28574716 PMCID: PMC5612493 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heroin is a highly abused opioid and incurs a significant detriment to society worldwide. In an effort to expand the limited pharmacotherapy options for opioid use disorders, a heroin conjugate vaccine was developed through comprehensive evaluation of hapten structure, carrier protein, adjuvant and dosing. Immunization of mice with an optimized heroin-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate formulated with adjuvants alum and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) generated heroin "immunoantagonism", reducing heroin potency by >15-fold. Moreover, the vaccine effects proved to be durable, persisting for over eight months. The lead vaccine was effective in rhesus monkeys, generating significant and sustained antidrug IgG titers in each subject. Characterization of both mouse and monkey antiheroin antibodies by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed low nanomolar antiserum affinity for the key heroin metabolite, 6-acetylmorphine (6AM), with minimal cross reactivity to clinically used opioids. Following a series of heroin challenges over six months in vaccinated monkeys, drug-sequestering antibodies caused marked attenuation of heroin potency (>4-fold) in a schedule-controlled responding (SCR) behavioral assay. Overall, these preclinical results provide an empirical foundation supporting the further evaluation and potential clinical utility of an effective heroin vaccine in treating opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Roadd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joel E. Schlosburg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matthew L. Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Floyd. F. Steele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Roadd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Roadd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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26
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Evans SM, Foltin RW, Hicks MJ, Rosenberg JB, De BP, Janda KD, Kaminsky SM, Crystal RG. Efficacy of an adenovirus-based anti-cocaine vaccine to reduce cocaine self-administration and reacqusition using a choice procedure in rhesus macaques. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:76-86. [PMID: 27697554 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunopharmacotherapy offers an approach for treating cocaine abuse by specifically targeting the cocaine molecule and preventing its access to the CNS. dAd5GNE is a novel cocaine vaccine that attenuates the stimulant and the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats. The goal of this study was to extend and validate dAd5GNE vaccine efficacy in non-human primates. Six experimentally naïve adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to self-administer 0.1mg/kg/injection intravenous (i.v.) cocaine or receive candy; then 4 monkeys were administered the vaccine and 2 monkeys were administered vehicle intramuscularly, with additional vaccine boosts throughout the study. The reinforcing effects of cocaine were measured during self-administration, extinction, and reacquisition (relapse) phases. Serum antibody titers in the vaccinated monkeys remained high throughout the study. There was no change in the preference for cocaine over candy over a 20-week period in 5 of the 6 monkeys; only one of the 4 (25%) vaccinated monkeys showed a decrease in cocaine choice. All 6 monkeys extinguished responding for cocaine during saline extinction testing; vaccinated monkeys tended to take longer to extinguish responding than control monkeys (17.5 vs. 7.0 sessions). Vaccination substantially retarded reacquisition of cocaine self-administration; control monkeys resumed cocaine self-administration within 6-41 sessions and 1 vaccinated monkey resumed cocaine self-administration in 19 sessions. The other 3 vaccinated monkeys required between 57 and 94 sessions to resume cocaine self-administration even in the context of employing several manipulations to encourage cocaine reacquisition. These data suggest that the dAdGNE vaccine may have therapeutic potential for humans who achieve cocaine abstinence as part of a relapse prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette M Evans
- Department of Psychiatry, Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Richard W Foltin
- Department of Psychiatry, Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Martin J Hicks
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jonathan B Rosenberg
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bishnu P De
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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Pravetoni M. Biologics to treat substance use disorders: Current status and new directions. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3005-3019. [PMID: 27441896 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1212785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and genetically modified enzymes) offer a promising class of therapeutics to treat substance use disorders (SUD) involving abuse of opioids and stimulants such as nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine. In contrast to small molecule medications targeting brain receptors, biologics for SUD are larger molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but target the drug itself, preventing its distribution to the brain and blunting its effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Active and passive immunization approaches rely on antibodies (Ab) that bind drugs of abuse in serum and block their distribution to the brain, preventing the rewarding effects of drugs and addiction-related behaviors. Alternatives to vaccines and anti-drug mAb are genetically engineered human or bacterial enzymes that metabolize drugs of abuse, lowering the concentration of free active drug. Pre-clinical and clinical data support development of effective biologics for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pravetoni
- a Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, and University of Minnesota Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology , Center for Immunology , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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Lee KL, Twyman RM, Fiering S, Steinmetz N. Virus-based nanoparticles as platform technologies for modern vaccines. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:554-78. [PMID: 26782096 PMCID: PMC5638654 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale engineering is revolutionizing the development of vaccines and immunotherapies. Viruses have played a key role in this field because they can function as prefabricated nanoscaffolds with unique properties that are easy to modify. Viruses are immunogenic via multiple pathways, and antigens displayed naturally or by engineering on the surface can be used to create vaccines against the cognate virus, other pathogens, specific molecules or cellular targets such as tumors. This review focuses on the development of virus-based nanoparticle systems as vaccines indicated for the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases, chronic diseases, cancer, and addiction. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:554-578. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1383 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin L. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Nicole Steinmetz
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Radiology, Materials Science and Engineering, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University and Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106;
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Biologic Approaches to Treat Substance-Use Disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 36:628-635. [PMID: 26435208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to traditional pharmacodynamic approaches to treat substance-use disorders (SUDs), the use of biologics (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and genetically modified enzymes) is based on a pharmacokinetic principle: reduce the amount of (and, ideally, eliminate) abused drug entering the central nervous system (CNS). Preclinical studies indicate that biologics are effective in both facilitating abstinence and preventing relapse to abused substances ranging from nicotine to heroin. While data are still emerging, the results from multiple clinical trials can best be described as mixed. Nonetheless, these clinical studies have already provided important insights using 'first-generation' tools that may inform the development of effective and commercially viable biologics to treat tobacco-, cocaine-, and methamphetamine-use disorders.
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Wiers CE, Cabrera E, Skarda E, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. PET imaging for addiction medicine: From neural mechanisms to clinical considerations. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:175-201. [PMID: 26822359 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to be an effective imaging technique to study neurometabolic and neurochemical processes involved in addiction. That is, PET has been used to research neurobiological differences in substance abusers versus healthy controls and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of abused drugs. Over the past years, the research scope has shifted to investigating neurobiological effects of abstinence and treatment, and their predictive power for relapse and other clinical outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of PET methodology, recent human PET studies on drug addiction and their implications for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Cabrera
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Skarda
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Is immunotherapy an opportunity for effective treatment of drug addiction? Vaccine 2015; 33:6545-51. [PMID: 26432911 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has a great potential of becoming a new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of addiction to psychoactive drugs. It may be used to treat addiction but also to prevent neurotoxic complications of drug overdose. In preclinical studies two immunological methods have been tested; active immunization, which relies on the administration of vaccines and passive immunization, which relies on the administration of monoclonal antibodies. Until now researchers have succeeded in developing vaccines and/or antibodies against addiction to heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine and phencyclidine. Their effectiveness has been confirmed in preclinical studies. At present, clinical studies are being conducted for vaccines against nicotine and cocaine and also anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody. These preclinical and clinical studies suggest that immunotherapy may be useful in the treatment of addiction and drug overdose. However, there are a few problems to be solved. One of them is controlling the level of antibodies due to variability between subjects. But even obtaining a suitable antibody titer does not guarantee the effectiveness of the vaccine. Additionally, there is a risk of intentional or unintentional overdose. As vaccines prevent passing of drugs through the blood/brain barrier and thereby prevent their positive reinforcement, some addicted patients may erroneously seek higher doses of psychoactive substances to get "high". Consequently, vaccination should be targeted at persons who have a strong motivation to free themselves from drug dependency. It seems that immunotherapy may be an opportunity for effective treatment of drug addiction if directed to adequate candidates for treatment. For other addicts, immunotherapy may be a very important element supporting psycho- and pharmacotherapy.
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The Carbomer-Lecithin Adjuvant Adjuplex Has Potent Immunoactivating Properties and Elicits Protective Adaptive Immunity against Influenza Virus Challenge in Mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:1004-12. [PMID: 26135973 PMCID: PMC4550664 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00736-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The continued discovery and development of adjuvants for vaccine formulation are important to safely increase potency and/or reduce the antigen doses of existing vaccines and tailor the adaptive immune response to newly developed vaccines. Adjuplex is a novel adjuvant platform based on a purified lecithin and carbomer homopolymer. Here, we analyzed the adjuvant activity of Adjuplex in mice for the soluble hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of influenza A virus. The titration of Adjuplex revealed an optimal dose of 1% for immunogenicity, eliciting high titers of HA-specific IgG but inducing no significant weight loss. At this dose, Adjuplex completely protected mice from an otherwise lethal influenza virus challenge and was at least as effective as the adjuvants monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and alum in preventing disease. Adjuplex elicited balanced Th1-/Th2-type immune responses with accompanying cytokines and triggered antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation. The use of the peritoneal inflammation model revealed that Adjuplex recruited dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and neutrophils in the context of innate cytokine and chemokine secretion. Adjuplex neither triggered classical maturation of DCs nor activated a pathogen recognition receptor (PRR)-expressing NF-κB reporter cell line, suggesting a mechanism of action different from that reported for classical pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-activated innate immunity. Taken together, these data reveal Adjuplex to be a potent and well-tolerated adjuvant with application for subunit vaccines.
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Lockner JW, Eubanks LM, Choi JL, Lively JM, Schlosburg JE, Collins KC, Globisch D, Rosenfeld-Gunn RJ, Wilson IA, Janda KD. Flagellin as carrier and adjuvant in cocaine vaccine development. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:653-62. [PMID: 25531528 PMCID: PMC4319694 DOI: 10.1021/mp500520r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse is problematic, directly and indirectly impacting the lives of millions, and yet existing therapies are inadequate and usually ineffective. A cocaine vaccine would be a promising alternative therapeutic option, but efficacy is hampered by variable production of anticocaine antibodies. Thus, new tactics and strategies for boosting cocaine vaccine immunogenicity must be explored. Flagellin is a bacterial protein that stimulates the innate immune response via binding to extracellular Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and also via interaction with intracellular NOD-like receptor C4 (NLRC4), leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Reasoning that flagellin could serve as both carrier and adjuvant, we modified recombinant flagellin protein to display a cocaine hapten termed GNE. The resulting conjugates exhibited dose-dependent stimulation of anti-GNE antibody production. Moreover, when adjuvanted with alum, but not with liposomal MPLA, GNE-FliC was found to be better than our benchmark GNE-KLH. This work represents a new avenue for exploration in the use of hapten-flagellin conjugates to elicit antihapten immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lockner
- Departments of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Hicks MJ, Kaminsky SM, De BP, Rosenberg JB, Evans SM, Foltin RW, Andrenyak DM, Moody DE, Koob GF, Janda KD, Ricart Arbona RJ, Lepherd ML, Crystal RG. Fate of systemically administered cocaine in nonhuman primates treated with the dAd5GNE anticocaine vaccine. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014; 25:40-9. [PMID: 24649839 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2013.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use disorders are mediated by the cocaine blockade of the dopamine transporter in the central nervous system (CNS). On the basis of the concept that these effects could be obviated if cocaine were prevented from reaching its cognate receptors in the CNS, we have developed an anticocaine vaccine, dAd5GNE, based on a cocaine analog covalently linked to capsid proteins of an E1(-)E3(-) serotype 5 adenovirus. While the vaccine effectively blocks systemically administered cocaine from reaching the brain by mediating sequestration of the cocaine in the blood, the fact that cocaine also has significant peripheral effects raises concerns that vaccination-mediated redistribution could lead to adverse effects in the visceral organs. The distribution of systemically administered cocaine at a weight-adjusted typical human dose was evaluated along with cocaine metabolites in both dAd5GNE-vaccinated and control nonhuman primates. dAd5GNE sequestration of cocaine to the blood not only prevented cocaine access to the CNS, but also limited access of both the drug and its metabolites to other cocaine-sensitive organs. The levels of cocaine in the blood of vaccinated animals rapidly decreased, suggesting that while the antibody limits access of the drug and its active metabolites to the brain and sensitive organs of the periphery, it does not prolong drug levels in the blood compartment. Gross and histopathology of major organs found no vaccine-mediated untoward effects. These results build on our earlier measures of efficacy and demonstrate that the dAd5GNE vaccine-mediated redistribution of administered cocaine is not likely to impact the vaccine safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Hicks
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY 10065
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Abstract
Drug addiction is a serious problem worldwide. One therapy being investigated is vaccines against drugs of abuse. The antibodies elicited against the drug can take up the drug and prevent it from reaching the reward centers in the brain. Few such vaccines have entered clinical trials, but research is going on apace. Many studies are very promising and more clinical trials should be coming out in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berma Kinsey
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Hicks MJ, Kaminsky SM, De BP, Rosenberg JB, Evans SM, Foltin RW, Andrenyak DM, Moody DE, Koob GF, Janda KD, Ricart Arbona RJ, Lepherd M, Crystal RG. Fate of Systemically Administered Cocaine in Nonhuman Primates Treated with the dAd5GNE Anti-cocaine Vaccine. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Wiseman H. Moral enhancement--"hard" and "soft" forms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2014; 14:48-49. [PMID: 24730494 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2014.889247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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