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Ehlers CL, Wills D, Benedict J, Amodeo LR. Use of a Fitbit-like device in rats: Sex differences, relation to EEG sleep, and use to measure the long-term effects of adolescent ethanol exposure. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1055-1066. [PMID: 37335518 PMCID: PMC10330894 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep difficulties and rhythm disturbances are some of the problems associated with adolescent binge drinking. Recently, animal models of alcohol-induced insomnia have been developed. However, studies in human subjects have recently focused not only on nighttime EEG findings but also on daytime sleepiness and disrupted activity levels as typically measured by activity tracking devices such as the "Fitbit." We sought to develop and test a Fitbit-like device (the "FitBite") in rats and use it to track rest-activity cycles following adolescent alcohol exposure. METHODS The effects of 5 weeks of adolescent ethanol vapor or control conditions were evaluated in 48 male and female Wistar rats using FitBite activity while intoxicated, and during acute (24 h post-vapor exposure) and chronic withdrawal (4 weeks post-vapor exposure). Data were analyzed using activity count and cosinor analyses. Fourteen rats were subsequently implanted with cortical electrodes, and data from the FitBite were compared with EEG data to determine how well the FitBite could identify sleep and activity cycles. RESULTS Female rats were generally more active than males, with higher circadian rhythm amplitudes and mesors (rhythm-adjusted means) across a 24-h period. There were significant correlations between EEG-estimated sleep and activity counts using the FitBite. When the rats were tested during intoxication after 4 weeks of ethanol vapor exposure, they had significantly less overall activity. Disruptions in circadian rhythm were also found with significant decreases in the circadian amplitude, mesor, and a later shift in the acrophase. At 24 h of ethanol withdrawal, rats had more episodes of activity with shorter durations during the daytime, when rats are expected to spend more of their time sleeping. This effect remained at 4 weeks following withdrawal, but circadian rhythm disruptions were no longer present. CONCLUSIONS A Fitbit-like device can be successfully used in rats to assess rest-activity cycles. Adolescent alcohol exposure produced circadian rhythm disturbances that were not observed after withdrawal. Fragmentation of ultradian rest-activity cycles during the light period was found at 24 h and 4 weeks after withdrawal and support data demonstrating the presence of sleep disturbance long after alcohol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Derek Wills
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Jessica Benedict
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Leslie R. Amodeo
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino CA 92407
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Broadhead MJ, Miles GB. A common role for astrocytes in rhythmic behaviours? Prog Neurobiol 2021; 202:102052. [PMID: 33894330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a functionally diverse form of glial cell involved in various aspects of nervous system infrastructure, from the metabolic and structural support of neurons to direct neuromodulation of synaptic activity. Investigating how astrocytes behave in functionally related circuits may help us understand whether there is any conserved logic to the role of astrocytes within neuronal networks. Astrocytes are implicated as key neuromodulatory cells within neural circuits that control a number of rhythmic behaviours such as breathing, locomotion and circadian sleep-wake cycles. In this review, we examine the evidence that astrocytes are directly involved in the regulation of the neural circuits underlying six different rhythmic behaviours: locomotion, breathing, chewing, gastrointestinal motility, circadian sleep-wake cycles and oscillatory feeding behaviour. We discuss how astrocytes are integrated into the neuronal networks that regulate these behaviours, and identify the potential gliotransmission signalling mechanisms involved. From reviewing the evidence of astrocytic involvement in a range of rhythmic behaviours, we reveal a heterogenous array of gliotransmission mechanisms, which help to regulate neuronal networks. However, we also observe an intriguing thread of commonality, in the form of purinergic gliotransmission, which is frequently utilised to facilitate feedback inhibition within rhythmic networks to constrain a given behaviour within its operational range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Broadhead
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | - Gareth B Miles
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Sharma R, Puckett H, Kemerling M, Parikh M, Sahota P, Thakkar M. Antisense-Induced Downregulation of Clock Genes in the Shell Region of the Nucleus Accumbens Reduces Binge Drinking in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:530-542. [PMID: 33606281 PMCID: PMC8535763 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONS Binge drinking is a deadly pattern of alcohol consumption. Evidence suggests that genetic variation in clock genes is strongly associated with alcohol misuse; however, the neuroanatomical basis for such a relationship is unknown. The shell region of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh) is well known to play a role in binge drinking. Hence, we examined whether clock genes in the NAcSh regulate binge drinking. METHODS To address this question, 2 experiments were performed on male C57BL/6J mice. In the first experiment, mice exposed to alcohol or sucrose under the 4-day drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm were euthanized at 2 different time points on day 4 [7 hours after light (pre-binge drinking) or dark (post-binge drinking) onset]. The brains were processed for RT-PCR to examine the expression of circadian clock genes (Clock, Per1, and Per2) in the NAcSh and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In the second experiment, mice were exposed to alcohol, sucrose, or water as described above. On day 4, 1 hour prior to the onset of alcohol exposure, mice were bilaterally infused with either a mixture of circadian clock gene antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs; antisense group) or nonsense/random ODNs (R-ODNs; control group) through surgically implanted cannulas above the NAcSh. Alcohol/sucrose/water consumption was measured for 4 hours. Blood alcohol concentration was measured to confirm binge drinking. Microinfusion sites were histologically verified using cresyl violet staining. RESULTS As compared to sucrose, mice euthanized post-binge drinking (not pre-binge drinking) on day 4 displayed a greater expression of circadian genes in the NAcSh but not in the SCN. Knockdown of clock genes in the NAcSh caused a significantly lower volume of alcohol to be consumed on day 4 than in the control treatment. No differences were found in sucrose or water consumption. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that clock genes in the NAcSh play a crucial role in binge drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hunter Puckett
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Micaela Kemerling
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Meet Parikh
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mahesh Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Jia Y, Vadnie CA, Ho AM, Peyton L, Veldic M, Wininger K, Matveyenko A, Choi D. Type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) regulates sex-specific ethanol drinking during disruption of circadian rhythms. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12801. [PMID: 31267611 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disruptions in circadian rhythms are risk factors for excessive alcohol drinking. The ethanol-sensitive adenosine equilibrative nucleoside transporter type 1 (ENT1, slc29a1) regulates ethanol-related behaviors, sleep, and entrainment of circadian rhythms. However, the mechanism underlying the increased ethanol consumption in ENT1 knockout (KO) mice in constant light (LL) and whether there are sex differences in ethanol consumption in ENT1 mice are less studied. Here, we investigated the effects of loss of ENT1, LL, and sex on ethanol drinking using two-bottle choice. In addition, we monitored the locomotor activity rhythms. We found that LL increased ethanol drinking and reduced accumbal ENT1 expression and adenosine levels in male but not female mice, compared with control mice. Interestingly, only LL-exposed male, not female, ENT1 KO mice exhibited higher ethanol drinking and a longer circadian period with a higher amplitude compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, viral-mediated rescue of ENT1 expression in the NAc of ENT1 KO mice reduced ethanol drinking, demonstrating a possible causal link between ENT1 expression and ethanol drinking in males. Together, our findings indicate that deficiency of ENT1 expression contributes to excessive ethanol drinking in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Fang Jia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Ada Man‐Choi Ho
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
- Department of Psychiatry & PsychologyMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Lee Peyton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry & PsychologyMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo Graduate School Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Doo‐Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
- Department of Psychiatry & PsychologyMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
- Neuroscience ProgramMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
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Suppression of voluntary ethanol intake in mice under constant light and constant darkness. Alcohol 2020; 83:37-46. [PMID: 31175946 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in photoperiod are associated with alterations in human mood and behavior. Similarly, manipulation of the environmental lighting regimen can exert pronounced effects on affective behavior in experimental animals. These observations may be due, in part, to light-induced alterations in circadian rhythms, but it seems likely that other, non-circadian factors also contribute. Several studies have shown that voluntary alcohol (ethanol) consumption can be affected by lighting conditions in rodents, suggesting that photoperiodic variation may account for seasonal and geographic patterns of human alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, the existing animal data are somewhat inconsistent, and little work in this area has been performed in mice. In the present study, we monitored circadian activity rhythms and voluntary ethanol consumption under standard 12:12 light-dark (LD) cycles, and in constant light (LL) and constant darkness (DD). Experiment 1 employed male C3H/He inbred mice, while Experiment 2 employed males and females from a genetically heterogeneous line (WSC). Relative to LD conditions, ethanol intake and ethanol preference were reduced under both LL and DD in both experiments. Because similar effects were seen in both LL and DD, neither circadian disruption nor a classical photoperiodic mechanism are likely to account fully for these findings. Instead, we suggest that the absence of circadian entrainment may function as a mild stressor, resulting in reduced ethanol consumption.
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Calker D, Biber K, Domschke K, Serchov T. The role of adenosine receptors in mood and anxiety disorders. J Neurochem 2019; 151:11-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Calker
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Knut Biber
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Tsvetan Serchov
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center ‐ University Freiburg University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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Lindberg D, Andres-Beck L, Jia YF, Kang S, Choi DS. Purinergic Signaling in Neuron-Astrocyte Interactions, Circadian Rhythms, and Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Physiol 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29467662 PMCID: PMC5808134 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a debilitating condition marked by cyclic patterns of craving, use, and withdrawal. These pathological behaviors are mediated by multiple neurotransmitter systems utilizing glutamate, GABA, dopamine, ATP, and adenosine. In particular, purines such as ATP and adenosine have been demonstrated to alter the phase and function of the circadian clock and are reciprocally regulated by the clock itself. Importantly, chronic ethanol intake has been demonstrated to disrupt the molecular circadian clock and is associated with altered circadian patterns of activity and sleep. Moreover, ethanol has been demonstrated to disrupt purinergic signaling, while dysfunction of the purinergic system has been implicated in conditions of drug abuse such as AUD. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge regarding circadian disruption by ethanol, focusing on the reciprocal relationship that exists between oscillatory neurotransmission and the molecular circadian clock. In particular, we offer detailed explanations and hypotheses regarding the concerted regulation of purinergic signaling and circadian oscillations by neurons and astrocytes, and review the diverse mechanisms by which purinergic dysfuction may contribute to circadian disruption or alcohol abuse. Finally, we describe the mechanisms by which ethanol may disrupt or hijack endogenous circadian rhythms to induce the maladaptive behavioral patterns associated with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lindberg
- Neurobiology of Disease, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lindsey Andres-Beck
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yun-Fang Jia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Seungwoo Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Neurobiology of Disease, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
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Adenosine A 2A receptor mediates hypnotic effects of ethanol in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12678. [PMID: 28978989 PMCID: PMC5627250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol has extensive effects on sleep and daytime alertness, causing premature disability and death. Adenosine, as a potent sleep-promoting substance, is involved in many cellular and behavioral responses to ethanol. However, the mechanisms of hypnotic effects of ethanol remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of adenosine in ethanol-induced sleep using C57BL/6Slac mice, adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) knockout mice, and their wild-type littermates. The results showed that intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (3.0 g/kg) at 21:00 decreased the latency to non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and increased the duration of NREM sleep for 5 h. Ethanol dose-dependently increased NREM sleep, which was consistent with decreases in wakefulness in C57BL/6Slac mice compared with their own control. Caffeine (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg), a nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonist, dose-dependently and at high doses completely blocked ethanol-induced NREM sleep when administered 30 min prior to (but not after) ethanol injection. Moreover, ethanol-induced NREM sleep was completely abolished in A2AR knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. These findings strongly indicate that A2AR is a key receptor for the hypnotic effects of ethanol, and pretreatment of caffeine might be a strategy to counter the hypnotic effects of ethanol.
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Wang HB, Whittaker DS, Truong D, Mulji AK, Ghiani CA, Loh DH, Colwell CS. Blue light therapy improves circadian dysfunction as well as motor symptoms in two mouse models of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2017; 2:39-52. [PMID: 31236494 PMCID: PMC6575206 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Huntington's disease (HD) exhibit movement disorders, psychiatric disturbance and cognitive impairments as the disease progresses. Abnormal sleep/wake cycles are common among HD patients with reports of delayed sleep onset, fatigue during the day, and a delayed pattern of melatonin secretion all of which suggest circadian dysfunction. Mouse models of HD confirm disrupted circadian rhythms with pathophysiology found in the central circadian clock (suprachiasmatic nucleus). Importantly, circadian dysfunction manifests early in disease, even before the classic motor symptoms, in both patients and mouse models. Therefore, we hypothesize that the circadian dysfunction may interact with the disease pathology and exacerbate the HD symptoms. If correct, early intervention may benefit patients and delay disease progression. One test of this hypothesis is to determine whether light therapy designed to strengthen this intrinsic timing system can delay the disease progression in mouse models. Therefore, we determined the impact of blue wavelength-enriched light on two HD models: the BACHD and Q175 mice. Both models received 6 h of blue-light at the beginning of their daily light cycle for 3 months. After treatment, both genotypes showed improvements in their locomotor activity rhythm without significant change to their sleep behavior. Critically, treated mice of both lines exhibited improved motor performance compared to untreated controls. Focusing on the Q175 genotype, we sought to determine whether the treatment altered signaling pathways in brain regions known to be impacted by HD using NanoString gene expression assays. We found that the expression of several HD relevant markers was altered in the striatum and cortex of the treated mice. Our study demonstrates that strengthening the circadian system can delay the progression of HD in pre-clinical models. This work suggests that lighting conditions should be considered when managing treatment of HD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Key Words
- BACHD
- BACHD, bacterial artificial chromosome mouse model of HD
- Blue light therapy
- Circadian rhythms
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HTT, Huntingtin protein
- Htt, huntingtin gene
- Huntington's disease
- KI, knock in
- Photic therapy
- Q175
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus
- UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
- ZT, Zeitgeber time
- ipRGCs, intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Bin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Daniel S. Whittaker
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Danny Truong
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Aly K. Mulji
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Cristina A. Ghiani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Circadian and Sleep Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Dawn H. Loh
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Christopher S. Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
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Sleep-Wake Regulation and Its Impact on Working Memory Performance: The Role of Adenosine. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5010011. [PMID: 26861410 PMCID: PMC4810168 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle is regulated by a fine-tuned interplay between sleep-homeostatic and circadian mechanisms. Compelling evidence suggests that adenosine plays an important role in mediating the increase of homeostatic sleep pressure during time spent awake and its decrease during sleep. Here, we summarize evidence that adenosinergic mechanisms regulate not only the dynamic of sleep pressure, but are also implicated in the interaction of homeostatic and circadian processes. We review how this interaction becomes evident at several levels, including electrophysiological data, neuroimaging studies and behavioral observations. Regarding complex human behavior, we particularly focus on sleep-wake regulatory influences on working memory performance and underlying brain activity, with a specific emphasis on the role of adenosine in this interplay. We conclude that a change in adenosinergic mechanisms, whether exogenous or endogenous, does not only impact on sleep-homeostatic processes, but also interferes with the circadian timing system.
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Mayfield J, Arends MA, Harris RA, Blednov YA. Genes and Alcohol Consumption: Studies with Mutant Mice. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:293-355. [PMID: 27055617 PMCID: PMC5302130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the effects of global null mutant and overexpressing transgenic mouse lines on voluntary self-administration of alcohol. We examine approximately 200 publications pertaining to the effects of 155 mouse genes on alcohol consumption in different drinking models. The targeted genes vary in function and include neurotransmitter, ion channel, neuroimmune, and neuropeptide signaling systems. The alcohol self-administration models include operant conditioning, two- and four-bottle choice continuous and intermittent access, drinking in the dark limited access, chronic intermittent ethanol, and scheduled high alcohol consumption tests. Comparisons of different drinking models using the same mutant mice are potentially the most informative, and we will highlight those examples. More mutants have been tested for continuous two-bottle choice consumption than any other test; of the 137 mouse genes examined using this model, 97 (72%) altered drinking in at least one sex. Overall, the effects of genetic manipulations on alcohol drinking often depend on the sex of the mice, alcohol concentration and time of access, genetic background, as well as the drinking test.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - M A Arends
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R A Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Y A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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12
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Chronobiology of ethanol: animal models. Alcohol 2015; 49:311-9. [PMID: 25971539 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological observations have revealed that alcohol abuse and alcoholism are associated with widespread disruptions in sleep and other circadian biological rhythms. As with other psychiatric disorders, animal models have been very useful in efforts to better understand the cause and effect relationships underlying the largely correlative human data. This review summarizes the experimental findings indicating bidirectional interactions between alcohol (ethanol) consumption and the circadian timing system, emphasizing behavioral studies conducted in the author's laboratory. Together with convergent evidence from multiple laboratories, the work summarized here establishes that ethanol intake (or administration) alters fundamental properties of the underlying circadian pacemaker. In turn, circadian disruption induced by either environmental or genetic manipulations can alter voluntary ethanol intake. These reciprocal interactions may create a vicious cycle that contributes to the downward spiral of alcohol and drug addiction. In the future, such studies may lead to the development of chronobiologically based interventions to prevent relapse and effectively mitigate some of the societal burden associated with such disorders.
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