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Ehlers CL, Wills D, Benedict J, Amodeo LR. Use of a Fitbit-like device in rats: Sex differences, relation to EEG sleep, and use to measure the long-term effects of adolescent ethanol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2023. [PMID: 37335518 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep difficulties and rhythm disturbances are some of the problems associated with adolescent binge drinking. Recently, animal models of alcohol-induced insomnia have been developed. However, studies in human subjects have recently focused not only on nighttime EEG findings but also on daytime sleepiness and disrupted activity levels as typically measured by activity tracking devices such as the "Fitbit." We sought to develop and test a Fitbit-like device (the "FitBite") in rats and use it to track rest-activity cycles following adolescent alcohol exposure. METHODS The effects of 5 weeks of adolescent ethanol vapor or control conditions were evaluated in 48 male and female Wistar rats using FitBite activity while intoxicated, and during acute (24 h post-vapor exposure) and chronic withdrawal (4 weeks post-vapor exposure). Data were analyzed using activity count and cosinor analyses. Fourteen rats were subsequently implanted with cortical electrodes, and data from the FitBite were compared with EEG data to determine how well the FitBite could identify sleep and activity cycles. RESULTS Female rats were generally more active than males, with higher circadian rhythm amplitudes and mesors (rhythm-adjusted means) across a 24-h period. There were significant correlations between EEG-estimated sleep and activity counts using the FitBite. When the rats were tested during intoxication after 4 weeks of ethanol vapor exposure, they had significantly less overall activity. Disruptions in circadian rhythm were also found with significant decreases in the circadian amplitude, mesor, and a later shift in the acrophase. At 24 h of ethanol withdrawal, rats had more episodes of activity with shorter durations during the daytime, when rats are expected to spend more of their time sleeping. This effect remained at 4 weeks following withdrawal, but circadian rhythm disruptions were no longer present. CONCLUSIONS A Fitbit-like device can be successfully used in rats to assess rest-activity cycles. Adolescent alcohol exposure produced circadian rhythm disturbances that were not observed after withdrawal. Fragmentation of ultradian rest-activity cycles during the light period was found at 24 h and 4 weeks after withdrawal and support data demonstrating the presence of sleep disturbance long after alcohol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Derek Wills
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jessica Benedict
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Leslie R Amodeo
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
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Ehlers CL, Schuckit MA, Hesselbrock V, Gilder DA, Wills D, Bucholz K. The clinical course of antisocial behaviors in men and women of three racial groups. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 151:319-327. [PMID: 35533515 PMCID: PMC9744109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the clinical course and symptom profile of DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) and the syndrome of Adult Antisocial Behavior Syndrome (AABS) and determine if they differ based on sex and race. METHODS Using questions from a validated semi-structured interview, data were gathered from 2 independent family studies in: 1) American Indians (AI), and 2) European Americans (EA), African Americans (AA) (total n = 7171) who reported antisocial symptoms. RESULTS Within these two samples 1148 (16%) individuals met ASPD criteria, 1932 (27%) met adult ASPD but not childhood conduct disorder (CD) (i.e., AABS). The clinical course of the antisocial behaviors studied did not differ based on race or sex; however, individual symptom counts, and age of onsets of those symptoms, were significantly different across the groups. Women reported fewer symptoms and at an older age (less fights, school suspensions/expulsions, arrests or jail time), than men but were more likely to run away from home. Those with ASPD vs. AABS had more symptoms overall including not experiencing remorse. AA and AI participants and those with ASPD, had more symptoms, and were more likely to be suspended/expelled from school and arrested at a younger age than EA. CONCLUSION In these select samples, the order and sequence of antisocial behaviors did not differ by race, AASB vs. ASPD, or sex; however individual symptom endorsement did, with men (vs. women), those with ASPD (vs. AABS), AI and AA (vs. EA) reporting more suspensions/expulsions from school and arrests. This suggests further study of the possible role of race and sex in the consequences associated with antisocial syndromes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Victor Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Farmington, CT
| | - David A. Gilder
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Derek Wills
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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Ehlers CL, Wills D, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Phillips E, Kim C, Gilder DA. Event-related Oscillations to Emotional Faces are Related to a History of Internalizing Disorders. Clin EEG Neurosci 2022:15500594221088258. [PMID: 35379012 PMCID: PMC9681067 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221088258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Event-related oscillations (EROs) may represent sensitive biomarkers or endophenotypes for disorders that underlie risk behaviors such as suicidal thoughts and actions. In this study, young adults of American Indian (AI) (n = 821) and Mexican American (MA) (n = 721) ancestry (age 18-30 yrs) were clinically assessed for internalizing and externalizing disorders, and an internalizing scale was generated by extracting core diagnostic items from 6 lifetime DSM5-compatible diagnoses (social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive episode) and symptoms of suicidality. EROs were generated to sad, happy and neutral faces, and energy and phase locking of delta ERO oscillations were assessed in frontal areas. An increase in delta ERO energy was found in the frontal lead (FZ) following presentation of the sad facial expressions in those with a history of 10 or more internalizing symptoms compared to those with no symptoms. Increases in delta ERO energy in FZ were also associated with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD), but not with anxiety disorders or antisocial personality disorder/conduct disorders (ASP). Major depression was also associated with increases in cross-cortical phase-locking (FZ-PZ). A decrease in the percentage of correctly identified neutral faces also was seen among those with 10 or more internalizing symptoms compared to those without internalizing symptoms, and in those with anxiety disorders, but not in those with ASP or MDD as compared to their controls. These findings suggest ERO measures may represent important potential biomarkers of depressive disorders as well as risk indicators for suicidal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Derek Wills
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Evelyn Phillips
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corrine Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David A Gilder
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Ehlers CL, Benedict J, Wills D, Sanchez-Alavez M. Correction to: Effect of a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA-12) on sleep and event-related oscillations in rats exposed to ethanol vapor during adolescence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3507. [PMID: 33009630 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The title of this article is "Effect of a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA-12) on sleep and event-related oscillations in rats exposed to ethanol vapor during adolescence".
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR307C, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jessica Benedict
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR307C, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Derek Wills
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR307C, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR307C, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Ehlers CL, Phillips E, Wills D, Benedict J, Sanchez-Alavez M. Phase locking of event-related oscillations is decreased in both young adult humans and rats with a history of adolescent alcohol exposure. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12732. [PMID: 30884076 PMCID: PMC6751029 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure typically begins in adolescence, and frequent binge drinking has been associated with health risk behaviors including alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Few studies have documented the effects of a history of adolescent binge drinking on neurophysiological consequences in young adulthood. Synchrony of phase (phase locking (PL)) of event-related oscillations (EROs) within and between different brain areas reflects communication exchange between neural networks and is a sensitive measure of adolescent development in both rats and humans, and thus may be a good translational measure of the potential harmful effects of alcohol exposure during adolescence. In this study, EROs were collected from 1041 young adults of Mexican American and American Indian ancestry (age 18-30 years) with and without a history of adolescent binge drinking (five drinks for boys and four for girls per occasion at least once per month) and in 74 young adult rats with and without a history of 5 weeks of adolescent alcohol vapor exposure. PL of theta and beta frequencies between frontal and parietal cortex were estimated using an auditory-oddball paradigm in the rats and a visual facial expression paradigm in the humans. Significantly lower PL between frontal and parietal cortices in the theta frequencies was seen in both the humans and the rats with a history of adolescent alcohol exposure as compared with their controls. These findings suggest that alcohol exposure during adolescence may result in decreases in synchrony between cortical neuronal networks, suggesting a developmental delay, in young adult humans and in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evie Phillips
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek Wills
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Benedict
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Ehlers CL, Wills D, Gilder DA. A history of binge drinking during adolescence is associated with poorer sleep quality in young adult Mexican Americans and American Indians. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1775-1782. [PMID: 29589068 PMCID: PMC6013062 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Binge drinking during adolescence is common, and adolescents and young adults with alcohol problems may also have sleep difficulties. However, few studies have documented the effects of a history of adolescent binge drinking on sleep in young adulthood in high-risk minority populations. OBJECTIVES To quantify sleep disturbance, as indexed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), in a sample of young adult Mexican American and American Indian men and women (18-30 years, n = 800) with and without a history of alcohol binge drinking during adolescence, controlling for age, gender, and race. RESULTS Gender was found to affect PSQI responses with females reporting waking up at night, having more bad dreams, and later habitual bedtimes than males, and males reporting more problems with breathing and snoring. Increasing age was associated with snoring or coughing, less hours spent in bed, and later evening bedtimes. Race also influenced the PSQI with American Indians reporting longer sleep latencies and sleep durations, more hours spent in bed, and more trouble with coughing and snoring than Mexican Americans, and Mexican Americans reporting later bedtimes. A history of adolescent regular binge drinking was associated with longer sleep latencies, more problems with breathing, bad dreams, and an overall higher PSQI total score, when controlling for age, race, and gender. CONCLUSIONS This report suggests, like what has been found in young adults in general population samples, that binge drinking during adolescence is associated with deleterious consequences on sleep quality in young adulthood in these high-risk and understudied ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-1501, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Derek Wills
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-1501, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David A Gilder
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-1501, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Ehlers CL, Sanchez-Alavez M, Wills D. Effect of gabapentin on sleep and delta and theta EEG power in adult rats exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol vapor and protracted withdrawal during adolescence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1783-1791. [PMID: 29589069 PMCID: PMC5949268 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adolescents and young adults with alcohol problems may also have sleep difficulties. However, whether these sleep problems are a result of a history of drinking or arise due to other comorbid disorders is difficult to disentangle in human studies. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying adolescent alcohol-induced sleep disturbances and potential targets for therapy also remain under-investigated. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that the anticonvulsant and analgesic drug gabapentin may have therapeutic value in normalizing sleep quality in adult recovering alcoholics, yet its potential for the treatment of adolescent sleep disturbances has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES This study sought to evaluate the effects of a history of 5 weeks of chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure, administered during adolescence (AIE), on EEG sleep, in young adult rats (n = 29). The ability of two doses of gabapentin (30, 120 mg/kg) to modify sleep and slow wave activity were also investigated in these young adult rats exposed to alcohol vapor during adolescence. RESULTS Adolescent vapor exposure in the rat was found to result in deficits in delta (1-4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) power during slow wave sleep. Administration of gabapentin caused a "normalization" of the delta power deficits but did not affect theta power. CONCLUSIONS This report suggests that the potential mechanisms and therapeutic targets for sleep disturbance associated with adolescent alcohol exposure can be studied in preclinical models and that gabapentin may show partial efficacy in ameliorating these sleep deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-1501, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-1501, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Derek Wills
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-1501, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Stergiadis S, Allen M, Chen XJ, Wills D, Yan T. Prediction of nutrient digestibility and energy concentrations in fresh grass using nutrient composition. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3257-73. [PMID: 25747838 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Improved nutrient utilization efficiency is strongly related to enhanced economic performance and reduced environmental footprint of dairy farms. Pasture-based systems are widely used for dairy production in certain areas of the world, but prediction equations of fresh grass nutritive value (nutrient digestibility and energy concentrations) are limited. Equations to predict digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) used for grazing cattle have been either developed with cattle fed conserved forage and concentrate diets or sheep fed previously frozen grass, and the majority of them require measurements less commonly available to producers, such as nutrient digestibility. The aim of the present study was therefore to develop prediction equations more suitable to grazing cattle for nutrient digestibility and energy concentrations, which are routinely available at farm level by using grass nutrient contents as predictors. A study with 33 nonpregnant, nonlactating cows fed solely fresh-cut grass at maintenance energy level for 50 wk was carried out over 3 consecutive grazing seasons. Freshly harvested grass of 3 cuts (primary growth and first and second regrowth), 9 fertilizer input levels, and contrasting stage of maturity (3 to 9 wk after harvest) was used, thus ensuring a wide representation of nutritional quality. As a result, a large variation existed in digestibility of dry matter (0.642-0.900) and digestible organic matter in dry matter (0.636-0.851) and in concentrations of DE (11.8-16.7 MJ/kg of dry matter) and ME (9.0-14.1 MJ/kg of dry matter). Nutrient digestibilities and DE and ME concentrations were negatively related to grass neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents but positively related to nitrogen (N), gross energy, and ether extract (EE) contents. For each predicted variable (nutrient digestibilities or energy concentrations), different combinations of predictors (grass chemical composition) were found to be significant and increase the explained variation. For example, relatively higher R(2) values were found for prediction of N digestibility using N and EE as predictors; gross-energy digestibility using EE, NDF, ADF, and ash; NDF, ADF, and organic matter digestibilities using N, water-soluble carbohydrates, EE, and NDF; digestible organic matter in dry matter using water-soluble carbohydrates, EE, NDF, and ADF; DE concentration using gross energy, EE, NDF, ADF, and ash; and ME concentration using N, EE, ADF, and ash. Equations presented may allow a relatively quick and easy prediction of grass quality and, hence, better grazing utilization on commercial and research farms, where nutrient composition falls within the range assessed in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stergiadis
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agriculture Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, County Down, BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - M Allen
- Finance and Corporate Affairs Division, Biometrics and Information Systems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, County Antrim, BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
| | - X J Chen
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agriculture Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, County Down, BT26 6DR, United Kingdom; State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - D Wills
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agriculture Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, County Down, BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - T Yan
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agriculture Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, County Down, BT26 6DR, United Kingdom.
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Stergiadis S, Chen XJ, Allen M, Wills D, Yan T. Evaluating nitrogen utilization efficiency of nonpregnant dry cows offered solely fresh cut grass at maintenance levels1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:709-20. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Jiao HP, Yan T, Mcdowell DA, Carson AF, Ferris CP, Easson DL, Wills D. Enteric methane emissions and efficiency of use of energy in Holstein heifers and steers at age of six months1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:356-62. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. P. Jiao
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - T. Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - D. A. Mcdowell
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - A. F. Carson
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - C. P. Ferris
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - D. L. Easson
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - D Wills
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
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Chami G, Ward J, Wills D, Phillips R, Sherman K. Smart tool for force measurements during knee arthroscopy: in vivo human study. Stud Health Technol Inform 2006; 119:85-9. [PMID: 16404020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the magnitude and patterns of forces obtained by using a probe, equipped with a six-axis force torque sensor, in knee arthroscopy. The probe was used by orthopaedic surgeons and trainees, who performed 11 different tasks in 10 standard knee arthroscopies. The force magnitude and patterns generated are presented; which can support the development of virtual arthroscopy systems with realistic haptic feedback. The results were compared across both groups of surgeons. A difference in the force patterns generated by senior versus junior surgeons was noted which can aid in the development of an objective assessment system for arthroscopy skills. The results could potentially be useful to assess future performance in real arthroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chami
- Department of Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
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Abstract
AIM To develop computer simulation of steps in vitreoretinal surgery using virtual reality technology. MATERIAL AND METHODS A workstation with three-dimensional position tracking stylus was attached to a Pentium II desktop PC with a graphic accelerator. Computer algorithms were developed using Open GL and Microsoft Visual C++ languages to control the interaction and update the visual feedback tracking the instruments. Soft tissue computer modelling was carried out to mimic the removal of a vitreous opacity. Lens touch with the instruments was also detected. Mathematical modelling to allow for lens distortion was taken into account. RESULTS A virtual reality computer model has been developed that can simulate initial steps of vitreoretinal surgery. Soft tissue modelling of the vitreous opacity and its removal by the vitrector was successfully simulated. The movements of the active and passive instruments in the dummy eye corresponded to the movements on the computer screen. On evaluation of the system, there was a minimal but discernable time lag between the stylus movement and the visual feedback. There was no tactile feedback when the lens touch was simulated. No further complex vitreoretinal surgery simulation was possible at this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Verma
- Department of Ophthamology, Hull Royal Infirmary, UK.
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Abstract
The human gene for asparagine synthetase has been isolated and the molecular organization has been determined by mapping and DNA sequencing of intron-exon boundaries. The gene spans 35 kb and contains 13 exons. The structure of the human gene has a high degree of similarity to that of the hamster asparagine synthetase gene, with identical positions for all but one of the intron regions. The 5' upstream region of this gene, like other housekeeping genes, lacks conventional TATA and CAAT boxes. Comparisons of the 5' upstream sequences of the human and hamster genes show limited similarity; however, both have a very high G + C content which may play a role in expression through DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Zhang
- Mount Sinai Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wills D. The Radio Universe:
Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy
. G. L. Verschuur and K. I. Kellermann, Eds. Second edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. xxii, 694 pp., illus. $79.95. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Science 1988. [DOI: 10.1126/science.242.4881.1065-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Wills
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1083
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Wills D. The Radio Universe:
Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy
. G. L. Verschuur and K. I. Kellermann, Eds. Second edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. xxii, 694 pp., illus. $79.95. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Science 1988. [DOI: 10.1126/science.242.4881.1065.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Wills
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1083
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Wills D. Rapid Radio Emissions:
Superluminal Radio Sources
. J. Anton Zensus and Timothy J. Pearson, Eds. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1987. xvi, 361 pp., illus. $49.50. From a workshop, Big Bear, CA, Oct. 1986. Science 1987; 238:1740-1. [PMID: 17737678 DOI: 10.1126/science.238.4834.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Wills D. A comprehensive study of job satisfaction and other factors relating to nursing and the health services. N Z Nurs Forum 1978; 6:4-8. [PMID: 285341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wills D. A study of smoking habits and attitudes in relation to the nursing profession. N Z Nurs Forum 1978; 6:8. [PMID: 285342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wills D. New abortion legislation: a comparison with professional policy. N Z Nurs Forum 1978; 6:12-3. [PMID: 274613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wills D. A review of public hospital nursing staff levels. N Z Nurs Forum 1978; 6:16. [PMID: 274615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Wills D, Newland S. Study of nurses' attitudes to different clinical areas. Nurs Forum 1977; 4:6-7. [PMID: 583974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Wills D. The report of the Royal Commission on Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion: a comparison with health professional policies. Nurs Forum 1977; 5:4-6. [PMID: 586674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Wills D. A survey of men practising as nurses and male students in schools of nursing. N Z Nurs Forum 1977; 5:7-8. [PMID: 274611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wills D. The report of the Royal Commission on Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion: a comparison with health professional policies. N Z Nurs Forum 1977; 5:4-6. [PMID: 274610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Wills D. A survey of men practising as nurses and male students in schools of nursing. Nurs Forum 1977; 5:7-8. [PMID: 586675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wills D. Contraception, sterilisation & abortion in NZ. A review of medical, nursing and related professional policy. Nurs Forum 1976; 4:6-9. [PMID: 1050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wills D, Newland S. Survey of nursing shortages. Nurs Forum 1976; 4:4-5. [PMID: 1050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wills D. Family planning practice in New Zealand. Nurs Forum 1976; 4:6-8. [PMID: 1047429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wills D, Grant A. Admissions to schools of nursing. Nurs Forum 1976; 4:4-6. [PMID: 1047428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Beck IP, Sassman M, Wills D. Family study of hereditary angio-oedema. Q J Med 1971; 40:563-4. [PMID: 5157408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sussman M, Beck P, Wills D. Laboratory observations of hereditary angio-oedema and its treatment. J Pathol 1971; 104:xi. [PMID: 5125002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lynds
- Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Wills D. Remarks on Sibbens. LONDON AND EDINBURGH MONTHLY JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 1844. [PMCID: PMC5847715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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