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Lin Y, Lee C, Sung J, Chen C. Genetic exploration of roles of acid-sensing ion channel subtypes in neurosensory mechanotransduction including proprioception. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:66-80. [PMID: 37489658 PMCID: PMC10988671 DOI: 10.1113/ep090762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Although acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated ion channels responsible for sensing tissue acidosis, accumulating evidence has shown that ASICs are also involved in neurosensory mechanotransduction. However, in contrast to Piezo ion channels, evidence of ASICs as mechanically gated ion channels has not been found using conventional mechanoclamp approaches. Instead, ASICs are involved in the tether model of mechanotransduction, with the channels gated via tethering elements of extracellular matrix and intracellular cytoskeletons. Methods using substrate deformation-driven neurite stretch and micropipette-guided ultrasound were developed to reveal the roles of ASIC3 and ASIC1a, respectively. Here we summarize the evidence supporting the roles of ASICs in neurosensory mechanotransduction in knockout mouse models of ASIC subtypes and provide insight to further probe their roles in proprioception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Chen Lin
- Department of Neurology, Wan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational MedicineTaipei Medical University and Academia SinicaNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience InstituteTaipei Medical UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Cheng‐Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience Program of Academia SinicaAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Jia‐Ying Sung
- Department of Neurology, Wan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience InstituteTaipei Medical UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Cheng Chen
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational MedicineTaipei Medical University and Academia SinicaNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience Program of Academia SinicaAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Taiwan Mouse Clinic – National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- TMU Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
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2
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Joy MSH, Nall DL, Emon B, Lee KY, Barishman A, Ahmed M, Rahman S, Selvin PR, Saif MTA. Synapses without tension fail to fire in an in vitro network of hippocampal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2311995120. [PMID: 38113266 PMCID: PMC10756289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311995120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the brain communicate with each other at their synapses. It has long been understood that this communication occurs through biochemical processes. Here, we reveal that mechanical tension in neurons is essential for communication. Using in vitro rat hippocampal neurons, we find that 1) neurons become tout/tensed after forming synapses resulting in a contractile neural network, and 2) without this contractility, neurons fail to fire. To measure time evolution of network contractility in 3D (not 2D) extracellular matrix, we developed an ultrasensitive force sensor with 1 nN resolution. We employed Multi-Electrode Array and iGluSnFR, a glutamate sensor, to quantify neuronal firing at the network and at the single synapse scale, respectively. When neuron contractility is relaxed, both techniques show significantly reduced firing. Firing resumes when contractility is restored. This finding highlights the essential contribution of neural contractility in fundamental brain functions and has implications for our understanding of neural physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saddam Hossain Joy
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Duncan L. Nall
- Department of Physics and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Bashar Emon
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Ki Yun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Alexandra Barishman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Movviz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Saeedur Rahman
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Paul R. Selvin
- Department of Physics and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - M. Taher A. Saif
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
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Cheng YR, Chi CH, Lee CH, Lin SH, Min MY, Chen CC. Probing the Effect of Acidosis on Tether-Mode Mechanotransduction of Proprioceptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12783. [PMID: 37628964 PMCID: PMC10454156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprioceptors are low-threshold mechanoreceptors involved in perceiving body position and strain bearing. However, the physiological response of proprioceptors to fatigue- and muscle-acidosis-related disturbances remains unknown. Here, we employed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to probe the effect of mild acidosis on the mechanosensitivity of the proprioceptive neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in mice. We cultured neurite-bearing parvalbumin-positive (Pv+) DRG neurons on a laminin-coated elastic substrate and examined mechanically activated currents induced through substrate deformation-driven neurite stretch (SDNS). The SDNS-induced inward currents (ISDNS) were indentation depth-dependent and significantly inhibited by mild acidification (pH 7.2~6.8). The acid-inhibiting effect occurred in neurons with an ISDNS sensitive to APETx2 (an ASIC3-selective antagonist) inhibition, but not in those with an ISNDS resistant to APETx2. Detailed subgroup analyses revealed ISDNS was expressed in 59% (25/42) of Parvalbumin-positive (Pv+) DRG neurons, 90% of which were inhibited by APETx2. In contrast, an acid (pH 6.8)-induced current (IAcid) was expressed in 76% (32/42) of Pv+ DRG neurons, 59% (21/32) of which were inhibited by APETx2. Together, ASIC3-containing channels are highly heterogenous and differentially contribute to the ISNDS and IAcid among Pv+ proprioceptors. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of ASIC3-containing ion channels in the physiological response of proprioceptors to acidic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ren Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10090, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Min
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10090, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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4
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Kaulich E, Grundy LJ, Schafer WR, Walker DS. The diverse functions of the DEG/ENaC family: linking genetic and physiological insights. J Physiol 2022; 601:1521-1542. [PMID: 36314992 PMCID: PMC10148893 DOI: 10.1113/jp283335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The DEG/ENaC family of ion channels was defined based on the sequence similarity between degenerins (DEG) from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and subunits of the mammalian epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), and also includes a diverse array of non-voltage-gated cation channels from across animal phyla, including the mammalian acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and Drosophila pickpockets. ENaCs and ASICs have wide ranging medical importance; for example, ENaCs play an important role in respiratory and renal function, and ASICs in ischaemia and inflammatory pain, as well as being implicated in memory and learning. Electrophysiological approaches, both in vitro and in vivo, have played an essential role in establishing the physiological properties of this diverse family, identifying an array of modulators and implicating them in an extensive range of cellular functions, including mechanosensation, acid sensation and synaptic modulation. Likewise, genetic studies in both invertebrates and vertebrates have played an important role in linking our understanding of channel properties to function at the cellular and whole animal/behavioural level. Drawing together genetic and physiological evidence is essential to furthering our understanding of the precise cellular roles of DEG/ENaC channels, with the diversity among family members allowing comparative physiological studies to dissect the molecular basis of these diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kaulich
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura J Grundy
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - William R Schafer
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denise S Walker
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Perez-Flores MC, Verschooten E, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Joris PX, Yamoah EN. Intrinsic mechanical sensitivity of mammalian auditory neurons as a contributor to sound-driven neural activity. eLife 2022; 11:74948. [PMID: 35266451 PMCID: PMC8942473 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensation – by which mechanical stimuli are converted into a neuronal signal – is the basis for the sensory systems of hearing, balance, and touch. Mechanosensation is unmatched in speed and its diverse range of sensitivities, reaching its highest temporal limits with the sense of hearing; however, hair cells (HCs) and the auditory nerve (AN) serve as obligatory bottlenecks for sounds to engage the brain. Like other sensory neurons, auditory neurons use the canonical pathway for neurotransmission and millisecond-duration action potentials (APs). How the auditory system utilizes the relatively slow transmission mechanisms to achieve ultrafast speed, and high audio-frequency hearing remains an enigma. Here, we address this paradox and report that the mouse, and chinchilla, AN are mechanically sensitive, and minute mechanical displacement profoundly affects its response properties. Sound-mimicking sinusoidal mechanical and electrical current stimuli affect phase-locked responses. In a phase-dependent manner, the two stimuli can also evoke suppressive responses. We propose that mechanical sensitivity interacts with synaptic responses to shape responses in the AN, including frequency tuning and temporal phase locking. Combining neurotransmission and mechanical sensation to control spike patterns gives the mammalian AN a secondary receptor role, an emerging theme in primary neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Verschooten
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Philip X Joris
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Cheng KI, Yang KT, Kung CL, Cheng YC, Yeh JL, Dai ZK, Wu BN. BK Ca Channel Inhibition by Peripheral Nerve Injury Is Restored by the Xanthine Derivative KMUP-1 in Dorsal Root Ganglia. Cells 2021; 10:949. [PMID: 33923953 PMCID: PMC8073306 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored whether KMUP-1 improved chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced BKCa current inhibition in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham, sham + KMUP-1, CCI, and CCI + KMUP-1 (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.). DRG neuronal cells (L4-L6) were isolated on day 7 after CCI surgery. Perforated patch-clamp and inside-out recordings were used to monitor BKCa currents and channel activities, respectively, in the DRG neurons. Additionally, DRG neurons were immunostained with anti-NeuN, anti-NF200 and anti-BKCa. Real-time PCR was used to measure BKCa mRNA levels. In perforated patch-clamp recordings, CCI-mediated nerve injury inhibited BKCa currents in DRG neurons compared with the sham group, whereas KMUP-1 prevented this effect. CCI also decreased BKCa channel activity, which was recovered by KMUP-1 administration. Immunofluorescent staining further demonstrated that CCI reduced BKCa-channel proteins, and KMUP-1 reversed this. KMUP-1 also changed CCI-reduced BKCa mRNA levels. KMUP-1 prevented CCI-induced neuropathic pain and BKCa current inhibition in a peripheral nerve injury model, suggesting that KMUP-1 could be a potential agent for controlling neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-I Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kan-Ting Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-L.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Chien-Lun Kung
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-L.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Yu-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-L.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Jwu-Lai Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-L.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (J.-L.Y.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Zen-Kong Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Pulmonology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-L.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (J.-L.Y.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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7
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Roles of ASICs in Nociception and Proprioception. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1099:37-47. [PMID: 30306513 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1756-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are a group of proton-gated ion channels belonging to the degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DED/ENaC) family. There are at least six ASIC subtypes - ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, ASIC2b, ASIC3, and ASIC4 - all expressed in somatosensory neurons. ASIC3 is the most abundant in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the most sensitive to extracellular acidification. ASICs were found as the major player involved in acid-induced pain in humans. Accumulating evidence has further shown ASIC3 as the molecular determinant involved in pain-associated tissue acidosis in rodent models. Besides having a role in nociception, members of the DEG/ENaC family have been demonstrated as essential mechanotransducers in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and fly Drosophila melanogaster. ASICs are mammalian homologues of DEG/ENaC and therefore may play a role in mechanotransduction. However, the role of ASICs in neurosensory mechanotransduction is disputed. Here we review recent studies to probe the roles of ASICs in acid nociception and neurosensory mechanotransduction. In reviewing genetic models and delicate electrophysiology approaches, we show ASIC3 as a dual-function protein for both acid-sensing and mechano-sensing in somatosensory nerves and therefore involved in regulating both nociception and proprioception.
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8
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Yu Y, Liu S, Wu X, Yu Z, Xu Y, Zhao W, Zavodnik I, Zheng J, Li C, Zhao H. Mechanism of Stiff Substrates up-Regulate Cultured Neuronal Network Activity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3475-3482. [PMID: 33405731 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work provided compelling evidence showing that substrate stiffness is crucial for regulating synaptic connectivity and excitatory synaptic transmission among neurons in the neuronal network. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In our study, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates with different stiffness have been fabricated to investigate the mechanisms by which the substrate stiffness upregulates the formation and activity of the cultured neuronal network. Here we report that stiff substrate increased both the number of synapses and the efficacy of excitatory synaptic transmission. More colocalization of synaptotagmin and PSD-95 was observed in the neuronal network on stiff substrate, which indicated the synapse number has increased. We also found that the increased synapse number was mediated by Hevin and SPARC that are secreted from astrocyte. The increased efficacy of excitatory synaptic transmission induced by stiff substrate was explored in three aspects. First, stiff substrate enhanced the presynaptic activity through increasing the vesicular release probability (Pr) of neurotransmitters as well as the calcium influx. Second, stiff substrate reduced voltage-dependent Mg2+ blockade to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) channels, which led to higher postsynaptic activity. Third, our work suggested that the increased excitatory synaptic transmission in the neural network on stiff substrate involved the upregulated synaptic glutamate concentration. Taken together, these findings may provide a molecular mechanism underlying substrate stiffness regulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the cultured neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Zhang Yu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishi Xu
- Beijing No. 4 High School, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ilya Zavodnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Yanka Kupala State University Grodno, Blvd Len Kom 50, Grodno 230030, Belarus
| | - Jinping Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Physiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Wen YQ, Gao X, Wang A, Yang Y, Liu S, Yu Z, Song GB, Zhao HC. Substrate stiffness affects neural network activity in an extracellular matrix proteins dependent manner. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 170:729-735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Involvement of advillin in somatosensory neuron subtype-specific axon regeneration and neuropathic pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8557-E8566. [PMID: 30126982 PMCID: PMC6130359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716470115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 20 million people in the United States have chronic neuropathic pain, but current analgesics are nonspecific or insufficiently effective. Here we show that advillin, a sensory neuron-specific protein, modulates axonal regeneration of a specific subset of pain-sensing afferent neurons (nociceptors) that binds with isolectin B4 and neuropathic pain. In addition, we identify the cell behavior of advillin shed-off from the growth cone in the context of axonal regeneration and thus detected advillin protein in the cerebrospinal fluid in mice with painful peripheral neuropathy. Advillin is a potential biosignature to diagnose the lesion cause of neuropathic pain associated with isolectin B4+ nociceptors. Advillin is a sensory neuron-specific actin-binding protein expressed at high levels in all types of somatosensory neurons in early development. However, the precise role of advillin in adulthood is largely unknown. Here we reveal advillin expression restricted to isolectin B4-positive (IB4+) neurons in the adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Advillin knockout (KO) specifically impaired axonal regeneration in adult IB4+ DRG neurons. During axon regeneration, advillin was expressed at the very tips of filopodia and modulated growth cone formation by interacting with and regulating focal-adhesion–related proteins. The advillin-containing focal-adhesion protein complex was shed from neurite tips during neurite retraction and was detectable in cerebrospinal fluid in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, and chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. In addition, advillin KO disturbed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced neural plasticity in the spinal-cord dorsal horn and aggravated neuropathic pain. Our study highlights a role for advillin in growth cone formation, axon regeneration, and neuropathic pain associated with IB4+ DRG neurons in adulthood.
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Cheng YR, Jiang BY, Chen CC. Acid-sensing ion channels: dual function proteins for chemo-sensing and mechano-sensing. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:46. [PMID: 29793480 PMCID: PMC5966886 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are a group of amiloride-sensitive ligand-gated ion channels belonging to the family of degenerin/epithelial sodium channels. ASICs are predominantly expressed in both the peripheral and central nervous system and have been characterized as potent proton sensors to detect extracellular acidification in the periphery and brain. Main body Here we review the recent studies focusing on the physiological roles of ASICs in the nervous system. As the major acid-sensing membrane proteins in the nervous system, ASICs detect tissue acidosis occurring at tissue injury, inflammation, ischemia, stroke, and tumors as well as fatiguing muscle to activate pain-sensing nerves in the periphery and transmit pain signals to the brain. Arachidonic acid and lysophosphocholine have been identified as endogenous non-proton ligands activating ASICs in a neutral pH environment. On the other hand, ASICs are found involved in the tether model mechanotransduction, in which the extracellular matrix and cytoplasmic cytoskeletons act like a gating-spring to tether the mechanically activated ion channels and thus transmit the stimulus force to the channels. Accordingly, accumulating evidence has shown ASICs play important roles in mechanotransduction of proprioceptors, mechanoreceptors and nociceptors to monitor the homoeostatic status of muscle contraction, blood volume, and blood pressure as well as pain stimuli. Conclusion Together, ASICs are dual-function proteins for both chemosensation and mechanosensation involved in monitoring physiological homoeostasis and pathological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ren Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Rd. Sec. 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yang Jiang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Rd. Sec. 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Rd. Sec. 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Taiwan Mouse Clinic - National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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12
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Sugi T, Okumura E, Kiso K, Igarashi R. Nanoscale Mechanical Stimulation Method for Quantifying C. elegans Mechanosensory Behavior and Memory. ANAL SCI 2018; 32:1159-1164. [PMID: 27829619 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal escape response of C. elegans to nonlocalized vibration is a useful behavioral paradigm to examine mechanisms underlying mechanosensory behavior and its memory-dependent change. However, there are very few methods for investigating the degree of vibration frequency, amplitude and duration needed to induce behavior and memory. Here, we establish a new system to quantify C. elegans mechanosensory behavior and memory using a piezoelectric sheet speaker. In the system, we can flexibly change the vibration properties at a nanoscale displacement level and quantify behavioral responses under each vibration property. This system is an economic setup and easily replicated in other laboratories. By using the system, we clearly detected withdrawal escape responses and confirmed habituation memory. This system will facilitate the understanding of physiological aspects of C. elegans mechanosensory behavior in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Sugi
- PRESTO, Japanese Science and Technology Agency
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13
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Kugler EM, Michel K, Kirchenbüchler D, Dreissen G, Csiszár A, Merkel R, Schemann M, Mazzuoli-Weber G. Sensitivity to Strain and Shear Stress of Isolated Mechanosensitive Enteric Neurons. Neuroscience 2018; 372:213-224. [PMID: 29317262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Within the enteric nervous system, the neurons in charge to control motility of the gastrointestinal tract reside in a particular location nestled between two perpendicular muscle layers which contract and relax. We used primary cultured myenteric neurons of male guinea pigs to study mechanosensitivity of enteric neurons in isolation. Ultrafast Neuroimaging with a voltage-sensitive dye technique was used to record neuronal activity in response to shear stress and strain. Strain was induced by locally deforming the elastic cell culture substrate next to a neuron. Measurements showed that substrate strain was mostly elongating cells. Shear stress was exerted by hydrodynamic forces in a microchannel. Both stimuli induced excitatory responses. Strain activated 14% of the stimulated myenteric neurons that responded with a spike frequency of 1.9 (0.7/3.2) Hz, whereas shear stress excited only a few neurons (5.6%) with a very low spike frequency of 0 (0/0.6) Hz. Thus, shear stress does not seem to be an adequate stimulus for mechanosensitive enteric neurons (MEN) while strain activates enteric neurons in a relevant manner. Analyzing the adaptation behavior of MEN showed that shear stress activated rapidly/slowly/ultraslowly adapting MEN (2/62/36%) whereas strain only slowly (46%) and ultraslowly (54%) MEN. Paired experiments with strain and normal stress revealed three mechanosensitive enteric neuronal populations: one strain-sensitive (37%), one normal stress-sensitive (17%) and one strain- and stress-sensitive (46%). These results indicate that shear stress does not play a role in the neuronal control of motility but normal stress and strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Kugler
- Human Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany.
| | - Klaus Michel
- Human Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany.
| | - David Kirchenbüchler
- Institute of Complex Systems - Biomechanics, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Georg Dreissen
- Institute of Complex Systems - Biomechanics, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Agnes Csiszár
- Institute of Complex Systems - Biomechanics, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Institute of Complex Systems - Biomechanics, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Michael Schemann
- Human Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany.
| | - Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber
- Human Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany.
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14
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Ersumo N, Witherel CE, Spiller KL. Differences in time-dependent mechanical properties between extruded and molded hydrogels. Biofabrication 2016; 8:035012. [PMID: 27550945 PMCID: PMC5118821 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/035012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of hydrogels used in biomaterials and tissue engineering applications are critical determinants of their functionality. Despite the recent rise of additive manufacturing, and specifically extrusion-based bioprinting, as a prominent biofabrication method, comprehensive studies investigating the mechanical behavior of extruded constructs remain lacking. To address this gap in knowledge, we compared the mechanical properties and swelling properties of crosslinked gelatin-based hydrogels prepared by conventional molding techniques or by 3D bioprinting using a BioBots Beta pneumatic extruder. A preliminary characterization of the impact of bioprinting parameters on construct properties revealed that both Young's modulus and optimal extruding pressure increased with polymer content, and that printing resolution increased with both printing speed and nozzle gauge. High viability (>95%) of encapsulated NIH 3T3 fibroblasts confirmed the cytocompatibility of the construct preparation process. Interestingly, the Young's moduli of extruded and molded constructs were not different, but extruded constructs did show increases in both the rate and extent of time-dependent mechanical behavior observed in creep. Despite similar polymer densities, extruded hydrogels showed greater swelling over time compared to molded hydrogels, suggesting that differences in creep behavior derived from differences in microstructure and fluid flow. Because of the crucial roles of time-dependent mechanical properties, fluid flow, and swelling properties on tissue and cell behavior, these findings highlight the need for greater consideration of the effects of the extrusion process on hydrogel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ersumo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Evidence for the involvement of ASIC3 in sensory mechanotransduction in proprioceptors. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11460. [PMID: 27161260 PMCID: PMC4866049 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) is involved in acid nociception, but its possible role in neurosensory mechanotransduction is disputed. We report here the generation of Asic3-knockout/eGFPf-knockin mice and subsequent characterization of heterogeneous expression of ASIC3 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). ASIC3 is expressed in parvalbumin (Pv+) proprioceptor axons innervating muscle spindles. We further generate a floxed allele of Asic3 (Asic3f/f) and probe the role of ASIC3 in mechanotransduction in neurite-bearing Pv+ DRG neurons through localized elastic matrix movements and electrophysiology. Targeted knockout of Asic3 disrupts spindle afferent sensitivity to dynamic stimuli and impairs mechanotransduction in Pv+ DRG neurons because of substrate deformation-induced neurite stretching, but not to direct neurite indentation. In behavioural tasks, global knockout (Asic3−/−) and Pv-Cre::Asic3f/f mice produce similar deficits in grid and balance beam walking tasks. We conclude that, at least in mouse, ASIC3 is a molecular determinant contributing to dynamic mechanosensitivity in proprioceptors. Acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) is known to play a role in nociception, but its role in low threshold neurosensory mechanotransduction is unclear. Here, the authors target ASIC3 expression in dorsal root ganglion parvalbumin positive neurons and find ASIC3 contributes to dynamic proprioception responses.
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16
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Integrated Circuit-Based Biofabrication with Common Biomaterials for Probing Cellular Biomechanics. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:171-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Larremore DB, Sundararaman SA, Liu W, Proto WR, Clauset A, Loy DE, Speede S, Plenderleith LJ, Sharp PM, Hahn BH, Rayner JC, Buckee CO. Ape parasite origins of human malaria virulence genes. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8368. [PMID: 26456841 PMCID: PMC4633637 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigens encoded by the var gene family are major virulence factors of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, exhibiting enormous intra- and interstrain diversity. Here we use network analysis to show that var architecture and mosaicism are conserved at multiple levels across the Laverania subgenus, based on var-like sequences from eight single-species and three multi-species Plasmodium infections of wild-living or sanctuary African apes. Using select whole-genome amplification, we also find evidence of multi-domain var structure and synteny in Plasmodium gaboni, one of the ape Laverania species most distantly related to P. falciparum, as well as a new class of Duffy-binding-like domains. These findings indicate that the modular genetic architecture and sequence diversity underlying var-mediated host-parasite interactions evolved before the radiation of the Laverania subgenus, long before the emergence of P. falciparum. Antigens encoded by var genes are major virulence factors of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Here, Larremore et al. identify var-like genes in distantly related Plasmodium species infecting African apes, indicating that these genes already existed in an ancestral ape parasite many millions of years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Larremore
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sesh A Sundararaman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - William R Proto
- Sanger Institute Malaria Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Aaron Clauset
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Dorothy E Loy
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sheri Speede
- Sanaga-Yong Chimpanzee Rescue Center, IDA-Africa, Portland, Oregon 97204, USA
| | - Lindsey J Plenderleith
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Sanger Institute Malaria Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Caroline O Buckee
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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18
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The role of mechanics in biological and bio-inspired systems. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7418. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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19
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Lin TJ, Lu KW, Chen WH, Cheng CM, Lin YW. Roles of syndecan-4 and relative kinases in dorsal root ganglion neuron adhesion and mechanotransduction. Neurosci Lett 2015; 592:88-93. [PMID: 25757361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli elicit a biological response and initiate complex physiological processes, including neural feedback schemes associated with senses such as pain, vibration, touch, and hearing. The syndecans (SDCs), a group of adhesion receptors, can modulate adhesion and organize the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we cultured dorsal root ganglia (DRG) on controlled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates coated with poly-l-lysine (poly) or fibronectin (FN) to investigate cell adhesion and mechanotransduction mechanisms by mechanical stretching on PDMS using DRG neurons. Our results demonstrated that neuronal density, neurite length, and neurite branching were lower in the PDMS group and could be further reversed through activating SDC-4 by FN. The expression of the SDC-4 pathway decreased but with increased pPKCα in the PDMS-poly group. After mechanical stretching, pPKCα-FAKpTyr397-pERK1/2 expression was increased in both poly- and FN-coated PDMS. These results indicate that SDC4-pPKCα-FAKpTyr397-pERK1/2 may play a crucial role in DRG adhesion and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jou Lin
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Wen Lu
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- College of Biotechnology, Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- College of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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20
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Lin SH, Sun WH, Chen CC. Genetic exploration of the role of acid-sensing ion channels. Neuropharmacology 2015; 94:99-118. [PMID: 25582292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Advanced gene targeting technology and related tools in mice have been incorporated into studies of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). A single ASIC subtype can be knocked out specifically and screened thoroughly for expression in the nervous system at the cellular level. Mapping studies have further shed light on the initiation and identification of related behavioral phenotypes. Here we review studies involving genetically engineered mouse models used to investigate the physiological function of individual ASIC subtypes: ASIC1 (and ASIC1a), ASIC2, ASIC3 and ASIC4. We discuss the detailed expression studies and significant phenotypes revealed with gene knockout for most known Asic subtypes. Each strategy designed to manipulate mouse genetics has advantages and disadvantages. We discuss the limitations of these Asic-knockout models and propose future directions to solve the genetic issues. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Acid-Sensing Ion Channels in the Nervous System'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hong Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Hsin Sun
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli 32054, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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21
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Hao J, Bonnet C, Amsalem M, Ruel J, Delmas P. Transduction and encoding sensory information by skin mechanoreceptors. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:109-19. [PMID: 25416542 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical contact with the external world occurs through specialized neural structures called mechanoreceptors. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors provide information to the central nervous system (CNS) about touch, pressure, vibration, and skin stretch. The physiological function of these mechanoreceptors is to convert physical forces into neuronal signals. Key questions concern the molecular identity of the mechanoelectric transducer channels and the mechanisms by which the physical parameters of the mechanical stimulus are encoded into patterns of action potentials (APs). Compelling data indicate that the biophysical traits of mechanosensitive channels combined with the collection of voltage-gated channels are essential to describe the nature of the stimulus. Recent research also points to a critical role of the auxiliary cell-nerve ending communication in encoding stimulus properties. This review describes the characteristics of ion channels responsible for translating mechanical stimuli into the neural codes that underlie touch perception and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhe Hao
- Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, UMR 7286, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France,
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22
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Tsai TT, Cheng CM, Chen CF, Lai PL. Mechanotransduction in intervertebral discs. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2351-60. [PMID: 25267492 PMCID: PMC4302640 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction plays a critical role in intracellular functioning—it allows cells to translate external physical forces into internal biochemical activities, thereby affecting processes ranging from proliferation and apoptosis to gene expression and protein synthesis in a complex web of interactions and reactions. Accordingly, aberrant mechanotransduction can either lead to, or be a result of, a variety of diseases or degenerative states. In this review, we provide an overview of mechanotransduction in the context of intervertebral discs, with a focus on the latest methods of investigating mechanotransduction and the most recent findings regarding the means and effects of mechanotransduction in healthy and degenerative discs. We also provide some discussion of potential directions for future research and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ting Tsai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Section, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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23
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Zhang QY, Zhang YY, Xie J, Li CX, Chen WY, Liu BL, Wu XA, Li SN, Huo B, Jiang LH, Zhao HC. Stiff substrates enhance cultured neuronal network activity. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6215. [PMID: 25163607 PMCID: PMC4147369 DOI: 10.1038/srep06215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical property of extracellular matrix and cell-supporting substrates is known to modulate neuronal growth, differentiation, extension and branching. Here we show that substrate stiffness is an important microenvironmental cue, to which mouse hippocampal neurons respond and integrate into synapse formation and transmission in cultured neuronal network. Hippocampal neurons were cultured on polydimethylsiloxane substrates fabricated to have similar surface properties but a 10-fold difference in Young's modulus. Voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel currents determined by patch-clamp recording were greater in neurons on stiff substrates than on soft substrates. Ca(2+) oscillations in cultured neuronal network monitored using time-lapse single cell imaging increased in both amplitude and frequency among neurons on stiff substrates. Consistently, synaptic connectivity recorded by paired recording was enhanced between neurons on stiff substrates. Furthermore, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic activity became greater and more frequent in neurons on stiff substrates. Evoked excitatory transmitter release and excitatory postsynaptic currents also were heightened at synapses between neurons on stiff substrates. Taken together, our results provide compelling evidence to show that substrate stiffness is an important biophysical factor modulating synapse connectivity and transmission in cultured hippocampal neuronal network. Such information is useful in designing instructive scaffolds or supporting substrates for neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-You Zhang
- 1] Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, China [2] College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, China [3]
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- 1] Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, China [2]
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Chen-Xu Li
- Medical School, Datong University, China
| | - Wei-Yi Chen
- College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, China
| | - Bai-Lin Liu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Xiao-an Wu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Shu-Na Li
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, China
| | - Bo Huo
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, China
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- 1] School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom [2] Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Hu-Cheng Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, China
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24
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Chen WH, Cheng SJ, Tzen JTC, Cheng CM, Lin YW. Probing relevant molecules in modulating the neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons on substrates of different stiffness. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83394. [PMID: 24386192 PMCID: PMC3875460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurons play a critical role in learning and memory; however, the effects of environmental mechanical forces on neurite extension and associated underlying mechanisms are largely unexplored, possibly due to difficulties in maintaining central nervous system neurons. Neuron adhesion, neurite length, and mechanotransduction are mainly influenced by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is often associated with structural scaffolding. In this study, we investigated the relationship between substrate stiffness and hippocampal neurite outgrowth by controlling the ratios of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) base to curing agent to create substrates of varying stiffness. Immunostaining results demonstrated that hippocampal neurons have longer neurite elongation in 35:1 PDMS substrate compared those grown on 15:1 PDMS, indicating that soft substrates provide a more optimal stiffness for hippocampal neurons. Additionally, we discovered that pPKCα expression was higher in the 15:1 and 35:1 PDMS groups than in the poly-L-lysine-coated glass group. However, when we used a fibronectin (FN) coating, we found that pFAKy397 and pFAKy925 expression were higher in glass group than in the 15:1 or 35: 1 PDMS groups, but pPKCα and pERK1/2 expression were higher in the 35:1 PDMS group than in the glass group. These results support the hypothesis that environmental stiffness influences hippocampal neurite outgrowth and underlying signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Jhong Cheng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason T. C. Tzen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Acupuncture Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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25
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Yang CY, Sung CY, Shuai HH, Cheng CM, Yeh JA. Probing cellular behaviors through nanopatterned chitosan membranes. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2013; 14:044406. [PMID: 27877591 PMCID: PMC5090317 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/14/4/044406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a high-throughput method for developing physically modified chitosan membranes to probe the cellular behavior of MDCK epithelial cells and HIG-82 fibroblasts adhered onto these modified membranes. To prepare chitosan membranes with micro/nanoscaled features, we have demonstrated an easy-to-handle, facile approach that could be easily integrated with IC-based manufacturing processes with mass production potential. These physically modified chitosan membranes were observed by scanning electron microscopy to gain a better understanding of chitosan membrane surface morphology. After MDCK cells and HIG-82 fibroblasts were cultured on these modified chitosan membranes for various culture durations (i.e. 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 h), they were investigated to decipher cellular behavior. We found that both cells preferred to adhere onto a flat surface rather than on a nanopatterned surface. However, most (> 80%) of the MDCK cells showed rounded morphology and would suspend in the cultured medium instead of adhering onto the planar surface of negatively nanopatterned chitosan membranes. This means different cell types (e.g. fibroblasts versus epithelia) showed distinct capabilities/preferences of adherence for materials of varying surface roughness. We also showed that chitosan membranes could be re-used at least nine times without significant contamination and would provide us consistency for probing cell-material interactions by permitting reuse of the same substrate. We believe these results would provide us better insight into cellular behavior, specifically, microscopic properties and characteristics of cells grown under unique, nanopatterned cell-interface conditions.
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26
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Chung WS, Weissman JL, Farley J, Drummond HA. βENaC is required for whole cell mechanically gated currents in renal vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1428-37. [PMID: 23552864 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00444.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic constrictor responses in small renal arteries and afferent arterioles are suppressed in mice with reduced levels of β-epithelial Na⁺ channel (βENaC(m/m)). The underlying mechanism is unclear. Decreased activity of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) or mechanically gated ion channels and increased activity of large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are a few possible mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to determine if VGCC, BK, or mechanically gated ion channel activity was altered in renal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) from βENaC(m/m) mice. To address this, we used whole cell patch-clamp electrophysiological approaches in freshly isolated renal VSMCs. Compared with βENaC(+/+) controls, the current-voltage relationships for VGCC and BK activity are similar in βENaC(m/m) mice. These findings suggest neither VGCC nor BK channel dysfunction accounts for reduced myogenic constriction in βENaC(m/m) mice. We then examined mechanically gated currents using a novel in vitro assay where VSMCs are mechanically activated by stretching an underlying elastomer. We found the mechanically gated currents, predominantly carried by Na⁺, are observed with less frequency (87 vs. 43%) and have smaller magnitude (-54.1 ± 12.5 vs. -20.9 ± 4.9 pA) in renal VSMCs from βENaC(m/m) mice. Residual currents are expected in this model since VSMC βENaC expression is reduced by 50%. These findings suggest βENaC is required for normal mechanically gated currents in renal VSMCs and their disruption may account for the reduced myogenic constriction in the βENaC(m/m) model. Our findings are consistent with the role of βENaC as a VSMC mechanosensor and function of evolutionarily related nematode degenerin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shuo Chung
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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27
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Chen CC, Wong CW. Neurosensory mechanotransduction through acid-sensing ion channels. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:337-49. [PMID: 23490035 PMCID: PMC3823015 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are voltage-insensitive cation channels responding to extracellular acidification. ASIC proteins have two transmembrane domains and a large extracellular domain. The molecular topology of ASICs is similar to that of the mechanosensory abnormality 4- or 10-proteins expressed in touch receptor neurons and involved in neurosensory mechanotransduction in nematodes. The ASIC proteins are involved in neurosensory mechanotransduction in mammals. The ASIC isoforms are expressed in Merkel cell-neurite complexes, periodontal Ruffini endings and specialized nerve terminals of skin and muscle spindles, so they might participate in mechanosensation. In knockout mouse models, lacking an ASIC isoform produces defects in neurosensory mechanotransduction of tissue such as skin, stomach, colon, aortic arch, venoatrial junction and cochlea. The ASICs are thus implicated in touch, pain, digestive function, baroreception, blood volume control and hearing. However, the role of ASICs in mechanotransduction is still controversial, because we lack evidence that the channels are mechanically sensitive when expressed in heterologous cells. Thus, ASIC channels alone are not sufficient to reconstruct the path of transducing molecules of mechanically activated channels. The mechanotransducers associated with ASICs need further elucidation. In this review, we discuss the expression of ASICs in sensory afferents of mechanoreceptors, findings of knockout studies, technical issues concerning studies of neurosensory mechanotransduction and possible missing links. Also we propose a molecular model and a new approach to disclose the molecular mechanism underlying the neurosensory mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
All cells are influenced by mechanical forces. In the brain, force-generating and load-bearing proteins twist, turn, ratchet, flex, compress, expand and bend to mediate neuronal signalling and plasticity. Although the functions of mechanosensitive proteins have been thoroughly described in classical sensory systems, the effects of endogenous mechanical energy on cellular function in the brain have received less attention, and many working models in neuroscience do not currently integrate principles of cellular mechanics. An understanding of cellular-mechanical concepts is essential to allow the integration of mechanobiology into ongoing studies of brain structure and function.
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Ruder WC, Pratt ED, Brandy NZD, LaVan DA, LeDuc PR, Antaki JF. Calcium signaling is gated by a mechanical threshold in three-dimensional environments. Sci Rep 2012; 2:554. [PMID: 22870383 PMCID: PMC3412325 DOI: 10.1038/srep00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells interpret their mechanical environment using diverse signaling pathways that affect complex phenotypes. These pathways often interact with ubiquitous 2nd-messengers such as calcium. Understanding mechanically-induced calcium signaling is especially important in fibroblasts, cells that exist in three-dimensional fibrous matrices, sense their mechanical environment, and remodel tissue morphology. Here, we examined calcium signaling in fibroblasts using a minimal-profile, three-dimensional (MP3D) mechanical assay system, and compared responses to those elicited by conventional, two-dimensional magnetic tensile cytometry and substratum stretching. Using the MP3D system, we observed robust mechanically-induced calcium responses that could not be recreated using either two-dimensional technique. Furthermore, we used the MP3D system to identify a critical displacement threshold governing an all-or-nothing mechanically-induced calcium response. We believe these findings significantly increase our understanding of the critical role of calcium signaling in cells in three-dimensional environments with broad implications in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren C Ruder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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30
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Mimicking dynamic in vivo environments with stimuli-responsive materials for cell culture. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:426-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Pristerà A, Baker MD, Okuse K. Association between tetrodotoxin resistant channels and lipid rafts regulates sensory neuron excitability. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40079. [PMID: 22870192 PMCID: PMC3411591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) play a key role in the initiation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. NaV1.8 is a tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant VGSC expressed in nociceptors, peripheral small-diameter neurons able to detect noxious stimuli. NaV1.8 underlies the vast majority of sodium currents during action potentials. Many studies have highlighted a key role for NaV1.8 in inflammatory and chronic pain models. Lipid rafts are microdomains of the plasma membrane highly enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Lipid rafts tune the spatial and temporal organisation of proteins and lipids on the plasma membrane. They are thought to act as platforms on the membrane where proteins and lipids can be trafficked, compartmentalised and functionally clustered. In the present study we investigated NaV1.8 sub-cellular localisation and explored the idea that it is associated with lipid rafts in nociceptors. We found that NaV1.8 is distributed in clusters along the axons of DRG neurons in vitro and ex vivo. We also demonstrated, by biochemical and imaging studies, that NaV1.8 is associated with lipid rafts along the sciatic nerve ex vivo and in DRG neurons in vitro. Moreover, treatments with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) led to the dissociation between rafts and NaV1.8. By calcium imaging we demonstrated that the lack of association between rafts and NaV1.8 correlated with impaired neuronal excitability, highlighted by a reduction in the number of neurons able to conduct mechanically- and chemically-evoked depolarisations. These findings reveal the sub-cellular localisation of NaV1.8 in nociceptors and highlight the importance of the association between NaV1.8 and lipid rafts in the control of nociceptor excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pristerà
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Baker
- Neuroscience and Trauma Centre, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Okuse
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Ruder WC, Pratt ED, Bakhru S, Sitti M, Zappe S, Cheng CM, Antaki JF, LeDuc PR. Three-dimensional microfiber devices that mimic physiological environments to probe cell mechanics and signaling. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1775-1779. [PMID: 22374375 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21117c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many physiological systems are regulated by cells that alter their behavior in response to changes in their biochemical and mechanical environment. These cells experience this dynamic environment through an endogenous biomaterial matrix that transmits mechanical force and permits chemical exchange with the surrounding tissue. As a result, in vitro systems that mimic three-dimensional, in vivo cellular environments can enable experiments that reveal the nuanced interplay between biomechanics and physiology. Here we report the development of a minimal-profile, three-dimensional (MP3D) experimental microdevice that confines cells to a single focal plane, while allowing the precise application of mechanical displacement to cells and concomitant access to the cell membrane for perfusion with biochemical agonists. The MP3D device--an ordered microfiber scaffold erected on glass--provides a cellular environment that induces physiological cell morphologies. Small manipulations of the scaffold's microfibers allow attached cells to be mechanically probed. Due to the scaffold's minimal height profile, MP3D devices confine cells to a single focal plane, facilitating observation with conventional epifluorescent microscopy. When examining fibroblasts within MP3D devices, we observed robust cellular calcium responses to both a chemical stimulus as well as mechanical displacement of the cell membrane. The observed response differed significantly from previously reported, mechanically-induced calcium responses in the same cell type. Our findings demonstrate a key link between environment, cell morphology, mechanics, and intracellular signal transduction. We anticipate that this device will broadly impact research in fields including biomaterials, tissue engineering, and biophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren C Ruder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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33
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Abstract
Control is intrinsic to biological organisms, whose cells are in a constant state of sensing and response to numerous external and self-generated stimuli. Diverse means are used to study the complexity through control-based approaches in these cellular systems, including through chemical and genetic manipulations, input-output methodologies, feedback approaches, and feed-forward approaches. We first discuss what happens in control-based approaches when we are not actively examining or manipulating cells. We then present potential methods to determine what the cell is doing during these times and to reverse-engineer the cellular system. Finally, we discuss how we can control the cell's extracellular and intracellular environments, both to probe the response of the cells using defined experimental engineering-based technologies and to anticipate what might be achieved by applying control-based approaches to affect cellular processes. Much work remains to apply simplified control models and develop new technologies to aid researchers in studying and utilizing cellular and molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R LeDuc
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Wu WL, Cheng CF, Sun WH, Wong CW, Chen CC. Targeting ASIC3 for pain, anxiety, and insulin resistance. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 134:127-38. [PMID: 22233754 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) is a pH sensor that responds to mild extracellular acidification and is predominantly expressed in nociceptors. There is much interest in targeting ASIC3 to relieve pain associated with tissue acidosis, and selective drugs targeting ASIC3 have been used to relieve acid-evoked pain in animal models and human studies. There is accumulating evidence that ASIC3 is widely expressed in many neuronal and non-neuronal cells, such as neurons in the brain and adipose cells, albeit to a lesser extent than in nociceptors. Asic3-knockout mice have reduced anxiety levels and enhanced insulin sensitivity, suggesting that antagonizing ASIC3 has additional benefits. This view is tempered by recent studies suggesting that Asic3-knockout mice may experience cardiovascular disturbances. Due to the development of ASIC3 antagonists as analgesics, we review here the additional benefits, safety, risks, and strategy associated with antagonizing ASIC3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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An antinociceptive role for substance P in acid-induced chronic muscle pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:E76-83. [PMID: 22084095 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108903108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Release of substance P (SP) from nociceptive nerve fibers and activation of its receptor neurokinin 1 (NK1) are important effectors in the transmission of pain signals. Nonetheless, the role of SP in muscle pain remains unknown. Here we show that a single i.m. acid injection in mice lacking SP signaling by deletion of the tachykinin precursor 1 (Tac1) gene or coadministration of NK1 receptor antagonists produces long-lasting hyperalgesia rather than the transient hyperalgesia seen in control animals. The inhibitory effect of SP was found exclusively in neurons expressing acid-sensing ion channel 3, where SP enhances M-channel-like potassium currents through the NK1 receptor in a G protein-independent but tyrosine kinase-dependent manner. Furthermore, the SP signaling could alter action potential thresholds and modulate the expression of TTX-resistant sodium currents in medium-sized muscle nociceptors. Thus, i.m. SP mediates an unconventional NK1 receptor signal pathway to inhibit acid activation in muscle nociceptors, resulting in an unexpected antinociceptive effect against chronic mechanical hyperalgesia, here induced by repeated i.m. acid injection.
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Hao J, Delmas P. Recording of mechanosensitive currents using piezoelectrically driven mechanostimulator. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:979-90. [PMID: 21720312 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction constitutes the basis of a variety of physiological processes, such as the senses of touch, balance, proprioception and hearing. In vertebrates, mechanosensation is mediated by mechanosensory receptors. The aptitude of these mechanoreceptors for detecting mechanical information relies on the presence of mechanosensitive channels that transform mechanical forces into electrical signals. However, advances in understanding mechanical transduction processes have proven difficult because sensory nerve endings have historically been inaccessible to patch-clamp recording. We report here an in vitro model of mechanotransduction that allows the application of focal force on sensory neuron membrane during whole-cell patch clamping. This technique, called mechano-clamp, provides an opportunity to explore the properties and identities of mechanotransducer channels in mammalian sensory neurons. The protocol-from tissue dissociation to patch-clamp recording-can be completed in 7 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhe Hao
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Localized bimodal response of neurite extensions and structural proteins in dorsal-root ganglion neurons with controlled polydimethylsiloxane substrate stiffness. J Biomech 2011; 44:856-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Delmas P, Hao J, Rodat-Despoix L. Molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction in mammalian sensory neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:139-53. [PMID: 21304548 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The somatosensory system mediates fundamental physiological functions, including the senses of touch, pain and proprioception. This variety of functions is matched by a diverse array of mechanosensory neurons that respond to force in a specific fashion. Mechanotransduction begins at the sensory nerve endings, which rapidly transform mechanical forces into electrical signals. Progress has been made in establishing the functional properties of mechanoreceptors, but it has been remarkably difficult to characterize mechanotranducer channels at the molecular level. However, in the past few years, new functional assays have provided insights into the basic properties and molecular identity of mechanotransducer channels in mammalian sensory neurons. The recent identification of novel families of proteins as mechanosensing molecules will undoubtedly accelerate our understanding of mechanotransduction mechanisms in mammalian somatosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Delmas
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, UMR 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, CS80011, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica
| | - Synthia H. Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University
| | - Shing-Hong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica
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