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Yadav AK, Polasek-Sedlackova H. Quantity and quality of minichromosome maintenance protein complexes couple replication licensing to genome integrity. Commun Biol 2024; 7:167. [PMID: 38336851 PMCID: PMC10858283 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate and complete replication of genetic information is a fundamental process of every cell division. The replication licensing is the first essential step that lays the foundation for error-free genome duplication. During licensing, minichromosome maintenance protein complexes, the molecular motors of DNA replication, are loaded to genomic sites called replication origins. The correct quantity and functioning of licensed origins are necessary to prevent genome instability associated with severe diseases, including cancer. Here, we delve into recent discoveries that shed light on the novel functions of licensed origins, the pathways necessary for their proper maintenance, and their implications for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar Yadav
- Department of Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Polasek-Sedlackova
- Department of Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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2
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Stolovich-Rain M, Fridlich O, Azulai S, Klochendler A, Anzi S, Magenheim J, Stein I, Mushasha F, Glaser B, Pikarsky E, Ben-Zvi D, Dor Y. Extensive elimination of acinar cells during normal postnatal pancreas growth. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113457. [PMID: 37995187 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
While programmed cell death plays important roles during morphogenetic stages of development, post-differentiation organ growth is considered an efficient process whereby cell proliferation increases cell number. Here we demonstrate that early postnatal growth of the pancreas unexpectedly involves massive acinar cell elimination. Measurements of cell proliferation and death in the human pancreas in comparison to the actual increase in cell number predict daily elimination of 0.7% of cells, offsetting 88% of cell formation over the first year of life. Using mouse models, we show that death is associated with mitosis, through a failure of dividing cells to generate two viable daughters. In p53-deficient mice, acinar cell death and proliferation are reduced, while organ size is normal, suggesting that p53-dependent developmental apoptosis triggers compensatory proliferation. We propose that excess cell turnover during growth of the pancreas, and presumably other organs, facilitates robustness to perturbations and supports maintenance of tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Stolovich-Rain
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Fridlich
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Azulai
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Agnes Klochendler
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Anzi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Judith Magenheim
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Stein
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Israel-Canada Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fatima Mushasha
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Israel-Canada Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Israel-Canada Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Danny Ben-Zvi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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3
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Hatoyama Y, Kanemaki MT. The assembly of the MCM2-7 hetero-hexamer and its significance in DNA replication. Biochem Soc Trans 2023:233028. [PMID: 37145026 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The mini-chromosome maintenance proteins 2-7 (MCM2-7) hexamer is a protein complex that is key for eukaryotic DNA replication, which occurs only once per cell cycle. To achieve DNA replication, eukaryotic cells developed multiple mechanisms that control the timing of the loading of the hexamer onto chromatin and its activation as the replicative helicase. MCM2-7 is highly abundant in proliferating cells, which confers resistance to replication stress. Thus, the presence of an excess of MCM2-7 is important for maintaining genome integrity. However, the mechanism via which high MCM2-7 levels are achieved, other than the transcriptional upregulation of the MCM genes in the G1 phase, remained unknown. Recently, we and others reported that the MCM-binding protein (MCMBP) plays a role in the maintenance of high MCM2-7 levels and hypothesized that MCMBP functions as a chaperone in the assembly of the MCM2-7 hexamer. In this review, we discuss the roles of MCMBP in the control of MCM proteins and propose a model of the assembly of the MCM2-7 hexamer. Furthermore, we discuss a potential mechanism of the licensing checkpoint, which arrests the cells in the G1 phase when the levels of chromatin-bound MCM2-7 are reduced, and the possibility of targeting MCMBP as a chemotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hatoyama
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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4
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Karantzelis N, Petropoulos M, De Marco V, Egan DA, Fish A, Christodoulou E, Will DW, Lewis JD, Perrakis A, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Small Molecule Inhibitor Targeting CDT1/Geminin Protein Complex Promotes DNA Damage and Cell Death in Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:860682. [PMID: 35548337 PMCID: PMC9083542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.860682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication initiation requires the loading of MCM2-7 complexes at the origins of replication during G1. Replication licensing renders chromatin competent for DNA replication and its tight regulation is essential to prevent aberrant DNA replication and genomic instability. CDT1 is a critical factor of licensing and its activity is controlled by redundant mechanisms, including Geminin, a protein inhibitor of CDT1. Aberrant CDT1 and Geminin expression have been shown to promote tumorigenesis in vivo and are also evident in multiple human tumors. In this study, we developed an in vitro AlphaScreen™ high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for the identification of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the CDT1/Geminin protein complex. Biochemical characterization of the most potent compound, AF615, provided evidence of specific, dose-dependent inhibition of Geminin binding to CDT1 both in-vitro and in cells. Moreover, compound AF615 induces DNA damage, inhibits DNA synthesis and reduces viability selectively in cancer cell lines, and this effect is CDT1-dependent. Taken together, our data suggest that AF615 may serve as a useful compound to elucidate the role of CDT1/Geminin protein complex in replication licensing and origin firing as well as a scaffold for further medicinal chemistry optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michalis Petropoulos
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Valeria De Marco
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David A Egan
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Fish
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - David W Will
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joe D Lewis
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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5
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Saito Y, Santosa V, Ishiguro KI, Kanemaki MT. MCMBP promotes the assembly of the MCM2-7 hetero-hexamer to ensure robust DNA replication in human cells. eLife 2022; 11:77393. [PMID: 35438632 PMCID: PMC9018068 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The MCM2–7 hetero-hexamer is the replicative DNA helicase that plays a central role in eukaryotic DNA replication. In proliferating cells, the expression level of the MCM2–7 hexamer is kept high, which safeguards the integrity of the genome. However, how the MCM2–7 hexamer is assembled in living cells remains unknown. Here, we revealed that the MCM-binding protein (MCMBP) plays a critical role in the assembly of this hexamer in human cells. MCMBP associates with MCM3 which is essential for maintaining the level of the MCM2–7 hexamer. Acute depletion of MCMBP demonstrated that it contributes to MCM2–7 assembly using nascent MCM3. Cells depleted of MCMBP gradually ceased to proliferate because of reduced replication licensing. Under this condition, p53-positive cells exhibited arrest in the G1 phase, whereas p53-null cells entered the S phase and lost their viability because of the accumulation of DNA damage, suggesting that MCMBP is a potential target for killing p53-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Saito
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Mishima, Japan
| | - Venny Santosa
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Mishima, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Ishiguro
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan
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6
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Kang M, Pandit N, Kim AY, Cho SJ, Kwon YJ, Ahn J, Lee KM, Wu S, Oh JS, Jung KY, Kim JS. PCW-1001, a Novel Pyrazole Derivative, Exerts Antitumor and Radio-Sensitizing Activities in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:835833. [PMID: 35425705 PMCID: PMC9002139 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.835833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As pyrazole and its derivatives have a wide range of biological activities, including anticancer activity, the design of novel pyrazole derivatives has emerged as an important research field. This study describes a novel pyrazole derivative that exerts antitumor and radiosensitizing activities in breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. We synthesized a novel pyrazole compound N,N-dimethyl-N’-(3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)azanesulfonamide (PCW-1001) and showed that it inhibited several oncogenic properties of breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. PCW-1001 induced apoptosis in several breast cancer cell lines. Transcriptome analysis of PCW-1001-treated cells showed that it regulates genes involved in the DNA damage response, suggesting its potential use in radiotherapy. Indeed, PCW-1001 enhanced the radiation sensitivity of breast cancer cells by modulating the expression of DNA damage response genes. Therefore, our data describe a novel pyrazole compound, PCW-1001, with antitumor and radiosensitizer activities in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsung Kang
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Navin Pandit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ah-Young Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Joon Cho
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Ju Kwon
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.,Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Myung Lee
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sangwook Wu
- Research & Development (R&D) Center, Pharmcadd, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kwan-Young Jung
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.,Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
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7
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Etemad-Moghadam S, Ghaseminejad-Bandpey A, Mahmoodzadeh H, Alaeddini M. Clinicopathologic significance of DNA replication licensing factors in head and neck diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 133:462-469. [PMID: 35153182 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) harbors defects in the proliferation pathway. We performed multiparameter analysis of proteins expressed during different cell cycle phases and correlated them with clinical parameters of head and neck DLBCLs. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-nine DLBCLs were staged and immunohistochemically stained with MCM2, Ki67, and geminin. The receiver operating characteristic curve and its area under the curve were calculated, and sensitivity vs specificity curve analysis was performed. RESULTS The highest labeling index was in MCM2, followed by Ki67 and geminin (P < .001). All pairs showed significant differences (P < .001). The best cutoff points to differentiate limited from advanced disease were 68% and 45% for MCM2 and Ki67, respectively. There was no acceptable cutoff for geminin (area under the curve = 0.667, P = .134). MCM2/Ki67 (P = .293) and geminin/Ki67 (P = .233) ratios did not differ between the stages. The median (interquartile range) of the geminin/Ki67 ratio was 0.57 (0.68), translating to a reduced G1. CONCLUSIONS We suggest a role for cell cycle-related proteins in the biology and behavior of DLBCLs. MCM2 and Ki67 cutoffs can be a potential option to differentiate limited from advanced disease, where imaging and laboratory techniques are unavailable. The G1 decrease and the significantly higher MCM2 expression compared to Ki67 indicate replication disturbances, making factors involved in the G1 phase targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Habibollah Mahmoodzadeh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Alaeddini
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
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8
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MCM2-7 complex is a novel druggable target for neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13305. [PMID: 34172788 PMCID: PMC8233352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal subtype of prostate cancer that rarely develops de novo in primary tumors and is commonly acquired during the development of treatment resistance. NEPC is characterized by gain of neuroendocrine markers and loss of androgen receptor (AR), making it resistant to current therapeutic strategies targeting the AR signaling axis. Here, we report that MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, and MCM6 (MCM2/3/4/6) are elevated in human NEPC and high levels of MCM2/3/4/6 are associated with liver metastasis and poor survival in prostate cancer patients. MCM2/3/4/6 are four out of six proteins that form a core DNA helicase (MCM2-7) responsible for unwinding DNA forks during DNA replication. Inhibition of MCM2-7 by treatment with ciprofloxacin inhibits NEPC cell proliferation and migration in vitro, significantly delays NEPC tumor xenograft growth, and partially reverses the neuroendocrine phenotype in vivo. Our study reveals the clinical relevance of MCM2/3/4/6 proteins in NEPC and suggests that inhibition of MCM2-7 may represent a new therapeutic strategy for NEPC.
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Tian J, Lu Z, Niu S, Zhang S, Ying P, Wang L, Zhang M, Cai Y, Dong T, Zhu Y, Zhong R, Wang Z, Chang J, Miao X. Aberrant MCM10 SUMOylation induces genomic instability mediated by a genetic variant associated with survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e485. [PMID: 34185429 PMCID: PMC8236122 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the common gastrointestinal malignancy with an inferior prognosis outcome. DNA replication licensing aberration induced by dysregulation of minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCMs) causes genomic instability and cancer metastasis. SUMOylation modification plays a pivotal role in regulation of genomic integrity, while its dysregulation fueled by preexisting germline variants in cancers remains poorly understood. METHODS Firstly, we conducted two-stage survival analysis consisting of an exome-wide association study in 904 ESCC samples and another independent 503 ESCC samples. Then, multipronged functional experiments were performed to illuminate the potential biological mechanisms underlying the promising variants, and MCM10 influences the ESCC progression. Finally, we tested the effects of MCM10 inhibitors on ESCC cells. RESULTS A germline variant rs2274110 located at the exon 15 of MCM10 was identified to be significantly associated with the prognosis of ESCC patients. Individuals carrying rs2274110-AA genotypes confer a poor survival (hazard ratio = 1.61, 95% confidence interval = 1.35-1.93, p = 1.35 × 10-7 ), compared with subjects carrying rs2274110-AG/GG genotypes. Furthermore, we interestingly found that the variant can increase SUMOylation levels at K669 site (Lys[K]699Arg[R]) of MCM10 protein mediated by SUMO2/3 enzymes, which resulted in an aberrant overexpression of MCM10. Mechanistically, aberrant overexpression of MCM10 facilitated the proliferation and metastasis abilities of ESCC cells in vitro and in vivo by inducing DNA over-replication and genomic instability, providing functional evidence to support our population finding that high expression of MCM10 is extensively presented in tumor tissues of ESCC and correlated with inferior survival outcomes of multiple cancer types, including ESCC. Finally, MCM10 inhibitors Suramin and its analogues were revealed to effectively block the metastasis of ESCC cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings not only demonstrate a potential biological mechanism between aberrant SUMOylation, genomic instability and cancer metastasis, but also provide a promising biomarker aiding in stratifying ESCC individuals with different prognosis, as well as a potential therapeutic target MCM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zequn Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Siyuan Niu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Pingting Ying
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yimin Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tianyi Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of UrologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKey Laboratory for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhanChina
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10
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Molina MA, Carosi Diatricch L, Castany Quintana M, Melchers WJ, Andralojc KM. Cervical cancer risk profiling: molecular biomarkers predicting the outcome of hrHPV infection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:1099-1120. [PMID: 33044104 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1835472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer affects half a million women worldwide annually. Given the association between high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection and carcinogenesis, hrHPV DNA testing became an essential diagnostic tool. However, hrHPV alone does not cause the disease, and, most importantly, many cervical lesions regress to normal in a year because of the host immune system. Hence, the low specificity of hrHPV DNA tests and their inability to predict the outcome of infections have triggered a further search for biomarkers. AREAS COVERED We evaluated the latest viral and cellular biomarkers validated for clinical use as primary screening or triage for cervical cancer and assessed their promise for prevention as well as potential use in the future. The literature search focused on effective biomarkers for different stages of the disease, aiming to determine their significance in predicting the outcome of hrHPV infections. EXPERT OPINION Biomarkers such as p16/Ki-67, hrHPV genotyping, hrHPV transcriptional status, and methylation patterns have demonstrated promising results. Their eventual implementation in the screening programs may support the prompt diagnosis of hrHPV infection and its progression to cancer. These biomarkers will help in making clinical management decisions on time, thus, saving the lives of hrHPV-infected women, particularly in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A Molina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marina Castany Quintana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Jg Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina M Andralojc
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Krishnan V, Lim DXE, Hoang PM, Srivastava S, Matsuo J, Huang KK, Zhu F, Ho KY, So JBY, Khor C, Tsao S, Teh M, Fock KM, Ang TL, Jeyasekharan AD, Tan P, Yeoh KG, Ito Y. DNA damage signalling as an anti-cancer barrier in gastric intestinal metaplasia. Gut 2020; 69:1738-1749. [PMID: 31937549 PMCID: PMC7497583 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a premalignant stage that poses a greater risk for subsequent gastric cancer (GC). However, factors regulating IM to GC progression remain unclear. Previously, activated DNA damage response (DDR) signalling factors were shown to engage tumour-suppressive networks in premalignant lesions. Here, we interrogate the relationship of DDR signalling to mutational accumulation in IM lesions. DESIGN IM biopsies were procured from the gastric cancer epidemiology programme, an endoscopic surveillance programme where biopsies have been subjected to (epi)genomic characterisation. IM samples were classified as genome-stable or genome-unstable based on their mutational burden/somatic copy-number alteration (CNA) profiles. Samples were probed for DDR signalling and cell proliferation, using the markers γH2AX and MCM2, respectively. The expression of the gastric stem cell marker, CD44v9, was also assessed. Tissue microarrays representing the GC progression spectrum were included. RESULTS MCM2-positivity increased during GC progression, while γH2AX-positivity showed modest increase from normal to gastritis and IM stages, with further increase in GC. γH2AX levels correlated with the extent of chronic inflammation. Interestingly, genome-stable IM lesions had higher γH2AX levels underscoring a protective anti-cancer role for DDR signalling. In contrast, genome-unstable IM lesions with higher mutational burden/CNAs had lower γH2AX levels, elevated CD44v9 expression and modest promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair genes WRN, MLH1 and RAD52. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IM lesions with active DDR will likely experience a longer latency at the premalignant state until additional hits that override DDR signalling clonally expand and promote progression. These observations provide insights on the factors governing IM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi Krishnan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Debbie Xiu En Lim
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phuong Mai Hoang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Supriya Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junichi Matsuo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kie Kyon Huang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khek Yu Ho
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Bok Yan So
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
| | - Christopher Khor
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Stephen Tsao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ming Teh
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwong Ming Fock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tiing Leong Ang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
| | - Khay-Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore.,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore .,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
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12
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Cheng L, Tan Z, Huang Z, Pan Y, Zhang W, Wang J. Expression Profile and Prognostic Values of Mini-Chromosome Maintenance Families (MCMs) in Breast Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923673. [PMID: 32830194 PMCID: PMC7461652 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mini-chromosome maintenance families (MCMs) were considered the key factors for DNA replication initiation. Emerging evidences indicate that MCM2-7 (MCMs) are highly expressed in tissues from various malignant tumors. However, little is known about the clinical values of MCMs in breast cancer. Material/Methods In our study, a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed to investigate expression patterns, potential functions, and prognostic values of MCMs in breast cancer, through ONCOMINE, bc-GenExMiner v4.1, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, cBioPortal and GeneMANIA databases. Results We found that mRNA levels of MCMs were significantly elevated in breast cancer, especially in fast-growing and spreading tumor subtypes. These over-expressed MCMs predicted worse prognosis for breast cancer patients with shorter relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival. Among these six factors, high expression of MCM2/4/5/7 significantly reduced the RFS for patients with Luminal-A or B breast cancer and elevated MCM6/7 indicated shorter RFS for patients with basal-like or HER2-positive breast cancer. We also found that genomic alteration of MCMs was frequently found in breast cancer and the most common alteration was mRNA upregulation and amplification. Furthermore, MCMs were highly correlated with CDC45, CDC7, TIMELESS, ORC6, MCM10, ORC5, ORC4 and ORC3, mainly functioning to control the DNA replication initiation and genome stability. Conclusions These results suggest that MCMs are attractive prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer. Our study also provides useful clinical information about the potential of MCMs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhangmin Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zenan Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yuhang Pan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery and Orthopedic Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jiani Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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Reduced replication origin licensing selectively kills KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells via mitotic catastrophe. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:499. [PMID: 32612138 PMCID: PMC7330027 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To unravel vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutant CRC cells, a shRNA-based screen specifically inhibiting MAPK pathway components and targets was performed in CaCo2 cells harboring conditional oncogenic KRASG12V. The custom-designed shRNA library comprised 121 selected genes, which were previously identified to be strongly regulated in response to MEK inhibition. The screen showed that CaCo2 cells expressing KRASG12V were sensitive to the suppression of the DNA replication licensing factor minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7), whereas KRASwt CaCo2 cells were largely resistant to MCM7 suppression. Similar results were obtained in an isogenic DLD-1 cell culture model. Knockdown of MCM7 in a KRAS-mutant background led to replication stress as indicated by increased nuclear RPA focalization. Further investigation showed a significant increase in mitotic cells after simultaneous MCM7 knockdown and KRASG12V expression. The increased percentage of mitotic cells coincided with strongly increased DNA damage in mitosis. Taken together, the accumulation of DNA damage in mitotic cells is due to replication stress that remained unresolved, which results in mitotic catastrophe and cell death. In summary, the data show a vulnerability of KRAS-mutant cells towards suppression of MCM7 and suggest that inhibiting DNA replication licensing might be a viable strategy to target KRAS-mutant cancers.
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14
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The Performance of Immunocytochemistry Staining as Triaging Tests for High-Risk HPV-Positive Women: A 24-Month Prospective Study. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:6878761. [PMID: 32565806 PMCID: PMC7271243 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6878761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is urgent to develop an accurate approach to improve the predictive performance of hrHPV-based screening. The aim is to evaluate the performance of p16/Ki-67 and p16/MCM2 staining to triage high-risk human papillomavirus- (hrHPV-) positive women. Cervical specimens were collected from eligible women and tested for hrHPV genotyping, cytology, p16/Ki-67, and p16/MCM2 staining at baseline. Women were invited to participate in follow-up screening by cytology and hrHPV testing at 24 months. Positive women received colposcopy and biopsies. Histopathological diagnoses were the gold standard. 485 women came back for the follow-up screening. The positive rate of p16/Ki-67 was 20.2% and of p16/MCM2 was 27.2%. The positive rates of p16/Ki-67 ( P < 0.001) and p16/MCM2 (P=0.021) were increased by the severity of histopathology findings. Among hrHPV-positive women, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for p16/Ki-67 were 90.9%, 67.0%, 16.5%, and 99.0%, and for p16/MCM2 were 81.8%, 43.1%, 9.4%, and 97.1%. The sensitivity of cytology for triaging hrHPV-positive women were lower than p16/Ki-67 (P=0.012) and p16/MCM2 (P=0.065). The cocktail staining did not add sensitivity to p16/Ki-67 or p16/MCM2 staining alone (P > 0.05), however, cutting down the specificity of p16/Ki-67 staining alone with statistical significance (67.0% vs. 40.2%, P < 0.001). The risk of CIN2+ within 24 months for hrHPV-positive but triaging negative women at baseline was 0.5 (0.1–2.7), 0.7 (0.1–4.1), and 2.4 (1.1–5.0) for p16/Ki-67, p16/MCM2, and cytology, respectively. As an objective and accurate immunocytochemical staining, the p16/Ki-67 and p16/MCM2 dual staining performed better than cytology to triage positive hrHPV. On condition that high-quality cytology is unavailable, immunocytochemical staining by p16/Ki-67 or p16/MCM2 is an option for triaging hrHPV-positive women. The combination of p16/Ki-67 and p16/MCM2 could not improve the accuracy in detecting CIN2+.
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15
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MCMs in Cancer: Prognostic Potential and Mechanisms. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:3750294. [PMID: 32089988 PMCID: PMC7023756 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3750294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enabling replicative immortality and uncontrolled cell cycle are hallmarks of cancer cells. Minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCMs) exhibit helicase activity in replication initiation and play vital roles in controlling replication times within a cell cycle. Overexpressed MCMs are detected in various cancerous tissues and cancer cell lines. Previous studies have proposed MCMs as promising proliferation markers in cancers, while the prognostic values remain controversial and the underlying mechanisms remain unascertained. This review provides an overview of the significant findings regarding the cellular and tumorigenic functions of the MCM family. Besides, current evidence of the prognostic roles of MCMs is retrospectively reviewed. This work also offers insight into the mechanisms of MCMs prompting carcinogenesis and adverse prognosis, providing information for future research. Finally, MCMs in liver cancer are specifically discussed, and future perspectives are provided.
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16
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Li Y, Li L. Prognostic values and prospective pathway signaling of MicroRNA-182 in ovarian cancer: a study based on gene expression omnibus (GEO) and bioinformatics analysis. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:106. [PMID: 31703725 PMCID: PMC6839211 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian carcinoma (OC) is a common cause of death among women with gynecological cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are believed to have vital roles in tumorigenesis of OC. Although miRNAs are broadly recognized in OC, the role of has-miR-182-5p (miR-182) in OC is still not fully elucidated. METHODS We evaluated the significance of miR-182 expression in OC by using analysis of a public dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and a literature review. Furthermore, we downloaded three mRNA datasets of OC and normal ovarian tissues (NOTs), GSE14407, GSE18520 and GSE36668, from GEO to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then the targeted genes of hsa-miR-182-5p (TG_miRNA-182-5p) were predicted using miRWALK3.0. Subsequently, we analyzed the gene overlaps integrated between DEGs in OC and predicted target genes of miR-182 by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. STRING and Cytoscape were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the prognostic effects of the hub genes were analyzed. RESULTS A common pattern of up-regulation for miR-182 in OC was found in our review of the literature. A total of 268 DEGs, both OC-related and miR-182-related, were identified, of which 133 genes were discovered from the PPI network. A number of DEGs were enriched in extracellular matrix organization, pathways in cancer, focal adhesion, and ECM-receptor interaction. Two hub genes, MCM3 and GINS2, were significantly associated with worse overall survival of patients with OC. Furthermore, we identified covert miR-182-related genes that might participate in OC by network analysis, such as DCN, AKT3, and TIMP2. The expressions of these genes were all down-regulated and negatively correlated with miR-182 in OC. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that miR-182 is essential for the biological progression of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Shangyu People's Hospital, Shangyu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Metallothionein protein and minichromosome maintenance protein-2 expression in adrenocortical tumors. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2019; 80:324-328. [PMID: 31703800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Some resected adrenal-confined adrenocortical carcinomas metastasize and others not. The present study was designed to evaluate the expression of metallothionein protein (MT) and minichromosome maintenance protein-2 (MCM2) in adrenocortical carcinomas and adrenocortical adenomas, and to test the correlation between this and adrenocortical carcinoma aggressiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised 14 patients operated on for adrenocortical carcinoma, 15 operated on for adrenocortical adenoma and 2 with normal adrenals. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for histological evaluation under light microscopy, and sequential sections were used for MCM2 and MT staining. RESULTS In normal adrenals, positive staining was weak for MT and zero for MCM2. Rates of positive staining for MT and MCM2 were significantly higher in adrenocortical carcinomas than in adrenocortical adenomas (P=0.008 and P<0.001, respectively). In adrenocortical carcinomas, a significant positive correlation was found between MCM2 staining and Weiss revisited score (P=0.022) but not for Weiss score, and a significant positive correlation was found between MCM2 and mitotic rate on histology (P=0.033). MCM2 but not MT staining was also shown to correlate significantly with stage IV carcinoma (P=0.008 and P=0.165, respectively). CONCLUSION MCM2 and MT are overexpressed in adrenocortical carcinoma, and MCM2 expression correlates significantly with metastatic disease.
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18
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Wang M, Xie S, Yuan W, Xie T, Jamal M, Huang J, Yin Q, Song H, Zhang Q. Minichromosome maintenance protein 10 as a marker for proliferation and prognosis in lung cancer. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1349-1360. [PMID: 31638210 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is a vital process in cell division where anomalies can lead to tumorigenesis. Minichromosome maintenance complex component 10 (MCM10) plays a crucial role in this process. However, the role of MCM10 in lung cancer pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. In current study, using the publicly available lung cancer Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, and Oncomine and the Cancer Genome Atlas databases, an increased expression of MCM10 was found in lung cancer tissues compared to normal lung tissues. The high expression of MCM10 was subsequently validated in clinical specimens by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Analysis of the GEO datasets revealed that the high MCM10 expression was significantly associated with early and late recurrence, pathological stage and worse overall survival (OS). Cox's proportional hazards regression analyses revealed that MCM10 expression was an independent risk factor for poor OS and worse recurrence‑free survival both in univariate and multivariate analysis. Furthermore, the increased expression of MCM10 was enriched in cell cycle‑related processes, while in vitro transfection with small interfering RNA targeting MCM10 significantly suppressed cell viability, clone formation and induced G1 phase arrest in A549 and H661 cell lines by regulating the expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1). In addition, the current results indicated a combined effect of MCM10‑CCND1 in predicting the prognosis of lung cancer patients. Altogether, the present study provided a novel potential molecular mechanism of lung cancer progression and may aid in development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441021
| | - Songping Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, P.R. China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Hengya Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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19
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Maros ME, Schnaidt S, Balla P, Kelemen Z, Sapi Z, Szendroi M, Laszlo T, Forsyth R, Picci P, Krenacs T. In situ cell cycle analysis in giant cell tumor of bone reveals patients with elevated risk of reduced progression-free survival. Bone 2019; 127:188-198. [PMID: 31233932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a frequently recurring locally aggressive osteolytic lesion, where pathological osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction are driven by neoplastic stromal cells. Here, we studied if cell cycle fractions within the mononuclear cell compartment of GCTB can predict its progression-free survival (PFS). METHODS 154 cases (100 primaries and 54 recurrent) from 139 patients of 40 progression events, was studied using tissue microarrays. Ploidy and in situ cell cycle progression related proteins including Ki67 and those linked with replication licensing (mcm2), G1-phase (cyclin D1, Cdk4), and S-G2-M-phase (cyclin A; Cdk2) fractions; cell cycle control (p21waf1) and repression (geminin), were tested. The Prentice-Williams-Peterson (PWP) gap-time models with the Akaike information criterion (AIC) were used for PFS analysis. RESULTS Cluster analysis showed good correlation between functionally related marker positive cell fractions indicating no major cell cycle arrested cell populations in GCTB. Increasing hazard of progression was statistically associated with the elevated post-G1/S-phase cell fractions. Univariate analysis revealed significant negative association of poly-/aneuploidy (p < 0.0001), and elevated cyclin A (p < 0.001), geminin (p = 0.015), mcm2 (p = 0.016), cyclin D1 (p = 0.022) and Ki67 (B56: p = 0.0543; and Mib1: p = 0.0564 -strong trend) positive cell fractions with PFS. The highest-ranked multivariate interaction model (AIC = 269.5) also included ploidy (HR 5.68, 95%CI: 2.62-12.31, p < 0.0001), mcm2 (p = 0.609), cyclin D1 (HR 1.89, 95%CI: 0.88-4.09, p = 0.105) and cyclin A (p < 0.0001). The first and second best prognostic models without interaction (AIC = 271.6) and the sensitivity analysis (AIC = 265.7) further confirmed the prognostic relevance of combining these markers. CONCLUSION Ploidy and elevated replication licensing (mcm2), G1-phase (cyclin D1) and post-G1 phase (cyclin A) marker positive cell fractions, indicating enhanced cell cycle progression, can assist in identifying GCTB patients with increased risk for a reduced PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mate E Maros
- 1(st) Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Schnaidt
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Balla
- 1(st) Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Kelemen
- 1(st) Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Sapi
- 1(st) Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklos Szendroi
- Department of Orthopedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Laszlo
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ramses Forsyth
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Brussels, Belgium
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Orthopedics Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tibor Krenacs
- 1(st) Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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20
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Petropoulos M, Champeris Tsaniras S, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z. Replication Licensing Aberrations, Replication Stress, and Genomic Instability. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:752-764. [PMID: 31054805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Strict regulation of DNA replication is of fundamental significance for the maintenance of genome stability. Licensing of origins of DNA replication is a critical event for timely genome duplication. Errors in replication licensing control lead to genomic instability across evolution. Here, we present accumulating evidence that aberrant replication licensing is linked to oncogene-induced replication stress and poses a major threat to genome stability, promoting tumorigenesis. Oncogene activation can lead to defects in where along the genome and when during the cell cycle licensing takes place, resulting in replication stress. We also discuss the potential of replication licensing as a specific target for novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Petropoulos
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | | | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece.
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece.
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21
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Courtot L, Hoffmann JS, Bergoglio V. The Protective Role of Dormant Origins in Response to Replicative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113569. [PMID: 30424570 PMCID: PMC6274952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome stability requires tight regulation of DNA replication to ensure that the entire genome of the cell is duplicated once and only once per cell cycle. In mammalian cells, origin activation is controlled in space and time by a cell-specific and robust program called replication timing. About 100,000 potential replication origins form on the chromatin in the gap 1 (G1) phase but only 20⁻30% of them are active during the DNA replication of a given cell in the synthesis (S) phase. When the progress of replication forks is slowed by exogenous or endogenous impediments, the cell must activate some of the inactive or "dormant" origins to complete replication on time. Thus, the many origins that may be activated are probably key to protect the genome against replication stress. This review aims to discuss the role of these dormant origins as safeguards of the human genome during replicative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilas Courtot
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS; Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS; Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Valérie Bergoglio
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS; Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037 Toulouse, France.
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Cheng AN, Lo YK, Lin YS, Tang TK, Hsu CH, Hsu JTA, Lee AYL. Identification of Novel Cdc7 Kinase Inhibitors as Anti-Cancer Agents that Target the Interaction with Dbf4 by the Fragment Complementation and Drug Repositioning Approach. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:241-251. [PMID: 30293817 PMCID: PMC6197782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cdc7-Dbf4 is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that plays an important role in initiation of DNA replication and DNA damage tolerance in eukaryotic cells. Cdc7 has been found overexpressed in human cancer cell lines and tumor tissues, and the knockdown of Cdc7 expression causes an p53-independent apoptosis, suggesting that Cdc7 is a target for cancer therapy. Only a handful Cdc7 kinase inhibitors have been reported. All Cdc7 kinase inhibitors, including PHA-767491, were identified and characterized as ATP-competitive inhibitors. Unfortunately, these ATP-competitive Cdc7 inhibitors have no good effect on clinical trial. METHODS Here, we have developed a novel drug-screening platform to interrupt the interaction between Cdc7 and Dbf4 based on Renilla reniformis luciferase (Rluc)-linked protein-fragment complementation assay (Rluc-PCA). Using drug repositioning approach, we found several promising Cdc7 inhibitors for cancer therapy from a FDA-approved drug library. FINDINGS Our data showed that dequalinium chloride and clofoctol we screened inhibit S phase progression, accumulation in G2/M phase, and Cdc7 kinase activity. In addition, in vivo mice animal study suggests that dequalinium chloride has a promising anti-tumor activity in oral cancer. Interestingly, we also found that dequalinium chloride and clofoctol sensitize the effect of platinum compounds and radiation due to synergistic effect. In conclusion, we identified non-ATP-competitive Cdc7 kinase inhibitors that not only blocks DNA synthesis at the beginning but also sensitizes cancer cells to DNA damage agents. INTERPRETATION The inhibitors will be a promising anti-cancer agent and enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy and radiation for current cancer therapy. FUND: This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Health and Welfare, and National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Lo
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Lin
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tswen-Kei Tang
- Department of Nursing, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 89250, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Hsu
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - John T-A Hsu
- National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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23
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Ameratunga M, Kipps E, Okines AF, Lopez JS. To Cycle or Fight—CDK4/6 Inhibitors at the Crossroads of Anticancer Immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:21-28. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Berlato D, Murphy S, Laberke S, Rasotto R. Comparison of minichromosome maintenance protein 7, Ki67 and mitotic index in the prognosis of intermediate Patnaik grade cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:535-543. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Berlato
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - S. Murphy
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - S. Laberke
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - R. Rasotto
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Newmarket UK
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25
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Fujii K, Miyata Y, Takahashi I, Koizumi H, Saji H, Hoshikawa M, Takagi M, Nishimura T, Nakamura H. Differential Proteomic Analysis between Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC) and Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumors Reveals Molecular Signatures for Malignancy in Lung Cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1800015. [PMID: 29888431 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The molecular underpinnings that may prognosticate survival and increase our understanding of tumor development and progression are still poorly understood. This study aimed to define the molecular signatures for malignancy in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), which is known for its highly aggressive clinical features and poor prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using clinical specimens, the authors perform a comparative proteomic analysis of high-grade SCLCs and low-grade pulmonary carcinoid tumors (PCTs), both of which are types of neuroendocrine tumors. A label-free LC-MS-based quantitative proteomic analysis is applied to tumor cells laser-microdissected from their formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues obtained from six patients each. RESULTS Overall, 1991 proteins are identified from tumor cells in the FFPE tissues. Through the protein-protein interaction network analysis of 201 proteins significantly, the authors find that SCLC is functionally characterized by activation of molecular pathways for spliceosome, RNA transport, and DNA replication and cell cycle. Particularly, 11 proteins involved in tumor proliferation (MCM2, 4, 6, 7, and MSH2), metastasis (RCC2, CORO1C, CHD4, and IPO9), and cancer metabolism (PHGDH and TYMP) are identified as SCLC-specific proteins. Furthermore, their prognostic significances are demonstrated by online Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These clinical tissue proteomic approach for SCLC reveals the proteins associated with aggressiveness and poor prognosis. The identified SCLC-specific proteins represent potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, MCMs and PHGDH can be poor prognostic factors for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonaga Fujii
- Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Hirotaka Koizumi
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hisashi Saji
- Department of Chest Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hoshikawa
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takagi
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Nakamura
- Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Chest Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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26
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Carroll TD, Newton IP, Chen Y, Blow JJ, Näthke I. Lgr5 + intestinal stem cells reside in an unlicensed G 1 phase. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1667-1685. [PMID: 29599208 PMCID: PMC5940300 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During late mitosis and the early G1 phase, the origins of replication are licensed by binding to double hexamers of MCM2-7. In this study, we investigated how licensing and proliferative commitment are coupled in the epithelium of the small intestine. We developed a method for identifying cells in intact tissue containing DNA-bound MCM2-7. Interphase cells above the transit-amplifying compartment had no DNA-bound MCM2-7, but still expressed the MCM2-7 protein, suggesting that licensing is inhibited immediately upon differentiation. Strikingly, we found most proliferative Lgr5+ stem cells are in an unlicensed state. This suggests that the elongated cell-cycle of intestinal stem cells is caused by an increased G1 length, characterized by dormant periods with unlicensed origins. Significantly, the unlicensed state is lost in Apc-mutant epithelium, which lacks a functional restriction point, causing licensing immediately upon G1 entry. We propose that the unlicensed G1 phase of intestinal stem cells creates a temporal window when proliferative fate decisions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Carroll
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Ian P Newton
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Yu Chen
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - J Julian Blow
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Inke Näthke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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27
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Fei L, Ma Y, Zhang M, Liu X, Luo Y, Wang C, Zhang H, Zhang W, Han Y. RACK1 promotes lung cancer cell growth via an MCM7/RACK1/ Akt signaling complex. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40501-40513. [PMID: 28465488 PMCID: PMC5522230 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MCM7, a member of the miniature chromosome maintenance (MCM) protein family, is crucial for the initiation of DNA replication and proliferation in eukaryotic cells. In this report, we demonstrate that RACK1 regulates cell growth and cell cycle progression in human non-small-cell lung cancer by mediating MCM7 phosphorylation through an MCM7/RACK1/Akt signaling complex. RACK1 functions as a central scaffold that brings Akt into physical proximity with MCM7. Overexpression of RACK1 increases interactions between Akt and MCM7 and promotes Akt-dependent MCM7 phosphorylation, which in turn increases MCM7 binding to chromatin and MCM complex formation. Together, these changes promote DNA replication and cell proliferation. Our findings reveal a novel signaling pathway that regulates growth in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangru Fei
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yinan Ma
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Wenzhu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yuchen Han
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
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28
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V S V, K R, V N S, Sara George P, K C, K J, S T, Sujathan K. DNA Replication Licensing Proteins for Early Detection of Lung Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3041-3047. [PMID: 29172277 PMCID: PMC5773789 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.11.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To identify and characterize malignant and premalignant cells in sputum and matched tissue samples with reference to expression of minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCM2, MCM5) and cell division cycle protein 6 (CDC 6) and to assess their potential as biomarkers of premalignant and malignant lesions of the lung and associations with clinicopathological features. Methods: Expression of MCM2, MCM5 and 6 proteins in sputum samples and corresponding tissues was assessed by immunocytochemistry, and correlated with histological findings. Results: For characterization of malignant, metaplastic or dysplastic cells, CDC6 protein had the highest sensitivity of 87.7%. All the three markers together had a sensitivity of 94.4%. Furthermore these proteins could be employed to assess the proliferative potential of precancerous or atypical cells, as overexpression increasing with the stage of disease and degree of metastasis. Conclusion: The assessed markers can be utilized in routine cytopathology laboratories to supplement conventional morphological evaluation so that the sensitivity of sputum cytology can be enhanced. Potential applications in predicting the clinical behavior of lung lesions and predicting prognosis and survival deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena V S
- Division of Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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29
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Wang HR, Li YC, Guo HQ, Yu LL, Wu Z, Yin J, Liao GD, Qu YM, Jiang Y, Wang D, Chen W. A cocktail of p16 INK4a and Ki-67, p16 INK4a and minichromosome maintenance protein 2 as triage tests for human papillomavirus primary cervical cancer screening. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83890-83899. [PMID: 29137390 PMCID: PMC5663562 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are transient and additional triage approaches should be built after HPV-based primary cervical cancer screening. We evaluated the accuracy of p16/Ki-67 and p16/mcm2 dual staining as biomarkers for triaging HPV positive women in China. 4070 participants aged 35 to 64 years attending ongoing cervical cancer screening were enrolled in 2015-2016. Cervical exfoliated cells were collected for HPV DNA analysis and the residual positive specimens were tested for liquid-based cytology and biomarkers. Women infected with HPV 16/18 type or other 12 high-risk HPV types with abnormal cytology results received colposcopy. We found the positive rates of both biomarkers increased significantly with histology severity. p16/Ki-67 positivity in HPV16/18 group, other 12 high-risk HPV group and HPV negative group was 50.0%, 33.7% and 8.9%, respectively. The corresponding p16/mcm2 positivity was 70.0%, 56.3% and 6.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of p16/Ki-67 for CIN2+ in all HPV-positive women were 91.7% and 63.5%, with a referral rate of 36.2%, while p16/mcm2 were 87.5% and 42.1%, with a referral rate of 58.4%, respectively. The sensitivity of p16/Ki-67 increased to 95.8% for CIN2+ and 100% for CIN3+ when combined with high-grade cytology, without decrease in specificity. Our studies suggest that p16/Ki-67 is an efficient triaging biomarker for HPV-positive women and could reduce colposcopy workload. p16/mcm2 is more sensitive compared with cytology for identifying cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Rui Wang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu-Cong Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute & Hospital & Cancer Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hui-Qin Guo
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lu-Lu Yu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zeni Wu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guang-Dong Liao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yi-Min Qu
- School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute & Hospital & Cancer Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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30
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Nakashima T, Tomita H, Hirata A, Ishida K, Hisamatsu K, Hatano Y, Kanayama T, Niwa A, Noguchi K, Kato K, Miyazaki T, Tanaka T, Shibata T, Hara A. Promotion of cell proliferation by the proto-oncogene DEK enhances oral squamous cell carcinogenesis through field cancerization. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2424-2439. [PMID: 28834425 PMCID: PMC5633549 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) develops through a multistep carcinogenic process involving field cancerization. The DEK gene is a proto-oncogene with functions in genetic and epigenetic modifications, and has oncogenic functions, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, and senescence. DEK overexpression is associated with malignancies; however, the functional roles of DEK overexpression are unclear. We demonstrated that DEK-expressing cells were significantly increased in human dysplasia/carcinoma in situ and OSCC. Furthermore, we generated ubiquitous and squamous cell-specific doxycycline (DOX)-inducible Dek mice (iDek and iDek-e mice respectively). Both DOX+ iDek and iDek-e mice did not show differences in the oral mucosa compared with DOX- mice. In the environment exposed to carcinogen, DOX-treated (DOX+) iDek mice showed field cancerization and OSCC development. Microarray analysis revealed that DEK overexpression was mediated by the upregulation of DNA replication- and cell cycle-related genes, particularly those related to the G1 /S transition. Tongue tumors overexpressing DEK showed increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen and elongator complex protein 3 expression. Our data suggest that DEK overexpression enhanced carcinogenesis, including field cancerization, in OSCC by stimulating the G1 /S phase transition and promoting DNA replication, providing important insights into the potential applications of DEK as a target in the treatment and prevention of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakashima
- Department of Tumor PathologyGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial SurgeryGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor PathologyGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Division of Animal ExperimentLife Science Research CenterGifu University1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ishida
- Department of Tumor PathologyGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial SurgeryGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Kenji Hisamatsu
- Department of Tumor PathologyGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor PathologyGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanayama
- Department of Tumor PathologyGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Ayumi Niwa
- Department of Tumor PathologyGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Kei Noguchi
- Department of Tumor PathologyGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Keizo Kato
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial SurgeryGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Miyazaki
- Division of PathologyGifu University Hospital1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology (DDP) and Research Center of Diagnostic Pathology (RC‐DiP)Gifu Municipal Hospital7‐1 Kashima‐choGifu500‐8513Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shibata
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial SurgeryGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor PathologyGifu University Graduate School of Medicine1‐1 YanagidoGifu501‐1194Japan
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31
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Li J, Liu J, Liang Z, He F, Yang L, Li P, Jiang Y, Wang B, Zhou C, Wang Y, Ren Y, Yang J, Zhang J, Luo Z, Vaziri C, Liu P. Simvastatin and Atorvastatin inhibit DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 and effectively suppress RB-deficient tumors growth. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2673. [PMID: 28300827 PMCID: PMC5386551 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss or dysfunction of tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (RB) is a common feature in various tumors, and contributes to cancer cell stemness and drug resistance to cancer therapy. However, the strategy to suppress or eliminate Rb-deficient tumor cells remains unclear. In the present study, we accidentally found that reduction of DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 induced more apoptosis in RB-deficient tumor cells than in control tumor cells. Moreover, after a drug screening and further studies, we demonstrated that statin drug Simvastatin and Atorvastatin were able to inhibit MCM7 and RB expressions. Further study showed that Simvastatin and Atorvastatin induced more chromosome breaks and gaps of Rb-deficient tumor cells than control tumor cells. In vivo results showed that Simvastatin and Atorvastatin significantly suppressed Rb-deficient tumor growth than control in xenograft mouse models. The present work demonstrates that ‘old' lipid-lowering drugs statins are novel weapons against RB-deficient tumors due to their effects on suppressing MCM7 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheyong Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang He
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pingping Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yina Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Can Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaochun Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY 14263, USA
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston 02118, MA, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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32
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Aggarwal A, Schulz H, Manhardt T, Bilban M, Thakker RV, Kallay E. Expression profiling of colorectal cancer cells reveals inhibition of DNA replication licensing by extracellular calcium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:987-996. [PMID: 28161520 PMCID: PMC5424886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in industrialised societies. Epidemiological studies, animal experiments, and randomized clinical trials have shown that dietary factors can influence all stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, from initiation through promotion to progression. Calcium is one of the factors with a chemoprophylactic effect in colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to understand the molecular mechanisms of the anti-tumorigenic effects of extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]o) in colon cancer cells. Gene expression microarray analysis of colon cancer cells treated for 1, 4, and 24 h with 2 mM [Ca2+]o identified significant changes in expression of 1571 probe sets (ANOVA, p < 10− 5). The main biological processes affected by [Ca2+]o were DNA replication, cell division, and regulation of transcription. All factors involved in DNA replication-licensing were significantly downregulated by [Ca2+]o. Furthermore, we show that the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a G protein-coupled receptor is a mediator involved in this process. To test whether these results were physiologically relevant, we fed mice with a standard diet containing low (0.04%), intermediate (0.1%), or high (0.9%) levels of dietary calcium. The main molecules regulating replication licensing were inhibited also in vivo, in the colon of mice fed high calcium diet. We show that among the mechanisms behind the chemopreventive effect of [Ca2+]o is inhibition of replication licensing, a process often deregulated in neoplastic transformation. Our data suggest that dietary calcium is effective in preventing replicative stress, one of the main drivers of cancer and this process is mediated by the calcium-sensing receptor. Extracellular calcium inhibits cell division, DNA replication, in colon cancer cells. Extracellular calcium inhibits replication licensing in vitro and in vivo. The calcium-sensing receptor is a critical mediator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Aggarwal
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Teresa Manhardt
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Enikö Kallay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK.
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Li W, Cao F, Li J, Wang Z, Ren Y, Liang Z, Liu P. Simvastatin exerts anti-hepatitis B virus activity by inhibiting expression of minichromosome maintenance protein 7 in HepG2.2.15 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5334-5342. [PMID: 27779671 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, has been reported to inhibit the activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV), however, the mechanism underlying its antiviral function remains unknown. Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 7, a component of the MCM complex, has been reported to act as an important host factor aiding virus genome replication in host cells. The present study demonstrated that downregulation of MCM7 inhibited the expression of proteins transferred by adenoviral vectors. This suggests an association between MCM7 and viral DNA expression. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate whether SIM affected MCM7 expression. Notably, the results of the present study indicated that following exposure to SIM the protein expression levels of MCM7 in HepG2.2.15, a human HBV‑transfected liver cell line, was decreased. In addition, the HBV DNA replication in the cell line was suppressed. As quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments demonstrated that SIM did not downregulate the mRNA expression level of MCM7, the current study further investigated whether SIM affects the translation of MCM7. Western blot experiments indicated that SIM improved the activation of eukaryotic initiation factor‑2α (eIF2α), a protein synthesis initiation factor, and upregulated the upstream factors of eIF2α, protein kinase RNA‑like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, which is regulated by the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)‑AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. These results indicated that SIM induced HBV downregulation via an MCM‑dependent mechanism, and SIM may inhibit MCM7 expression by increasing the phosphorylation of eIF2α, which is mediated by the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Li
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zheyong Liang
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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DNA replication and cancer: From dysfunctional replication origin activities to therapeutic opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 37-38:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Tőkés T, Tőkés AM, Szentmártoni G, Kiszner G, Madaras L, Kulka J, Krenács T, Dank M. Expression of cell cycle markers is predictive of the response to primary systemic therapy of locally advanced breast cancer. Virchows Arch 2016; 468:675-86. [PMID: 27026269 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyze to what extent expression of four cell cycle regulation markers-minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM2), Ki-67, cyclin A, and phosphohistone-H3 (PHH3)-predict response to primary systemic therapy in terms of pathological complete remission (pCR). In search of an accurate and reproducible scoring method, we compared computer-assisted (CA) and routine visual assessment (VA) of immunoreactivity. We included 57 patients with breast cancer in the study. The cell cycle markers were detected using immunohistochemistry on pre-therapy core biopsy samples. Parallel CA (validated by manual labeling) and standard VA were performed and compared for diagnostic agreement and predictive value for pCR. CA and VA results were dichotomized based on receiver operating characteristic analysis defined optimal cut-off values. "High" was defined by staining scores above the optimal cut-off, while "low" had staining scores below the optimal cut-off. The CA method resulted in significantly lower values for Ki-67 and MCM2 compared to VA (mean difference, -3.939 and -4.323). Diagnostic agreement was highest for cyclin A and PHH3 (-0.586 and -0.666, respectively). Regardless of the method (CA/VA) used, all tested markers were predictive of pCR. Optimal cut-off-based dichotomization improved diagnostic agreement between the CA and VA methods for every marker, in particular for MCM2 (κ = 1, p < 0.000). Cyclin A displayed excellent agreement (κ = 0.925; p < 0.000), while Ki-67 and PHH3 showed good agreement (κ = 0.789, p < 0.000 and κ = 0.794, p < 0.000, respectively). We found all cell cycle markers (Ki-67, MCM2, cyclin A, and PHH3) predictive of pCR. Diagnostic agreement between CA and VA was better at lower staining scores but improved after optimal cut-off-based dichotomization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Tőkés
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Oncological Division, Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, 4th floor, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Anna-Mária Tőkés
- MTA-SE Tumor Progression Research Group, 2nd Department of Pahtology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary.,2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyvér Szentmártoni
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Oncological Division, Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, 4th floor, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Gergő Kiszner
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Lilla Madaras
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
| | - Janina Kulka
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
| | - Tibor Krenács
- MTA-SE Tumor Progression Research Group, 2nd Department of Pahtology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Dank
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Oncological Division, Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, 4th floor, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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Hesketh EL, Knight JRP, Wilson RHC, Chong JPJ, Coverley D. Transient association of MCM complex proteins with the nuclear matrix during initiation of mammalian DNA replication. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:333-41. [PMID: 25659032 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.980647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The minichromosome maintenance complex (MCM2-7) is the putative DNA helicase in eukaryotes, and essential for DNA replication. By applying serial extractions to mammalian cells synchronized by release from quiescence, we reveal dynamic changes to the sub-nuclear compartmentalization of MCM2 as cells pass through late G1 and early S phase, identifying a brief window when MCM2 becomes transiently attached to the nuclear-matrix. The data distinguish 3 states that correspond to loose association with chromatin prior to DNA replication, transient highly stable binding to the nuclear-matrix coincident with initiation, and a post-initiation phase when MCM2 remains tightly associated with chromatin but not the nuclear-matrix. The data suggests that functional MCM complex loading takes place at the nuclear-matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Hesketh
- a Department of Biology ; University of York ; York , UK
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Nowinska K, Chmielewska M, Piotrowska A, Pula B, Pastuszewski W, Krecicki T, Podhorska-Okołow M, Zabel M, Dziegiel P. Correlation between levels of expression of minichromosome maintenance proteins, Ki-67 proliferation antigen and metallothionein I/II in laryngeal squamous cell cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:635-45. [PMID: 26648405 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MCM2, MCM3 and MCM7 are minichromosome maintenance proteins found in dividing cells and they play a role in DNA synthesis. Increased MCM expression level is observed in cells of different cancer types. Additionally, metallothioneins (MT-I/II) are involved in control of cell proliferation and differentiation and changes of their expression are observed in many types of cancer. Ki-67 is known cancer cell proliferation antigen currently used in prognostic evaluation. The study material consisted of 83 laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC) cases and 10 benign hypertrophic lesions of larynx epithelium as a control group. For the present study, laryngeal cancer cell line HEp-2 and human keratinocytes were employed, and to evaluate expression of all the markers, immunohistochemical method (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot analysis were used. Statistical analysis showed strong positive correlation between expression of MCM2, MCM3, MCM7 and Ki-67 antigen in LSCC. Additionally, moderate positive correlation was observed between MCM3 and MT-I/II expression. In cancer cells, the level of expression of MCM3, MCM2, MCM7 and Ki-67 markers was increasing with the grade of LSCC malignancy. IF and western blot analysis showed higher MCM2, MCM3, MCM7 expression in HEp-2 cells in comparison to their expression in keratinocytes. MCM proteins might be useful markers of cell proliferation in LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nowinska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Bartosz Pula
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Krecicki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Zabel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Zhou F, Zhai H, Zhang M, Wang J. Interpreting the distinct and shared genetic characteristics between Epstein-Barr virus associated and non-associated gastric carcinoma. Gene 2015; 576:798-806. [PMID: 26584536 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is one of the major causes of cancer mortality worldwide. There is a better prognosis for patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) compared with those with EBV negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC). It is partly due to the fact that EBV infection recruits lymphocytes infiltrating the tumor. It has been reported that this infection indeed resulted in the changes in immune response genes and thus preventing the development of tumor. It is worthwhile to do a systematic study of EBVaGC and EBVnGC based on genetic characteristics and pathways. In this study, we investigated the information of gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway annotations to characterize EBVaGC and EBVnGC-related genes. By applying minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) algorithm, we provided an optimal set of features for identifying the EBVaGC and EBVnGC. We also employed the shortest path algorithm to probe the novel EBVaGC- and EBVnGC-related genes based on the interaction network of genes that differently expressed in them respectively. We obtained 1039 and 1003 features to identify these two types of gastric carcinoma respectively. Based on the optimal features of classification, we predicted 1881 and 2475 novel genes as additional candidates to support clinical research respectively for these two types of gastric cancers. We compared the differences and similarities of molecular traits between EBVaGC and EBVnGC, which would facilitate the understanding of gastric cancer and its therapy and was thus clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixun Wang
- Department of Abodomenal Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Abodomenal Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lixin Jiang
- Department of Abodomenal Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Furun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Zhai
- Department of Abodomenal Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Menglai Zhang
- Department of Abodomenal Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Emergency Center, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong, PR China.
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Rahman FU, Ali A, Khan I, Guo R, Chen L, Wang H, Li ZT, Lin Y, Zhang DW. Synthesis and characterization of trans-Pt(II)(salicylaldimine)(pyridine/pyridine-4-carbinol)Cl complexes: In vivo inhibition of E. coli growth and in vitro anticancer activities. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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40
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Expression Analysis of Genes Involved in the RB/E2F Pathway in Astrocytic Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137259. [PMID: 26317630 PMCID: PMC4552853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic gliomas, which are derived from glial cells, are considered the most common primary neoplasias of the central nervous system (CNS) and are histologically classified as low grade (I and II) or high grade (III and IV). Recent studies have shown that astrocytoma formation is the result of the deregulation of several pathways, including the RB/E2F pathway, which is commonly deregulated in various human cancers via genetic or epigenetic mechanisms. On the basis of the assumption that the study of the mechanisms controlling the INK4/ARF locus can help elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of astrocytic tumors, identify diagnostic and prognostic markers, and help select appropriate clinical treatments, the present study aimed to evaluate and compare methylation patterns using bisulfite sequencing PCR and evaluate the gene expression profile using real-time PCR in the genes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDC6, Bmi-1, CCND1, and RB1 in astrocytic tumors. Our results indicate that all the evaluated genes are not methylated independent of the tumor grade. However, the real-time PCR results indicate that these genes undergo progressive deregulation as a function of the tumor grade. In addition, the genes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and RB1 were underexpressed, whereas CDC6, Bmi-1, and CCND1 were overexpressed; the increase in gene expression was significantly associated with decreased patient survival. Therefore, we propose that the evaluation of the expression levels of the genes involved in the RB/E2F pathway can be used in the monitoring of patients with astrocytomas in clinical practice and for the prognostic indication of disease progression.
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Stebbing J, Zhang H, Xu Y, Grothey A, Ajuh P, Angelopoulos N, Giamas G. Characterization of the Tyrosine Kinase-Regulated Proteome in Breast Cancer by Combined use of RNA interference (RNAi) and Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) Quantitative Proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2479-92. [PMID: 26089344 PMCID: PMC4563730 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.048090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases (TKs) are central regulators in cellular activities and perturbations of TK signaling contribute to oncogenesis. However, less than half of the TKs have been thoroughly studied and a global functional analysis of their proteomic portrait is lacking. Here we conducted a combined approach of RNA interference (RNAi) and stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics to decode the TK-regulated proteome and associated signaling dynamics. As a result, a broad proteomic repertoire modulated by TKs was revealed, upon silencing of the 65 TKs expressed in MCF7 breast cancer cells. This yielded 10 new distinctive TK clusters according to similarity in TK-regulated proteome, each characterized by a unique signaling signature in contrast to previous classifications. We provide functional analyses and identify critical pathways for each cluster based on their common downstream targets. Analysis of different breast cancer subtypes showed distinct correlations of each cluster with clinical outcome. From the significantly up- and down-regulated proteins, we identified a number of markers of drug sensitivity and resistance. These data supports the role of TKs in regulating major aspects of cellular activity, but also reveals redundancy in signaling, explaining why kinase inhibitors alone often fail to achieve their clinical aims. The TK-SILACepedia provides a comprehensive resource for studying the global function of TKs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Hua Zhang
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK;
| | - Yichen Xu
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Arnhild Grothey
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Paul Ajuh
- §Dundee Cell Products Ltd, James Lindsay Place, Dundee Technopole, Dundee, DD1 5JJ, UK
| | - Nicos Angelopoulos
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Georgios Giamas
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
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42
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Ramakrishnan S, Partricia S, Mathan G. Overview of high-risk HPV's 16 and 18 infected cervical cancer: Pathogenesis to prevention. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 70:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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43
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Dellino GI, Pelicci PG. Next-generation sequencing and DNA replication in human cells: the future has arrived. Future Oncol 2015; 10:683-93. [PMID: 24754597 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate regulation of DNA replication ensures faithful transmission of eukaryotic genomes and maintenance of genomic stability and chromatin organization. However, by itself the replication process is a threat for both DNA and chromatin integrity. This becomes particularly relevant in cancer cells, where activated oncogenes induce replication-stress, including unscheduled initiation, fork stalling and collapse and, ultimately, genomic instability. Studies addressing the relationship between (epi)genome integrity and disease have been hampered by our poor knowledge of the mechanisms regulating where and when eukaryotic replication initiates. Recently developed genome-scale methods for the analysis of DNA replication in mammals will contribute to the identification of missing links between replication, chromatin regulation and genome stability in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Ivan Dellino
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy
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44
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Zheng T, Chen M, Han S, Zhang L, Bai Y, Fang X, Ding SZ, Yang Y. Plasma minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 is a novel biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:1347-56. [PMID: 24451028 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the presence of plasma minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (MCM6) mRNA and protein levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and evaluate their diagnostic value for HCC. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 61 HCC and 29 cirrhotic patients, and 30 healthy individuals. Circulating RNA was extracted from plasma of all samples. The mRNA for MCM6 were amplified and quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Plasma MCM6 and α-fetoprotein (AFP) protein levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In HCC patients, MCM6 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased over the cirrhotic and healthy controls. The levels of MCM6 mRNA and protein in the plasma of HCC patients correlated to vascular invasion (P < 0.01). Higher MCM6 protein levels also correlated with tumor stage progression and lymph node metastasis. The MCM6 protein has sensitivity of 67.2% and specificity of 89.8% in differentiating total HCC from non-HCC individuals. In the AFP negative HCC group, MCM6 mRNA and protein could both detect 76.9% of HCC patients; combining the two of them increased the detection rate to 84.6%. In small HCC patients, MCM6 mRNA and protein could detect 64.3% and 71.4% of patients, respectively; combining AFP, MCM6 mRNA and MCM6 protein could detect 85.7% of small HCC patients. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that MCM6 mRNA and protein levels in plasma can be promising independent biomarkers for HCC, especially in AFP negative and small HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenghao Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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45
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SMOC1-induced osteoblast differentiation involves enhanced proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-014-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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46
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Abstract
DNA replication must be tightly regulated to ensure that the genome is accurately duplicated during each cell cycle. When these regulatory mechanisms fail, replicative stress and DNA damage ensue. Activated oncogenes promote replicative stress, inducing a DNA damage response (DDR) early in tumorigenesis. Senescence or apoptosis result, forming a barrier against tumour progression. This may provide a selective pressure for acquisition of mutations in the DDR pathway during tumorigenesis. Despite its potential importance in early cancer development, the precise nature of oncogene-induced replicative stress remains poorly understood. Here, we review our current understanding of replication initiation and its regulation, describe mechanisms by which activated oncogenes might interfere with these processes and discuss how replicative stress might contribute to the genomic instability seen in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Hills
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - John F X Diffley
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, EN6 3LD, UK.
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47
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Winnepenninckx V, van den Oord JJ. Gene expression profiling and clinical outcome in melanoma: in search of novel prognostic factors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:1611-31. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.11.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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48
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Jackson AP, Laskey RA, Coleman N. Replication proteins and human disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:cshperspect.a013060. [PMID: 23881941 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss the significance of DNA replication proteins in human disease. There is a broad range of mutations in genes encoding replication proteins, which result in several distinct clinical disorders that share common themes. One group of replication proteins, the MCMs, has emerged as effective biomarkers for early detection of a range of common cancers. They offer practical and theoretical advantages over other replication proteins and have been developed for widespread clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Cheng AN, Jiang SS, Fan CC, Lo YK, Kuo CY, Chen CH, Liu YL, Lee CC, Chen WS, Huang TS, Wang TY, Lee AYL. Increased Cdc7 expression is a marker of oral squamous cell carcinoma and overexpression of Cdc7 contributes to the resistance to DNA-damaging agents. Cancer Lett 2013; 337:218-25. [PMID: 23684929 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase (Dbf4-dependent kinase, DDK) is an essential factor of DNA replication and DNA damage response (DDR), which is associated with tumorigenesis. However, Cdc7 expression has never been associated to the outcome of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, and the mechanism underlying cancer cell survival mediated by Cdc7 remains unclear. The Cdc7 protein expression of 105 OSCC tumor and 30 benign tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry assay. Overall survival rates of 80 OSCC patients were measured using Kaplan-Meier estimates and the log-rank tests. Cdc7 overexpression by adenovirus system was used to scrutinize the underlying mechanism contributed to cancer cell survival upon DDR. In silico analysis showed that increased Cdc7 is a common feature of cancer. Cdc7 overexpression was found in 96 of 105 (91.4%) studied cases of OSCC patients. Patients with higher Cdc7 expression, either categorized into two groups: Cdc7 high expression (2+ to 3+) versus Cdc7 low expression (0 to 1+) [hazard ratios (HR)=2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.28-5.43; P=0.0087] or four groups (0 to 3+) [HR=1.71; 95% CI=1.20-2.44; P=0.0032], exhibited a poorer outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that Cdc7 is an independent marker for survival prediction. Overexpressed Cdc7 inhibits genotoxin-induced apoptosis to increase the survival of cancer cells. In summary, Cdc7 expression, which is universally upregulated in cancer, is an independent prognostic marker of OSCC. Cdc7 inhibits genotoxin-induced apoptosis and increases survival in cancer cells upon DDR, suggesting that high expression of Cdc7 enhances the resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
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Abstract
The cell cycle ensures genome maintenance by coordinating the processes of DNA replication and chromosome segregation. Of particular importance is the irreversible transition from the G1 phase of the cell cycle to S phase. This transition marks the switch from preparing chromosomes for replication ("origin licensing") to active DNA synthesis ("origin firing"). Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is essential for restricting DNA replication to only once per cell cycle and is the major mechanism regulating the G1 to S phase transition. Although some changes in protein levels are attributable to regulated mRNA abundance, protein degradation elicits very rapid changes in protein abundance and is critical for the sharp and irreversible transition from one cell cycle stage to the next. Not surprisingly, regulation of the G1-to-S phase transition is perturbed in most cancer cells, and deregulation of key molecular events in G1 and S phase drives not only cell proliferation but also genome instability. In this review we focus on the mechanisms by which E3 ubiquitin ligases control the irreversible transition from G1 to S phase in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay F Rizzardi
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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