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Blazeska N, Kosaloglu-Yalcin Z, Vita R, Peters B, Sette A. IEDB and CEDAR: Two Sibling Databases to Serve the Global Scientific Community. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2673:133-149. [PMID: 37258911 PMCID: PMC11008223 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Various methodologies have been utilized to analyze epitope-specific responses in the context of non-self-antigens, such as those associated with infectious diseases and allergies, and in the context of self-antigens, such as those associated with transplantation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Further to this, epitope-specific data, and its associated immunological context, are crucial to training and developing predictive algorithms and pipelines for the development of specific vaccines and diagnostics. In this chapter, we describe the methodology utilized to derive two sibling resources, the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) and Cancer Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (CEDAR), to specifically host this data, and make them freely available to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Blazeska
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zeynep Kosaloglu-Yalcin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Randi Vita
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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PSRTTCA: A new approach for improving the prediction and characterization of tumor T cell antigens using propensity score representation learning. Comput Biol Med 2023; 152:106368. [PMID: 36481763 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the arsenal of existing cancer therapies, the ongoing recurrence and new cases of cancer pose a serious health concern that necessitates the development of new and effective treatments. Cancer immunotherapy, which uses the body's immune system to combat cancer, is a promising treatment option. As a result, in silico methods for identifying and characterizing tumor T cell antigens (TTCAs) would be useful for better understanding their functional mechanisms. Although few computational methods for TTCA identification have been developed, their lack of model interpretability is a major drawback. Thus, developing computational methods for the effective identification and characterization of TTCAs is a critical endeavor. PSRTTCA, a new machine learning (ML)-based approach for improving the identification and characterization of TTCAs based on their primary sequences, is proposed in this study. Specifically, we introduce a new propensity score representation learning algorithm that allows one to generate various sets of propensity scores of amino acids, dipeptides, and g-gap dipeptides to be TTCAs. To enhance the predictive performance, optimal sets of variant propensity scores were determined and fed into the final meta-predictor (PSRTTCA). Benchmarking results revealed that PSRTTCA was a more precise and promising tool for the identification and characterization of TTCAs than conventional ML classifiers and existing methods. Furthermore, PSR-derived propensities of amino acids in becoming TTCAs are used to reveal the relationship between TTCAs and their informative physicochemical properties in order to provide insights into TTCA characteristics. Finally, a user-friendly online computational platform of PSRTTCA is publicly available at http://pmlabstack.pythonanywhere.com/PSRTTCA. The PSRTTCA predictor is anticipated to facilitate community-wide efforts in accelerating the discovery of novel TTCAs for cancer immunotherapy and other clinical applications.
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Fully synthetic Tn-based three-component cancer vaccine using covalently linked TLR4 ligand MPLA and iNKT cell agonist KRN-7000 as built-in adjuvant effectively protects mice from tumor development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4432-4445. [PMID: 36561989 PMCID: PMC9764137 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new strategy for self-adjuvanting vaccine development that has different types of covalently-linked immunostimulants as the carrier molecule. Using Tn antigen as the model, a three-component vaccine (MPLA-Tn-KRN7000) containing the TLR4 ligand MPLA and the iNKT cell agonist KRN7000 was designed and synthesized. This expands fully synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccine studies that use a single carrier to one with two different types of carriers. The corresponding two-component conjugate vaccines Tn-MPLA, Tn-KRN7000 and Tn-CRM197 were also synthesized, as controls. The immunological evaluation found that MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 elicits robust Tn-specific and T cell-dependent immunity. The antibodies specifically recognized, bound to and exhibited complement-dependent cytotoxicity against Tn-positive cancer cells. In addition, MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 increased the survival rate and survival time of tumor-challenged mice, and surviving mice reject further tumor attacks without any additional treatment. Compared to the glycoprotein vaccine Tn-CRM197, the two-component conjugate vaccines, Tn-MPLA and Tn-KRN7000, and the physical mixture of Tn-MPLA and Tn-KRN7000, MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 showed the most effect at combating tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. The comparison of immunological studies in wild-type and TLR4 knockout mice, along with the test of binding affinity to CD1d protein suggests that the covalently linked MPLA-KRN7000 immunostimulant induces a synergistic activation of TLR4 and iNKT cell that improves the immunogenicity of Tn. This work demonstrates that MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 has the potential to be a vaccine candidate and provides a new direction for fully synthetic vaccine design.
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Yildirim M, Yildirim TC, Turay N, Bildik T, Ibibik B, Evcili I, Ersan PG, Tokat UM, Sahin O, Gursel I. TLR ligand loaded exosome mediated immunotherapy of established mammary Tumor in mice. Immunol Lett 2021; 239:32-41. [PMID: 34418488 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) could be harnessed as an immunotherapeutic cancer vaccine. These nanovesicles are inherently possesses rich tumor antigen reservoirs. Due to their undesirable features such as poor or limited immunogenicity as well as facilitation of cancer development via mediating communication between tumor cells TEXs could be transformed into an effective immune adjuvant delivery system that initiates a strong humoral and cell-mediated tumor-specific immune response. Engineering TEXs to harbor immunostimulatory molecules still remains a challenge. Previously, we demonstrated that nucleic acid ligand encapsulated liposomes could trigger synergistic strong humoral, and cell mediated immune responses and provokes tumor regression to that of their standalone counterparts. In this study, we evaluated to immunogenicity of 4T1/Her2 cell-derived exosomes upon loading them with two potent immuno adjuvant, a TLR9 ligand, K-type CpG ODN and a TLR3 ligand, p(I:C). Engineered TEXs co-encapsulating both ligands displayed boosted immunostimulatory properties by activating antigen-specific primary and memory T cell responses. Furthermore, our exosome-based vaccine candidate elicited robust Th1-biased immunity as evidenced by elevated secretion of IgG2a and IFNγ. In a therapeutic cancer model, administration of4T1 tumor derived exosomes loaded with CpG ODN and p(I:C) to animals regress tumor growth in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Taken together this work implicated that an exosome-based therapeutic vaccine promoted strong cellular and humoral anti-tumor immunity that is sufficient to reverse established tumors. This approach offers a personalized tumor therapy strategy that could be implemented in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Yildirim
- Thorlab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugce Canavar Yildirim
- Thorlab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilsu Turay
- Thorlab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugce Bildik
- Thorlab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilgehan Ibibik
- Thorlab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irem Evcili
- Thorlab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Gulizar Ersan
- Thorlab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey; Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences (DDBS), College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208,Columbia
| | - Unal M Tokat
- Thorlab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey; Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences (DDBS), College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208,Columbia
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences (DDBS), College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208,Columbia
| | - Ihsan Gursel
- Thorlab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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5
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Sezen D, Verma V, He K, Abana CO, Barsoumian H, Ning MS, Tang C, Hurmuz P, Puebla-Osorio N, Chen D, Tendler I, Comeaux N, Nguyen QN, Chang JY, Welsh JW. Considerations for Clinical Trials Testing Radiotherapy Combined With Immunotherapy for Metastatic Disease. Semin Radiat Oncol 2021; 31:217-226. [PMID: 34090648 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is inherently heterogeneous, and patients with metastatic disease can experience vastly different oncologic outcomes depending on several patient- and disease-specific characteristics. Designing trials for such a diverse population is challenging yet necessary to improve treatment outcomes for metastatic-previously thought to be incurable-disease. Here we review core considerations for designing and conducting clinical trials involving radiation therapy and immunotherapy for patients with metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sezen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Radiation Oncology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kewen He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chike O Abana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hampartsaum Barsoumian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Matthew S Ning
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Chad Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Pervin Hurmuz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nahum Puebla-Osorio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Irwin Tendler
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nathan Comeaux
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Quynh-Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Joe Y Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - James W Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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6
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Ghosh S, Trabbic KR, Shi M, Nishat S, Eradi P, Kleski KA, Andreana PR. Chemical synthesis and immunological evaluation of entirely carbohydrate conjugate Globo H-PS A1. Chem Sci 2020; 11:13052-13059. [PMID: 34123241 PMCID: PMC8163331 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An anticancer, entirely carbohydrate conjugate, Globo H-polysaccharide A1 (Globo H-PS A1), was chemically prepared and immunologically evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. Tumor associated carbohydrate antigen Globo H hexasaccharide was synthesized in an overall 7.8% yield employing a convergent [3 + 3] strategy that revealed an anomeric aminooxy group used for conjugation to oxidized PS A1 via an oxime linkage. Globo H-PS A1, formulated with adjuvants monophosphoryl lipid A and TiterMax® Gold. After immunization an antigen specific immune response was observed in ELISA with anti-Globo H IgG/IgM antibodies. Specificity of the corresponding antibodies was determined by FACS showing cell surface binding to Globo H-positive cancer cell lines MCF-7 and OVCAR-5. The anti-Globo H antibodies also exhibited complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and OVCAR-5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ghosh
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Kevin R Trabbic
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Mengchao Shi
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Sharmeen Nishat
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Pradheep Eradi
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Kristopher A Kleski
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Peter R Andreana
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
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7
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Rajavenkatesh K, Padmaja M, Janani I, Aishwarya S, Purna Sai K, Thennarasu S. Design and synthesis of a novel peptide for selective detection of cancer cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 95:610-623. [PMID: 32147880 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using a minimalist approach, an 11-residue peptide (Peptide 1) tagged with rhodamine fluorophore was designed and synthesized for selective detection of cancer cells. Peptide 1 contains RGD and NGR motifs to bind, respectively, integrins and aminopeptidase CD13, which are over expressed in cancer cells. Surface tension measurements revealed that peptide 1 possess surface-active property owing to the overall hydrophobicity and cationic nature of the peptide. Peptide 1 displays cancer cell-selective binding at ≤5.0 µM concentrations, while peptide 2 (randomized sequence of 1) shows non-selective binding to normal and cancer cells. Fluorescence microscopy and FACS analysis demonstrated the intracellular localization of peptide 1 in three different cancer cell lines, confirming the role of RGD and NGR motifs. Cytotoxicity assay exhibited the viability of normal and cancer cells up to 100 µM concentrations of peptide 1. Steady-state fluorescence measurements disclosed the preferential interactions of the peptide 1 with anionic POPC/POPG bilayers rather than with zwitterionic POPC lipid bilayers. Circular dichroism studies showed minimal changes in the secondary structure of peptide 1 upon binding with the anionic lipid bilayers. Peptide 1 is largely unordered, non-toxic, and useful for identification of cancer cells. Peptide 1 provides a template for designing drug-loaded peptides for targeted delivery into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murali Padmaja
- Biological Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Indrakumar Janani
- Biological Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Satish Aishwarya
- Biological Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Korrapati Purna Sai
- Biological Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Sathiah Thennarasu
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
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8
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Kareemaghay S, Tavassoli M. Clinical immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 48:419-436. [PMID: 30401512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide, accounting for more than 550,000 cases and 380,000 deaths annually. The primary risk factors associated with HNSCC are tobacco use and alcohol consumption; nevertheless genetic predisposition and oncogenic viruses also play important roles in the development of these malignancies. The current treatments for HNSCC patients include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and cetuximab, and combinations of these. However, these treatments are associated with significant toxicity, and many patients are either refractory to the treatment or relapse after a short period. Despite improvements in the treatment of patients with HNSCC, the clinical outcomes of those who have been treated with standard therapies have remained unchanged for over three decades and the 5-year overall survival rate in these patients remains around 40-50%. Therefore, more specific and less toxic therapies are needed in order to improve patient outcomes. The tumour microenvironment of HNSCC is immunosuppressive; therefore immunotherapy strategies that can overcome the immunosuppressive environment and produce long-term tumour immunosurveillance will have a significant therapeutic impact in these patients. This review focuses on the current immunological treatment options under investigation or available for clinical use in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kareemaghay
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Tavassoli
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King's College London, London, UK.
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9
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Tarek MM, Shafei AE, Ali MA, Mansour MM. Computational prediction of vaccine potential epitopes and 3-dimensional structure of XAGE-1b for non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy. Biomed J 2018; 41:118-128. [PMID: 29866600 PMCID: PMC6138771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND XAGE-1b is shown to be overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma and to be a strong immunogenic antigen among non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, 3D structure of XAGE-1b is not available and its confirmation has not been solved yet. METHODS Multiple sequence alignment was run to select the most reliable templates. Homology modeling technique was performed using computer-based tool to generate 3-dimensional structure models, eight models were generated and assessed on basis of local and global quality. Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) tools were then used to determine potential B-Cell epitopes while NetMHCpan algorithms were used to enhance the determination for potential epitopes of both Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and T-helper cells. RESULTS Computational prediction was performed for B-Cell epitopes, prediction results generated; 3 linear epitopes where XAGE-1b (13-21) possessed the best score of 0.67, 5 discontinuous epitopes where XAGE-1b (40-52) possessed the best score of 0.67 based on the predicted model of the finest quality. For a potential vaccine design, computational prediction yielded potential Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I epitopes including HLA-B*08:01-restricted XAGE-1b (3-11) epitope which was the best with 0.2 percentile rank. Regarding HLA Class II epitopes, HLA-DRB1*12:01-restricted XAGE-1b (25-33) was the most antigenic epitope with 5.91 IC50 value. IC50 values were compared with experimental values and population coverage percentages of epitopes were computed. CONCLUSIONS This study predicted a model of XAGE-1b tertiary structure which could explain its antigenic function and facilitate usage of predicted peptides for experimental validation towards designing immunotherapies against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Tarek
- Bioinformatics Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ayman E Shafei
- Biomedical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Ali
- Biomedical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Mansour
- Ain Shams University (ASU), Faculty of Computer Information Sciences (FCIS), Bioinformatics Program, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Gammon JM, Dold NM, Jewell CM. Improving the clinical impact of biomaterials in cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15421-43. [PMID: 26871948 PMCID: PMC4941251 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies for cancer have progressed enormously over the past few decades, and hold great promise for the future. The successes of these therapies, with some patients showing durable and complete remission, demonstrate the power of harnessing the immune system to eradicate tumors. However, the effectiveness of current immunotherapies is limited by hurdles ranging from immunosuppressive strategies employed by tumors, to inadequate specificity of existing therapies, to heterogeneity of disease. Further, the vast majority of approved immunotherapies employ systemic delivery of immunomodulators or cells that make addressing some of these challenges more difficult. Natural and synthetic biomaterials–such as biocompatible polymers, self-assembled lipid particles, and implantable biodegradable devices–offer unique potential to address these hurdles by harnessing the benefits of therapeutic targeting, tissue engineering, co-delivery, controlled release, and sensing. However, despite the enormous investment in new materials and nanotechnology, translation of these ideas to the clinic is still an uncommon outcome. Here we review the major challenges facing immunotherapies and discuss how the newest biomaterials and nanotechnologies could help overcome these challenges to create new clinical options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Gammon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Neil M Dold
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Morishita M, Takahashi Y, Nishikawa M, Ariizumi R, Takakura Y. Enhanced Class I Tumor Antigen Presentation via Cytosolic Delivery of Exosomal Cargos by Tumor-Cell-Derived Exosomes Displaying a pH-Sensitive Fusogenic Peptide. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4079-4086. [PMID: 28977747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-cell-derived exosomes contain endogenous tumor antigens and can be used as a potential cancer vaccine without requiring identification of the tumor-specific antigen. To elicit an effective antitumor effect, efficient tumor antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules on dendritic cells (DC) is desirable. Because DC endocytose exosomes, an endosomal escape mechanism is required for efficient MHC class I presentation of exosomal tumor antigens. In the present study, efficient cytosolic delivery of exosomal tumor antigens was performed using genetically engineered tumor-cell-derived exosomes and pH-sensitive fusogenic GALA peptide. Murine melanoma B16BL6 cells were transfected with a plasmid vector encoding a streptavidin (SAV; a protein that binds to biotin with high affinity)-lactadherin (LA; an exosome-tropic protein) fusion protein to obtain SAV-LA-modified exosomes (SAV-exo). SAV-exo was mixed with biotinylated GALA to obtain GALA-modified exosomes (GALA-exo). Fluorescent microscopic observation using fluorescent-labeled GALA showed that the exosomes were modified with GALA. GALA-exo exerted a membrane-lytic activity under acidic conditions and efficiently delivered exosomal cargos to the cytosol. Moreover, DC treated with GALA-exo showed enhanced tumor antigen presentation capacity by MHC class I molecules. Thus, genetically engineered GALA-exo are effective in controlling the intracellular traffic of tumor-cell-derived exosomes and for enhancing tumor antigen presentation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Morishita
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Reiichi Ariizumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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12
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Taniguchi H, Iwasa S, Yamazaki K, Yoshino T, Kiryu C, Naka Y, Liew EL, Sakata Y. Phase 1 study of OCV-C02, a peptide vaccine consisting of two peptide epitopes for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1013-1021. [PMID: 28266765 PMCID: PMC5448625 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OCV‐C02 is a peptide vaccine consisting of two peptide epitopes derived from ring finger protein 43 (RNF43) and translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 34 (TOMM34). This Phase 1 study assessed the safety, preliminary efficacy and immunological responses following OCV‐C02 administration in patients with advanced or relapsed colorectal cancer who were intolerant or refractory to standard chemotherapy. Primary endpoint was any occurrence of dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) during cycle 1. Secondary endpoints were treatment‐emergent adverse events, efficacy and immunological responses. Efficacy was evaluated based on overall response rate, disease control rate, time to treatment failure and overall survival. Immunological responses were evaluated by measuring CTL, delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Twenty‐four patients who were HLA‐A*24:02‐positive were enrolled and grouped into four cohorts of six patients each: cohorts 1, 2, 3, and 4 which received s.c. OCV‐C02 (emulsifying agent: Montanide™ ISA 51 VG) 0.3, 1, 3, and 6 mg/body, respectively. After cycle 1, patients who were eligible and willing to continue vaccination proceeded to the extended treatment period. No DLT occurred in cycle 1 and no major safety problems were reported throughout the trial. One patient in cohort 2, three patients in cohort 3 and two patients in cohort 4 achieved stable disease. CTL and DTH responses following vaccination were also observed across the four cohorts. OCV‐C02 at 0.3 to 6 mg/body was found to be safe and well tolerated. Trial registrations: JAPIC clinical trials registry (ID: JapicCTI‐132075) and ClinicalTrials.Gov (ID: NCT01801930).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Taniguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwasa
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamazaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterology & Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chika Kiryu
- Department of Clinical Management, Headquarters of Clinical Development, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Naka
- Department of Clinical Development - Oncology, Headquarters of Clinical Development, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ei Leen Liew
- Department of Medical Affairs, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuh Sakata
- Department of Medical Oncology, Misawa-City Hospital, Aomori, Japan
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13
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Holay N, Kim Y, Lee P, Gujar S. Sharpening the Edge for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy: Targeting Tumor Antigens through Oncolytic Vaccines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:800. [PMID: 28751892 PMCID: PMC5507961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a promising, modern-age option for treatment of cancers. Among the many immunotherapies being developed, oncolytic viruses (OVs) are slowly moving to the forefront of potential clinical therapeutic agents, especially considering the fact that the first oncolytic virus was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma. OVs were originally discovered for their ability to kill cancer cells, but they have emerged as unconventional cancer immunotherapeutics due to their ability to activate a long-term antitumor immune response. This immune response not only eliminates cancer cells but also offers potential for preventing cancer recurrence. A fundamental requirement for the generation of such a strong antitumor T cell response is the recognition of an immunogenic tumor antigen by the antitumor T cell. Several tumor antigens capable of activating these antitumor T cells have been identified and are now being expressed through genetically engineered OVs to potentiate antitumor immunity. With the emergence of novel technologies for identifying tumor antigens and immunogenic epitopes in a myriad of cancers, design of "oncolytic vaccines" expressing highly specific tumor antigens provides a great strategy for targeting tumors. Here, we highlight the various OVs engineered to target tumor antigens and discuss multiple studies and strategies used to develop oncolytic vaccine regimens. We also contend how, going forward, a combination of technologies for identifying novel immunogenic tumor antigens and rational design of oncolytic vaccines will pave the way for the next generation of clinically efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namit Holay
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shashi Gujar,
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14
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Exosome-based tumor antigens–adjuvant co-delivery utilizing genetically engineered tumor cell-derived exosomes with immunostimulatory CpG DNA. Biomaterials 2016; 111:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Mazor R, Addissie S, Jang Y, Tai CH, Rose J, Hakim F, Pastan I. Role of HLA-DP in the Presentation of Epitopes from the Truncated Bacterial PE38 Immunotoxin. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 19:117-129. [PMID: 27796910 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of helper T-cell epitopes is important in many fields of medicine. We previously used an experimental approach to identify T-cell epitopes in PE38, a truncated bacterial toxin used in immunotoxins. Here, we evaluated the ability of antibodies to DR, DP, or DQ to block T-cell responses to PE38 epitopes in 36 PBMC samples. We predicted the binding affinities of peptides to DR, DP, and DQ alleles using computational tools and analyzed their ability to predict the T-cell epitopes. We found that HLA-DR is responsible for 65% of the responses, DP 24%, and DQ 4%. One epitope that is presented in 20% of the samples (10/50) is entirely DP restricted and was not predicted to bind to DR or DP reference alleles using binding algorithms. We conclude that DP has an important role in helper T-cell response to PE38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Mazor
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Room 5106, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4264, USA
| | - Selamawit Addissie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Room 5106, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4264, USA
| | - Youjin Jang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Room 5106, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4264, USA
| | - Chin-Hsien Tai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Room 5106, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4264, USA
| | - Jeremy Rose
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fran Hakim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Room 5106, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4264, USA.
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16
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Shi M, Kleski KA, Trabbic KR, Bourgault JP, Andreana PR. Sialyl-Tn Polysaccharide A1 as an Entirely Carbohydrate Immunogen: Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14264-14272. [PMID: 27726393 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kristopher A. Kleski
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kevin R. Trabbic
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Jean-Paul Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Peter R. Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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17
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Abstract
Chemotherapy has been the main modality of treatment for cancer patients; however, its success rate remains low, primarily due to limited accessibility of drugs to the tumor tissue, their intolerable toxicity, development of multi-drug resistance, and the dynamic heterogeneous biology of the growing tumors. Better understanding of tumor biology in recent years and new targeted drug delivery approaches that are being explored using different nanosystems and bioconjugates provide optimism in developing successful cancer therapy. This article reviews the possibilities and challenges for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored
- Folic Acid/metabolism
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Immunotoxins/chemistry
- Ligands
- Magnetics
- Mice
- Nanostructures/chemistry
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Oleic Acid/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Time Factors
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet K Vasir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
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18
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Mazor R, Tai CH, Lee B, Pastan I. Poor correlation between T-cell activation assays and HLA-DR binding prediction algorithms in an immunogenic fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. J Immunol Methods 2015; 425:10-20. [PMID: 26056938 PMCID: PMC4604018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to identify immunogenic determinants that activate T-cells is important for the development of new vaccines, allergy therapy and protein therapeutics. In silico MHC-II binding prediction algorithms are often used for T-cell epitope identification. To understand how well those programs predict immunogenicity, we computed HLA binding to peptides spanning the sequence of PE38, a fragment of an anti-cancer immunotoxin, and compared the predicted and experimentally identified T-cell epitopes. We found that the prediction for individual donors did not correlate well with the experimental data. Furthermore, prediction of T-cell epitopes in an HLA heterogenic population revealed that the two strongest epitopes were predicted at multiple cutoffs but the third epitope was predicted negative at all cutoffs and overall 4/9 epitopes were missed at several cutoffs. We conclude that MHC class-II binding predictions are not sufficient to predict the T-cell epitopes in PE38 and should be supplemented by experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Mazor
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Chin-Hsien Tai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Byungkook Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Ruben JM, Bontkes HJ, Westers TM, Hooijberg E, Ossenkoppele GJ, van de Loosdrecht AA, de Gruijl TD. In situ loading of skin dendritic cells with apoptotic bleb-derived antigens for the induction of tumor-directed immunity. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e946360. [PMID: 25610730 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.946360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation and loading of dendritic cells (DC) ex-vivo for tumor vaccination purposes is laborious and costly. Direct intradermal (i.d.) administration of tumor-associated antigens could be an attractive alternative approach, provided that efficient uptake and cross-presentation by appropriately activated skin DCs can be achieved. Here, we compare the efficiency of i.d. delivery of relatively small apoptotic blebs (diameter ∼0.1-1 μm) derived from MART-1 transduced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) HL60 cells, to that of larger apoptotic cell remnants (ACR; 2-10 μm) in a physiologically highly relevant human skin explant model. Injection of either fluorescently-labelled ACRs or blebs alone did not affect the number or distribution of migrated DC subsets from skin biopsies after 48 hours, but resulted in a general up-regulation of the co-stimulatory molecules CD83 and CD86 on skin DCs that had ingested apoptotic material. We have previously shown that i.d. administration of GM-CSF and IL-4 resulted in preferential migration of a mature and highly T cell-stimulatory CD11hiCD1a+CD14- dermal DC subset. Here, we found that co-injection of GM-CSF and IL-4 together with either ACRs or blebs resulted in uptake efficiencies within this dermal DC subset of 7.6% (±6.1%) and 19.1% (±15.9%), respectively, thus revealing a significantly higher uptake frequency of blebs (P < 0.02). Intradermal delivery of tumor-derived blebs did not affect the T-cell priming and TH-skewing abilities of migratory skin DC. Nevertheless, in contrast to i.d. administration of ACR, the injection of blebs lead to effective cross-presentation of MART-1 to specific CD8+ effector T cells. We conclude that apoptotic bleb-based vaccines delivered through the skin may offer an attractive, and broadly applicable, cancer immunotherapy.
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Key Words
- 4/GM, IL-4 and GM-CSF
- ACR, apoptotic cell remnant
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- DC, dendritic cell
- DDC, dermal DC
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Ig, immune globulin
- LC, Langerhans cell
- LN, lymph node
- MART-1/melan-A, melanoma antigen recognized by T cell 1
- MLR, mixed leukocyte reaction
- MoDC, monocyte-derived dendritic cell
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TH, T Helper
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- apoptotic cells
- blebs
- cross-presentation
- dendritic cells
- dermis
- i.d., intradermal
- phagocytosis
- skin
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen M Ruben
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty J Bontkes
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theresia M Westers
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Hooijberg
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J Ossenkoppele
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan A van de Loosdrecht
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Comber JD, Philip R. MHC class I antigen presentation and implications for developing a new generation of therapeutic vaccines. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 2:77-89. [PMID: 24790732 DOI: 10.1177/2051013614525375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) presented peptide epitopes provide a 'window' into the changes occurring in a cell. Conventionally, these peptides are generated by proteolysis of endogenously synthesized proteins in the cytosol, loaded onto MHC-I molecules, and presented on the cell surface for surveillance by CD8(+) T cells. MHC-I restricted processing and presentation alerts the immune system to any infectious or tumorigenic processes unfolding intracellularly and provides potential targets for a cytotoxic T cell response. Therefore, therapeutic vaccines based on MHC-I presented peptide epitopes could, theoretically, induce CD8(+) T cell responses that have tangible clinical impacts on tumor eradication and patient survival. Three major methods have been used to identify MHC-I restricted epitopes for inclusion in peptide-based vaccines for cancer: genetic, motif prediction and, more recently, immunoproteomic analysis. Although the first two methods are capable of identifying T cell stimulatory epitopes, these have significant disadvantages and may not accurately represent epitopes presented by a tumor cell. In contrast, immunoproteomic methods can overcome these disadvantages and identify naturally processed and presented tumor associated epitopes that induce more clinically relevant tumor specific cytotoxic T cell responses. In this review, we discuss the importance of using the naturally presented MHC-I peptide repertoire in formulating peptide vaccines, the recent application of peptide-based vaccines in a variety of cancers, and highlight the pros and cons of the current state of peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramila Philip
- Immunotope, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
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21
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Oikonomopoulou K, Brinc D, Hadjisavvas A, Christofi G, Kyriacou K, Diamandis EP. The bifacial role of helminths in cancer: Involvement of immune and non-immune mechanisms. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:138-48. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.886180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Aranda F, Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Galon J, Fridman WH, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e27297. [PMID: 24701370 PMCID: PMC3961485 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exert antineoplastic effects by eliciting a novel or reinstating a pre-existing antitumor immune response. Most often, immunostimulatory mAbs activate T lymphocytes or natural killer (NK) cells by inhibiting immunosuppressive receptors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) or programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, best known as PD-1), or by engaging co-stimulatory receptors, like CD40, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (TNFRSF4, best known as OX40) or TNFRSF18 (best known as GITR). The CTLA4-targeting mAb ipilimumab has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma in 2011. The therapeutic profile of ipilimumab other CTLA4-blocking mAbs, such as tremelimumab, is currently being assessed in subjects affected by a large panel of solid neoplasms. In the last few years, promising clinical results have also been obtained with nivolumab, a PD-1-targeting mAb formerly known as BMS-936558. Accordingly, the safety and efficacy of nivolumab and other PD-1-blocking molecules are being actively investigated. Finally, various clinical trials are underway to test the therapeutic potential of OX40- and GITR-activating mAbs. Here, we summarize recent findings on the therapeutic profile of immunostimulatory mAbs and discuss clinical trials that have been launched in the last 14 months to assess the therapeutic profile of these immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | | | - Jerome Galon
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V ; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, U872; Paris, France ; Equipe 15, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, U872; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015; CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V ; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V ; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
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23
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Ben-Yehudah A, Lorberboum-Galski H. Targeted cancer therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormone chimeric proteins. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 4:151-61. [PMID: 14748665 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.4.1.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been identified mainly to determine cancer prognosis. In the past few years, TAAs have been used in the development of treatment modalities such as tumor vaccination. This review describes an additional application of TAAs: as a target for specific antitumor treatment. Since TAAs are overexpressed on the tumor cell surface, they can be targeted to deliver drugs directly to cancer cells. One such delivery system exploits chimeric proteins. Chimeric proteins are a class of targeted molecules designed to recognize and specifically destroy cells that overexpress specific receptors. These molecules, designed and constructed by gene fusion techniques, comprise both cell-targeting and cell-killing moieties. The authors' laboratory has developed a number of chimeric proteins using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) as the targeting moiety. These chimeras recognize a GnRH binding site that is expressed on adenocarcinoma cells. GnRH was fused to a large number of killing moieties, including bacterial and human proapoptotic proteins. All GnRH-based chimeric proteins selectively killed adenocarcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing chimeric proteins for targeted therapy represents a new and exciting therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmi Ben-Yehudah
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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24
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Walden P, Sterry W. New and emerging vaccination strategies for prevention and treatment of dermatological diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 3:421-31. [PMID: 15270647 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.3.4.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated by the rapid advancements of our understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diseases and of the components and mechanisms of cellular and humoral immune responses, new vaccination strategies are being developed and explored for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, cancer, autoimmune disorders and allergies. Many newly developed vaccination strategies are already in clinical trials, some with very promising results. Although most of these strategies are still at very early stages of their development, it is foreseeable that vaccination will evolve to play an important role in prevention, treatment and management of all the above classes of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walden
- Clinical Research Group for Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University, 10098 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Chuang HY, Ren CT, Chao CA, Wu CY, Shivatare SS, Cheng TJR, Wu CY, Wong CH. Synthesis and Vaccine Evaluation of the Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen RM2 from Prostate Cancer. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11140-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja403609x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yang Chuang
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128
Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt
Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tai Ren
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128
Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chung-An Chao
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128
Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128
Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sachin S. Shivatare
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128
Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and
Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical
Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jen R. Cheng
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128
Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128
Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128
Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt
Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical
Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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26
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von Eichborn J, Woelke AL, Castiglione F, Preissner R. VaccImm: simulating peptide vaccination in cancer therapy. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14:127. [PMID: 23586423 PMCID: PMC3651379 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite progress in conventional cancer therapies, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death in industrial nations. Therefore, an urgent need of progress in fighting cancer remains. A promising alternative to conventional methods is immune therapy. This relies on the fact that low-immunogenic tumours can be eradicated if an immune response against them is induced. Peptide vaccination is carried out by injecting tumour peptides into a patient to trigger a specific immune response against the tumour in its entirety. However, peptide vaccination is a highly complicated treatment and currently many factors like the optimal number of epitopes are not known precisely. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate how certain parameters influence the therapy. Results We present the VaccImm Server that allows users to simulate peptide vaccination in cancer therapy. It uses an agent-based model that simulates peptide vaccination by explicitly modelling the involved cells (immune system and cancer) as well as molecules (antibodies, antigens and semiochemicals). As a new feature, our model uses real amino acid sequences to represent molecular binding sites of relevant immune cells. The model is used to generate detailed statistics of the population sizes and states of the single cell types over time. This makes the VaccImm web server well suited to examine the parameter space of peptide vaccination in silico. VaccImm is publicly available without registration on the web at http://bioinformatics.charite.de/vaccimm; all major browsers are supported. Conclusions The VaccImm Server provides a convenient way to analyze properties of peptide vaccination in cancer therapy. Using the server, we could gain interesting insights into peptide vaccination that reveal the complex and patient-specific nature of peptide vaccination.
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Modulation of tumor immunity by soluble and membrane-bound molecules at the immunological synapse. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:450291. [PMID: 23533456 PMCID: PMC3606757 DOI: 10.1155/2013/450291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To circumvent pathology caused by infectious microbes and tumor growth, the host immune system must constantly clear harmful microorganisms and potentially malignant transformed cells. This task is accomplished in part by T-cells, which can directly kill infected or tumorigenic cells. A crucial event determining the recognition and elimination of detrimental cells is antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) expressed on the surface of T cells. Upon binding of the TCR to cognate peptide-MHC complexes presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a specialized supramolecular structure known as the immunological synapse (IS) assembles at the T cell-APC interface. Such a structure involves massive redistribution of membrane proteins, including TCR/pMHC complexes, modulatory receptor pairs, and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, assembly of the immunological synapse leads to intracellular events that modulate and define the magnitude and characteristics of the T cell response. Here, we discuss recent literature on the regulation and assembly of IS and the mechanisms evolved by tumors to modulate its function to escape T cell cytotoxicity, as well as novel strategies targeting the IS for therapy.
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Shimato S, Maier LM, Maier R, Bruce JN, Anderson RCE, Anderson DE. Profound tumor-specific Th2 bias in patients with malignant glioma. BMC Cancer 2012. [PMID: 23186108 PMCID: PMC3537750 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination against tumor-associated antigens is one promising approach to immunotherapy against malignant gliomas. While previous vaccine efforts have focused exclusively on HLA class I-restricted peptides, class II-restricted peptides are necessary to induce CD4+ helper T cells and sustain effective anti-tumor immunity. In this report we investigated the ability of five candidate peptide epitopes derived from glioma-associated antigens MAGE and IL-13 receptor α2 to detect and characterize CD4+ helper T cell responses in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant gliomas. Methods Primary T cell responses were determined by stimulating freshly isolated PBMCs from patients with primary glioblastoma (GBM) (n = 8), recurrent GBM (n = 5), meningioma (n = 7), and healthy controls (n = 6) with each candidate peptide, as well as anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and an immunodominant peptide epitope derived from myelin basic protein (MBP) serving as positive and negative controls, respectively. ELISA was used to measure IFN-γ and IL-5 levels, and the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-5 was used to determine whether the response had a predominant Th1 or Th2 bias. Results We demonstrate that novel HLA Class-II restricted MAGE-A3 and IL-13Rα2 peptides can detect T cell responses in patients with GBMs as well as in healthy subjects. Stimulation with a variety of peptide antigens over-expressed by gliomas is associated with a profound reduction in the IFN-γ/IL-5 ratio in GBM patients relative to healthy subjects. This bias is more pronounced in patients with recurrent GBMs. Conclusions Therapeutic vaccine strategies to shift tumor antigen-specific T cell response to a more immunostimulatory Th1 bias may be needed for immunotherapeutic trials to be more successful clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Shimato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
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Myeloid dendritic cells loaded with dendritic tandem multiple antigenic telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) epitope peptides: A potentially promising tumor vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:3395-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Identification of a novel peptide derived from the M-phase phosphoprotein 11 (MPP11) leukemic antigen recognized by human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2012; 3:24-33. [PMID: 20231810 DOI: 10.1016/s1658-3876(10)50053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is an urgent need for the development of leukemia-targeted immunotherapeutic approaches using defined leukemia-associated antigens that are preferentially expressed by most leukemia subtypes and absent or minimally expressed in vital tissues. M-phase phosphoprotein 11 protein (MPP11) is extensively overexpressed in leukemic cells and therefore is considered an attractive target for leukemia T cell therapy. We sought to identify potential CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes that specifically recognised peptides derived from the MPP11 antigen. METHODS A computer-based epitope prediction program SYFPEITHI, was used to predict peptides from the MPP11 protein that bind to the most common HLA- A*0201 molecule. Peptide binding capacity to the HLA-A*0201 molecule was measured using the T2 TAP-deficient, HLA-A*0201-positive cell line. Dendritic cells were pulsed with peptides and then used to generate CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The CML leukemic cell line K562-A2.1 naturally expressing the MPP11 antigen and engineered to express the HLA-A*0201 molecule was used as the target cell. RESULTS We have identified a potential HLA-A*0201 binding epitope (STLCQVEPV) named MPP-4 derived from the MPP11 protein which was used to generate a CTL line. Interestingly, this CTL line specifically recognized peptide-loaded target cells in both ELISPOT and cytotoxic assays. Importantly, this CTL line exerted a cytotoxic effect towards the CML leukemic cell line K562-A2.1. CONCLUSION This is the first study to describe a novel epitope derived from the MPP11 antigen that has been recognized by human CD8+ CTL.
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Kovalcsik E, Lowe K, Fischer M, Dalgleish A, Bodman-Smith MD. Poly(I:C)-induced tumour cell death leads to DC maturation and Th1 activation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1609-24. [PMID: 21691724 PMCID: PMC11028976 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have the ability to generate peptide epitopes for MHC class I molecules derived from apoptotic tumour cells for direct recognition by cytotoxic T cells. This function has lead to DCs being used in vaccine strategies. In this study, we investigate the effect of inducing apoptosis in tumour cell lines using IFN-γ and poly(I:C), the subsequent maturation of the endocytosing DC and its ability to direct the resulting T cell response. We show that uptake of poly(I:C)-induced apoptotic tumour cells leads to DC maturation and activation with a Th1 cell polarising capacity. In contrast, these effects are not seen by DCs loaded with γ-irradiated apoptotic tumour cells. We propose that the manner in which tumour cells are induced to die can have a profound effect on the endocytosing DC and the resulting T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Kovalcsik
- Systems Immunology Group, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 ORE UK
| | - Katie Lowe
- Systems Immunology Group, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 ORE UK
| | - Mike Fischer
- Systems Immunology Group, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 ORE UK
| | - Angus Dalgleish
- Systems Immunology Group, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 ORE UK
| | - Mark D. Bodman-Smith
- Systems Immunology Group, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 ORE UK
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T cells as vehicles for cancer vaccination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:417403. [PMID: 22131805 PMCID: PMC3205726 DOI: 10.1155/2011/417403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer vaccines is dependent on the delivery of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) within lymphoid tissue in the context of costimulatory molecules and immune stimulatory cytokines. Dendritic cells (DCs) are commonly utilized to elicit antitumor immune responses due to their attractive costimulatory molecule and cytokine expression profile. However, the efficacy of DC-based vaccines is limited by the poor viability and lymph-node migration of exogenously generated DCs in vivo. Alternatively, adoptively transferred T cells persist for long periods of time in vivo and readily migrate between the lymphoid and vascular compartments. In addition, T cells may be genetically modified to express both TAA and DC-activating molecules, suggesting that T cells may be ideal candidates to serve as cellular vehicles for antigen delivery to lymph node-resident DCs in vivo. This paper discusses the concept of using T cells to induce tumor-specific immunity for vaccination against cancer.
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Abstract
The lack of effective conventional therapies for the treatment of advanced stage melanoma has stimulated interest in the development of novel strategies for the management of patients with malignant melanoma. Among them, immunotherapy has attracted much attention because of the potential role played by immunological events in the clinical course of melanoma. For many years, T cell-based immunotherapy has been emphasized in part because of the disappointing results of the monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based clinical trials conducted in the early 1980s and in part because of the postulated major role played by T cells in tumor growth control. More recently, mAb-based therapies have gained in popularity given their clinical and commercial success for a variety of malignant diseases. As a result, there has been increased interest in identifying and characterizing antibody-defined melanoma antigens. Among them, the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), also known as high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA) or melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP), has attracted much attention in recent years because of the growing experimental evidence that it fulfills two requirements for immunotherapy to be therapeutically effective: (1) targeting of cancer stem cells (CSC) and (2) development of combinatorial therapies to counteract the escape mechanisms driven by the genetic instability of tumor cells. With this in mind, in this chapter, we have reviewed recent information related to the distribution of CSPG4 on various types of tumors, including CSC, its expression on pericytes in the tumor microenvironment, its recognition by T cells, its role in cell biology as well as the potential mechanisms underlying the ability of CSPG4-specific immunity to control malignant cell growth.
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Tomita Y, Imai K, Senju S, Irie A, Inoue M, Hayashida Y, Shiraishi K, Mori T, Daigo Y, Tsunoda T, Ito T, Nomori H, Nakamura Y, Kohrogi H, Nishimura Y. A novel tumor-associated antigen, cell division cycle 45-like can induce cytotoxic T-lymphocytes reactive to tumor cells. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:697-705. [PMID: 21231984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study attempted to identify a useful tumor-associated antigen (TAA) for lung cancer immunotherapy and potential immunogenic peptides derived from the TAA. We focused on cell division cycle 45-like (CDC45L), which has a critical role in the initiation and elongation steps of DNA replication, as a novel candidate TAA for immunotherapy based on a genome-wide cDNA microarray analysis of lung cancer. The CDC45L was overexpressed in the majority of lung cancer tissues, but not in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues or in many normal adult tissues. We examined the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) specific to CDC45L-derived peptides induced from HLA-A24 (A*24:02)-positive donors. We identified three CDC45L-derived peptides that could reproducibly induce CDC45L-specific and HLA-A24-restricted CTL from both healthy donors and lung cancer patients. The CTL could effectively lyse lung cancer cells that endogenously expressed both CDC45L and HLA-A24. In addition, we found that CDC45L (556) KFLDALISL(564) was eminent in that it induced not only HLA-A24 but also HLA-A2 (A*02:01)-restricted antigen specific CTL. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of the CDC45L-specific CTL inhibited the growth of human cancer cells engrafted into immunocompromised mice. These results suggest that these three CDC45L-derived peptides are highly immunogenic epitopes and CDC45L is a novel TAA that might be a useful target for lung cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Shirota H, Klinman DM. CpG-conjugated apoptotic tumor cells elicit potent tumor-specific immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:659-69. [PMID: 21318638 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary goal of cancer immunotherapy is to elicit an immune response capable of eradicating established tumors and preventing tumor metastasis. One strategy to achieve this goal utilizes whole killed tumor cells as the primary immunogen. Killed tumor cells provide a comprehensive source of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), thereby eliminating the need to identify individual antigens. Unfortunately, killed tumor cells tend to be poorly immunogenic. To overcome this limitation, we covalently conjugated immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) to apoptotic tumor cells and examined their ability to induce TAA-specific immune responses. Results indicate that CpG conjugation enhances the uptake of cell-based vaccines by dendritic cells (DCs), up-regulates co-stimulatory molecule expression, and promotes the production of immunostimulatory cytokines. Vaccination with CpG-conjugated tumor cells triggers the expansion of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that reduce the growth of established tumors and prevents their metastatic spread. Thus, conjugating CpG ODN to cell-based tumor vaccines is an important step toward improving cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Shirota
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Metaferia BB, Rittler M, Gheeya JS, Lee A, Hempel H, Plaza A, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Bewley CA, Khan J. Synthesis of novel cyclic NGR/RGD peptide analogs via on resin click chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7337-40. [PMID: 21050757 PMCID: PMC3472425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug deliveries as well as high resolution imaging of cancerous tissues and organs via specific cancer cell markers have become important in chemotherapeutic interventions of cancer treatment. Short peptides such as RGD and NGR are showing promising results for targeted drug delivery and in vivo imaging. We have applied on resin Huisgen's 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to synthesize new cyclic RGD and NGR peptide analogs. Preliminary binding assays of these new analogs by fluorescence polarization indicates specific binding to purified CD13 (Aminopeptidase N) and cell lysates from MCF-7 and SKOV-3 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belhu B Metaferia
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Buchner A, Pohla H, Willimsky G, Frankenberger B, Frank R, Baur-Melnyk A, Siebels M, Stief CG, Hofstetter A, Kopp J, Pezzutto A, Blankenstein T, Oberneder R, Schendel DJ. Phase 1 trial of allogeneic gene-modified tumor cell vaccine RCC-26/CD80/IL-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:285-97. [PMID: 19788391 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies showed that the allogeneic tumor cell line RCC-26 displayed natural immunogenic potential that was enhanced through expression of CD80 costimulatory molecules and secretion of interleukin-2. Here we report the study of RCC-26/CD80/IL-2 cells in a phase 1 vaccine trial of renal cell carcinoma patients with metastatic disease (mRCC). Fifteen patients of the HLA-A*0201 allotype, with at least one metastatic lesion, were included. Irradiated vaccine cells were applied in increasing doses of 2.5, 10, and 40 x 10(6) cells over 22 weeks. Primary study parameters included safety and toxicity. Sequential blood samples were analyzed by interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays to detect tumor antigen-associated (TAA) effector cells. The vaccine was well tolerated and the designated vaccination course was completed in 9 of 15 patients. Neither vaccine-induced autoimmunity nor systemic side effects were observed. Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions were detected in 11 of 12 evaluated patients and were particularly strong in patients with prolonged survival. In parallel, vaccine-induced immune responses against vaccine or overexpressed TAA were detected in 9 of 12 evaluated patients. No tumor regressions occurred according to RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) criteria; however, median time to progression was 5.3 months and median survival was 15.6 months, indicating substantial disease stabilization. We conclude that vaccine use was safe and feasible in mRCC. Clinical benefits were limited in these patients with advanced disease; however, immune monitoring revealed vaccine-induced responses against multiple TAAs in the majority of study participants. These results suggest that this vaccine could be useful in combination therapies and/or minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Buchner
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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38
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Regulatory T Cell as a Target for Cancer Therapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:179-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yokomine K, Senju S, Nakatsura T, Irie A, Hayashida Y, Ikuta Y, Harao M, Imai K, Baba H, Iwase H, Nomori H, Takahashi K, Daigo Y, Tsunoda T, Nakamura Y, Sasaki Y, Nishimura Y. The forkhead box M1 transcription factor as a candidate of target for anti-cancer immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2153-63. [PMID: 19688828 PMCID: PMC7165995 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study attempted to identify a target antigen for immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) was selected as a candidate antigen based on the data of previous cDNA microarray analysis of clinical samples of cholangiocarcinoma. The level of FOXM1 mRNA was more than 4 times higher in cancer cells in comparison to adjacent normal epithelial cells, in all of 24 samples of cholangiocarcinoma tissues. An immunohistochemical analysis also detected FOXM1 protein in the cancer cells but not in the normal cells. Twenty‐three human FOXM1‐derived peptides predicted to bind to HLA‐A2 were analyzed to determine their ability to induce HLA‐A2‐restricted T cells in HLA‐A2 transgenic mice. FOXM1362‐370 (YLVPIQFPV), FOXM1373‐382 (SLVLQPSVKV), and FOXM1640‐649 (GLMDLSTTPL) peptides primed HLA‐A2‐restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the HLA‐A2 transgenic mice. Human CTL lines reactive to these 3 peptides could also be established from HLA‐A2‐positive healthy donors and cancer patients. Natural processing of the 3 epitopes from FOXM1 protein was confirmed by specific killing of HLA‐A2‐positive FOXM1‐transfectants by peptide‐induced CTLs. FOXM1 is expressed in various types of cancers and it is also functionally involved in oncogenic transformation and the survival of cancer cells. Therefore, FOXM1 may be a suitable target for immunotherapy against various cancers including cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yokomine
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Negussie AH, Miller JL, Reddy G, Drake SK, Wood BJ, Dreher MR. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of cyclic NGR peptide targeted thermally sensitive liposome. J Control Release 2010; 143:265-73. [PMID: 20067811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) motif in both cyclic and linear form has previously been shown to specifically bind to CD13/aminopeptidase N that is selectively overexpressed in tumor vasculature and some tumor cells. However, previous versions of cyclic NGR used a liable disulfide bridge between cysteine residues that may be problematic for liposome targeting due to disulfide bond formation between adjacent peptides on the liposomal surface. In this study, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel cyclic NGR-containing peptide, cKNGRE, which does not contain a disulfide bridge. cKNGRE was synthesized in good yield and purity and attached to the fluorescent reporter Oregon Green (cKNGRE-OG) and lysolipid-containing temperature sensitive liposomes (LTSLs). The identity of cKNGRE was verified with NMR and mass spectral techniques. In vitro fluorescence microscopy evaluation of cKNGRE-OG demonstrated binding and active uptake by CD13(+) cancer cells and minimal binding to CD13(-) cancer cells. The cKNGRE-OG ligand displayed 3.6-fold greater affinity for CD13(+) cancer cells than a linear NGR-containing peptide. Affinity for CD13(+) cancer cells was similarly improved 10-fold for both the cyclic and linear NGR when presented in a multivalent fashion on the surface of an LTSL. cKNGRE-targeted LTSLs rapidly released (>75% in <4s) doxorubicin at 41.3 degrees C with minimal release at 37 degrees C. These results demonstrate the ability to synthesize a cKNGRE-targeted temperature sensitive liposome that lacks a disulfide bridge and has sufficient binding affinity for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayele H Negussie
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Matera L. The choice of the antigen in the dendritic cell-based vaccine therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 36:131-41. [PMID: 19954892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor antigens (TA) are promising candidates for targeted treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Critical issues in the preparation of dendritic cell (DC)-based TA vaccines are the DC maturation state and the appropriateness of the TA. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acide pshosphatase (PAP) presented by DC have produced encouraging results and PAP-loaded DCs are at late-stage development for PCa patients. TAs indispensable for tumor survival and propagation are now emerging as first choice TAs for future vaccines. The increased expression and enzymatic activity of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) by aggressive prostate tumors is indicative of a unique, selective advantage on the part of cells expressing them. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and survivin are both involved in tumor cell survival and considered universal TAs. The T cell epitope potential of peptides derived from these TAs has been defined by computer-assisted prediction programs and has been tested in vitro and in vivo in terms of their ability to recruit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to be recognised as CTL targets. Results, reviewed here, show that anti-tumor immunity can be induced in vivo by DC loaded with both whole TAs and TA peptides. The promising, but still limited clinical success suggests further exploration of this immune therapy in the more appropriate setting of minimal disease. In advanced stages, vaccine can still be effective when combined with systemic or local cytoreductive therapies, which may overcome antigen specific tolerance and subvert the tumor immunosuppressive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Matera
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Arredouani MS, Lu B, Bhasin M, Eljanne M, Yue W, Mosquera JM, Bubley GJ, Li V, Rubin MA, Libermann TA, Sanda MG. Identification of the transcription factor single-minded homologue 2 as a potential biomarker and immunotherapy target in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5794-802. [PMID: 19737960 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of novel biomarkers and immunotherapy targets for prostate cancer (PCa) is crucial to better diagnosis and therapy. We sought to identify novel PCa tumor-associated antigens (TAA) that are expressed in PCa, absent in nonprostate human tissue, and immunogenic for immune responses restricted by human HLA. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS Using microarray analysis of normal and cancerous human prostate tissues, we identified 1,063 genes overexpressed in PCa. After validating 195 transcripts in publicly available array data sets, we interrogated expression of these TAAs in normal human tissues to identify genes that are not expressed at detectable levels in normal, nonprostate adult human tissue. We identified 23 PCa TAA candidates. Real-time PCR confirmed that 15 of these genes were overexpressed in PCa (P< 0.05 for each). The most frequently overexpressed gene, single-minded homologue 2 (SIM2), was selected for further evaluation as a potential target for immunotherapy. ELISA assay revealed that a fraction of PCa patients exhibited immune responsiveness to SIM2 as evidenced by the presence of autoantibodies to SIM2 in their sera. We next showed binding of putative HLA-A2.1-restricted SIM2 epitopes to human A2.1, and immunization of transgenic HLA-A2.1 mice showed induction of SIM2-specific CTL responses in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings that SIM2 is selectively expressed in PCa, that human HLA-A2.1-restricted SIM2 epitopes induce specific T cells in vivo, and that anti-SIM2 antibodies are detectable in PCa patients' sera implicate SIM2 as a PCa-associated antigen that is a suitable potential target for PCa immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Arredouani
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Genomics Center, and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Stickel JS, Weinzierl AO, Hillen N, Drews O, Schuler MM, Hennenlotter J, Wernet D, Müller CA, Stenzl A, Rammensee HG, Stevanović S. HLA ligand profiles of primary renal cell carcinoma maintained in metastases. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1407-17. [PMID: 19184600 PMCID: PMC11031011 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several approaches have been taken in the peptide-based immunotherapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), although little is known about HLA presentation on metastases compared to primary tumor and normal tissue of RCC. In this study we compared primary tumor, normal tissue and metastases with the aim of identifying similarities and differences between these tissues. We performed this comparison for two RCC patients on the level of the HLA ligandome using mass spectrometry and for three patients on the level of the transcriptome using oligonucleotide microarrays. The quantitative results show that primary tumor is more similar to metastasis than to normal tissue, both on the level of HLA ligand presentation and mRNA. We were able to characterize a total of 142 peptides in the qualitative analysis of HLA-presented peptides. Six of them were significantly overpresented on metastasis, among them a peptide derived from CD151; fourteen were overpresented on both primary tumor and metastasis compared to normal tissue, among them an HLA ligand derived from tumor protein p53. Thus, we could demonstrate that peptide-based immunotherapy might affect tumor as well as metastasis of RCC, but not healthy kidney tissue. Furthermore we were able to identify several peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens that are suitable for vaccination of metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Sarah Stickel
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Feyerabend S, Stevanovic S, Gouttefangeas C, Wernet D, Hennenlotter J, Bedke J, Dietz K, Pascolo S, Kuczyk M, Rammensee HG, Stenzl A. Novel multi-peptide vaccination in Hla-A2+ hormone sensitive patients with biochemical relapse of prostate cancer. Prostate 2009; 69:917-27. [PMID: 19267352 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A phase I/II trial was conducted to assess feasibility and tolerability of tumor associated antigen peptide vaccination in hormone sensitive prostate carcinoma (PC) patients with biochemical recurrence after primary surgical treatment. METHODS Nineteen HLA-A2 positive patients with rising PSA without detectable metastatic disease or local recurrence received 11 HLA-A*0201-restricted and two HLA class II synthetic peptides derived from PC tumor antigens subcutaneously for 18 months or until PSA progression. The vaccine was emulgated in montanide ISA51 and combined with imiquimod, GM-CSF, mucin-1-mRNA/protamine complex, local hyperthermia or no adjuvant. PSA was assessed, geometric mean doubling times (DT) calculated and clinical performance monitored. RESULTS PSA DT of 4 out of 19 patients (21%) increased from 4.9 to 25.8 months during vaccination. Out of these, two patients (11%) exhibited PSA stability for 28 and 31 months which were still continuing at data cut-off. One patient showed no change of PSA DT during vaccination but decline after the therapy. Three patients had an interim PSA decline or DT increase followed by DT decrease compared to baseline PSA DT. Three of the responding patients received imiquimod and one the mucin-1-mRNA/protamine complex as adjuvant; both are Toll-like receptor-7 agonists. Eleven (58%) patients had progressive PSA values. The vaccine was well tolerated, and no grade III or IV toxicity occurred. CONCLUSION Multi-peptide vaccination stabilized or slowed down PSA progress in four of 19 cases. The vaccination approach is promising with moderate adverse events. Long-term stability delayed androgen deprivation up to 31 months. TLR-7 co-activation seems to be beneficial.
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Geiger C, Nößner E, Frankenberger B, Falk CS, Pohla H, Schendel DJ. Harnessing innate and adaptive immunity for adoptive cell therapy of renal cell carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:595-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Poetz O, Hoeppe S, Templin MF, Stoll D, Joos TO. Proteome wide screening using peptide affinity capture. Proteomics 2009; 9:1518-23. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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CD8+ T-cell responses to tumor-associated antigens correlate with superior relapse-free survival after allo-SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 43:399-410. [PMID: 19139738 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2008.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The GVL effect following allo-SCT is one of the most prominent examples showing the ability of the immune system to eliminate malignant hematological diseases. Tumor-associated Ags (TAA), for instance WT1 and proteinase-3, have been proposed as targets for T cells to establish a GVL effect. Here, we examined an additional TAA (MUC1) as a possible T-cell target of GVL-related immune responses. We have defined new peptide epitopes from the MUC1 Ag to broaden patients' screening and to expand the repertoire of immunologic monitoring as well as for therapeutic approaches in the future. Twenty-eight patients after allo-SCT have been screened for T-cell responses toward TAA (proteinase-3, WT1, MUC1). We could detect a significant relationship between relapse and the absence of a TAA-specific T-cell response, whereby only 2/13 (15%) patients with TAA-specific CTL relapsed, in contrast to 9/15 (60%) patients without TAA-specific CTL responses (P<0.05). In conclusion, CD8(+) T-cell responses directed to TAA might contribute to the GVL effect. These observations highlight both the importance and the potential of immunotherapeutic approaches after allo-SCT.
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Multiphoton imaging of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated antitumor immune responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 334:265-87. [PMID: 19521689 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The actual contribution of T lymphocytes to protection against tumors is still unclear. In vitro imaging experiments show that tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are competent to kill target cells by conventional cytotoxic pathways. The emergence of multiphoton imaging in the past decade now allows real time in vivo imaging of CTLs. New insights are available on the behavior of antitumor T cells during the priming phase, during their traffic within the tumor tissue, and on their interactions with tumor cells during the effector phase. Recent reports suggest that direct killing of tumor cells by CTLs is a slow process, suggesting that the ratio of effector to target cells is determinant, or that additional cytotoxic contribution by other cell types is required to induce efficient tumor rejection. This review will focus on the publications that have imaged antitumor immune responses dynamically and discuss how this new information contributes to understand the implication of CTLs in tumor rejection.
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Cheung AF, Dupage MJP, Dong HK, Chen J, Jacks T. Regulated expression of a tumor-associated antigen reveals multiple levels of T-cell tolerance in a mouse model of lung cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9459-68. [PMID: 19010921 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Maximizing the potential of cancer immunotherapy requires model systems that closely recapitulate human disease to study T-cell responses to tumor antigens and to test immunotherapeutic strategies. We have created a new system that is compatible with Cre-LoxP-regulatable mouse cancer models in which the SIY antigen is specifically overexpressed in tumors, mimicking clinically relevant TAAs. To show the utility of this system, we have characterized SIY-reactive T cells in the context of lung adenocarcinoma, revealing multiple levels of antigen-specific T-cell tolerance that serve to limit an effective antitumor response. Thymic deletion reduced the number of SIY-reactive T cells present in the animals. When potentially self-reactive T cells in the periphery were activated, they were efficiently eliminated. Inhibition of apoptosis resulted in more persistent self-reactive T cells, but these cells became anergic to antigen stimulation. Finally, in the presence of tumors overexpressing SIY, SIY-specific T cells required a higher level of costimulation to achieve functional activation. This system represents a valuable tool in which to explore sources contributing to T-cell tolerance of cancer and to test therapies aimed at overcoming this tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Cheung
- Koch Institute and Department of Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Kakimi K, Nakajima J, Wada H. Active specific immunotherapy and cell-transfer therapy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2008; 65:1-8. [PMID: 19062127 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is an intractable disease urgently requiring more effective treatment approaches. The potential of immunotherapy in this context remains promising, although presently there are no satisfactory protocols available for lung cancer. However, encouraging evidence of clinical benefits from immunotherapy is beginning to accumulate in several lung cancer trials. Better understanding of tumor-specific immune responses, identifying tumor-associated antigens, and manipulating the immunoregulatory environment of the tumor is likely to further increase the efficacy of immune-mediated cancer therapies. Here, we review recent advances in cellular immunotherapy and vaccines for lung cancer, emphasizing an important paradigm shift in the analysis of clinical benefit away from "tumor response" towards "patient response".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kakimi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics (Medinet), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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