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Taj F, Stein LD. MMDRP: drug response prediction and biomarker discovery using multi-modal deep learning. BIOINFORMATICS ADVANCES 2024; 4:vbae010. [PMID: 38371918 PMCID: PMC10872075 DOI: 10.1093/bioadv/vbae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Motivation A major challenge in cancer care is that patients with similar demographics, tumor types, and medical histories can respond quite differently to the same drug regimens. This difference is largely explained by genetic and other molecular variabilities among the patients and their cancers. Efforts in the pharmacogenomics field are underway to understand better the relationship between the genome of the patient's healthy and tumor cells and their response to therapy. To advance this goal, research groups and consortia have undertaken large-scale systematic screening of panels of drugs across multiple cancer cell lines that have been molecularly profiled by genomics, proteomics, and similar techniques. These large data drug screening sets have been applied to the problem of drug response prediction (DRP), the challenge of predicting the response of a previously untested drug/cell-line combination. Although deep learning algorithms outperform traditional methods, there are still many challenges in DRP that ultimately result in these models' low generalizability and hampers their clinical application. Results In this article, we describe a novel algorithm that addresses the major shortcomings of current DRP methods by combining multiple cell line characterization data, addressing drug response data skewness, and improving chemical compound representation. Availability and implementation MMDRP is implemented as an open-source, Python-based, command-line program and is available at https://github.com/LincolnSteinLab/MMDRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Taj
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Adaptive Oncology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Lincoln D Stein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Adaptive Oncology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
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Fei H, Han X, Wang Y, Li S. Novel immune-related gene signature for risk stratification and prognosis prediction in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:205. [PMID: 37858138 PMCID: PMC10585734 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01289-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system played a multifaceted role in ovarian cancer (OC) and was a significant mediator of ovarian carcinogenesis. Various immune cells and immune gene products played an integrated role in ovarian cancer (OC) progression, proved the significance of the immune microenvironment in prognosis. Therefore, we aimed to establish and validate an immune gene prognostic signature for OC patients' prognosis prediction. METHODS Differently expressed Immune-related genes (DEIRGs) were identified in 428 OC and 77 normal ovary tissue specimens from 9 independent GEO datasets. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort was used as a training cohort, Univariate Cox analysis was used to identify prognostic DEIRGs in TCGA cohort. Then, an immune gene-based risk model for prognosis prediction was constructed using the LASSO regression analysis, and validated the accuracy and stability of the model in 374 and 93 OC patients in TCGA training cohort and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) validation cohort respectively. Finally, the correlation among risk score model, clinicopathological parameters, and immune cell infiltration were analyzed. RESULTS Five DEIRGs were identified to establish the immune gene signature and divided OC patients into the low- and high-risk groups. In TCGA and ICGC datasets, patients in the low-risk group showed a substantially higher survival rate than high-risk group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) showed the good performance of the risk model. Clinicopathological correlation analysis proved the risk score model could serve as an independent prognostic factor in 2 independent datasets. CONCLUSIONS The prognostic model based on immune-related genes can function as a superior prognostic indicator for OC patients, which could provide evidence for individualized treatment and clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Fei
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.910, Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.910, Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.910, Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Shuyuan Li
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.910, Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Zhukova OV, Arkhipova EV, Kovaleva TF, Ryabov SA, Ivanova IP, Golovacheva AA, Zykova DA, Zaitsev SD. Immunopharmacological Properties of Methacrylic Acid Polymers as Potential Polymeric Carrier Constituents of Anticancer Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:4855. [PMID: 34443443 PMCID: PMC8402103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytostatic chemotherapeutics provide a classical means to treat cancer, but conventional treatments have not increased in efficacy in the past years, warranting a search for new approaches to therapy. The aim of the study was, therefore, to obtain methacrylic acid (MAA) (co)polymers and to study their immunopharmacological properties. 4-Cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl] pentanoic acid (CDSPA) and 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate (CPDT) were used as reversible chain transfer agents. Experiments were carried out in Wistar rats. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the polymeric systems on peritoneal macrophages. An experimental tumor model was obtained by grafting RMK-1 breast cancer cells. Serum cytokine levels of tumor-bearing rats were analyzed. The chain transfer agents employed in classical radical polymerization substantially reduced the molecular weight of the resulting polymers, but a narrow molecular weight distribution was achieved only with CDSPA and high CPDT concentrations. Toxicity was not observed when incubating peritoneal macrophages with polymeric systems. In tumor-bearing rats, the IL-10 concentration was 1.7 times higher and the IL-17 concentration was less than half that of intact rats. Polymeric systems decreased the IL-10 concentration and normalized the IL-17 concentration in tumor-bearing rats. The maximum effect was observed for a MAA homopolymer with a high molecular weight. The anion-active polymers proposed as carrier constituents are promising for further studies and designs of carrier constituents of drug derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Zhukova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.V.A.); (T.F.K.); (D.A.Z.)
| | - Evgenia V. Arkhipova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.V.A.); (T.F.K.); (D.A.Z.)
| | - Tatyana F. Kovaleva
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.V.A.); (T.F.K.); (D.A.Z.)
| | - Sergey A. Ryabov
- Department of High-Molecular Compounds and Colloid Chemistry, National Research Lobachevsky State University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (S.A.R.); (I.P.I.); (A.A.G.); (S.D.Z.)
| | - Irina. P. Ivanova
- Department of High-Molecular Compounds and Colloid Chemistry, National Research Lobachevsky State University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (S.A.R.); (I.P.I.); (A.A.G.); (S.D.Z.)
| | - Anna A. Golovacheva
- Department of High-Molecular Compounds and Colloid Chemistry, National Research Lobachevsky State University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (S.A.R.); (I.P.I.); (A.A.G.); (S.D.Z.)
| | - Daria A. Zykova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.V.A.); (T.F.K.); (D.A.Z.)
| | - Sergey D. Zaitsev
- Department of High-Molecular Compounds and Colloid Chemistry, National Research Lobachevsky State University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (S.A.R.); (I.P.I.); (A.A.G.); (S.D.Z.)
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Humby F, Durez P, Buch MH, Lewis MJ, Rizvi H, Rivellese F, Nerviani A, Giorli G, Mahto A, Montecucco C, Lauwerys B, Ng N, Ho P, Bombardieri M, Romão VC, Verschueren P, Kelly S, Sainaghi PP, Gendi N, Dasgupta B, Cauli A, Reynolds P, Cañete JD, Moots R, Taylor PC, Edwards CJ, Isaacs J, Sasieni P, Choy E, Pitzalis C. Rituximab versus tocilizumab in anti-TNF inadequate responder patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R4RA): 16-week outcomes of a stratified, biopsy-driven, multicentre, open-label, phase 4 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 397:305-317. [PMID: 33485455 PMCID: PMC7829614 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although targeted biological treatments have transformed the outlook for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 40% of patients show poor clinical response, which is mechanistically still unexplained. Because more than 50% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have low or absent CD20 B cells-the target for rituximab-in the main disease tissue (joint synovium), we hypothesised that, in these patients, the IL-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab would be more effective. The aim of this trial was to compare the effect of tocilizumab with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) stratified for synovial B-cell status. METHODS This study was a 48-week, biopsy-driven, multicentre, open-label, phase 4 randomised controlled trial (rituximab vs tocilizumab in anti-TNF inadequate responder patients with rheumatoid arthritis; R4RA) done in 19 centres across five European countries (the UK, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain). Patients aged 18 years or older who fulfilled the 2010 American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis and were eligible for treatment with rituximab therapy according to UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines were eligible for inclusion in the trial. To inform balanced stratification, following a baseline synovial biopsy, patients were classified histologically as B-cell poor or rich. Patients were then randomly assigned (1:1) centrally in block sizes of six and four to receive two 1000 mg rituximab infusions at an interval of 2 weeks (rituximab group) or 8 mg/kg tocilizumab infusions at 4-week intervals (tocilizumab group). To enhance the accuracy of the stratification of B-cell poor and B-cell rich patients, baseline synovial biopsies from all participants were subjected to RNA sequencing and reclassified by B-cell molecular signature. The study was powered to test the superiority of tocilizumab over rituximab in the B-cell poor population at 16 weeks. The primary endpoint was defined as a 50% improvement in Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI50%) from baseline. The trial is registered on the ISRCTN database, ISRCTN97443826, and EudraCT, 2012-002535-28. FINDINGS Between Feb 28, 2013, and Jan 17, 2019, 164 patients were classified histologically and were randomly assigned to the rituximab group (83 [51%]) or the tocilizumab group (81 [49%]). In patients histologically classified as B-cell poor, there was no statistically significant difference in CDAI50% between the rituximab group (17 [45%] of 38 patients) and the tocilizumab group (23 [56%] of 41 patients; difference 11% [95% CI -11 to 33], p=0·31). However, in the synovial biopsies classified as B-cell poor with RNA sequencing the tocilizumab group had a significantly higher response rate compared with the rituximab group for CDAI50% (rituximab group 12 [36%] of 33 patients vs tocilizumab group 20 [63%] of 32 patients; difference 26% [2 to 50], p=0·035). Occurrence of adverse events (rituximab group 76 [70%] of 108 patients vs tocilizumab group 94 [80%] of 117 patients; difference 10% [-1 to 21) and serious adverse events (rituximab group 8 [7%] of 108 vs tocilizumab group 12 [10%] of 117; difference 3% [-5 to 10]) were not significantly different between treatment groups. INTERPRETATION The results suggest that RNA sequencing-based stratification of rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue showed stronger associations with clinical responses compared with histopathological classification. Additionally, for patients with low or absent B-cell lineage expression signature in synovial tissue tocilizumab is more effective than rituximab. Replication of the results and validation of the RNA sequencing-based classification in independent cohorts is required before making treatment recommendations for clinical practice. FUNDING Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation programme from the UK National Institute for Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Humby
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Mile End Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick Durez
- Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maya H Buch
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Myles J Lewis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Mile End Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Hasan Rizvi
- Institute of Health Sciences Education, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Cellular Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Felice Rivellese
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Mile End Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Nerviani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Mile End Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Giorli
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Arti Mahto
- Department of Rheumatology, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carlomaurizio Montecucco
- Department of Rheumatology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bernard Lauwerys
- Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nora Ng
- Rheumatology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Pauline Ho
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Mile End Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Vasco C Romão
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital De Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrick Verschueren
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen Kelly
- Department of Rheumatology, Mile End Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Eastern Piedmont and Maggiore della Carita Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Nagui Gendi
- Rheumatology Department, Basildon Hospital, Basildon, UK
| | - Bhaskar Dasgupta
- Rheumatology Department, Mid & South Essex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southend University Hospital, Westcliff-on-Sea, UK
| | - Alberto Cauli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Public Health, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Piero Reynolds
- Department of Rheumatology, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Juan D Cañete
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pí I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Moots
- Academic Rheumatology Unit, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Peter C Taylor
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher J Edwards
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - John Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Sasieni
- King's Clinical Trials Unit, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ernest Choy
- CREATE Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Mile End Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Zhou J, Dong ZN, Qiu BQ, Hu M, Liang XQ, Dai X, Hong D, Sun YF. CircRNA FGFR3 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ovarian cancer by regulating miR-29a-3p/E2F1 axis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14080-14091. [PMID: 32668414 PMCID: PMC7425466 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression after transcription. However, the specific function of circRNAs in ovarian cancer remains undetermined. Previous studies have demonstrated abnormal expression of circFGFR3 in several cancers. The present study was designed to reveal the roles of circFGFR3 in ovarian cancer (OC). CircFGFR3 expression in OC tissues and cells was detected by RT-qPCR. The effects of CircFGFR3 on OC cells were evaluated by transwell assay and CCK-8 assay. Finally, the underlying mechanism was further revealed by luciferase reporter assay and western blotting. Our results showed that circFGFR3 expression was higher in OC cells and tissues than in normal ovarian cells and adjacent normal tissues; in addition, in OC patients, a high level of CircFGFR3 was related to lower survival rates and higher recurrence rates than a low level of circFGFR3. CircFGFR3 overexpression promotes OC progression by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro. Mechanistically, circFGFR3 upregulates E2F1 expression by sponging miR-29a-3p, and the overexpression of E2F1 or the suppression of miR-29a-3p induces OC cell EMT. Therefore, circFGFR3 serves as a promoter of OC by inducing OC cell EMT via the miR-29a-3p/E2F1 axis and circFGFR3 may be a prognostic biomarker for OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Ning Dong
- Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Bai-Quan Qiu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Xing Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Dan Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Fang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi, P.R. China
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Samiei E, Seyfoori A, Toyota B, Ghavami S, Akbari M. Investigating Programmed Cell Death and Tumor Invasion in a Three-Dimensional (3D) Microfluidic Model of Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3162. [PMID: 32365781 PMCID: PMC7246580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a rapidly progressive and deadly form of brain tumor with a median survival rate of ~15 months. GBMs are hard to treat and significantly affect the patient's physical and cognitive abilities and quality of life. Temozolomide (TMZ)-an alkylating agent that causes DNA damage-is the only chemotherapy choice for the treatment of GBM. However, TMZ also induces autophagy and causes tumor cell resistance and thus fails to improve the survival rate among patients. Here, we studied the drug-induced programmed cell death and invasion inhibition capacity of TMZ and a mevalonate cascade inhibitor, simvastatin (Simva), in a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic model of GBM. We elucidate the role of autophagy in apoptotic cell death by comparing apoptosis in autophagy knockdown cells (Atg7 KD) against their scrambled counterparts. Our results show that the cells were significantly less sensitive to drugs in the 3D model as compared to monolayer culture systems. An immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that apoptosis is the mechanism of cell death in TMZ- and Simva-treated glioma cells. However, the induction of apoptosis in the 3D model is significantly lower than in monolayer cultures. We have also shown that autophagy inhibition (Atg7 KD) did not change TMZ and Simva-induced apoptosis in the 3D microfluidic model. Overall, for the first time in this study we have established the simultaneous detection of drug induced apoptosis and autophagy in a 3D microfluidic model of GBM. Our study presents a potential ex vivo platform for developing novel therapeutic strategies tailored toward disrupting key molecular pathways involved in programmed cell death and tumor invasion in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Samiei
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 2C5, Canada; (E.S.); (A.S.)
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 2C5, Canada; (E.S.); (A.S.)
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Brian Toyota
- Department of Surgery, Queens University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada;
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Departments of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- The Biology of Breathing Theme, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 2C5, Canada; (E.S.); (A.S.)
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Zhang L, Jing D, Jiang N, Rojalin T, Baehr CM, Zhang D, Xiao W, Wu Y, Cong Z, Li JJ, Li Y, Wang L, Lam KS. Transformable peptide nanoparticles arrest HER2 signalling and cause cancer cell death in vivo. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:145-153. [PMID: 31988501 PMCID: PMC7147967 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in >20% of breast cancers. Dimerization of HER2 receptors leads to the activation of downstream signals enabling the proliferation and survival of malignant phenotypes. Owing to the high expression levels of HER2, combination therapies are currently required for the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer. Here, we designed non-toxic transformable peptides that self-assemble into micelles under aqueous conditions but, on binding to HER2 on cancer cells, transform into nanofibrils that disrupt HER2 dimerization and subsequent downstream signalling events leading to apoptosis of cancer cells. The phase transformation of peptides enables specific HER2 targeting, and inhibition of HER2 dimerization blocks the expression of proliferation and survival genes in the nucleus. We demonstrate, in mouse xenofraft models, that these transformable peptides can be used as a monotherapy in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Di Jing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nian Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Baehr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dalin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Wenwu Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Cong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Kit S Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Dalag L, Fergus JK, Zangan SM. Lung and Abdominal Biopsies in the Age of Precision Medicine. Semin Intervent Radiol 2019; 36:255-263. [PMID: 31435134 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Image-guided percutaneous needle biopsies (PNBs) are one of the most common procedures performed in radiology departments today. Rapid developments in precision medicine, which identifies molecular and genomic biomarkers in cancers, have ushered a new paradigm of oncologic workup and treatment. PNB has conventionally been used to establish a benign or malignant nature of a lesion during initial diagnosis or in suspected metastatic or recurrent disease. However, increasing amounts of tissue are being required to meet the demands of molecular pathologic analysis, which are now being sought at multiple time points during the course of the disease to guide targeted therapy. As primary providers of biopsy, radiologists must be proactive in these developments to improve diagnostic yield and tissue acquisition in PNB. Herein, we discuss the important and expanding role of PNB in the age of precision medicine and review the technical considerations of percutaneous lung and intra-abdominal biopsy. Finally, we examine promising state-of-the-art techniques in PNB that may safely increase tissue acquisition for optimal molecular pathologic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Dalag
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Steven M Zangan
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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9
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Blank spots on the map: some current questions on nuclear organization and genome architecture. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:579-592. [PMID: 30238154 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The past decades have provided remarkable insights into how the eukaryotic cell nucleus and the genome within it are organized. The combined use of imaging, biochemistry and molecular biology approaches has revealed several basic principles of nuclear architecture and function, including the existence of chromatin domains of various sizes, the presence of a large number of non-membranous intranuclear bodies, non-random positioning of genes and chromosomes in 3D space, and a prominent role of the nuclear lamina in organizing genomes. Despite this tremendous progress in elucidating the biological properties of the cell nucleus, many questions remain. Here, we highlight some of the key open areas of investigation in the field of nuclear organization and genome architecture with a particular focus on the mechanisms and principles of higher-order genome organization, the emerging role of liquid phase separation in cellular organization, and the functional role of the nuclear lamina in physiological processes.
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10
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Andreasen S. Molecular features of adenoid cystic carcinoma with an emphasis on microRNA expression. APMIS 2018; 126 Suppl 140:7-57. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Andreasen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery; Zealand University Hospital; Køge Denmark
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11
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Kaittanis C, Andreou C, Hieronymus H, Mao N, Foss CA, Eiber M, Weirich G, Panchal P, Gopalan A, Zurita J, Achilefu S, Chiosis G, Ponomarev V, Schwaiger M, Carver BS, Pomper MG, Grimm J. Prostate-specific membrane antigen cleavage of vitamin B9 stimulates oncogenic signaling through metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Exp Med 2017; 215:159-175. [PMID: 29141866 PMCID: PMC5748857 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaittanis et al. show that the processing of glutamated folates by prostate-specific membrane antigen induces the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors and initiation of PI3K–Akt signaling in prostate cancer. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) or folate hydrolase 1 (FOLH1) is highly expressed on prostate cancer. Its expression correlates inversely with survival and increases with tumor grade. However, the biological role of PSMA has not been explored, and its role in prostate cancer remained elusive. Filling this gap, we demonstrate that in prostate cancer, PSMA initiates signaling upstream of PI3K through G protein–coupled receptors, specifically via the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). PSMA’s carboxypeptidase activity releases glutamate from vitamin B9 and other glutamated substrates, which activate mGluR I. Activated mGluR I subsequently induces activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) through phosphorylation of p110β independent of PTEN loss. The p110β isoform of PI3K plays a particularly important role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, but the origin of its activation was so far unknown. PSMA expression correlated with PI3K–Akt signaling in cells, animal models, and patients. We interrogated the activity of the PSMA–PI3K axis through positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Inhibition of PSMA in preclinical models inhibited PI3K signaling and promoted tumor regression. Our data present a novel oncogenic signaling role of PSMA that can be exploited for therapy and interrogated with imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Kaittanis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chrysafis Andreou
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Haley Hieronymus
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ninghui Mao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Catherine A Foss
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Weirich
- Department of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Palak Panchal
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- Genitourinary Division, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Juan Zurita
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Brett S Carver
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY .,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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12
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Kaittanis C, Bolaender A, Yoo B, Shah N, Ouerfelli O, Grimm J. Targetable Clinical Nanoparticles for Precision Cancer Therapy Based on Disease-Specific Molecular Inflection Points. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7160-7168. [PMID: 29035540 PMCID: PMC5677550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel translational approaches based on clinical modular nanoplatforms are needed in order to treat solid cancers according to their discrete molecular features. In the present study, we show that the clinical nanopharmaceutical Ferumoxytol, which consists of a glucose-based coat surrounding an iron oxide core, could identify molecular characteristics of prostate cancer, corresponding to unique phases of the disease continuum. By affixing a targeting probe for the prostate-specific membrane antigen on its surface, the nanopharmaceutical was able to assess the functional state of the androgen receptor pathway via MRI, guiding therapy and delivering it with the same clinical nanoparticle. In order to simultaneously inhibit signaling from key oncogenic pathways of more advanced forms of prostate cancer, a single-agent therapy for early stage disease to inhibit DNA replication, as well as combination therapy with two drugs co-retained within the nanopharmaceutical's polymeric coating, were tested and resulted in complete tumor ablation. Recalcitrant and terminal forms of the disease were effectively treated with a nanopharmaceutical delivering a combination that upregulates endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibits metastasis, thereby showing that this multifunctional nanoplatform can be used in the clinic for patient stratification, as well as precision treatment based on the individual's unique disease features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan Grimm
- Departments of Pharmacology and Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York 10065, United States
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13
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Ong CAJ, Shannon NB, Mueller S, Lek SM, Qiu X, Chong FT, Li K, Koh KK, Tay GC, Skanthakumar T, Hwang JS, Hon Lim TK, Ang MK, Tan DS, Tan NC, Tan HK, Soo KC, Iyer NG. A three gene immunohistochemical panel serves as an adjunct to clinical staging of patients with head and neck cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:79556-79566. [PMID: 29108335 PMCID: PMC5668068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) depends on tumor staging. Despite refinements in clinical staging algorithms, outcomes remain unchanged for the last two decades. In this study, we set out to identify a small, clinically applicable molecular panel to aid prognostication of patients with HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to derive copy number aberrations and expression changes to identify putative prognostic genes. To account for cross entity relevance of the biomarkers, HNSCC (n = 276), breast (n = 808) and lung cancer (n = 282) datasets were used to identify robust and reproducible markers with prognostic potential. Validation was performed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarrays of an independent cohort of HNSCC (n = 333). FINDINGS Using GISTIC algorithm together with gene expression analysis, we identified six putative prognostic genes in at least two out of three cancers analyzed, of which four were successfully optimized for automated IHC. Of these, three were successfully validated; each molecular target being significantly prognostic on univariate analysis. Patients were differentially segregated into four prognostic groups based on the number of genes dysregulated (p < 0.001). The IHC panel remained an independent predictor of survival after adjusting for known survival covariates including clinical staging criteria in a multivariate Cox regression model (p < 0.001). . INTERPRETATION We have identified and validated a clinically applicable IHC biomarker panel that is independently associated with overall survival. This panel is readily applicable, serving as a useful adjunct to current staging systems and provides novel targets for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Ann J. Ong
- Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, S169856, Singapore
- Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, S169610, Singapore
| | - Nicholas B. Shannon
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, S169857, Singapore
| | - Stefan Mueller
- Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, S169610, Singapore
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head and Neck Centre, Singhealth, S169856, Singapore
| | - Sze Min Lek
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, S169857, Singapore
| | - Xuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, S169856, Singapore
| | - Fui Teen Chong
- Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, S169610, Singapore
| | - Ke Li
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, S169857, Singapore
| | - Kelvin K.N. Koh
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, S169857, Singapore
| | - Gerald C.A. Tay
- Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, S169856, Singapore
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head and Neck Centre, Singhealth, S169856, Singapore
| | | | | | - Tony Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, S169856, Singapore
| | - Mei Kim Ang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, S169610, Singapore
| | - Daniel S.W. Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, S169610, Singapore
| | - Ngian-Chye Tan
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head and Neck Centre, Singhealth, S169856, Singapore
| | - Hiang Khoon Tan
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head and Neck Centre, Singhealth, S169856, Singapore
| | - Khee Chee Soo
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head and Neck Centre, Singhealth, S169856, Singapore
| | - N. Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, S169857, Singapore
- Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, S169610, Singapore
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head and Neck Centre, Singhealth, S169856, Singapore
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14
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Short-term spheroid culture of primary colorectal cancer cells as an in vitro model for personalizing cancer medicine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183074. [PMID: 28877221 PMCID: PMC5587104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy treatment of cancer remains a challenge due to the molecular and functional heterogeneity displayed by tumours originating from the same cell type. The pronounced heterogeneity makes it difficult for oncologists to devise an effective therapeutic strategy for the patient. One approach for increasing treatment efficacy is to test the chemosensitivity of cancer cells obtained from the patient’s tumour. 3D culture represents a promising method for modelling patient tumours in vitro. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate how closely short-term spheroid cultures of primary colorectal cancer cells resemble the original tumour. Colorectal cancer cells were isolated from human tumour tissue and cultured as spheroids. Spheroid cultures were established with a high success rate and remained viable for at least 10 days. The spheroids exhibited significant growth over a period of 7 days and no difference in growth rate was observed for spheroids of different sizes. Comparison of spheroids with the original tumour revealed that spheroid culture generally preserved adenocarcinoma histology and expression patterns of cytokeratin 20 and carcinoembryonic antigen. Interestingly, spheroids had a tendency to resemble tumour protein expression more closely after 10 days of culture compared to 3 days. Chemosensitivity screening using spheroids from five patients demonstrated individual response profiles. This indicates that the spheroids maintained patient-to-patient differences in sensitivity towards the drugs and combinations most commonly used for treatment of colorectal cancer. In summary, short-term spheroid culture of primary colorectal adenocarcinoma cells represents a promising in vitro model for use in personalized medicine.
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15
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Tan W, Pan M, Liu H, Tian H, Ye Q, Liu H. Ergosterol peroxide inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth through multiple pathways. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3467-3474. [PMID: 28761355 PMCID: PMC5518915 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s139009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol peroxide (EP), a sterol derived from medicinal mushrooms, has been reported to exert antitumor activity in several tumor types. However, the role of EP toward ovarian cancer cells has not been investigated. In this study, we analyzed the cytotoxicity of EP in various cell lines representing high-grade serous ovarian cancer and low-grade serous ovarian cancer, respectively. Although EP showed no significant inhibition of the viability of normal ovarian surface epithelial cells, it impaired the proliferation and invasion capacities of tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. We further figured out key modulators involved in its antitumor effects by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, and Western blot. The nuclear β-catenin was down-regulated upon EP treatment, subsequently reducing the Cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression levels. Meanwhile, the protein level of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 was up-regulated in EP treated cells, whereas Src kinase activity was inhibited. Both activation of SHP2 phosphatase and inhibition of Src kinase decreased the phosphorylation level of transducer and activator of STAT3 protein, which was implicated in oncogenesis. On the other hand, EP remarkably inhibited the expression and secretion of VEGF-C, implying its involvement in counteracting tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, EP treatment showed comparable cytotoxic effect with β-catenin knock-down or STAT3 inhibition. Taken together, our results demonstrated that EP showed antitumor effects toward ovarian cancer cells through both β-catenin and STAT3 signaling pathways, making it a promising candidate for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Tan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Meihong Pan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Hequn Tian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Hongda Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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16
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Kikuchi A, Sawamura T, Daimaru O, Horie M, Sasaki K, Okita N. Improved protocol for extraction of genomic DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples without the use of xylene. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 54:e375-e377. [PMID: 27171389 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Croft A, Guo ST, Sherwin S, Farrelly M, Yan XG, Zhang XD, Jiang CC. Functional identification of a novel transcript variant of INPP4B in human colon and breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Chi MN, Guo ST, Wilmott JS, Guo XY, Yan XG, Wang CY, Liu XY, Jin L, Tseng HY, Liu T, Croft A, Hondermarck H, Scolyer RA, Jiang CC, Zhang XD. INPP4B is upregulated and functions as an oncogenic driver through SGK3 in a subset of melanomas. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39891-907. [PMID: 26573229 PMCID: PMC4741868 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) negatively regulates PI3K/Akt signalling and has a tumour suppressive role in some types of cancers. However, we have found that it is upregulated in a subset of melanomas. Here we report that INPP4B can function as an oncogenic driver through activation of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 3 (SGK3) in melanoma. While INPP4B knockdown inhibited melanoma cell proliferation and retarded melanoma xenograft growth, overexpression of INPP4B enhanced melanoma cell and melanocyte proliferation and triggered anchorage-independent growth of melanocytes. Noticeably, INPP4B-mediated melanoma cell proliferation was not related to activation of Akt, but was mediated by SGK3. Upregulation of INPP4B in melanoma cells was associated with loss of miRNA (miR)-494 and/or miR-599 due to gene copy number reduction. Indeed, overexpression of miR-494 or miR-599 downregulated INPP4B, reduced SGK3 activation, and inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, whereas introduction of anti-miR-494 or anti-miR-599 upregulated INPP4B, enhanced SGK3 activation, and promoted melanoma cell proliferation. Collectively, these results identify upregulation of INPP4B as an oncogenic mechanism through activation of SGK3 in a subset of melanomas, with implications for targeting INPP4B and restoring miR-494 and miR-599 as novel approaches in the treatment of melanomas with high INPP4B expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Na Chi
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Su Tang Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.,Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013, China
| | - James S Wilmott
- Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, and Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xiang Yun Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013, China
| | - Xu Guang Yan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Chun Yan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.,Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013, China
| | - Xiao Ying Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Lei Jin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hsin-Yi Tseng
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Amanda Croft
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, and Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chen Chen Jiang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
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Meaburn KJ. Spatial Genome Organization and Its Emerging Role as a Potential Diagnosis Tool. Front Genet 2016; 7:134. [PMID: 27507988 PMCID: PMC4961005 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells the genome is highly spatially organized. Functional relevance of higher order genome organization is implied by the fact that specific genes, and even whole chromosomes, alter spatial position in concert with functional changes within the nucleus, for example with modifications to chromatin or transcription. The exact molecular pathways that regulate spatial genome organization and the full implication to the cell of such an organization remain to be determined. However, there is a growing realization that the spatial organization of the genome can be used as a marker of disease. While global genome organization patterns remain largely conserved in disease, some genes and chromosomes occupy distinct nuclear positions in diseased cells compared to their normal counterparts, with the patterns of reorganization differing between diseases. Importantly, mapping the spatial positioning patterns of specific genomic loci can distinguish cancerous tissue from benign with high accuracy. Genome positioning is an attractive novel biomarker since additional quantitative biomarkers are urgently required in many cancer types. Current diagnostic techniques are often subjective and generally lack the ability to identify aggressive cancer from indolent, which can lead to over- or under-treatment of patients. Proof-of-principle for the use of genome positioning as a diagnostic tool has been provided based on small scale retrospective studies. Future large-scale studies are required to assess the feasibility of bringing spatial genome organization-based diagnostics to the clinical setting and to determine if the positioning patterns of specific loci can be useful biomarkers for cancer prognosis. Since spatial reorganization of the genome has been identified in multiple human diseases, it is likely that spatial genome positioning patterns as a diagnostic biomarker may be applied to many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. Meaburn
- Cell Biology of Genomes Group, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Fuerea A, Baciarello G, Patrikidou A, Albigès L, Massard C, Di Palma M, Escudier B, Fizazi K, Loriot Y. Early PSA response is an independent prognostic factor in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with next-generation androgen pathway inhibitors. Eur J Cancer 2016; 61:44-51. [PMID: 27151554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal use of new therapies in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains to be clarified. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response used as a pharmacodynamic end-point may help identify patients with early resistance to new androgen receptor-pathway inhibitors. We aimed to determine the clinical significance of early PSA response (EPR) during therapy with enzalutamide, abiraterone acetate (AA) and orteronel in mCRPC. METHODS Data from patients recruited in clinical trials were studied. PSA values were obtained at baseline and 28 d after treatment initiation. EPR defined as a decline >50% from baseline was calculated according to the Prostate Cancer Working Group 2 criteria. The effects of clinical characteristics on radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS) were examined using the Cox model. RESULTS EPR was assessed in 118 patients treated in clinical trials and was found to be associated with longer rPFS and OS (P < 0.0001 for both). Median rPFS was 13.9 and 5.6 months (hazard ratio [HR]:0.38, P < 0.001) for patients with and without an EPR, respectively. Median OS was 32.2 months in patients with an EPR and 15.9 months in patients without an EPR (HR: 0.4, P < 0.01). EPR remained prognostic for OS in multivariate analyses (HR: 0.5, p=0.009) that included validated pre-therapeutic prognostic factors for mCRPC. Prognostic values of EPR for rPFS and OS were confirmed in an independent cohort of 95 AA-treated non-trial patients. CONCLUSIONS EPR is an independent prognostic factor in patients with mCRPC treated with next-generation androgen pathway inhibitors and may be useful for the therapeutic management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Fuerea
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Giulia Baciarello
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Anna Patrikidou
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Albigès
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Massard
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Mario Di Palma
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Bernard Escudier
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Karim Fizazi
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.
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Wan X, Yang S, Huang W, Wu D, Chen H, Wu M, Li J, Li T, Li Y. UHRF1 overexpression is involved in cell proliferation and biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:34. [PMID: 26884069 PMCID: PMC4756440 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical recurrence (BCR) is widely used to define the treatment success and to make decisions on if or how to initiate a secondary therapy, but uniform criteria to define BCR after radical prostatectomy (RP) is not yet completely assessed. UHRF1 has a unique function in regulating the epigenome by linking DNA methylation with histone marks. The clinical value of UHRF1 in PCa has not been well done. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic significance of UHRF1. METHOD UHRF1 expression in PCa cells was monitored by qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. UHRF1 expression was knocked down using specific siRNAs, and the effects of knockdown on the proliferation, migration, cell cycle, and apoptosis of PCa cell lines were investigated. UHRF1 protein expression was evaluated in 225 PCa specimens using immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays. Correlations between UHRF1 expression and the clinical features of PCa were assessed. RESULTS The results showed that UHRF1 was overexpressed in almost all of the PCa cell lines. In PCa cells, UHRF1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis. UHRF1 expression levels were correlated with some clinical features of PCa. Multivariate analysis showed that UHRF1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSIONS UHRF1 functions as an oncogene in prostate cancer and appears to be capable of predicting the risk of biochemical recurrence in PCa patients after radical prostatectomy, and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- Department of Urology, Hefei First People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, 230061, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research Hospital, WHO Collaborating Center for Research in Human Reproduction, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Leshner M, Devine M, Roloff GW, True LD, Misteli T, Meaburn KJ. Locus-specific gene repositioning in prostate cancer. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:236-46. [PMID: 26564800 PMCID: PMC4713128 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial organization of the genome is altered in prostate cancer compared to normal tissue in a gene-specific manner. The repositioning of two genes, FLI1 and MMP9, is specific to cancer, and the positioning patterns of these genes may serve as diagnostic biomarkers. Genes occupy preferred spatial positions within interphase cell nuclei. However, positioning patterns are not an innate feature of a locus, and genes can alter their localization in response to physiological and pathological changes. Here we screen the radial positioning patterns of 40 genes in normal, hyperplasic, and malignant human prostate tissues. We find that the overall spatial organization of the genome in prostate tissue is largely conserved among individuals. We identify three genes whose nuclear positions are robustly altered in neoplastic prostate tissues. FLI1 and MMP9 position differently in prostate cancer than in normal tissue and prostate hyperplasia, whereas MMP2 is repositioned in both prostate cancer and hyperplasia. Our data point to locus-specific reorganization of the genome during prostate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Leshner
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michelle Devine
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gregory W Roloff
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Karen J Meaburn
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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23
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Guo ST, Chi MN, Yang RH, Guo XY, Zan LK, Wang CY, Xi YF, Jin L, Croft A, Tseng HY, Yan XG, Farrelly M, Wang FH, Lai F, Wang JF, Li YP, Ackland S, Scott R, Agoulnik IU, Hondermarck H, Thorne RF, Liu T, Zhang XD, Jiang CC. INPP4B is an oncogenic regulator in human colon cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:3049-61. [PMID: 26411369 PMCID: PMC4908438 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) negatively regulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling and is a tumor suppressor in some types of cancers. However, we have found that it is frequently upregulated in human colon cancer cells. Here we show that silencing of INPP4B blocks activation of Akt and serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 3 (SGK3), inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and retards colon cancer xenograft growth. Conversely, overexpression of INPP4B increases proliferation and triggers anchorage-independent growth of normal colon epithelial cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that the effect of INPP4B on Akt and SGK3 is associated with inactivation of phosphate and tensin homolog through its protein phosphatase activity and that the increase in INPP4B is due to Ets-1-mediated transcriptional upregulation in colon cancer cells. Collectively, these results suggest that INPP4B may function as an oncogenic driver in colon cancer, with potential implications for targeting INPP4B as a novel approach to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - M N Chi
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R H Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - X Y Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - L K Zan
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shanxi, China
| | - C Y Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Y F Xi
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shanxi, China
| | - L Jin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Croft
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H-Y Tseng
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - X G Yan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Farrelly
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - F H Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - F Lai
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J F Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shanxi, China
| | - Y P Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shanxi, China
| | - S Ackland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - I U Agoulnik
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - H Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R F Thorne
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - X D Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C C Jiang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Automated Analysis and Classification of Histological Tissue Features by Multi-Dimensional Microscopic Molecular Profiling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128975. [PMID: 26176839 PMCID: PMC4503351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the molecular attributes and spatial arrangements of cells and features within complex human tissues provides a critical basis for understanding processes involved in development and disease. Moreover, the ability to automate steps in the analysis and interpretation of histological images that currently require manual inspection by pathologists could revolutionize medical diagnostics. Toward this end, we developed a new imaging approach called multidimensional microscopic molecular profiling (MMMP) that can measure several independent molecular properties in situ at subcellular resolution for the same tissue specimen. MMMP involves repeated cycles of antibody or histochemical staining, imaging, and signal removal, which ultimately can generate information analogous to a multidimensional flow cytometry analysis on intact tissue sections. We performed a MMMP analysis on a tissue microarray containing a diverse set of 102 human tissues using a panel of 15 informative antibody and 5 histochemical stains plus DAPI. Large-scale unsupervised analysis of MMMP data, and visualization of the resulting classifications, identified molecular profiles that were associated with functional tissue features. We then directly annotated H&E images from this MMMP series such that canonical histological features of interest (e.g. blood vessels, epithelium, red blood cells) were individually labeled. By integrating image annotation data, we identified molecular signatures that were associated with specific histological annotations and we developed statistical models for automatically classifying these features. The classification accuracy for automated histology labeling was objectively evaluated using a cross-validation strategy, and significant accuracy (with a median per-pixel rate of 77% per feature from 15 annotated samples) for de novo feature prediction was obtained. These results suggest that high-dimensional profiling may advance the development of computer-based systems for automatically parsing relevant histological and cellular features from molecular imaging data of arbitrary human tissue samples, and can provide a framework and resource to spur the optimization of these technologies.
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25
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Huddy JR, Ni MZ, Markar SR, Hanna GB. Point-of-care testing in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers: Current technology and future directions. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4111-4120. [PMID: 25892860 PMCID: PMC4394071 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) tests enable rapid results and are well established in medical practice. Recent advances in analytical techniques have led to a new generation of POC devices that will alter gastrointestinal diagnostic pathways. This review aims to identify current and new technologies for the POC diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer. A structured search of the Embase and Medline databases was performed. Papers reporting diagnostic tests for gastrointestinal cancer available as a POC device or containing a description of feasibility for POC application were included. Studies recovered were heterogeneous and therefore results are presented as a narrative review. Six diagnostic methods were identified (fecal occult blood, fecal proteins, volatile organic compounds, pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2, tumour markers and DNA analysis). Fecal occult blood testing has a reported sensitivity of 66%-85% and specificity greater than 95%. The others are at a range of development and clinical application. POC devices have a proven role in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer. Barriers to their implementation exist and the transition from experimental to clinical medicine is currently slow. New technologies demonstrate potential to provide accurate POC tests and an ability to diagnose gastrointestinal cancer at an early stage with improved clinical outcome and survival.
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26
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Do H, Dobrovic A. Sequence Artifacts in DNA from Formalin-Fixed Tissues: Causes and Strategies for Minimization. Clin Chem 2015; 61:64-71. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.223040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Precision medicine is dependent on identifying actionable mutations in tumors. Accurate detection of mutations is often problematic in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. DNA extracted from formalin-fixed tissues is fragmented and also contains DNA lesions that are the sources of sequence artifacts. Sequence artifacts can be difficult to distinguish from true mutations, especially in the context of tumor heterogeneity, and are an increasing interpretive problem in this era of massively parallel sequencing. Understanding of the sources of sequence artifacts in FFPE tissues and implementation of preventative strategies are critical to improve the accurate detection of actionable mutations.
CONTENT
This mini-review focuses on DNA template lesions in FFPE tissues as the source of sequence artifacts in molecular analysis. In particular, fragmentation, base modification (including uracil and thymine deriving from cytosine deamination), and abasic sites are discussed as indirect or direct sources of sequence artifacts. We discuss strategies that can be implemented to minimize sequence artifacts and to distinguish true mutations from sequence artifacts. These strategies are applicable for the detection of actionable mutations in both single amplicon and massively parallel amplicon sequencing approaches.
SUMMARY
Because FFPE tissues are usually the only available material for DNA analysis, it is important to maximize the accurate informational content from FFPE DNA. Careful consideration of each step in the work flow is needed to minimize sequence artifacts. In addition, validation of actionable mutations either by appropriate experimental design or by orthogonal methods should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdo Do
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Tay KH, Liu X, Chi M, Jin L, Jiang CC, Guo ST, Verrills NM, Tseng HY, Zhang XD. Involvement of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in killing of human melanoma cells by the sphingosine kinase analogue FTY720. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 28:171-83. [PMID: 25358761 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor (S1PR) signalling axis is emerging as a promising strategy in the treatment of cancer. However, the effect of such an approach on survival of human melanoma cells remains less understood. Here, we show that the sphingosine analogue FTY720 that functionally antagonises S1PRs kills human melanoma cells through a mechanism involving the vacuolar H(+) -ATPase activity. Moreover, we demonstrate that FTY720-triggered cell death is characterized by features of necrosis and is not dependent on receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 or lysosome cathepsins, nor was it associated with the activation of protein phosphatase 2A. Instead, it is mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species and is antagonized by activation of autophagy. Collectively, these results suggest that FTY720 and its analogues are promising candidates for further development as new therapeutic agents in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Hong Tay
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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28
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Prediction of individual response to anticancer therapy: historical and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:729-57. [PMID: 25387856 PMCID: PMC4309902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of chemotherapy for cancer treatment in the early 20th century considerable efforts have been made to maximize drug efficiency and at the same time minimize side effects. As there is a great interpatient variability in response to chemotherapy, the development of predictive biomarkers is an ambitious aim for the rapidly growing research area of personalized molecular medicine. The individual prediction of response will improve treatment and thus increase survival and life quality of patients. In the past, cell cultures were used as in vitro models to predict in vivo response to chemotherapy. Several in vitro chemosensitivity assays served as tools to measure miscellaneous endpoints such as DNA damage, apoptosis and cytotoxicity or growth inhibition. Twenty years ago, the development of high-throughput technologies, e.g. cDNA microarrays enabled a more detailed analysis of drug responses. Thousands of genes were screened and expression levels were correlated to drug responses. In addition, mutation analysis became more and more important for the prediction of therapeutic success. Today, as research enters the area of -omics technologies, identification of signaling pathways is a tool to understand molecular mechanism underlying drug resistance. Combining new tissue models, e.g. 3D organoid cultures with modern technologies for biomarker discovery will offer new opportunities to identify new drug targets and in parallel predict individual responses to anticancer therapy. In this review, we present different currently used chemosensitivity assays including 2D and 3D cell culture models and several -omics approaches for the discovery of predictive biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of these assays and biomarkers to predict the clinical outcome of individual patients and future perspectives.
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29
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The importance of autophagy regulation in breast cancer development and treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:710345. [PMID: 25317422 PMCID: PMC4182068 DOI: 10.1155/2014/710345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a potentially life-threatening malignant tumor that still causes high mortality among women. One of the mechanisms through which cancer development could be controlled is autophagy. This process exerts different effects during the stages of cancer initiation and progression due to the occurring superimposition of signaling pathways of autophagy and carcinogenesis. Chronic inhibition of autophagy or autophagy deficiency promotes cancer, due to instability of the genome and defective cell growth and as a result of cell stress. However, increased induction of autophagy can become a mechanism which allows tumor cells to survive the conditions of hypoxia, acidosis, or chemotherapy. Therefore, in the development of cancer, autophagy is regarded as a double-edged sword. Determination of the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy regulation and its role in tumorigenesis is an essential component of modern anticancer strategies. Results of scientific studies show that inhibition of autophagy may enhance the effectiveness of currently used anticancer drugs and other therapies (like radiotherapy). However, in some cases, the promotion of autophagy can induce death and, hence, elimination of the cancer cells and reduction of tumor size. This review summarizes the current knowledge on autophagy regulation in BC and up-to-date anticancer strategies correlated with autophagy.
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30
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Sie D, Snijders PJF, Meijer GA, Doeleman MW, van Moorsel MIH, van Essen HF, Eijk PP, Grünberg K, van Grieken NCT, Thunnissen E, Verheul HM, Smit EF, Ylstra B, Heideman DAM. Performance of amplicon-based next generation DNA sequencing for diagnostic gene mutation profiling in oncopathology. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 37:353-61. [PMID: 25209392 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Next generation DNA sequencing (NGS) holds promise for diagnostic applications, yet implementation in routine molecular pathology practice requires performance evaluation on DNA derived from routine formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens. The current study presents a comprehensive analysis of TruSeq Amplicon Cancer Panel-based NGS using a MiSeq Personal sequencer (TSACP-MiSeq-NGS) for somatic mutation profiling. METHODS TSACP-MiSeq-NGS (testing 212 hotspot mutation amplicons of 48 genes) and a data analysis pipeline were evaluated in a retrospective learning/test set approach (n = 58/n = 45 FFPE-tumor DNA samples) against 'gold standard' high-resolution-melting (HRM)-sequencing for the genes KRAS, EGFR, BRAF and PIK3CA. Next, the performance of the validated test algorithm was assessed in an independent, prospective cohort of FFPE-tumor DNA samples (n = 75). RESULTS In the learning set, a number of minimum parameter settings was defined to decide whether a FFPE-DNA sample is qualified for TSACP-MiSeq-NGS and for calling mutations. The resulting test algorithm revealed 82% (37/45) compliance to the quality criteria and 95% (35/37) concordant assay findings for KRAS, EGFR, BRAF and PIK3CA with HRM-sequencing (kappa = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.81-1.03) in the test set. Subsequent application of the validated test algorithm to the prospective cohort yielded a success rate of 84% (63/75), and a high concordance with HRM-sequencing (95% (60/63); kappa = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.84-1.01). TSACP-MiSeq-NGS detected 77 mutations in 29 additional genes. CONCLUSION TSACP-MiSeq-NGS is suitable for diagnostic gene mutation profiling in oncopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoud Sie
- Departments of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Awan MUF, Deng Y. Role of autophagy and its significance in cellular homeostasis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5319-28. [PMID: 24743981 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that regulates homeostasis in cells. It is an exceptional pathway of membrane trafficking. Autophagy is characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles; autophagosomes that are responsible for delivering damaged organelle and extra proteins to lysosome for recycling. A series of actions including environmental and genetic factors are responsible for induction of autophagy. In the past few decades, the research on autophagy has been immensely expanded because it is a vital process in maintaining cellular balance as well as deeply connected with pathogenesis of a number of diseases. The aim of this review is to present an overview of modern work on autophagy and highlight some essential genetic role in the induction of autophagy. There is an emerging need to identify, quantify, and manipulate the pathway of autophagy, due to its close relationship with a variety of developmental pathways and functions especially in cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Umer Farooq Awan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancunn South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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32
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Lacroix L, Boichard A, André F, Soria JC. Genomes in the clinic: the Gustave Roussy Cancer Center experience. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 24:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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CD133 facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition through interaction with the ERK pathway in pancreatic cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:15. [PMID: 24468059 PMCID: PMC3931313 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease due to the high incidence of metastasis at the time of detection. CD133 expression in clinical pancreatic cancer correlates with poor prognosis and metastasis. However, the molecular mechanism of CD133-regulated metastasis remains unclear. In recent years, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to cancer invasion and metastasis. In the present study we investigated the role of CD133 in pancreatic cancer metastasis and its potential regulatory network. METHODS A highly migratory pancreatic cancer cell line, Capan1M9, was established previously. After shRNA was stable transducted to knock down CD133 in Capan1M9 cells, gene expression was profiled by DNA microarray. Orthotopic, splenic and intravenous transplantation mouse models were set up to examine the tumorigenesis and metastatic capabilities of these cells. In further experiments, real-time RT-PCR, Western blot and co-immunoprecipitate were conducted to evaluate the interactions of CD133, Slug, N-cadherin, ERK1/2 and SRC. RESULTS We found that CD133+ human pancreatic cancer cells were prone to generating metastatic nodules in in vivo models using immunodeficient mice. In contrast, CD133 knockdown suppressed cancer invasion and metastasis in vivo. Gene profiling analysis suggested that CD133 modulated mesenchymal characteristics including the expression of EMT-related genes, such as Slug and N-cadherin. These genes were down-regulated following CD133 knockdown. Moreover, CD133 expression could be modulated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and SRC signaling pathways. The binding of CD133 to ERK1/2 and SRC acts as an indispensable mediator of N-cadherin expression. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that CD133 plays a critical role in facilitating the EMT regulatory loop, specifically by upregulating N-cadherin expression, leading to the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. Our study provides a novel insight into the function of CD133 in the EMT program and a better understanding of the mechanism underlying the involvement of CD133 in pancreatic cancer metastasis.
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Kosmidou V, Oikonomou E, Vlassi M, Avlonitis S, Katseli A, Tsipras I, Mourtzoukou D, Kontogeorgos G, Zografos G, Pintzas A. Tumor Heterogeneity Revealed byKRAS,BRAF, andPIK3CAPyrosequencing:KRASandPIK3CAIntratumor Mutation Profile Differences and Their Therapeutic Implications. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:329-40. [PMID: 24352906 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Kosmidou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens 11635 Greece
| | - Eftychia Oikonomou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens 11635 Greece
| | - Margarita Vlassi
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens 11635 Greece
| | - Spyros Avlonitis
- 3rd Department of Surgery; General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas; Athens 15669 Greece
| | - Anastasia Katseli
- 3rd Department of Surgery; General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas; Athens 15669 Greece
| | - Iraklis Tsipras
- 3rd Department of Surgery; General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas; Athens 15669 Greece
| | - Despina Mourtzoukou
- Department of Pathology; General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas; Athens 15669 Greece
| | - Georgios Kontogeorgos
- Department of Pathology; General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas; Athens 15669 Greece
| | - Georgios Zografos
- 3rd Department of Surgery; General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas; Athens 15669 Greece
| | - Alexander Pintzas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens 11635 Greece
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Targeted-capture massively-parallel sequencing enables robust detection of clinically informative mutations from formalin-fixed tumours. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3494. [PMID: 24336498 PMCID: PMC3861801 DOI: 10.1038/srep03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing offers the ability to interrogate a tumour biopsy for multiple mutational changes. For clinical samples, methodologies must enable maximal extraction of available sequence information from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) material. We assessed the use of targeted capture for mutation detection in FFPE DNA. The capture probes targeted the coding region of all known kinase genes and selected oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Seven melanoma cell lines and matching FFPE xenograft DNAs were sequenced. An informatics pipeline was developed to identify variants and contaminating mouse reads. Concordance of 100% was observed between unfixed and formalin-fixed for reported COSMIC variants including BRAF V600E. mutations in genes not conventionally screened including ERBB4, ATM, STK11 and CDKN2A were readily detected. All regions were adequately covered with independent reads regardless of GC content. This study indicates that hybridisation capture is a robust approach for massively parallel sequencing of FFPE samples.
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Fang X, Zhou X, Wang X. Clinical development of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Biomark Res 2013; 1:30. [PMID: 24252186 PMCID: PMC4177547 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is extensively explored in cancers. It functions as an important regulator of cell growth, survival and metabolism. Activation of this pathway also predicts poor prognosis in numerous human malignancies. Drugs targeting this signaling pathway have been developed and have shown preliminary clinical activity. Accumulating evidence has highlighted the important role of PI3K in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), especially in the disease initiation and progression. Therapeutic functions of PI3K inhibitors in NHL have been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. This review will summarize recent advances in the activation of PI3K signaling in different types of NHL and the applications of PI3K inhibitors in NHL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P,R, China.
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Dong L, Jin L, Tseng HY, Wang CY, Wilmott JS, Yosufi B, Yan XG, Jiang CC, Scolyer RA, Zhang XD, Guo ST. Oncogenic suppression of PHLPP1 in human melanoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:4756-66. [PMID: 24121273 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Akt is constitutively activated in up to 70% of human melanomas and has an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, little is known about protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate and thereby inactivate it in melanoma cells. Here we report that suppression of pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat Ser/Thr protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) by DNA methylation promotes Akt activation and has an oncogenic role in melanoma. While it is commonly downregulated, overexpression of PHLPP1 reduces Akt activation and inhibits melanoma cell proliferation in vitro, and retards melanoma growth in a xenograft model. In contrast, knockdown of PHLPP1 increases Akt activation, enhances melanoma cell and melanocyte proliferation, and results in anchorage-independent growth of melanocytes. Suppression of PHLPP1 involves blockade of binding of the transcription factor Sp1 to the PHLPP1 promoter. Collectively, these results suggest that suppression of PHLPP1 by DNA methylation contributes to melanoma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dong
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - L Jin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - H-Y Tseng
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C Y Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - J S Wilmott
- 1] Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia [2] Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B Yosufi
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - X G Yan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C C Jiang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - R A Scolyer
- 1] Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia [2] Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia [3] Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - X D Zhang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - S T Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Chen Z, Yang L, Liu Y, Tang A, Li X, Zhang J, Yang Z. LY294002 and Rapamycin promote coxsackievirus-induced cytopathic effect and apoptosis via inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 385:169-77. [PMID: 24072614 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a common human pathogen for acute myocarditis, pancreatitis, non-septic meningitis, and encephalitis; it induces a direct cytopathic effect (CPE) and apoptosis on infected cells. The Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT/PKB)/mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway regulates several cellular processes and it is one of the most important pathways in human networks. However, the effect and mechanism of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in CVB3 infected cells are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway increased CVB3-induced CPE and apoptosis in HeLa cells. The activity of downstream targets of PI3K and mTOR is attenuated after CVB3 infection and inhibitors of PI3K and mTOR made their activity to decrease more significantly. We further show that LY294002 and Rapamycin, the inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR respectively, promote CVB3-induced CPE and apoptosis. Taken together, these data illustrate a new and imperative role for PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in CVB3 infection in HeLa cells and suggest an useful approach for the therapy of CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
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Moorcraft SY, Smyth EC, Cunningham D. The role of personalized medicine in metastatic colorectal cancer: an evolving landscape. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2013; 6:381-95. [PMID: 24003339 PMCID: PMC3756633 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x13491797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer have led to an improvement in survival from 12 months with fluorouracil monotherapy to approximately 2 years. This is partly as a result of the addition of irinotecan and oxaliplatin, but is also due to the use of monoclonal antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and antiangiogenic drugs such as bevacizumab. However, there are significant molecular differences between tumours which can affect both prognosis and response to treatment. Personalized medicine aims to tailor treatment according to the characteristics of the individual patient and is now a clinical reality as testing for KRAS mutations to guide treatment with the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab is now part of routine clinical practice. However, not all patients who are KRAS wild type respond to anti-EGFR therapy and a validated biomarker for antiangiogenic therapy is still lacking. Therefore, other biomarkers are needed to assist with predicting response to both existing drugs as well as to drugs currently under investigation. This review summarizes the molecular biology of colorectal cancer, focusing on the genetic features that are currently most clinically relevant. Current and emerging biomarkers are reviewed along with their roles in selecting patients for targeted treatment with currently licensed therapies and drugs being evaluated in clinical trials. The value of predictive biomarkers of chemosensitivity and potential future treatment strategies are also discussed.
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Loss of PI(4,5)P2 5-Phosphatase A Contributes to Resistance of Human Melanoma Cells to RAF/MEK Inhibitors. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:470-81. [PMID: 23908690 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Past studies have shown that the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase (PIB5PA), is commonly downregulated or lost in melanomas, which contributes to elevated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in melanoma cells. In this report, we provide evidence that PIB5PA deficiency plays a role in resistance of melanoma cells to RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors. Ectopic expression of PIB5PA enhanced apoptosis induced by the RAF inhibitor PLX4720 in BRAF(V600E) and by the MEK inhibitor U0126 in both BRAF(V600E) and wild-type BRAF melanoma cells. This was due to inhibition of PI3K/Akt, as co-introduction of an active form of Akt (myr-Akt) abolished the effect of overexpression of PIB5PA on apoptosis induced by PLX4720 or U0126. While overexpression of PIB5PA triggered activation of Bad and down-regulation of Mcl-1, knockdown of Bad or overexpression of Mcl-1 recapitulated, at least in part, the effect of myr-Akt, suggesting that regulation of Bad and Mcl-1 is involved in PIB5PA-mediated sensitization of melanoma cells to the inhibitors. The role of PIB5PA deficiency in BRAF inhibitor resistance was confirmed by knockdown of PIB5PA, which led to increased growth of BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells selected for resistance to PLX4720. Consistent with its role in vitro, overexpression of PIB5PA and the MEK inhibitor selumetinib cooperatively inhibited melanoma tumor growth in a xenograft model. Taken together, these results identify loss of PIB5PA as a novel resistance mechanism of melanoma to RAF/MEK inhibitors and suggest that restoration of PIB5PA may be a useful strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of the inhibitors in the treatment of melanoma.
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Ye Y, Jin L, Wilmott JS, Hu WL, Yosufi B, Thorne RF, Liu T, Rizos H, Yan XG, Dong L, Tay KH, Tseng HY, Guo ST, de Bock CE, Jiang CC, Wang CY, Wu M, Zhang LJ, Hersey P, Scolyer RA, Zhang XD. PI(4,5)P2 5-phosphatase A regulates PI3K/Akt signalling and has a tumour suppressive role in human melanoma. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1508. [PMID: 23443536 PMCID: PMC3586716 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases can terminate downstream signalling of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; however, their biological role in the pathogenesis of cancer is controversial. Here we report that the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase, has a tumour suppressive role in melanoma. Although it is commonly downregulated in melanoma, overexpression of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase blocks Akt activation, inhibits proliferation and undermines survival of melanoma cells in vitro, and retards melanoma growth in a xenograft model. In contrast, knockdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase results in increased proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of melanocytes. Although DNA copy number loss is responsible for downregulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase in a proportion of melanomas, histone hypoacetylation mediated by histone deacetylases HDAC2 and HDAC3 through binding to the transcription factor Sp1 at the PIB5PA gene promoter appears to be another commonly involved mechanism. Collectively, these results establish the tumour suppressive role of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase and reveal mechanisms involved in its downregulation in melanoma. Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, such as PIB5PA, terminate signalling downstream of phosophoinositide-3 kinase; however, their biological roles remain unclear. Here the authors report that PIB5PA has a tumour suppressive role in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ye
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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Ferté C, Trister AD, Huang E, Bot BM, Guinney J, Commo F, Sieberts S, André F, Besse B, Soria JC, Friend SH. Impact of bioinformatic procedures in the development and translation of high-throughput molecular classifiers in oncology. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4315-25. [PMID: 23780890 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The progressive introduction of high-throughput molecular techniques in the clinic allows for the extensive and systematic exploration of multiple biologic layers of tumors. Molecular profiles and classifiers generated from these assays represent the foundation of what the National Academy describes as the future of "precision medicine". However, the analysis of such complex data requires the implementation of sophisticated bioinformatic and statistical procedures. It is critical that oncology practitioners be aware of the advantages and limitations of the methods used to generate classifiers to usher them into the clinic. This article uses publicly available expression data from patients with non-small cell lung cancer to first illustrate the challenges of experimental design and preprocessing of data before clinical application and highlights the challenges of high-dimensional statistical analysis. It provides a roadmap for the translation of such classifiers to clinical practice and makes key recommendations for good practice.
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André F, Ciccolini J, Spano JP, Penault-Llorca F, Mounier N, Freyer G, Blay JY, Milano G. Personalized medicine in oncology: where have we come from and where are we going? Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:931-9. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current advances in the biology of cancer and emergence of new tools for genome analysis have opened clinical perspectives in oncology, generally termed as ‘personalized medicine’. This broad term must encompass previous well-proven strategies, such as pharmacogenetics- and pharmacokinetics-based dosing, with more recently introduced pharmacogenomics approaches, all applied as a means to tailor treatment to a given patient presenting with a given tumor. Despite outstanding results in lung cancer, colorectal cancer and melanoma, only a few predictive biomarkers are currently justified in routine clinical practice. Overall, there is a persistent gap between the growing number of identified deregulated pathways or genetic mutations, both at the tumor and the constitutional levels, and their actual implementation at the bedside as part of clinical routine. This article underlines these limitations and covers several issues that may explain the discrepancy between the plethora of published data about emerging biomarkers, and the relative scarcity of tests eventually reaching a clinically validated application. The main identified difficulties concern invasive and costly prospective biomarker studies and the issue of tumor heterogeneity. Finally, early trial designs for targeted therapies as well as those for conventional cytotoxics may not necessarily address the right questions by skipping critical end points. Proposed solutions point out the use of liquid biopsies and systems biology approaches, for an easier implementation of personalized medicine at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gérard Milano
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 Avenue de Valombrose – 06189, Nice Cedex, France
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Márk Á, Hajdu M, Váradi Z, Sticz TB, Nagy N, Csomor J, Berczi L, Varga V, Csóka M, Kopper L, Sebestyén A. Characteristic mTOR activity in Hodgkin-lymphomas offers a potential therapeutic target in high risk disease--a combined tissue microarray, in vitro and in vivo study. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:250. [PMID: 23693095 PMCID: PMC3665449 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeting signaling pathways is an attractive approach in many malignancies. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is activated in a number of human neoplasms, accompanied by lower overall and/or disease free survival. mTOR kinase inhibitors have been introduced in the therapy of renal cell carcinoma and mantle cell lymphoma, and several trials are currently underway. However, the pathological characterization of mTOR activity in lymphomas is still incomplete. Methods mTOR activity and the elements of mTOR complexes were investigated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays representing different human non-Hodgkin-lymphomas (81 cases) and Hodgkin-lymphomas (87 cases). The expression of phospho-mTOR, phospho-4EBP1, phospho-p70S6K, phospho-S6, Rictor, Raptor and Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Survivin and NF-kappaB-p50 were evaluated, and mTOR activity was statistically analyzed along with 5-year survival data. The in vitro and in vivo effect of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin was also examined in human Hodgkin-lymphoma cell lines. Results The majority (>50%) of mantle cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin-lymphoma cases showed higher mTOR activity compared to normal lymphoid tissues. Hodgkin-lymphoma was characterized by high mTOR activity in 93% of the cases, and Bcl-xL and NF-kappaB expression correlated with this mTOR activity. High mTOR activity was observed in the case of both favorable and unfavorable clinical response. Low mTOR activity was accompanied by complete remission and at least 5-year disease free survival in Hodgkin-lymphoma patients. However, statistical analysis did not identify correlation beetween mTOR activity and different clinical data of HL patients, such as survival. We also found that Rictor (mTORC2) was not overexpressed in Hodgkin-lymphoma biopsies and cell lines. Rapamycin inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in Hodgkin-lymphoma cells both in vitro and in vivo, moreover, it increased the apoptotic effect of chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusions Targeting mTOR activity may be a potential therapeutic tool in lymphomas. The presence of mTOR activity probably indicates that the inclusion of mTOR inhibition in the therapy of Hodgkin-lymphomas may be feasible and beneficial, especially when standard protocols are ineffective, and it may also allow dose reduction in order to decrease late treatment toxicity. Most likely, the combination of mTOR inhibitors with other agents will offer the highest efficiency for achieving the best clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Márk
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest 1085, Hungary
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Do H, Dobrovic A. Dramatic reduction of sequence artefacts from DNA isolated from formalin-fixed cancer biopsies by treatment with uracil- DNA glycosylase. Oncotarget 2012; 3:546-58. [PMID: 22643842 PMCID: PMC3388184 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-reproducible sequence artefacts are frequently detected in DNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. However, no rational strategy has been developed for reduction of sequence artefacts from FFPE DNA as the underlying causes of the artefacts are poorly understood. As cytosine deamination to uracil is a common form of DNA damage in ancient DNA, we set out to examine whether treatment of FFPE DNA with uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) would lead to the reduction of C>T (and G>A) sequence artefacts. Heteroduplex formation in high resolution melting (HRM)-based assays was used for the detection of sequence variants in FFPE DNA samples. A set of samples that gave false positive HRM results for screening of the E17K mutation in exon 4 of the AKT1 gene were chosen for analysis. Sequencing of these samples showed multiple non-reproducible C:G>T:A artefacts. Treatment of the FFPE DNA with UDG prior to PCR amplification led to a very marked reduction of the sequence artefacts as indicated by both HRM and sequencing analysis. Similar results were shown for the BRAFV600 region in the same sample set and EGFR exon 19 in another sample set. UDG treatment specifically suppressed the formation of artefacts in FFPE DNA as it did not affect the detection of true KRAS codon 12 and true EGFR exon 19 and 20 mutations. We conclude that uracil in FFPE DNA leads to a significant proportion of sequence artefacts. These can be minimised by a simple UDG pre-treatment, which can be readily carried out in the same tube as the PCR, immediately prior to commencing thermal cycling. HRM is a convenient way of monitoring both the degree of damage and the effectiveness of the UDG treatment. These findings have immediate and important implications for cancer diagnostics where FFPE DNA is used as the primary genetic material for mutational studies guiding personalised medicine strategies and where simple effective strategies to detect mutations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdo Do
- Molecular Pathology Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Higashisaka K, Yoshioka Y, Yamashita K, Morishita Y, Pan H, Ogura T, Nagano T, Kunieda A, Nagano K, Abe Y, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI, Nabeshi H, Yoshikawa T, Tsutsumi Y. Hemopexin as biomarkers for analyzing the biological responses associated with exposure to silica nanoparticles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:555. [PMID: 23039107 PMCID: PMC3487985 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Practical uses of nanomaterials are rapidly spreading to a wide variety of fields. However, potential harmful effects of nanomaterials are raising concerns about their safety. Therefore, it is important that a risk assessment system is developed so that the safety of nanomaterials can be evaluated or predicted. Here, we attempted to identify novel biomarkers of nanomaterial-induced health effects by a comprehensive screen of plasma proteins using two-dimensional differential in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) analysis. Initially, we used 2D-DIGE to analyze changes in the level of plasma proteins in mice after intravenous injection via tail veins of 0.8 mg/mouse silica nanoparticles with diameters of 70 nm (nSP70) or saline as controls. By quantitative image analysis, protein spots representing >2.0-fold alteration in expression were found and identified by mass spectrometry. Among these proteins, we focused on hemopexin as a potential biomarker. The levels of hemopexin in the plasma increased as the silica particle size decreased. In addition, the production of hemopexin depended on the characteristics of the nanomaterials. These results suggested that hemopexin could be an additional biomarker for analyzing the biological responses associated with exposure to silica nanoparticles. We believe that this study will contribute to the development of biomarkers to ensure the safety of silica nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamashita
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Morishita
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Huiyan Pan
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Ogura
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagano
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kunieda
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Abe
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, 2301 E. 60th Street N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nabeshi
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Roca H, Craig MJ, Ying C, Varsos ZS, Czarnieski P, Alva AS, Hernandez J, Fuller D, Daignault S, Healy PN, Pienta KJ. IL-4 induces proliferation in prostate cancer PC3 cells under nutrient-depletion stress through the activation of the JNK-pathway and survivin up-regulation. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1569-80. [PMID: 22174091 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses and has been detected at high levels in the tumor microenvironment of cancer patients where it correlates with the grade of malignancy. The direct effect of IL-4 on cancer cells has been associated with increased cell survival; however, its role in cancer cell proliferation and related mechanisms is still unclear. Here it was shown that in a nutrient-depleted environment, IL-4 induces proliferation in prostate cancer PC3 cells. In these cells, under nutrient-depletion stress, IL-4 activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including Erk, p38, and JNK. Using MAP-signaling-specific inhibitors, it was shown that IL-4-induced proliferation is mediated by JNK activation. In fact, JNK-inhibitor-V (JNKi-V) stunted IL-4-mediated cell proliferation. Furthermore, it was found that IL-4 induces survivin up-regulation in nutrient-depleted cancer cells. Using survivin-short-hairpin-RNAs (shRNAs), it was demonstrated that in this milieu survivin expression above a threshold limit is critical to the mechanism of IL-4-mediated proliferation. In addition, the significance of survivin up-regulation in a stressed environment was assessed in prostate cancer mouse xenografts. It was found that survivin knockdown decreases tumor progression in correlation with cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, under nutrient depletion stress, IL -4 could induce proliferation in cancer cells from multiple origins: MDA-MB-231 (breast), A253 (head and neck), and SKOV-3 (ovarian). Overall, these findings suggest that in a tumor microenvironment under stress conditions, IL-4 triggers a simultaneous activation of the JNK-pathway and the up-regulation of survivin turning on a cancer proliferation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Roca
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Rouanne M, Massard C, Hollebecque A, Rousseau V, Varga A, Gazzah A, Neuzillet Y, Lebret T, Soria JC. Evaluation of sexuality, health-related quality-of-life and depression in advanced cancer patients: a prospective study in a Phase I clinical trial unit of predominantly targeted anticancer drugs. Eur J Cancer 2012; 49:431-8. [PMID: 22959468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents (MTA) has opened a new era of therapy in oncology. However, some of the toxicities and side-effects of these new drugs are not explored as is the case with the potential impact of MTA on sexuality. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL), depression and sexual function in advanced cancer patients treated in a Phase I drug unit evaluating MTA. PATIENTS AND METHODS [corrected] In total, 63 of 74 eligible patients agreed to participate in the study. Four validated self-questionnaires were used: the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey (SF12), the short form Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Forty-seven patients (75%) responded at baseline and 31 (65%) at 1-month. RESULTS This is the first evaluation of HRQoL, depression and sexual function in a Phase I drug unit. At baseline, patients had a good mental and physical function despite their disease progression. The response rate was 75% for sexual questionnaires. For 57% of females and 68% of males, quality of sexual life was a subject of interest. After 1-month of treatment, sexual dysfunction included lack of lubrication and comfort in females and erectile dysfunction in males with a statistical association of anti-angiogenic inhibitors in males (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Patients on MTA in Phase I clinical trials had a preserved mental and physical activity whereas their sexual activity declined in both sexes. The impact of MTA on HRQoL and especially sexual function should be routinely assessed in further studies to better understand their potential impact in advanced cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Rouanne
- Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, Université Paris XI, France
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Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy despite several decades of progress in diagnosis and treatment. Taking advantage of the robust development of discovery and utility of prognostic biomarkers, clinicians and researchers are developing personalized and targeted treatment strategies. This review encompasses recently discovered biomarkers of ovarian cancer, the utility of published prognostic biomarkers for EOC (especially biomarkers related to angiogenesis and key signaling pathways), and their integration into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Guo ST, Jiang CC, Wang GP, Li YP, Wang CY, Guo XY, Yang RH, Feng Y, Wang FH, Tseng HY, Thorne RF, Jin L, Zhang XD. MicroRNA-497 targets insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and has a tumour suppressive role in human colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:1910-20. [PMID: 22710713 PMCID: PMC3630484 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Past studies have shown that amplified insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)/IGF1 receptor (IGF1-R) signalling has an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development, progression and resistance to treatment. In this report, we demonstrate that downregulation of microRNA-497 (miR-497) as a result of DNA copy number reduction is involved in upregulation of IGF1-R in CRC cells. MiR-497 and miR-195 of the miR-15/16/195/424/497 family that share the same 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) binding seed sequence and are predicted to target IGF1-R were concurrently downregulated in the majority of CRC tissues relative to paired adjacent normal mucosa. However, only overexpression of miR-497 led to suppression of the IGF1-R 3′UTR activity and downregulation of the endogenous IGF1-R protein in CRC cells. This was associated with inhibition of cell survival, proliferation and invasion, and increased sensitivity to apoptosis induced by various stimuli including the chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil, and the death ligand tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. The biological effect of miR-497 on CRC cells was largely mediated by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signalling, as overexpression of an active form of Akt reversed its impact on cell survival and proliferation, recapitulating the effect of overexpression of IGF1-R. Downregulation of miR-497 and miR-195 appeared to associate with copy number loss of a segment of chromosome 17p13.1, where these miRs are located at proximity. Similarly to miR-195, the members of the same miR family, miR-424 that was upregulated, and miR-15a, miR-15b and miR-16 that were unaltered in expression in CRC tissues compared with paired adjacent normal mucosa, did not appear to have a role in regulating the expression of IGF1-R. Taken together, these results identify downregulation of miR-497 as an important mechanism of upregulation of IGF1-R in CRC cells that contributes to malignancy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Taiyuan, China
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