1
|
Garsi JB, Hocine S, Hensienne R, Moitessier M, Denton H, Major LL, Smith TK, Hanessian S. Revisiting the dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor captopril as a source of pan anti-trypanosomatid agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 110:129883. [PMID: 39013490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are responsible for continued propagation of neglected tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis respectively. Following a report that captopril targets Leishmania donovani dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, a series of simple proline amides and captopril analogues were synthesized and found to exhibit 1-2 μM in vitro inhibition and selectivity against Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. The results were corroborated with computational docking studies. Arguably, the synthetic proline amides represent the structurally simplest examples of in vitro pan antiprotozoal compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Garsi
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C.P. 6128, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sofiane Hocine
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C.P. 6128, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Raphaël Hensienne
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C.P. 6128, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Matthieu Moitessier
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C.P. 6128, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Helen Denton
- Schools of Biology and Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Louise L Major
- Schools of Biology and Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Terry K Smith
- Schools of Biology and Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C.P. 6128, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Żukowska J, Moss SJ, Subramanian V, Acharya KR. Molecular basis of selective amyloid-β degrading enzymes in Alzheimer's disease. FEBS J 2024; 291:2999-3029. [PMID: 37622248 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of the small 42-residue long peptide amyloid-β (Aβ) has been proposed as a major trigger for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Within the brain, the concentration of Aβ peptide is tightly controlled through production and clearance mechanisms. Substantial experimental evidence now shows that reduced levels of Aβ clearance are present in individuals living with AD. This accumulation of Aβ can lead to the formation of large aggregated amyloid plaques-one of two detectable hallmarks of the disease. Aβ-degrading enzymes (ADEs) are major players in the clearance of Aβ. Stimulating ADE activity or expression, in order to compensate for the decreased clearance in the AD phenotype, provides a promising therapeutic target. It has been reported in mice that upregulation of ADEs can reduce the levels of Aβ peptide and amyloid plaques-in some cases, this led to improved cognitive function. Among several known ADEs, neprilysin (NEP), endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) from the zinc metalloprotease family have been identified as important. These ADEs have the capacity to digest soluble Aβ which, in turn, cannot form the toxic oligomeric species. While they are known for their amyloid degradation, they exhibit complexity through promiscuous nature and a broad range of substrates that they can degrade. This review highlights current structural and functional understanding of these key ADEs, giving some insight into the molecular interactions that leads to the hydrolysis of peptide substrates, the crucial tasks performed by them and the potential for therapeutic use in the future.
Collapse
|
3
|
Fadaly WAA, Elshaier YAMM, Ali FEM, El-Bahrawy AH, Abdellatif KRA, Nemr MTM. Vicinal diaryl pyrazole with tetrazole/urea scaffolds as selective angiotensin converting enzyme-1/cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, anti-hypertensive, anti-fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22217. [PMID: 38845214 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
As a hybrid weapon, two novel series of pyrazoles, 16a-f and 17a-f, targeting both COX-2 and ACE-1-N-domain, were created and their anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and anti-fibrotic properties were evaluated. In vitro, 17b and 17f showed COX-2 selectivity (SI = 534.22 and 491.90, respectively) compared to celecoxib (SI = 326.66) and NF-κB (IC50 1.87 and 2.03 μM, respectively). 17b (IC50 0.078 μM) and 17 f (IC50 0.094 μM) inhibited ACE-1 comparable to perindopril (PER) (IC50 0.048 μM). In vivo, 17b decreased systolic blood pressure by 18.6%, 17b and 17f increased serum NO levels by 345.8%, and 183.2%, respectively, increased eNOS expression by 0.97 and 0.52 folds, respectively and reduced NF-κB-p65 and P38-MAPK expression by -0.62, -0.22, -0.53, and -0.24 folds, respectively compared to l-NAME (-0.34, -0.45 folds decline in NF-κB-p65 and P38-MAPK, respectively). 17b reduced ANG-II expression which significantly reversed the cardiac histological changes induced by L-NAME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wael A A Fadaly
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Yaseen A M M Elshaier
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ali H El-Bahrawy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Khaled R A Abdellatif
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T M Nemr
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adeoye AO, Porta DJ, Rivoira MA, Garcia NH. Pharmacoinformatics studies of coenzyme Q10 and potassium polyacrylate on angiotensin-converting enzyme associated with hypertension. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37667993 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2254395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10's (CoQ10) favorable impact on cardiovascular diseases risk factors like hypertension and atherosclerosis is linked to the antioxidant action of CoQ10 in these conditions. This study showed the possible effects of CoQ10, potassium polyacrylate (PCK), and valsartan, a reference drug, on the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a crucial component of the renin-angiotensin system. The Glide tool on Maestro 11.1 was used to calculate the respective binding affinity and binding energy of these compounds towards ACE. The Schrödinger suite was used to run molecular dynamic simulations for 100 ns. The pkCSM tool was used to forecast the pharmacokinetic characteristics and toxicological effects. The SwissADME server was used to estimate the drug-like properties of these compounds. Based on their corresponding scoring values and the negative values of the binding free energies, molecular docking analysis of CoQ10 and PCK revealed that both exhibited favorable binding affinities towards the ACE, with CoQ10 having the highest binding scores. The results showed that both CoQ10 and PCK and the reference drug, valsartan, have some amino acids in common (at the pocket site of ACE) as the key residues for binding to ACE. Both CoQ10 and PCK demonstrated drug-like qualities and were not harmful, according to the predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicology studies. The results of this study suggest that because of its inhibitory interactions with ACE, CoQ10 in particular could be useful in regulating and reducing hypertension.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinwunmi O Adeoye
- INICSA, Enrique Barros Pabellón Biología Celular, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye, Nigeria
| | - Daniela J Porta
- INICSA, Enrique Barros Pabellón Biología Celular, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María A Rivoira
- INICSA, Enrique Barros Pabellón Biología Celular, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Néstor H Garcia
- INICSA, Enrique Barros Pabellón Biología Celular, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Klashami ZN, Roudbordeh MG, Asadi M, Ebrahimi P, Amoli MM. Association of ACE gene polymorphisms with in-stent restenosis by stent type (biomime, supraflex, xience). Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6445-6455. [PMID: 37328581 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin Converting Enzyme or ACE is an exo-peptidase that causes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, vasoconstriction, and aldosterone production. ACE gene polymorphism (I/D) affects enzyme activity and the risk of coronary artery disease or CAD. AIMS To examine the role of ACE (I/D) Gene Polymorphisms by Stent Types (Biomime, Supraflex, Xience) the Ace gene allele and genotype frequencies were determined in patients who underwent angioplasty. MATERIAL & METHODS Patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR+) (N = 53) and patients as non-ISR group (ISR-) (N = 68) have been enrolled in this study based on follow-up angiography > 1 year after PCI. Frequencies of allele and genotypes of the ACE (I/D) variant were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The genotypes and allele frequencies were not significantly different between the studied populations (p-Values > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference between people with a history of Clopidogrel use in the ISR- and ISR + groups observed (p-Values > 0.005). CONCLUSION In the present study, there was no statistically significant relationship between ACE (I/D) gene polymorphism and the incidence of restenosis in patients who underwent repeat angiography. The results showed that the number of patients who received Clopidogrel in the ISR + group was significantly less than the ISR- group. This issue can indicate the inhibitory effect of Clopidogrel in the recurrence of stenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Nickhah Klashami
- Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mojgan Asadi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran, 14114, Iran.
| | - Pirooz Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, Italy
| | - Mahsa M Amoli
- Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Centre (EMRC), Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmad H, Khan H, Haque S, Ahmad S, Srivastava N, Khan A. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Hypertension: A Systemic Analysis of Various ACE Inhibitors, Their Side Effects, and Bioactive Peptides as a Putative Therapy for Hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2023; 2023:7890188. [PMID: 37389408 PMCID: PMC10307051 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7890188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart attack, produce atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), congestive heart failure, stroke, kidney infection, blindness, end-stage renal infection, and cardiovascular diseases. Many mechanisms are involved in causing hypertension, i.e., via calcium channels, alpha and beta receptors, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS has an important role in blood pressure control and is also involved in the metabolism of glucose, homeostasis, and balance of electrolytes in the body. The components of RAS that are involved in the regulation of blood pressure are angiotensinogen, Ang I (angiotensin I), Ang II (angiotensin II), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), and ACE 2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). These components provide for relevant therapeutic targets for the treatment of hypertension, and various drugs are commercially available that target individual components of RAS. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors are the most popular among these drugs. ACE is chosen in this review as it makes an important target for blood pressure control because it converts Ang I into Ang II and also acts on the vasodilator, bradykinin, to degrade it into inactive peptides. This review highlights various aspects of blood pressure regulation in the body with a focus on ACE, drugs targeting the components involved in regulation, their associated side effects, and a need to shift to alternative therapy for putative hypertension treatment in the form of bioactive peptides from food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ahmad
- RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras al Khaimah, UAE
- Microbiology and Molecular Division-RAK Hospital, Ras al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Huma Khan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Shabirul Haque
- The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Shameem Ahmad
- Department of Orthopedics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Namita Srivastava
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Azhar Khan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen L, Wang L, Shu G, Yuan J, Zhang J, Qin S, Li J. Enhanced antihypertensive potential of fermented pomegranate juice: The contribution of phenolic compounds biotransformation and the resultant angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibition mechanism. Food Chem 2023; 404:134745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
8
|
Lee K, Willi JA, Cho N, Kim I, Jewett MC, Lee J. Cell-free Biosynthesis of Peptidomimetics. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2023; 28:1-17. [PMID: 36778039 PMCID: PMC9896473 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of peptidomimetics (peptide analogs) possessing innovative biological functions have been brought forth as therapeutic candidates through cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems. A key feature of these peptidomimetic drugs is the use of non-canonical amino acid building blocks with diverse biochemical properties that expand functional diversity. Here, we summarize recent technologies leveraging CFPS platforms to expand the reach of peptidomimetics drugs. We also offer perspectives on engineering the translational machinery that may open new opportunities for expanding genetically encoded chemistry to transform drug discovery practice beyond traditional boundaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanghun Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Jessica A. Willi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Namjin Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Inseon Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Joongoo Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu Z, Guo H, Xu Y, Pius Bassey A, Ali A, Huang M, Huang J. ACE Inhibitory Peptides Derived from Muscovy Duck ( Cairina moschata) Plasma. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010050. [PMID: 36613266 PMCID: PMC9818667 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides (ACE-IPs) derived from Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) plasma hydrolysate (MDPH) were investigated. According to the general research protocol for bioactive peptides, the crude ACE-IPs of Muscovy duck plasma were separated and purified by ultrafiltration, gel chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Then the components with the highest ACE inhibition potential were selected for identification. Finally, the inhibition mechanism was explored by molecular docking and in silico simulated digestion. A total of 121 peptides was detected, and five were screened for synthesis verification and molecular docking. The peptide VALSSLRP revealed high ACE inhibitory activity (91.67 ± 0.73%) because this peptide bound tightly to the S1' pocket and formed 3 hydrogen bonds. Meaningfully, this work provides some new information about the generation of ACE-IPs derived from duck blood plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongshuai Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haoyu Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Anthony Pius Bassey
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ahtisham Ali
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jichao Huang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Georgiadis D, Skoulikas N, Papakyriakou A, Stratikos E. Phosphinic Peptides as Tool Compounds for the Study of Pharmacologically Relevant Zn-Metalloproteases. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1228-1253. [PMID: 36524013 PMCID: PMC9745897 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphinic peptides constitute an important class of bioactive compounds that have found a wide range of applications in the field of biology and pharmacology of Zn-metalloproteases, the largest family of proteases in humans. They are designed to mimic the structure of natural substrates during their proteolysis, thus acting as mechanism-based, transition state analogue inhibitors. A combination of electrostatic interactions between the phosphinic acid group and the Zn cation as well as optimal noncovalent enzyme-ligand interactions can result in both high binding affinity for the desired target and selectivity against other proteases. Due to these unique properties, phosphinic peptides have been mainly employed as tool compounds for (a) the purposes of rational drug design by serving as ligands in X-ray crystal structures of target enzymes and allowing the identification of crucial interactions that govern optimal molecular recognition, and (b) the delineation of biological pathways where Zn-metalloproteases are key regulators. For the latter objective, inhibitors of the phosphinopeptidic type have been used either unmodified or after being transformed to probes of various types, thus expanding the arsenal of functional tools available to researchers. The aim of this review is to summarize all recent research achievements in which phosphinic peptides have played a central role as tool compounds in the understanding of the mechanism and biological functions of Zn-metalloproteases in both health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Skoulikas
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Papakyriakou
- National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi GR-15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
- National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi GR-15341 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peptide inhibitors of angiotensin-I converting enzyme based on angiotensin (1–7) with selectivity for the C-terminal domain. Bioorg Chem 2022; 129:106204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
12
|
Ramlal A, Nautiyal A, Baweja P, Kumar V, Mehta S, Mahto RK, Tripathi S, Shanmugam A, Pujari Mallikarjuna B, Raman P, Lal SK, Raju D, Rajendran A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides and isoflavonoids from soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1068388. [PMID: 36505231 PMCID: PMC9730416 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1068388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme I (ACE I) is a zinc-containing metallopeptidase involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAAS) that helps in the regulation of hypertension and maintains fluid balance otherwise, which results in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). One of the leading reasons of global deaths is due to CVDs. RAAS also plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis of the CV system. The commercial drugs available to treat CVDs possess several fatal side effects. Hence, phytochemicals like peptides having plant-based origin should be explored and utilized as alternative therapies. Soybean is an important leguminous crop that simultaneously possesses medicinal properties. Soybean extracts are used in many drug formulations for treating diabetes and other disorders and ailments. Soy proteins and its edible products such as tofu have shown potential inhibitory activity against ACE. Thus, this review briefly describes various soy proteins and products that can be used to inhibit ACE thereby providing new scope for the identification of potential candidates that can help in the design of safer and natural treatments for CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayyagari Ramlal
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Nautiyal
- Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Baweja
- Department of Botany, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sahil Mehta
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Kumar Mahto
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Tripathi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology (NIPB), New Delhi, India
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aravindam Shanmugam
- Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bingi Pujari Mallikarjuna
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Regional Research Centre, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Pushpa Raman
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. K. Lal
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Dhandapani Raju
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ambika Rajendran
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aguiar ASN, Borges ID, Borges LL, Dias LD, Camargo AJ, Perjesi P, Napolitano HB. New Insights on Glutathione's Supramolecular Arrangement and Its In Silico Analysis as an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227958. [PMID: 36432059 PMCID: PMC9695799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are one of the most active classes for cardiovascular diseases and hypertension treatment. In this regard, developing active and non-toxic ACE inhibitors is still a continuous challenge. Furthermore, the literature survey shows that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development of hypertension. Herein, glutathione's molecular structure and supramolecular arrangements are evaluated as a potential ACE inhibitor. The tripeptide molecular modeling by density functional theory, the electronic structure by the frontier molecular orbitals, and the molecular electrostatic potential map to understand the biochemical processes inside the cell were analyzed. The supramolecular arrangements were studied by Hirshfeld surfaces, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and natural bond orbital analyses. They showed distinct patterns of intermolecular interactions in each polymorph, as well as distinct stabilizations of these. Additionally, the molecular docking study presented the interactions between the active site residues of the ACE and glutathione via seven hydrogen bonds. The pharmacophore design indicated that the hydrogen bond acceptors are necessary for the interaction of this ligand with the binding site. The results provide useful information for the development of GSH analogs with higher ACE inhibitor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antônio S. N. Aguiar
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anapolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.S.N.A.); (H.B.N.)
| | - Igor D. Borges
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anapolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa e Eficiência Energética, CAOA Montadora de Veículos LTDA, Anapolis 75184-000, GO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L. Borges
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anapolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil
- Escola de Ciências Médicas e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiania 74605-010, GO, Brazil
| | - Lucas D. Dias
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anapolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil
- Laboratório de Novos Materiais, Universidade Evangélica de Goiás, Anapolis 75083-515, GO, Brazil
| | - Ademir J. Camargo
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anapolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil
| | - Pál Perjesi
- Laboratório de Novos Materiais, Universidade Evangélica de Goiás, Anapolis 75083-515, GO, Brazil
| | - Hamilton B. Napolitano
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anapolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil
- Laboratório de Novos Materiais, Universidade Evangélica de Goiás, Anapolis 75083-515, GO, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.S.N.A.); (H.B.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lin X, Dong L, Yan Q, Dong Y, Wang L, Wang F. Preparation and Characterization of an Anticancer Peptide from Oriental Tonic Food Enteromorpha prolifera. Foods 2022; 11:3507. [PMID: 36360120 PMCID: PMC9657784 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera), a tonic food in East Asian countries, is frequently studied for their pharmaceutical and healthcare applications. However, limited research has focused on antitumor peptides derived from this edible seaweed. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anticancer properties of peptides isolated from the hydrolysate of E. prolifera generated by a plethora of proteases including trypsin, papain, bromelain, and alkaline protease. The results showed that the hydrolysate produced by papain digestion exhibited remarkably stronger anticancer activity and was subjected to further purification by ultrafiltration and sequential chromatography. One heptapeptide, designated HTDT-6-2-3-2, showed significant antiproliferation activity towards several human cancer cell lines. The IC50 values for NCI-H460, HepG2, and A549 were 0.3686 ± 0.0935 mg/mL, 1.2564 ± 0.0548 mg/mL, and 0.9867 ± 0.0857 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, results from flow cytometry confirmed that cell apoptosis was induced by HTDT-6-2-3-2 in a dose-dependent manner. The amino acid sequence for this heptapeptide, GPLGAGP, was characterized by Edman degradation and further verified by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. In silico analysis results suggested that XIAP could be a potential target for HTDT-6-2-3-2. Molecular docking simulation showed that HTDT-6-2-3-2 could occupy a shallow pocket in the BIR3 domain of XIAP, which is involved in the inhibitory effect of caspase-9 activation. In conclusion, this E. prolifera derived peptide exhibited strong anticancer properties, which could be explored for pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosi Lin
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Le Dong
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Qingdan Yan
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Yibo Dong
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cozier GE, Newby EC, Schwager SLU, Isaac RE, Sturrock ED, Acharya KR. Structural basis for the inhibition of human angiotensin-1 converting enzyme by fosinoprilat. FEBS J 2022; 289:6659-6671. [PMID: 35653492 PMCID: PMC9796954 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) has two isoforms, somatic ACE (sACE) and testis ACE (tACE). The functions of sACE are widespread, with its involvement in blood pressure regulation most extensively studied. sACE is composed of an N-domain (nACE) and a C-domain (cACE), both catalytically active but have significant structural differences, resulting in different substrate specificities. Even though ACE inhibitors are used clinically, they need much improvement because of serious side effects seen in patients (~ 25-30%) with long-term treatment due to nonselective inhibition of nACE and cACE. Investigation into the distinguishing structural features of each domain is therefore of vital importance for the development of domain-specific inhibitors with minimal side effects. Here, we report kinetic data and high-resolution crystal structures of both nACE (1.75 Å) and cACE (1.85 Å) in complex with fosinoprilat, a clinically used inhibitor. These structures allowed detailed analysis of the molecular features conferring domain selectivity by fosinoprilat. Particularly, altered hydrophobic interactions were observed to be a contributing factor. These experimental data contribute to improved understanding of the structural features that dictate ACE inhibitor domain selectivity, allowing further progress towards designing novel 2nd-generation domain-specific potent ACE inhibitors suitable for clinical administration, with a variety of potential future therapeutic benefits. DATABASE: The atomic coordinates and structure factors for nACE-fosinoprilat and cACE-fosinoprilat structures have been deposited with codes 7Z6Z and 7Z70, respectively, in the RCSB Protein Data Bank, www.pdb.org.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma C. Newby
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathUK
| | - Sylva L. U. Schwager
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
| | | | - Edward D. Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zheng W, Tian E, Liu Z, Zhou C, Yang P, Tian K, Liao W, Li J, Ren C. Small molecule angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968104. [PMID: 36386190 PMCID: PMC9664202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a zinc metalloprotein, is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). It degrades bradykinin and other vasoactive peptides. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors, ACEIs) decrease the formation of angiotensin II and increase the level of bradykinin, thus relaxing blood vessels as well as reducing blood volume, lowering blood pressure and reducing oxygen consumption by the heart, which can be used to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases and kidney diseases. Nevertheless, ACEIs are associated with a range of adverse effects such as renal insufficiency, which limits their use. In recent years, researchers have attempted to reduce the adverse effects of ACEIs by improving the selectivity of ACEIs for structural domains based on conformational relationships, and have developed a series of novel ACEIs. In this review, we have summarized the research advances of ACE inhibitors, focusing on the development sources, design strategies and analysis of structure-activity relationships and the biological activities of ACE inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Zheng
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Health Management Center, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Erkang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changhan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Health Management Center, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Keyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abdou MM, Dong D, O’Neill PM, Amigues E, Matziari M. Design, Synthesis, and Study of a Novel RXPA380- Proline Hybrid ( RXPA380-P) as an Antihypertensive Agent. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35035-35043. [PMID: 36211060 PMCID: PMC9535653 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In drug discovery, molecular modification over the lead molecule is often crucial for the development of a drug. Herein, we report the molecular hybridization design of a novel RXPA380-proline hybrid via linking the parent compound, phosphinic peptide RXPA380, with a proline analogue. The presented synthetic route is straightforward and produces the desired product RXPA380-P in moderate yield. The C- and N-domain constructs of the angiotensin-converting enzyme of RXPA380-P appeared to be poor inhibitors of ACE as compared to the parent compound RXPA380.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moaz M. Abdou
- Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, P.O. Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Dewen Dong
- Changchun
Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Eric Amigues
- Department
of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool
University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Magdalini Matziari
- Department
of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool
University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dos Santos CM, de Barros Sampaio S, Santana F, Leite RC, Lacchini S, Affonso R. A new approach for purification of the catalytic site of the angiotensin-conversion enzyme, N-domain, mediated by the ELP-Intein system. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 116:107174. [PMID: 35779849 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme I (ACE) is a key part of the renin-angiotensin system. Its main function is to regulate blood pressure and the balance of salts in the body. Somatic ACE has two domains, N-C-, each of which has a catalytic site that exhibits 60%sequence identity. The N-domain has a specific action in the hydrolysis of beta-amyloid bodies and angiotensin (1-7), which activates the MAS receptor and triggers anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory actions. Our goal was to obtain the catalytic site Ala361 to Gly468 of the N domain region, csACEN, without needing purification by chromatography. We employed a method that uses an Elastin-like Polypeptide (ELP) and Intein sequences linked to the peptide of interest. The more differential for obtaining the pure peptide was the cultivation temperatures in the synthesis of ELPcsACEN at 37 °C, with a significant increase in expression. In the purification by ELP precipitation, we recorded the highest efficiency in the concentrations of 0.57 M and 0.8 M of ammonium sulfate buffer. Intein autocleavage study allows removal of the ELP sequence at acidic pH, with the buffers MES and Tris-HCl The present study defined the best conditions for obtaining pure csACEN that the literature has not yet described for peptides. Obtaining pure csACEN aims at future studies for therapeutic use in hypertension, Alzheimer's, and oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fagner Santana
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa Leite
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lacchini
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Affonso
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oliveira AL, Viegas MF, da Silva SL, Soares AM, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. The chemistry of snake venom and its medicinal potential. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:451-469. [PMID: 37117308 PMCID: PMC9185726 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The fascination and fear of snakes dates back to time immemorial, with the first scientific treatise on snakebite envenoming, the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus, dating from ancient Egypt. Owing to their lethality, snakes have often been associated with images of perfidy, treachery and death. However, snakes did not always have such negative connotations. The curative capacity of venom has been known since antiquity, also making the snake a symbol of pharmacy and medicine. Today, there is renewed interest in pursuing snake-venom-based therapies. This Review focuses on the chemistry of snake venom and the potential for venom to be exploited for medicinal purposes in the development of drugs. The mixture of toxins that constitute snake venom is examined, focusing on the molecular structure, chemical reactivity and target recognition of the most bioactive toxins, from which bioactive drugs might be developed. The design and working mechanisms of snake-venom-derived drugs are illustrated, and the strategies by which toxins are transformed into therapeutics are analysed. Finally, the challenges in realizing the immense curative potential of snake venom are discussed, and chemical strategies by which a plethora of new drugs could be derived from snake venom are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Matilde F Viegas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Saulo L da Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Biotechnology Laboratory for Proteins and Bioactive Compounds from the Western Amazon, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National Institute of Epidemiology in the Western Amazon (INCT-EpiAmO), Porto Velho, Brazil.,Sao Lucas Universitary Center (UniSL), Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Maria J Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang L, Feng M, Sun J. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from fermented sausages inoculated with
Lactobacillus plantarum
CD101 and
Staphylococcus simulans
NJ201. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural Univ. Nanjing 210095 P.R. China
| | - Mei‐qin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing 210038 P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural Univ. Nanjing 210095 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Svenson J, Molchanova N, Schroeder CI. Antimicrobial Peptide Mimics for Clinical Use: Does Size Matter? Front Immunol 2022; 13:915368. [PMID: 35720375 PMCID: PMC9204644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for efficient antimicrobial therapies that can alleviate suffering caused by infections from resistant bacteria is more urgent than ever before. Infections caused by multi-resistant pathogens represent a significant and increasing burden to healthcare and society and researcher are investigating new classes of bioactive compounds to slow down this development. Antimicrobial peptides from the innate immune system represent one promising class that offers a potential solution to the antibiotic resistance problem due to their mode of action on the microbial membranes. However, challenges associated with pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and off-target toxicity are slowing down the advancement and use of innate defensive peptides. Improving the therapeutic properties of these peptides is a strategy for reducing the clinical limitations and synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides are emerging as a promising class of molecules for a variety of antimicrobial applications. These compounds can be made significantly shorter while maintaining, or even improving antimicrobial properties, and several downsized synthetic mimics are now in clinical development for a range of infectious diseases. A variety of strategies can be employed to prepare these small compounds and this review describes the different compounds developed to date by adhering to a minimum pharmacophore based on an amphiphilic balance between cationic charge and hydrophobicity. These compounds can be made as small as dipeptides, circumventing the need for large compounds with elaborate three-dimensional structures to generate simplified and potent antimicrobial mimics for a range of medical applications. This review highlight key and recent development in the field of small antimicrobial peptide mimics as a promising class of antimicrobials, illustrating just how small you can go.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Molchanova
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Christina I. Schroeder
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Baharin A, Ting TY, Goh HH. Post-Proline Cleaving Enzymes (PPCEs): Classification, Structure, Molecular Properties, and Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1330. [PMID: 35631755 PMCID: PMC9147577 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteases or peptidases are hydrolases that catalyze the breakdown of polypeptide chains into smaller peptide subunits. Proteases exist in all life forms, including archaea, bacteria, protozoa, insects, animals, and plants due to their vital functions in cellular processing and regulation. There are several classes of proteases in the MEROPS database based on their catalytic mechanisms. This review focuses on post-proline cleaving enzymes (PPCEs) from different peptidase families, as well as prolyl endoprotease/oligopeptidase (PEP/POP) from the serine peptidase family. To date, most PPCEs studied are of microbial and animal origins. Recently, there have been reports of plant PPCEs. The most common PEP/POP are members of the S9 family that comprise two conserved domains. The substrate-limiting β-propeller domain prevents unwanted digestion, while the α/β hydrolase catalyzes the reaction at the carboxyl-terminal of proline residues. PPCEs display preferences towards the Pro-X bonds for hydrolysis. This level of selectivity is substantial and has benefited the brewing industry, therapeutics for celiac disease by targeting proline-rich substrates, drug targets for human diseases, and proteomics analysis. Protein engineering via mutagenesis has been performed to improve heat resistance, pepsin-resistant capability, specificity, and protein turnover of PPCEs for pharmacological applications. This review aims to synthesize recent structure-function studies of PPCEs from different families of peptidases to provide insights into the molecular mechanism of prolyl cleaving activity. Despite the non-exhaustive list of PPCEs, this is the first comprehensive review to cover the biochemical properties, biological functions, and biotechnological applications of PPCEs from the diverse taxa.
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Ningrum S, Sutrisno A, Hsu JL. An exploration of ACE inhibitory peptides derived from gastrointestinal protease hydrolysate of milk using a modified bioassay-guided fractionation approach coupled with in silico analysis. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:1913-1928. [PMID: 35086704 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An improved bioassay-guided fractionation was performed to effectively screen angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEI) peptides from milk protein hydrolysate. The aqueous normal phase liquid chromatography, namely hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), was used as a format of solid-phase extraction (SPE) short column for the first fractionation, then the HILIC-SPE fraction with the best ACEI activity (IC50 = 61.75 ± 5.74 µg/mL; IC50 = half-maximal inhibitory concentration) was obtained when eluted by 95% acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid (fraction F1). The best HILIC-SPE fraction was further fractionated using reversed-phase (RP)-SPE short column. The best RP-SPE fraction was obtained when eluted by 20% acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid (fraction P3) with an ACEI activity of IC50 36.22 ± 1.18 µg/mL. After the 2-step fractionation, the IC50 value of fraction P3 significantly decreased by 8.92-fold when compared with the crude hydrolysate. Several peptides were identified from fraction P3 using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The in silico analysis of these identified sequences based on the BIOPEP database predicted that HLPLPLL (HL-7) was the most active peptide against angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The HL-7 derived from β-casein showed a potent ACEI activity (IC50 value is 16.87 ± 0.3 µM). The contents of HL-7 in the gastrointestinal protease hydrolysate and RP-SPE fraction originated from 1 mg of milk proteins were quantified using a multiple reaction monitoring mode upon liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis to give 19.86 ± 1.14 pg and 14,545.8 ± 572.9 pg, respectively. Besides, the kinetic study indicated that HL-7 was a competitive inhibitor and the result was rationalized using the docking simulation. The study demonstrated an efficient screening of ACEI peptides from commercially available milk powders using a simple SPE process instead of a sophisticated instrument such as HPLC. Moreover, the potent ACEI peptide HL-7 uncovered by this method could be a natural ACE inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugiyati Ningrum
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 912; Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 65145
| | - Aji Sutrisno
- Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 65145.
| | - Jue-Liang Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 912; Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 912; International Master's Degree Program in Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 912.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Goh NY, Mohamad Razif MF, Yap YHY, Ng CL, Fung SY. In silico analysis and characterization of medicinal mushroom cystathionine beta-synthase as an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory protein. Comput Biol Chem 2021; 96:107620. [PMID: 34971900 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) regulates blood pressure and has been implicated in several conditions including lung injury, fibrosis and Alzheimer's disease. Medicinal mushroom Ganordema lucidum (Reishi) cystathionine beta-synthase (GlCBS) was previously reported to possess ACE inhibitory activities. However, the inhibitory mechanism of CBS protein remains unreported. Therefore, this study integrates in silico sequencing, structural and functional based-analysis, protein modelling, molecular docking and binding affinity calculation to elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of GlCBS and Lignosus rhinocerus (Tiger milk mushroom) CBS protein (LrCBS) towards ACE. In silico analysis indicates that CBSs from both mushrooms share high similarities in terms of physical properties, structural properties and domain distribution. Protein-protein docking analysis revealed that both GlCBS and LrCBS potentially modulate the C-terminal domain of ACE (C-ACE) activity via regulation of chloride activation and/or prevention of substrate entry. GICBS and LrCBS were also shown to interact with ACE at the same region that presumably inhibits the function of ACE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Yao Goh
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fazril Mohamad Razif
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yeannie Hui-Yeng Yap
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chyan Leong Ng
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shin-Yee Fung
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Elshafei A, Khidr EG, El-Husseiny AA, Gomaa MH. RAAS, ACE2 and COVID-19; a mechanistic review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6465-6470. [PMID: 34305426 PMCID: PMC8270731 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has been claimed as associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection and its subsequent morbidities and mortalities. These claims were resulting from the possibility of upregulating the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), facilitation of SARS-CoV-2 entry, and increasing the susceptibility of infection in such treated cardiovascular patients. ACE2 and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) products have a critical function in controlling the severity of lung injury, fibrosis, and failure following the initiation of the disease. This review is to clarify the mechanisms beyond the possible deleterious effects of angiotensin II (Ang II), and the potential protective role of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) against pulmonary fibrosis, with a subsequent discussion of the latest updates on ACEIs/ARBs use and COVID-19 susceptibility in the light of these mechanisms and biochemical explanation.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACE1, angiotensin-converting enzyme 1
- ACE2
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ACEIs
- ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- AEC-II, alveolar epithelial type II cells
- ARBs
- ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers
- AT1R, angiotensin type 1 receptor
- AT2R, angiotensin type 2 receptor
- Ang 1-7, angiotensin 1-7
- Ang 1-9, angiotensin 1-9
- AngI, angiotensin I
- AngII, angiotensin II
- Angiotensin 1–7
- Angiotensin II
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ICU, intensive care unit
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NLRP3, (NOD, LRR, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3)
- RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- miR-21, microRNA-21
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elshafei
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad Gamil Khidr
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Husseiny
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maher H. Gomaa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chamata Y, Jackson KG, Watson KA, Jauregi P. Whey-Derived Peptides at the Heart of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11662. [PMID: 34769093 PMCID: PMC8584039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key regulator of blood pressure and hypertension. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme I (ACE) are two main components of the RAS that play a major role in blood pressure homeostasis. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses ACE2 as a receptor to enter cells. Despite some controversies, numerous studies have reported a significant association between the use of ACE inhibitors and reduced risk of COVID-19. In our previous studies, we produced and identified peptide sequences present in whey hydrolysates exhibiting high ACE inhibitory activity. Therefore, the aim of this work is to obtain an improved understanding of the function of these natural peptides as RAS inhibitors and investigate their potential therapeutic role in the COVID-19 pandemic. The molecular interactions between peptides IPP, LIVTQ, IIAE, LVYPFP, and human ACE2 were assessed by employing a molecular docking approach. The results show that natural whey-derived peptides have a dual inhibitory action against both ACE and ACE2. This dual activity distinguishes these ACE inhibitory peptides from synthetic drugs, such as Captopril and Lisinopril which were not shown to inhibit ACE2 activity, and may represent a potential strategy in the treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Chamata
- Harry Nursten Building, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (K.G.J.); (P.J.)
| | - Kim G. Jackson
- Harry Nursten Building, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (K.G.J.); (P.J.)
| | - Kimberly A. Watson
- Health and Life Sciences Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK;
| | - Paula Jauregi
- Harry Nursten Building, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (K.G.J.); (P.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lima KO, da Rocha M, Alemán A, López-Caballero ME, Tovar CA, Gómez-Guillén MC, Montero P, Prentice C. Yogurt Fortification by the Addition of Microencapsulated Stripped Weakfish ( Cynoscion guatucupa) Protein Hydrolysate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101567. [PMID: 34679702 PMCID: PMC8533301 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to fortify yogurt by adding a stripped weakfish (Cynoscion guatucupa) protein hydrolysate obtained with the enzyme Protamex and microencapsulated by spray drying, using maltodextrin (MD) as wall material. The effects on the physicochemical properties, syneresis, texture, viscoelasticity, antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities of yogurt after 1 and 7 days of storage were evaluated. In addition, microbiological and sensory analyses were performed. Four yogurt formulations were prepared: control yogurt (without additives, YC), yogurt with MD (2.1%, YMD), with the free hydrolysate (1.4%, YH) and the microencapsulated hydrolysate (3.5%, YHEn). Yogurts to which free and microencapsulated hydrolysates were added presented similar characteristics, such as a slight reduction in pH and increased acidity, with a greater tendency to present a yellow color compared with the control yogurt. Moreover, they showed less syneresis, the lowest value being that of YHEn, which also showed a slight increase in cohesiveness and greater rheological stability after one week of storage. All yogurts showed high counts of the microorganisms used as starters. The hydrolysate presence in both forms resulted in yogurts with antioxidant activity and potent ACE-inhibitory activity, which were maintained after 7 days of storage. The incorporation of the hydrolysate in the microencapsulated form presented greater advantages than the direct incorporation, since encapsulation masked the fishy flavor of the hydrolysate, resulting in stable and sensorily acceptable yogurts with antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Oliveira Lima
- Laboratory of Food Technology, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil; (K.O.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Meritaine da Rocha
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Santo Antônio da Patrulha 95500-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Ailén Alemán
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (M.C.G.-G.)
| | - María Elvira López-Caballero
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (M.C.G.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.L.-C.); (P.M.)
| | - Clara A. Tovar
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - María Carmen Gómez-Guillén
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (M.C.G.-G.)
| | - Pilar Montero
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (M.C.G.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.L.-C.); (P.M.)
| | - Carlos Prentice
- Laboratory of Food Technology, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil; (K.O.L.); (C.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cocoa ( Theobroma cacao L.) Seed-Derived Peptides Reduce Blood Pressure by Interacting with the Catalytic Site of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102340. [PMID: 34681387 PMCID: PMC8534856 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the effect of cocoa proteins (CP) on the blood pressure, using in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches. The in silico assay showed 26 Criollo cocoa peptides with alignment in the Blast® analysis. Peptide sequences ranged from 6 to 16 amino acids, with molecular weight ranging from 560.31 to 1548.76 Da. The peptide sequences LSPGGAAV, TSVSGAGGPGAGR, and TLGNPAAAGPF showed the highest theoretical affinity with −8.6, −5.0, and −10.2 kcal/mol, for the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), renin, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R), respectively. The Criollo CP hydrolysates (CPH) presented in vitro ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.49 mg/mL. Furthermore, the orogastric administration of 150 mg CP/kg/day in rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet (HF + CP group) showed a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 5% (p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 7% (p < 0.001) compared with the HF group. The human equivalent dose (HED) of CP for an adult (60 kg) is 1.45 g per day. These results suggest that the consumption of CP could reduce blood pressure by blocking ACE, and could be used as an ingredient in the elaboration of antihypertensive functional foods.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sitanggang AB, Putri JE, Palupi NS, Hatzakis E, Syamsir E, Budijanto S. Enzymatic Preparation of Bioactive Peptides Exhibiting ACE Inhibitory Activity from Soybean and Velvet Bean: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2021; 26:3822. [PMID: 34201554 PMCID: PMC8270263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a peptidase with a significant role in the regulation of blood pressure. Within this work, a systematic review on the enzymatic preparation of Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) peptides is presented. The systematic review is conducted by following PRISMA guidelines. Soybeans and velvet beans are known to have high protein contents that make them suitable as sources of parent proteins for the production of ACEi peptides. Endopeptidase is commonly used in the preparation of soybean-based ACEi peptides, whereas for velvet bean, a combination of both endo- and exopeptidase is frequently used. Soybean glycinin is the preferred substrate for the preparation of ACEi peptides. It contains proline as one of its major amino acids, which exhibits a potent significance in inhibiting ACE. The best enzymatic treatments for producing ACEi peptides from soybean are as follows: proteolytic activity by Protease P (Amano-P from Aspergillus sp.), a temperature of 37 °C, a reaction time of 18 h, pH 8.2, and an E/S ratio of 2%. On the other hand, the best enzymatic conditions for producing peptide hydrolysates with high ACEi activity are through sequential hydrolytic activity by the combination of pepsin-pancreatic, an E/S ratio for each enzyme is 10%, the temperature and reaction time for each proteolysis are 37 °C and 0.74 h, respectively, pH for pepsin is 2.0, whereas for pancreatin it is 7.0. As an underutilized pulse, the studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of velvet bean proteins in producing ACEi peptides are limited. Conclusively, the activity of soybean-based ACEi peptides is found to depend on their molecular sizes, the amino acid residues, and positions. Hydrophobic amino acids with nonpolar side chains, positively charged, branched, and cyclic or aromatic residues are generally preferred for ACEi peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azis Boing Sitanggang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (J.E.P.); (N.S.P.); (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Jessica Eka Putri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (J.E.P.); (N.S.P.); (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Nurheni Sri Palupi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (J.E.P.); (N.S.P.); (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Emmanuel Hatzakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Elvira Syamsir
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (J.E.P.); (N.S.P.); (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Slamet Budijanto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (J.E.P.); (N.S.P.); (E.S.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Molecular mechanism of interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells and interventional therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:233. [PMID: 34117216 PMCID: PMC8193598 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in an unprecedented setback for global economy and health. SARS-CoV-2 has an exceptionally high level of transmissibility and extremely broad tissue tropism. However, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for sustaining this degree of virulence remains largely unexplored. In this article, we review the current knowledge and crucial information about how SARS-CoV-2 attaches on the surface of host cells through a variety of receptors, such as ACE2, neuropilin-1, AXL, and antibody-FcγR complexes. We further explain how its spike (S) protein undergoes conformational transition from prefusion to postfusion with the help of proteases like furin, TMPRSS2, and cathepsins. We then review the ongoing experimental studies and clinical trials of antibodies, peptides, or small-molecule compounds with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and discuss how these antiviral therapies targeting host-pathogen interaction could potentially suppress viral attachment, reduce the exposure of fusion peptide to curtail membrane fusion and block the formation of six-helix bundle (6-HB) fusion core. Finally, the specter of rapidly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants deserves a serious review of broad-spectrum drugs or vaccines for long-term prevention and control of COVID-19 in the future.
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen R, Miao Y, Hao X, Gao B, Ma M, Zhang JZ, Wang R, Li S, He X, Zhang L. Investigation on the characteristics and mechanisms of ACE inhibitory peptides by a thorough analysis of all 8000 tripeptides via binding free energy calculation. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2943-2953. [PMID: 34136162 PMCID: PMC8194939 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-derived angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides represent a potential source of new antihypertensive. However, their characteristics and binding mechanisms were not well understood. In this study, novel energy calculation and experimentation were combined to elucidate the characteristics and mechanisms of ACE inhibitory tripeptides. ACE inhibitory activity of all 8,000 tripeptides was investigated by in silico experiments. IC50 values of the five top-rated tripeptides ranged from 5.86 to 21.84 μM. Five hundred top-ranked tripeptides were chosen for detailed structure-activity analysis, and a significant preference for aromatic amino acids at both C- and N-terminus was found. By binding free energy analysis of nine representative tripeptides via MM/GBSA, electrostatic energy was found to be the leading energy that contributed to the binding of ACE with its high affinity tripeptides. Besides, S355, V380, and V518, three residues positioned around the classical binding pockets of ACE, also played a key role in ACE's binding. Therefore, for tripeptides, their binding pockets in ACE were redefined. In conclusion, the characteristics of ACE inhibitory peptides were more deeply illustrated by the thorough analysis of all tripeptides. The energy analysis allows a better understanding of the binding mechanisms of ACE inhibitory peptides, which could be used to redesign the ACE inhibitors for stronger inhibitory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringSchool of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Yulu Miao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug DevelopmentSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xuan Hao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug DevelopmentSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringSchool of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Mingzhe Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug DevelopmentSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - John Z.H. Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug DevelopmentSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- NYU‐ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU ShanghaiShanghaiChina
- Department of ChemistryNew York UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Food Science and Light IndustryNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Sha Li
- College of Food Science and Light IndustryNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiao He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug DevelopmentSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- NYU‐ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| | - Lujia Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug DevelopmentSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- NYU‐ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen L, Wang L, Shu G, Li J. Antihypertensive Potential of Plant Foods: Research Progress and Prospect of Plant-Derived Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5297-5305. [PMID: 33939411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global health concerns are clearly evidenced by cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and heart attacks. Antihypertensive synthetic drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, effectively control hypertension but with unpleasant side effects. In recent decades, studies on the role of food-derived compounds have provided a positive contribution to ACE regulation. Here, the research progress of plant food-derived phenolic compounds as ACE inhibitors is reviewed. A survey of bioactive compounds of plant food is presented to broaden the source scope of natural ACE inhibitors. A consecutive understanding of plant-derived ACE inhibitors classification, inhibition mechanism, structure-activity relationship, and bioavailability are scientifically organized. The emerging evidence highlights areas that need further research, including those related to molecular structure, bioaccessibility, and interactions with gut microflora. Future research on such topics may encourage basic research and clinic application to exploit these plant food constituents as novel ACE inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Shu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Jianke Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Swelum AA, El-Saadony MT, Abdo M, Ombarak RA, Hussein EO, Suliman G, Alhimaidi AR, Ammari AA, Ba-Awadh H, Taha AE, El-Tarabily KA, Abd El-Hack ME. Nutritional, antimicrobial and medicinal properties of Camel's milk: A review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3126-3136. [PMID: 34025186 PMCID: PMC8117040 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Camel's milk is an important part of staple diet in several parts of the world, particularly in the arid and semi-arid zones. Camel's milk is rich in health-beneficial substances, such as bioactive peptides, lactoferrin, zinc, and mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. These substances could help in the treatment of some important human diseases like tuberculosis, asthma, gastrointestinal diseases, and jaundice. Camel's milk composition is more variable compared to cow's milk. The effects of feed, breed, age, and lactation stage on milk composition are more significant in camel. Region and season significantly change the ratio of compounds in camel's milk. Camel's whey protein is not only composed of numerous soluble proteins, but also has indigenous proteases such as chymotrypsin A and cathepsin D. In addition to their high nutritional value, these whey proteins have unique characteristics, including physical, chemical, physiological, functional, and technological features that are useful in the food application. The hydrolysis of camel's milk proteins leads to the formation of bioactive peptides, which affect major organ systems of the body and impart physiological functions to these systems. The camel's milk has antioxidant, antimicrobial, angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides, antidiabetic as well as anticholesterol activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Egypt
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Rabee A. Ombarak
- Department Food Hygiene & Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Elsayed O.S. Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed R. Alhimaidi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman A. Ammari
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Ba-Awadh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman E. Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22578, Egypt
| | - Khaled A. El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, 15551 Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Graziani D, Ribeiro JVV, Cruz VS, Gomes RM, Araújo EG, Santos Júnior ACM, Tomaz HCM, Castro CH, Fontes W, Batista KA, Fernandes KF, Xavier CH. Oxidonitrergic and antioxidant effects of a low molecular weight peptide fraction from hardened bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on endothelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10423. [PMID: 33886808 PMCID: PMC8055179 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
About 3000 tons of beans are not used in human food due to hardening. Several studies on bean-derived bioactive peptides have shown potential to treat some diseases, including those relying on oxidative dysfunctions. We assessed the effects of peptides extracted from hardened bean Phaseolus vulgaris (PV) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects in endothelial cells, and oxidonitrergic-dependent vasodilating effects. Extract was composed by peptide fraction <3 kDa (PV3) from hardened common bean residue. PV3 sequences were obtained and analyzed with bioinformatics. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with 10, 20, 30, and 250 µg/mL PV3. Oxidative stress was provoked by 3% H2O2. Cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effects were evaluated by MTT assay, whereas, ROS and NO were quantified using DHE and DAF-FM fluorescent probes by confocal microscopy. NO- and endothelium-dependent vasodilating effects of PV3 were assessed in isolated aortic rings. We found 35 peptides with an average mass of 1.14 kDa. There were no cell deaths with 10 and 20 μg/mL PV3. PV3 at 30 μg/mL increased cell viability, while cytotoxicity was observed only with 250 μg/mL PV3. PV3 at 10 μg/mL was able to protect cells from oxidative stress. PV3 also increased NO release without causing cell death. It also reduced relative ROS production induced by H2O2. PV3 vasodilating effects relied on endothelium-dependent NO release. PV3 obtained from low-commercial-value bean displays little cytotoxicity and exerts antioxidant effects, whereas it increases endothelial NO release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Graziani
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia de Sistemas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.,Laboratório Multiusuário de Avaliação de Moléculas, Células e Tecidos, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - J V V Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia de Sistemas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - V S Cruz
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Avaliação de Moléculas, Células e Tecidos, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - R M Gomes
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia de Sistemas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - E G Araújo
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Avaliação de Moléculas, Células e Tecidos, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - A C M Santos Júnior
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
| | - H C M Tomaz
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Cardiovascular e Neurológica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - C H Castro
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Cardiovascular e Neurológica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - W Fontes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
| | - K A Batista
- Laboratório de Química de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - Campus Goiânia Oeste, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - K F Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - C H Xavier
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia de Sistemas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chopra B, Dhingra AK. Natural products: A lead for drug discovery and development. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4660-4702. [PMID: 33847440 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are used since ancient times in folklore for the treatment of various ailments. Plant-derived products have been recognized for many years as a source of therapeutic agents and structural diversity. A literature survey has been carried out to determine the utility of natural molecules and their modified analogs or derivatives as pharmacological active entities. This review presents a study on the importance of natural products in terms of drug discovery and development. It describes how the natural components can be utilized after small modifications in new perspectives. Various new modifications in structure offer a unique opportunity to establish a new molecular entity with better pharmacological potential. It was concluded that in this current era, new attempts are taken to utilize the compounds derived from natural sources as novel drug candidates, with a focus to find and discover new effective molecules that were referred to as "new entities of natural product drug discovery."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Dhingra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Since the introduction of insulin almost a century ago, more than 80 peptide drugs have reached the market for a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, HIV infection and chronic pain. In this Perspective, we summarize key trends in peptide drug discovery and development, covering the early efforts focused on human hormones, elegant medicinal chemistry and rational design strategies, peptide drugs derived from nature, and major breakthroughs in molecular biology and peptide chemistry that continue to advance the field. We emphasize lessons from earlier approaches that are still relevant today as well as emerging strategies such as integrated venomics and peptide-display libraries that create new avenues for peptide drug discovery. We also discuss the pharmaceutical landscape in which peptide drugs could be particularly valuable and analyse the challenges that need to be addressed for them to reach their full potential.
Collapse
|
38
|
Li HL, Yang SQ, Li XM, Li X, Wang BG. Structurally diverse alkaloids produced by Aspergillus creber EN-602, an endophytic fungus obtained from the marine red alga Rhodomela confervoides. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104822. [PMID: 33770672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen alkaloids, which include three new diketopiperazines, namely, 3-hydroxyprotuboxepin K (4), 3,15-dehydroprotuboxepin K (5), and versiamide A (6), together with ten known alkaloid derivatives (1-3 and 7-13), were isolated from the marine red algal-derived fungus Aspergillus creber EN-602. Versiamide A (6) represents the first example of a naturally occurring quinazolinone alkaloid with a diketopiperazine ring that is derived from phenylalanine (Phe) and leucine (Leu). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by detailed interpretation of their 1D/2D NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data, while the absolute configurations of compounds 1-6 were established on the basis of X-ray crystallographic analysis and time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) calculations of the ECD spectra. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 exhibited inhibitory activity against the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with IC50 values of 11.2, 16.0, and 22.4 μM, respectively, and compounds 5 and 6 inhibited various aquatic bacteria with MIC values that ranged from 8 to 64 μg/mL. The intermolecular interactions and potential binding sites between compounds 1-6 and ACE were investigated via molecular docking simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sui-Qun Yang
- CAS and Shandong Province Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Gui Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Manolis AS, Manolis TA, Manolis AA, Melita H. Cardiovascular implications and complications of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic: a world upside down. Curr Opin Cardiol 2021; 36:241-251. [PMID: 33395080 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The new pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has produced a global tumult and has overburdened national health systems. We herein discuss the cardiovascular implications and complications of this pandemic analyzing the most recent data clustered over the last several months. RECENT FINDINGS COVID-19 afflicts the cardiovascular system producing acute cardiac injury in 10-20% of cases with mild disease but in greater than 50-60% in severe cases, contributing to patients' demise. Other cardiovascular complications include arrhythmias, heart failure, pulmonary embolism and shock. Off-label therapies are being trialed with their own inherent cardiovascular risks, while supportive therapies currently dominate, until more specific and effective antiviral therapies and vaccinations become available. A controversial issue relates to the safety of drugs blocking the renin--angiotensin system as an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) homologue, ACE2, serves as the receptor for viral entry into host cells. However, to-date, no harm has been proven for these drugs. SUMMARY In the cardiovascular system, COVID-19 can induce acute cardiac injury, arrhythmias, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, shock and death, whereas anti-COVID therapies also confer serious cardiovascular side-effects. Ongoing extensive efforts focus on specific vaccines and antivirals. Meanwhile, cardiovascular risk factors and diseases should be jointly controlled according to current evidence-based guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonis S Manolis
- First Department of Cardiology, Athens University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lotfi F, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi M, Lotfi Z, Rahbarnia L, Safary A, Zarredar H, Baghbanzadeh A, Naghili B, Baradaran B. Micronutrient therapy and effective immune response: a promising approach for management of COVID-19. Infection 2021; 49:1133-1147. [PMID: 34160789 PMCID: PMC8220424 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide, with an increased rate of morbidity and mortality, highlights an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic interventions. Despite the authorized treatment against COVID-19 by the European Union (EU), the safety and effectiveness of this therapeutic strategy for a wide variety of patients have remained a significant challenge. In this respect, micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals, as essential factors, can be considered for improving the function of the immune system and accelerating the treatment procedure. Dietary supplements can attenuate vascular and inflammatory manifestations related to infectious diseases in large part due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Recently, it has been revealed that poor nutritional status may be one of the notable risk factors in severe COVID-19 infections. In the current review, we focus on the micronutrient therapy of COVID-19 patients and provide a comprehensive insight into the essential vitamins/minerals and their role in controlling the severity of the COVID-19 infection. We also discuss the recent advancements, challenges, negative and positive outcomes in relevance to this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Lotfi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 5163639888, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 5165665811, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ziba Lotfi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Rahbarnia
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 5163639888, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azam Safary
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrooz Naghili
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 5163639888, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gholam-Mostafaei FS, Didari T, Ramandi M, Vafaee R, Rostami-Nejad M. Gut microbiota, angiotensin-converting enzyme, celiac disease, and risk of COVID-19 infection: a review. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2021; 14:S24-S31. [PMID: 35154599 PMCID: PMC8817746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract in a genetically susceptible person. Gluten is the most crucial trigger factor for CD, and environmental factors such as microbiota and opportunistic infection risk its pathogenesis. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) spread rapidly and became a problem for healthcare systems worldwide. Little is known about the risk of severe COVID-19 and the role of dysbiosis among patients with CD. There is also a lack of knowledge about the effects of CD gut microbiota on COVID-19 infection. Therefore, the current review discusses the relationship between CD and risk factors such as microbiota for susceptibility to COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Sadat Gholam-Mostafaei
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tina Didari
- Pharmaceutical Products Technology Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Co-first author
| | - Marzieh Ramandi
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Vafaee
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
ACE2: from protection of liver disease to propagation of COVID-19. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:3137-3158. [PMID: 33284956 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was an important breakthrough dramatically enhancing our understanding of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The classical RAS is driven by its key enzyme ACE and is pivotal in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. More recently, it has been recognised that the protective RAS regulated by ACE2 counterbalances many of the deleterious effects of the classical RAS. Studies in murine models demonstrated that manipulating the protective RAS can dramatically alter many diseases including liver disease. Liver-specific overexpression of ACE2 in mice with liver fibrosis has proved to be highly effective in antagonising liver injury and fibrosis progression. Importantly, despite its highly protective role in disease pathogenesis, ACE2 is hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 as a cellular receptor to gain entry to alveolar epithelial cells, causing COVID-19, a severe respiratory disease in humans. COVID-19 is frequently life-threatening especially in elderly or people with other medical conditions. As an unprecedented number of COVID-19 patients have been affected globally, there is an urgent need to discover novel therapeutics targeting the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2. Understanding the role of ACE2 in physiology, pathobiology and as a cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection provides insight into potential new therapeutic strategies aiming to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection related tissue injury. This review outlines the role of the RAS with a strong focus on ACE2-driven protective RAS in liver disease and provides therapeutic approaches to develop strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.
Collapse
|
43
|
Haghighi MM, Kakhki EG, Sato C, Ghani M, Rogaeva E. The Intersection between COVID-19, the Gene Family of ACE2 and Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520975743. [PMID: 33283188 PMCID: PMC7686598 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520975743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We reviewed factors that might influence COVID-19 outcomes (eg, neurological symptoms), including the link to Alzheimer's disease. Since the virus triggers COVID-19 infection through binding to ACE2, we focused on the ACE2 gene family, including ACE. Both ACE2 and ACE are involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In general, ACE causes inflammation and vasoconstriction, while ACE2 leads to anti-inflammation activity and vasodilation. The disturbed balance between these counter-regulatory pathways could influence susceptibility to COVID-19. Notably, dysregulation of the RAS-equilibrium contributes to Alzheimer's disease. Differences in the incidence and symptoms of COVID-19 in diverse populations could be attributed to variability in the human genome. For example, ACE and ACE2 variations could modify the outcome of COVID-19 in different populations. It would be important to conduct genome-wide studies to detect variants influencing COVID-19 presentation, with a special focus on variants affecting immune-related pathways and expression of RAS-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Montazer Haghighi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erfan Ghani Kakhki
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,DisorDATA Analytics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gelman R, Bayatra A, Kessler A, Schwartz A, Ilan Y. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 receptors as a means for reducing infectivity and improving antiviral and immune response: an algorithm-based method for overcoming resistance to antiviral agents. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1397-1406. [PMID: 32490731 PMCID: PMC7473106 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1776161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, and it has created a pressing global need for effective antiviral therapies against it. COVID-19 disease pathogenesis is characterized by an initial virus-mediated phase, followed by inappropriate hyperactivation of the immune system leading to organ damage. Targeting of the SARS-CoV-2 viral receptors is being explored as a therapeutic option for these patients. In this paper, we summarize several potential receptors associated with the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss their association with the immune-mediated inflammatory response. The potential for the development of resistance towards antiviral drugs is also presented. An algorithm-based platform to improve the efficacy of and overcome resistance to viral receptor blockers through the introduction of personalized variability is described. This method is designed to ensure sustained antiviral effectiveness when using SARS-CoV-2 receptor blockers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Gelman
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical
Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Areej Bayatra
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical
Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asa Kessler
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical
Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical
Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical
Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Drug screening and development from the affinity of S protein of new coronavirus with ACE2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 40:715-723. [PMID: 33034780 PMCID: PMC7545154 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, various studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as the "doorknob" that can be bound by the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which conduces to its entrance to the host cells, and plays an important role in corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This paper aims to collect and sorts out the existing drugs, which exert the ability to block the binding of S protein and ACE2 so as to provide directions for the later drug development. By reviewing the existing literature, we expound the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 from the perspective of S protein and ACE2 binding, and summarize the drugs and compounds that can interfere with the interaction of spike protein and ACE2 receptor from different ways. We summarized five kinds of substances, including peptide P6, griffithsin, hr2p analogs, EK1, vaccine, monoclonal antibody, cholesterol-depleting agents, and extracts from traditional Chinese medicine. They can fight SARS-CoV-2 by specifically binding to ACE2 receptor, S protein, or blocking membrane fusion between the host and virus. ACE2 is the key point for SARS-CoV-2 to enter the cells, and it is also the focus of drug intervention. Our drug summary on this pathomechanism is expected to provide ideas for the drug research on SARS-CoV-2 and help to develop anti-coronavirus drugs of broad spectrum for future epidemics.
Collapse
|
46
|
Pang X, Cui Y, Zhu Y. Recombinant human ACE2: potential therapeutics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complication. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1255-1257. [PMID: 32581256 PMCID: PMC7313652 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
47
|
Alfaro S, Navarro-Retamal C, Caballero J. Transforming Non-Selective Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in C- and N-domain Selective Inhibitors by Using Computational Tools. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:1436-1446. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666191224113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The two-domain dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (EC
3.4.15.1; ACE) plays an important physiological role in blood pressure regulation via the reninangiotensin
and kallikrein-kinin systems by converting angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin
II, and by cleaving a number of other substrates including the vasodilator bradykinin and the
anti-inflammatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP. Therefore, the design of ACE inhibitors is within the priorities
of modern medical sciences for treating hypertension, heart failures, myocardial infarction, and
other related diseases. Despite the success of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension and
congestive heart failure, they have some adverse effects, which could be attenuated by selective domain
inhibition. Crystal structures of both ACE domains (nACE and cACE) reported over the last decades
could facilitate the rational drug design of selective inhibitors. In this review, we refer to the history
of the discovery of ACE inhibitors, which has been strongly related to the development of molecular
modeling methods. We stated that the design of novel selective ACE inhibitors is a challenge
for current researchers which requires a thorough understanding of the structure of both ACE domains
and the help of molecular modeling methodologies. Finally, we performed a theoretical design of potential
selective derivatives of trandolaprilat, a drug approved to treat critical conditions of hypertension,
to illustrate how to use molecular modeling methods such as de novo design, docking, Molecular
Dynamics (MD) simulations, and free energy calculations for creating novel potential drugs with specific
interactions inside nACE and cACE binding sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alfaro
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| | - Carlos Navarro-Retamal
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| | - Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Discovery of potent thrombin inhibitors from a protease-focused DNA-encoded chemical library. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16782-16789. [PMID: 32641511 PMCID: PMC7382296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005447117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To rapidly identify small-molecule lead compounds to target healthcare-associated proteases, we constructed a unique 9.8-million-membered protease-focused DNA-encoded chemical library. Affinity selection of this library with a healthcare-relevant protease (i.e., thrombin, a key protein necessary for blood coagulation) revealed potent inhibitors in the first screening attempt. Our results emphasize the utility of a structurally focused DNA-encoded chemical library approach to rapidly uncover hits for healthcare targets (e.g., proteases) where no drug exists (e.g., male contraception) and for emerging diseases (e.g., coronavirus disease 2019). DNA-encoded chemical libraries are collections of compounds individually coupled to unique DNA tags serving as amplifiable identification barcodes. By bridging split-and-pool combinatorial synthesis with the ligation of unique encoding DNA oligomers, million- to billion-member libraries can be synthesized for use in hundreds of healthcare target screens. Although structural diversity and desirable molecular property ranges generally guide DNA-encoded chemical library design, recent reports have highlighted the utility of focused DNA-encoded chemical libraries that are structurally biased for a class of protein targets. Herein, a protease-focused DNA-encoded chemical library was designed that utilizes chemotypes known to engage conserved catalytic protease residues. The three-cycle library features functional moieties such as guanidine, which interacts strongly with aspartate of the protease catalytic triad, as well as mild electrophiles such as sulfonamide, urea, and carbamate. We developed a DNA-compatible method for guanidinylation of amines and reduction of nitriles. Employing these optimized reactions, we constructed a 9.8-million-membered DNA-encoded chemical library. Affinity selection of the library with thrombin, a common protease, revealed a number of enriched features which ultimately led to the discovery of a 1 nM inhibitor of thrombin. Thus, structurally focused DNA-encoded chemical libraries have tremendous potential to find clinically useful high-affinity hits for the rapid discovery of drugs for targets (e.g., proteases) with essential functions in infectious diseases (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and relevant healthcare conditions (e.g., male contraception).
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Spontaneous Hinge-Bending Motions of Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme: Role in Activation and Inhibition. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061288. [PMID: 32178362 PMCID: PMC7146279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of human angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) has been regarded as a promising approach for the treatment of hypertension. Despite research attempts over many years, our understanding the mechanisms of activation and inhibition of ACE is still far from complete. Here, we present results of all atom molecular dynamics simulations of ACE with and without ligands. Two types of inhibitors, competitive and mixed non-competitive, were used to model the ligand bound forms. In the absence of a ligand the simulation showed spontaneous large hinge-bending motions of multiple conversions between the closed and open states of ACE, while the ligand bound forms were stable in the closed state. Our simulation results imply that the equilibrium between pre-existing backbone conformations shifts in the presence of a ligand. The hinge-bending motion of ACE is considered as an essential to the enzyme function. A mechanistic model of activation and the inhibition may provide valuable information for novel inhibitors of ACE.
Collapse
|