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Jiang M, Hong X, Gao Y, Kho AT, Tantisira KG, Li J. piRNA associates with immune diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:347. [PMID: 38943141 PMCID: PMC11214247 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) is the most abundant small non-coding RNA in animal cells, typically 26-31 nucleotides in length and it binds with PIWI proteins, a subfamily of Argonaute proteins. Initially discovered in germ cells, piRNA is well known for its role in silencing transposons and maintaining genome integrity. However, piRNA is also present in somatic cells as well as in extracellular vesicles and exosomes. While piRNA has been extensively studied in various diseases, particular cancer, its function in immune diseases remains unclear. In this review, we summarize current research on piRNA in immune diseases. We first introduce the basic characteristics, biogenesis and functions of piRNA. Then, we review the association of piRNA with different types of immune diseases, including autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, infectious diseases, and other immune-related diseases. piRNA is considered a promising biomarker for diseases, highlighting the need for further research into its potential mechanisms in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingye Jiang
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoning Hong
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunfei Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Alvin T Kho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelan G Tantisira
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Gualdi F, Smith IG, Boixader RC, Williams FMK. Modic change is associated with increased BMI but not autoimmune diseases in TwinsUK. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:3379-3386. [PMID: 37555954 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low back pain (LBP) is one of the largest causes of morbidity worldwide. The aetiology of LBP is complex, and many factors contribute to the onset. Bone marrow lesions within the vertebra adjacent to an intervertebral degenerate disc named Modic change (MC) have been suggested as a diagnostic subgroup of LBP. Autoimmune response has been proposed to be one of the causes that promote the development of MC. The aim of the current investigation is to assess prevalence and severity of MC and LBP in participants with an autoimmune disease diagnosis in a well-documented cohort of adult twin volunteers. METHODS Multivariate generalized mixed linear models (GLMM) were implemented in order to calculate the association between having an autoimmune disorder and MC prevalence, width and severe and disabling LBP. The model was corrected for family structure as well as for covariates such as age, BMI and smoking. RESULTS No association was found between diagnosis of autoimmune disorder and MC. Interestingly, BMI was independently associated with MC width but not to MC prevalence. These results help to shed light on the relationship between MC and autoimmunity as well as the role of BMI in the development of the lesions. CONCLUSION This study is the first to examine autoimmune disorders and MC prevalence in a large, population-based female cohort. The study was well powered to detect a small effect. No association was found between having a diagnosis of one or more autoimmune conditions and MC prevalence, width or LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gualdi
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab (GRIB-IMIM), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08005, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Isabelle Granville Smith
- Department Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Roger Compte Boixader
- Department Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Frances M K Williams
- Department Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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3
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Mujalli A, Farrash WF, Alghamdi KS, Obaid AA. Metabolite Alterations in Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review of Metabolomics Studies. Metabolites 2023; 13:987. [PMID: 37755267 PMCID: PMC10537330 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, characterized by the immune system's loss of self-tolerance, lack definitive diagnostic tests, necessitating the search for reliable biomarkers. This systematic review aims to identify common metabolite changes across multiple autoimmune diseases. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature review by searching MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus (Elsevier) using keywords "Metabolomics", "Autoimmune diseases", and "Metabolic changes". Articles published in English up to March 2023 were included without a specific start date filter. Among 257 studies searched, 88 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria. The included articles were categorized based on analyzed biological fluids: 33 on serum, 21 on plasma, 15 on feces, 7 on urine, and 12 on other biological fluids. Each study presented different metabolites with indications of up-regulation or down-regulation when available. The current study's findings suggest that amino acid metabolism may serve as a diagnostic biomarker for autoimmune diseases, particularly in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Crohn's disease (CD). While other metabolic alterations were reported, it implies that autoimmune disorders trigger multi-metabolite changes rather than singular alterations. These shifts could be consequential outcomes of autoimmune disorders, representing a more complex interplay. Further studies are needed to validate the metabolomics findings associated with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Mujalli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia; (W.F.F.); (A.A.O.)
| | - Wesam F. Farrash
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia; (W.F.F.); (A.A.O.)
| | - Kawthar S. Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al-Batin 39511, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad A. Obaid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia; (W.F.F.); (A.A.O.)
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4
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Talwar JV, Laub D, Pagadala MS, Castro A, Lewis M, Luebeck GE, Gorman BR, Pan C, Dong FN, Markianos K, Teerlink CC, Lynch J, Hauger R, Pyarajan S, Tsao PS, Morris GP, Salem RM, Thompson WK, Curtius K, Zanetti M, Carter H. Autoimmune alleles at the major histocompatibility locus modify melanoma susceptibility. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1138-1161. [PMID: 37339630 PMCID: PMC10357503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity and cancer represent two different aspects of immune dysfunction. Autoimmunity is characterized by breakdowns in immune self-tolerance, while impaired immune surveillance can allow for tumorigenesis. The class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I), which displays derivatives of the cellular peptidome for immune surveillance by CD8+ T cells, serves as a common genetic link between these conditions. As melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells have been shown to target melanocyte-specific peptide antigens more often than melanoma-specific antigens, we investigated whether vitiligo- and psoriasis-predisposing MHC-I alleles conferred a melanoma-protective effect. In individuals with cutaneous melanoma from both The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 451) and an independent validation set (n = 586), MHC-I autoimmune-allele carrier status was significantly associated with a later age of melanoma diagnosis. Furthermore, MHC-I autoimmune-allele carriers were significantly associated with decreased risk of developing melanoma in the Million Veteran Program (OR = 0.962, p = 0.024). Existing melanoma polygenic risk scores (PRSs) did not predict autoimmune-allele carrier status, suggesting these alleles provide orthogonal risk-relevant information. Mechanisms of autoimmune protection were neither associated with improved melanoma-driver mutation association nor improved gene-level conserved antigen presentation relative to common alleles. However, autoimmune alleles showed higher affinity relative to common alleles for particular windows of melanocyte-conserved antigens and loss of heterozygosity of autoimmune alleles caused the greatest reduction in presentation for several conserved antigens across individuals with loss of HLA alleles. Overall, this study presents evidence that MHC-I autoimmune-risk alleles modulate melanoma risk unaccounted for by current PRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Talwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Laub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Meghana S Pagadala
- Biomedical Science Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrea Castro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - McKenna Lewis
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Georg E Luebeck
- Public Health Sciences Division, Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bryan R Gorman
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences (C-DACS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc., McLean, VA 22102, USA
| | - Cuiping Pan
- Palo Alto Epidemiology Research and Information Center for Genomics, VA Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Frederick N Dong
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences (C-DACS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc., McLean, VA 22102, USA
| | - Kyriacos Markianos
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences (C-DACS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Craig C Teerlink
- Department of Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI), VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Julie Lynch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI), VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Richard Hauger
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavioral Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences (C-DACS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Palo Alto Epidemiology Research and Information Center for Genomics, VA Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerald P Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rany M Salem
- Division of Epidemiology, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Kit Curtius
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maurizio Zanetti
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; The Laboratory of Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hannah Carter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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5
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Muratore IB, Garnier S. Ontogeny of collective behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220065. [PMID: 36802780 PMCID: PMC9939274 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During their lifetime, superorganisms, like unitary organisms, undergo transformations that change the machinery of their collective behaviour. Here, we suggest that these transformations are largely understudied and propose that more systematic research into the ontogeny of collective behaviours is needed if we hope to better understand the link between proximate behavioural mechanisms and the development of collective adaptive functions. In particular, certain social insects engage in self-assemblage, forming dynamic and physically connected architectures with striking similarities to developing multicellular organisms, making them good model systems for ontogenetic studies of collective behaviour. However, exhaustive time series and three-dimensional data are required to thoroughly characterize the different life stages of the collective structures and the transitions between these stages. The well-established fields of embryology and developmental biology offer practical tools and theoretical frameworks that could speed up the acquisition of new knowledge about the formation, development, maturity and dissolution of social insect self-assemblages and, by extension, other superorganismal behaviours. We hope that this review will encourage an expansion of the ontogenetic perspective in the field of collective behaviour and, in particular, in self-assemblage research, which has far-reaching applications in robotics, computer science and regenerative medicine. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Collective behaviour through time'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Garnier
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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6
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Mora VP, Loaiza RA, Soto JA, Bohmwald K, Kalergis AM. Involvement of trained immunity during autoimmune responses. J Autoimmun 2022:102956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Huang J, Cheng P, Xu C, Liew SS, He S, Zhang Y, Pu K. Chemiluminescent Probes with Long‐Lasting High Brightness for In Vivo Imaging of Neutrophils. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203235. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Penghui Cheng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Cheng Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Si Si Liew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Shasha He
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Nanomedicine College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
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8
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Karimi B, Dehghani Firoozabadi A, Peymani M, Ghaedi K. Circulating long noncoding RNAs as novel bio-tools: Focus on autoimmune diseases. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:618-627. [PMID: 35717260 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an emerging class of non-coding RNAs that do not encode proteins. These RNAs have various essential regulatory functions. Irregular expression of lncRNAs has been related to the pathological process of varied diseases, and are considered promising diagnostic biomarkers. LncRNAs can release into the circulation and be stable in body fluids as circulating lncRNAs. A subset of circulating lncRNAs that exist in exosomes are referred to as exosomal lncRNA molecules. These lncRNAs are highly stable and resist RNases. Exosomes have captured a great deal of attention due to their involvement in regulating communications between cells. In conditions of autoimmune disease, exosomes play critical roles in the pathological processes. In this context, circulating lncRNAs have been shown to modulate the immune response and indicated as prognosis and diagnostic biomarkers for autoimmune diseases. This review highlights the role of circulating lncRNAs (particularly exosomal) as diagnostic biomarkers for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Karimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
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9
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Huang J, Cheng P, Xu C, Liew SS, He S, Zhang Y, Pu K. Chemiluminescent Probes with Long‐Lasting High Brightness for In Vivo Imaging of Neutrophils. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Huang
- Nanyang Technological University Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Penghui Cheng
- Nanyang Technological University Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Cheng Xu
- Nanyang Technological University Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Si Si Liew
- Nanyang Technological University Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Shasha He
- Nanyang Technological University Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Yan Zhang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology College of Life Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Kanyi Pu
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemical and Biomedical Engieering 70 Nanyang Drive 637457 Singapore SINGAPORE
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10
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Bumbacea RS, Boustani R, Panaitescu C, Haidar L, Buzan MR, Bumbacea D, Laculiceanu A, Cojanu C, Spanu D, Agache I. Mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy supporting its disease-modifying effect. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:627-638. [PMID: 35416072 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is considered the only disease-modifying treatment available at present for allergic disorders. Its main benefits include improvement of symptoms, decreased need for pharmacotherapy, prevention of new sensitizations and sustained effect after AIT completion. The key pillars of AIT-induced tolerance include a shift from Th2 to Th1 response, an increase of regulatory T and B cells, pro-inflammatory effector cell downregulation and IgE suppression, in addition to IgG4, IgA and IgD induction. AIT may also induce trained immunity, characterized by a durable decrease in group 2 of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and increased ILC1 and ILC3s. Understanding the immune mechanisms of AIT is essential for validating biomarkers for the prediction of AIT response and for achieving AIT success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Silvia Bumbacea
- Allergy Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, 020021, Romania.,Allergy Department, Nephrology Hospital Dr. Carol Davila, Bucharest, 010731, Romania
| | - Rama Boustani
- Allergy Department, Nephrology Hospital Dr. Carol Davila, Bucharest, 010731, Romania
| | - Carmen Panaitescu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology, Centre of Immuno-Physiology & Biotechnologies (CIFBIOTECH), "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Timișoara, 300041, Romania.,Centre for Gene & Cellular Therapies in The Treatment of Cancer - OncoGen, "Pius Brinzeu" Clinical Emergency Hospital, Timișoara, 300723, Romania
| | - Laura Haidar
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology, Centre of Immuno-Physiology & Biotechnologies (CIFBIOTECH), "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Timișoara, 300041, Romania
| | - Maria-Roxana Buzan
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology, Centre of Immuno-Physiology & Biotechnologies (CIFBIOTECH), "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Timișoara, 300041, Romania.,Centre for Gene & Cellular Therapies in The Treatment of Cancer - OncoGen, "Pius Brinzeu" Clinical Emergency Hospital, Timișoara, 300723, Romania
| | - Dragos Bumbacea
- Department of Pneumology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, 020021, Romania
| | | | - Catalina Cojanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, 500051 Romania
| | - Daniela Spanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, 500051 Romania
| | - Ioana Agache
- Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, 500051 Romania
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11
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Acharya M, Jackson SW. Regulatory strategies limiting endosomal Toll-like receptor activation in B cells. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:66-78. [PMID: 35040152 PMCID: PMC8986562 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogen-associated nucleic acid (NA) promotes effective immunity against invading pathogens. However, endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation by self-NA also underlies the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). For this reason, the activation thresholds of NA-sensing TLRs must be tightly regulated to balance protective and pathogenic immune responses. In this study, we will provide an overview of the evolutionary mechanisms designed to limit the aberrant activation of endosomal TLRs by self-ligands, focusing on four broad strategies. These include the following: 1) the production of nucleases able to degrade self-DNA and RNA; 2) the cell-specific regulation of endosomal TLR expression; 3) the spatial and temporal control of TLR positioning at a sub-cellular level; and 4) the modulation of downstream TLR signaling cascades. Given the critical role of B cells in lupus pathogenesis, where possible, we will describe evidence for B cell-specific induction of these regulatory mechanisms. We will also highlight our own work showing how modulation of B cell endolysosomal flux tunes NA-sensing TLR activation signals. In the face of inevitable generation of self-NA during normal cellular turnover, these parallel mechanisms are vital to protect against pathogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridu Acharya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Lucia Appleton S, Navarro-Orcajada S, Martínez-Navarro FJ, Caldera F, López-Nicolás JM, Trotta F, Matencio A. Cyclodextrins as Anti-inflammatory Agents: Basis, Drugs and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091384. [PMID: 34572597 PMCID: PMC8472668 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system to harmful stimuli. Importantly, inflammation is also a hallmark of several human diseases such as cancer or diabetes. Novel drugs to treat this response are constantly researched, but the formulation is usually forgotten. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a well-known excipient for complexing and drug delivery. Anti-inflammatory drugs and bioactive compounds with similar activities have been favored from these CD processes. CDs also illustrate anti-inflammatory activity per se. This review tried to describe the capacities of CDs in this field, and is divided into two parts: Firstly, a short description of the inflammation disease (causes, symptoms, treatment) is explained; secondly, the effects of different CDs alone or forming inclusion complexes with drugs or bioactive compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lucia Appleton
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Navarro-Orcajada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.N.-O.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - Francisco Juan Martínez-Navarro
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine (Hepatology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: (F.J.M.-N.); or (A.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
| | - José Manuel López-Nicolás
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.N.-O.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Adrián Matencio
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.M.-N.); or (A.M.)
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13
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Hidalgo MA, Carretta MD, Burgos RA. Long Chain Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immune Cells Function: Contribution of FFA1 and FFA4 Receptors. Front Physiol 2021; 12:668330. [PMID: 34276398 PMCID: PMC8280355 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.668330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids are molecules that act as metabolic intermediates and constituents of membranes; however, their novel role as signaling molecules in immune function has also been demonstrated. The presence of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors on immune cells has contributed to the understanding of this new role of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in immune function, showing their role as anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory molecules and elucidating their intracellular mechanisms. The FFA1 and FFA4 receptors, also known as GPR40 and GPR120, respectively, have been described in macrophages and neutrophils, two key cells mediating innate immune response. Ligands of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors induce the release of a myriad of cytokines through well-defined intracellular signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the cellular responses and intracellular mechanisms activated by LCFAs, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in T-cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as the role of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria D Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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14
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Gámez-Díaz L, Grimbacher B. Immune checkpoint deficiencies and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes. Biomed J 2021; 44:400-411. [PMID: 34384744 PMCID: PMC8514790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is an inherited non-malignant and non-infectious lymphoproliferative syndrome caused by mutations in genes affecting the extrinsic apoptotic pathway (FAS, FASL, CASP10). The resulting FAS-mediated apoptosis defect accounts for the expansion and accumulation of autoreactive (double-negative) T cells leading to cytopenias, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, autoimmune disorders, and risk of lymphoma. However, there are other monogenetic disorders known as ALPS-like syndromes that can be clinically similar to ALPS but are genetically and biologically different, such as observed in patients with immune checkpoint deficiencies, particularly cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) insufficiency and lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor protein LRBA deficiency. CTLA-4 insufficiency is caused by heterozygous mutations in CTLA-4, an essential negative immune regulator that is constitutively expressed on regulatory T (Treg) cells. Mutations in CTLA-4 affect CTLA-4 binding to CD80-CD86 costimulatory molecules, CTLA-4 homodimerization, or CTLA-4 intracellular vesicle trafficking upon cell activation. Abnormal CTLA-4 trafficking is also observed in patients with LRBA deficiency, a syndrome caused by biallelic mutations in LRBA that abolishes the LRBA protein expression. Both immune checkpoint deficiencies are biologically characterized by low levels of CTLA-4 protein on the cell surface of Tregs, accounting for the autoimmune manifestations observed in CTLA4-insufficient and LRBA-deficient patients. In addition, both immune checkpoint deficiencies present with an overlapping but heterogeneous clinical picture despite the difference in inheritance and penetrance. In this review, we describe the most prominent clinical features of ALPS, CTLA-4 insufficiency and LRBA deficiency, emphasizing their corresponding biological mechanisms. We also provide some clinical and laboratory approaches to diagnose these three rare immune disorders, together with therapeutic strategies that have worked best at improving prognosis and quality life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany; DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Jindal A, Sarkar S, Alam A. Nanomaterials-Mediated Immunomodulation for Cancer Therapeutics. Front Chem 2021; 9:629635. [PMID: 33708759 PMCID: PMC7940769 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.629635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds great promise in overcoming the limitations of conventional regimens for cancer therapeutics. There is growing interest among researchers and clinicians to develop novel immune-strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment with better specificity and lesser adversity. Immunomodulation-based cancer therapies are rapidly emerging as an alternative approach that employs the host’s own defense mechanisms to recognize and selectively eliminate cancerous cells. Recent advances in nanotechnology have pioneered a revolution in the field of cancer therapy. Several nanomaterials (NMs) have been utilized to surmount the challenges of conventional anti-cancer treatments like cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. NMs offer a plethora of exceptional features such as a large surface area to volume ratio, effective loading, and controlled release of active drugs, tunable dimensions, and high stability. Moreover, they also possess the inherent property of interacting with living cells and altering the immune responses. However, the interaction between NMs and the immune system can give rise to unanticipated adverse reactions such as inflammation, necrosis, and hypersensitivity. Therefore, to ensure a successful and safe clinical application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials, it is imperative to acquire in-depth knowledge and a clear understanding of the complex nature of the interactions between NMs and the immune system. This review is aimed at providing an overview of the recent developments, achievements, and challenges in the application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials (iNMs) for cancer therapeutics with a focus on elucidating the mechanisms involved in the interplay between NMs and the host’s immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajita Jindal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sounik Sarkar
- Flowcytometry Facility, Modern Biology Department, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Charles River Laboratories, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Ruiz-Ballesteros AI, Meza-Meza MR, Vizmanos-Lamotte B, Parra-Rojas I, de la Cruz-Mosso U. Association of Vitamin D Metabolism Gene Polymorphisms with Autoimmunity: Evidence in Population Genetic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249626. [PMID: 33348854 PMCID: PMC7766382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A high prevalence of vitamin D (calcidiol) serum deficiency has been described in several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (AR), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Vitamin D is a potent immunonutrient that through its main metabolite calcitriol, regulates the immunomodulation of macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, which express the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and they produce and respond to calcitriol. Genetic association studies have shown that up to 65% of vitamin D serum variance may be explained due to genetic background. The 90% of genetic variability takes place in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and SNPs in genes related to vitamin D metabolism have been linked to influence the calcidiol serum levels, such as in the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP; rs2282679 GC), 25-hydroxylase (rs10751657 CYP2R1), 1α-hydroxylase (rs10877012, CYP27B1) and the vitamin D receptor (FokI (rs2228570), BsmI (rs1544410), ApaI (rs7975232), and TaqI (rs731236) VDR). Therefore, the aim of this comprehensive literature review was to discuss the current findings of functional SNPs in GC, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, and VDR associated to genetic risk, and the most common clinical features of MS, RA, and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo I. Ruiz-Ballesteros
- Grupo de Inmunonutrición y Genómica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44160, Mexico; (A.I.R.-B.); (M.R.M.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44340, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44340, Mexico;
| | - Mónica R. Meza-Meza
- Grupo de Inmunonutrición y Genómica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44160, Mexico; (A.I.R.-B.); (M.R.M.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44340, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas Inmunología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Barbara Vizmanos-Lamotte
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44340, Mexico;
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo Guerrero 39087, Mexico;
| | - Ulises de la Cruz-Mosso
- Grupo de Inmunonutrición y Genómica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44160, Mexico; (A.I.R.-B.); (M.R.M.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44340, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44340, Mexico;
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas Inmunología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-1-331-744-15-75
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17
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The Adaptive and Innate Immune Cell Landscape of Uterine Leiomyosarcomas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:702. [PMID: 31959856 PMCID: PMC6971074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of the anti-tumor response has shown substantial progress in aggressive tumors such as melanoma and lung cancer. Data on less common histotypes are scanty. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has been applied to few cases of uterine leiomyosarcomas, of which the immune cell composition was not examined in detail. We analyzed the inflammatory infiltrate of 21 such cases in high-dimensional, single cell phenotyping on routinely processed tissue. T-lymphoid cells displayed a composite phenotype common to all tumors, suggestive of antigen-exposure, acute and chronic exhaustion. To the contrary, myelomonocytic cells had case-specific individual combinations of phenotypes and subsets. We identified five distinct monocyte-macrophage cell types, some not described before, bearing immunosuppressive molecules (TIM3, B7H3, VISTA, PD1, PDL1). Detailed in situ analysis of routinely processed tissue yields comprehensive information about the immune status of sarcomas. The method employed provides equivalent information to extractive single-cell technology, with spatial contexture and a modest investment.
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18
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Toaima DN, El-Samahy MH, Zaki OK, Elshami YM, Toaima NN. Effect of Estrogen Receptor- Alpha Gene Polymorphism (IVS1-397 T>C) on Microvascular Complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:770-778. [PMID: 31544697 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190718144722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease whose etiology involves genetic predisposition as well as environmental factors. Polymorphisms of some genes are among the most important genetic factors that influence autoimmunity. Gender is another important factor affecting autoimmunity. Females are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases which may be due to the effect of sex hormones on the immune system activity. The metabolic effects of estrogen are mediated through its receptor - alpha. The exact mechanism is not well understood. A number of polymorphisms have been reported in the Estrogen Receptor- alpha (ER-alpha) IVS1 397 T>C gene which may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of Estrogen Receptor- alpha gene [IVS1-397 T>C] polymorphism on vascular complications of type1 diabetes mellitus in pubertal females and on the glycemic control. METHODS This cross-sectional case-control study included 40 pubertal regularly menstruating girls less than 18 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus recruited from the Pediatric Diabetes Clinic, Children's Hospital, Ain-Shams University and 20 healthy age-and sex-matched controls. Estrogen receptor alpha genotypes were analyzed by Restriction Fragment Length PCR and correlated with both clinical and laboratory parameters in the studied cases. ER-alpha was chosen as it might play a role in diabetes pathogenesis. RESULTS The study revealed the TC genotype was the most prevalent genotype of the estrogen receptor. The TT genotype patients had a younger age of onset of T1DM. The prevalence of obesity was higher among TC and TT than in CC bearing patients. In addition, CC genotype patients had the least prevalence of microalbuminuria and had better glycemic control than other genotypes. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that Estrogen receptor- alpha gene may be affecting the age of onset of Type1 diabetes mellitus in pubertal girls as well as the glycemic control of these patients, where CC bearing girls had better glycemic control than other genotypes and less incidence of microalbuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia N Toaima
- Pediatric Diabetes Unit, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Osama K Zaki
- Medical Human Genetics Unit, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Nadin N Toaima
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Syrett CM, Anguera MC. When the balance is broken: X-linked gene dosage from two X chromosomes and female-biased autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:919-932. [PMID: 31125996 PMCID: PMC7206452 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ri0319-094r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Women and men exhibit differences in innate and adaptive immunity, and women are more susceptible to numerous autoimmune disorders. Two or more X chromosomes increases the risk for some autoimmune diseases, and increased expression of some X-linked immune genes is frequently observed in female lymphocytes from autoimmune patients. Evidence from mouse models of autoimmunity also supports the idea that increased expression of X-linked genes is a feature of female-biased autoimmunity. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the correlation between abnormal X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), an essential mechanism female somatic cells use to equalize X-linked gene dosage between the sexes, and autoimmunity in lymphocytes. In this review, we highlight research describing overexpression of X-linked immunity-related genes and female-biased autoimmunity in both humans and mouse models, and make connections with our recent work elucidating lymphocyte-specific mechanisms of XCI maintenance that become altered in lupus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Syrett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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RETRACTED: A SERS-based lateral flow assay biosensor for quantitative and ultrasensitive detection of interleukin-6 in unprocessed whole blood. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex is a family of genes that encodes HLAs, which have a crucial role in defence against foreign pathogens and immune surveillance of tumours. In the context of transplantation, HLA molecules are polymorphic antigens that comprise an immunodominant alloreactive trigger for the immune response, resulting in rejection. Remarkable advances in knowledge and technology in the field of immunogenetics have considerably enhanced the safety of transplantation. However, access to transplantation among individuals who have become sensitized as a result of previous exposure to alloantigens is reduced proportional to the breadth of their sensitization. New approaches for crossing the HLA barrier in transplantation using plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin and kidney paired donation have been made possible by the relative ease with which even low levels of anti-HLA antibodies can now be detected and tracked. The development of novel protocols for the induction of tolerance and new approaches to immunomodulation was also facilitated by advances in HLA technology. Here, we review the progress made in understanding HLAs that has enabled organ transplantation to become a life-saving endeavour that is accessible even for sensitized patients. We also discuss novel approaches to desensitization, immunomodulation and tolerance induction that have the potential to further improve transplantation access and outcomes.
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22
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Arguinano AAA, Ndiaye NC, Masson C, Visvikis-Siest S. Pleiotropy of ABO gene: correlation of rs644234 with E-selectin and lipid levels. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:748-754. [PMID: 29373315 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ABO gene has been widely studied and associated with many different diseases such as myocardial infarction and diabetes. Pleiotropic effects of the ABO locus have been demonstrated. Indeed it affects different phenotypes such as E- and P-selectins, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The goal of this work was to study the SNP rs644234 located in the ABO gene with different phenotypes related with diseases where the ABO gene has been involved. METHODS We analyzed the SNP rs644234 located in the ABO gene, by performing association studies with different lipid phenotypes as well as with the soluble E-selectin levels in 348 adults from the STANISLAS Family Study. RESULTS The major rs644234*T allele was associated with increased levels of soluble E-selectin (p=8.7×10-12). According to the lipid phenotypes, the major rs644234*T allele was associated with decreased levels of apolipoproteins E (ApoE) (p=0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p=0.032) but was associated with increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p=0.013). The association of the HDL-C was especially significant in the male individuals (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that ABO is a major locus for serum soluble E-selectin levels variability, and we also correlated this gene with different lipid phenotypes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this pleiotropic effect is independent. This is the first time that a correlation has been made between the ABO gene and the ApoE levels. According to these results, the major allele of this polymorphism may have a protective effect when it comes to cardiovascular related diseases, and more specifically when it comes to the lipid phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex-Ander Aldasoro Arguinano
- INSERM UMR U1122, IGE-PCV 'Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-vasculaire', Faculté de Pharmacie - Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye
- INSERM UMR U1122, IGE-PCV 'Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-vasculaire', Faculté de Pharmacie - Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Christine Masson
- INSERM UMR U1122, IGE-PCV 'Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-vasculaire', Faculté de Pharmacie - Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- INSERM UMR U1122, IGE-PCV 'Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-vasculaire', Faculté de Pharmacie - Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, CHU Technopôle Nancy-Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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23
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Dunn A, Lam A, Hidalgo L, Shapiro AMJ, Senior PA. Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in Islet Transplant Recipients Discontinuing Immunosuppression Late After Lymphodepletion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1141-1147. [PMID: 30398662 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Clinical islet transplantation (CIT) is an innovative strategy to treat highly selected individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Lymphodepletion with alemtuzumab or thymoglobulin is often used for induction therapy in CIT. Alemtuzumab was recently licensed as a treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In RRMS, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) has developed in up to 40% of individuals treated with alemtuzumab. The appearance of AITD after CIT is not well described. We herein explore factors associated with AITD developing after CIT and any relationship with exposure to lymphodepleting antibodies (alemtuzumab or thymoglobulin). CASE DESCRIPTION Five cases of AITD developing after CIT for T1DM are described. All were female. Four cases had received alemtuzumab (20 to 40 mg) prior to at least one islet infusion, and one received thymoglobulin induction. The presentation with AITD was 18 to 135 months after first transplant and 11 to 18 months after withdrawal of all maintenance immunosuppression (IS). Four cases presented with clinical and biochemical evidence of hyperthyroidism from Graves disease. One case presented with biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism and positive TSH receptor antibodies. All were treated with conventional therapies for AITD. CONCLUSIONS Despite routine use of alemtuzumab, clinical presentations of AITD seem to be uncommon in patients with CIT receiving IS. However, AITD can develop after withdrawal of IS, highlighting the need for careful thyroid surveillance in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Dunn
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna Lam
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luis Hidalgo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter A Senior
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Komai T, Inoue M, Okamura T, Morita K, Iwasaki Y, Sumitomo S, Shoda H, Yamamoto K, Fujio K. Transforming Growth Factor-β and Interleukin-10 Synergistically Regulate Humoral Immunity via Modulating Metabolic Signals. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1364. [PMID: 29963056 PMCID: PMC6010538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), are humoral factors involved in the suppressive function of regulatory T cells and play critical roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. However, TGF-β and IL-10 also have pleiotropic effects and induce humoral immune responses depending on conditions, and thus their therapeutic application to autoimmune diseases remains limited. Here, we show that a combination of TGF-β and IL-10, but not single cytokine, is required to suppress B cell activation induced by toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. In in vivo analyses, the simultaneous presence of TGF-β and IL-10 effectively suppressed TLR-mediated antigen-specific immune responses and ameliorated pathologies in imiquimod (TLR7 agonist)-induced lupus model and lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Intriguingly, TGF-β and IL-10 synergistically modulated transcriptional programs and suppressed cellular energetics of both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation via inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)/S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) pathway in TLR-stimulated B cells. On the other hand, enhancement of mTOR signaling and mitochondrial biosynthesis in TLR-stimulated B cells counteracted the synergistic inhibitory effects. The inhibitory cytokine synergy of TGF-β and IL-10 via suppression of energy metabolism was also observed in human TLR-stimulated B cells. There is increasing evidence supporting the importance of adequate metabolic signals in various immune cells to exert their immune function. In this study, we have shown that a previously unrecognized synergy of inhibitory cytokines regulates systemic humoral immune responses via modulating immunometabolism in B cells. Our findings indicate that inhibition of B cell metabolism mediated by two synergistic cytokines contributes to the induction of immune tolerance and could be a new therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Komai
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Inoue
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Okamura
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Functional Genomics and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Morita
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Iwasaki
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Sumitomo
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shoda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhao L, Zhu H, Han B, Wang L, Sun Y, Lu X, Huang C, Tan B, Chen C, Qin L. Influence of genetic polymorphisms of IL23R, STAT3, IL12B, and STAT4 on the risk of aplastic anemia and the effect of immunosuppressive therapy. Ann Hematol 2018; 97:685-695. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pawłowicz M, Filipów R, Krzykowski G, Stanisławska-Sachadyn A, Morzuch L, Kulczycka J, Balcerska A, Limon J. Coincidence of PTPN22 c.1858CC and FCRL3 -169CC genotypes as a biomarker of preserved residual β-cell function in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:696-705. [PMID: 27615679 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotype-phenotype studies in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) patients are needed for further development of therapy strategies. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to investigate the distribution of selected PTPN22 and FCRL3 gene polymorphisms and their associations with clinical course of disease in children with newly diagnosed T1DM from the Pomeranian region of Poland. SUBJECTS/METHODS The prospective, longitudinal study of 147 children with newly diagnosed T1DM-autoimmune subtype was conducted. The PTPN22 c.1858T>C (rs2476601) and FCRL3 -169C>T (rs7528684) polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing. The frequencies of genotypes were compared between the study and population-matched control group (327 random anonymous samples from the Pomeranian region). Selected patients underwent a 24-monthly follow up [periodic re-evaluation of fasting C-peptide concentration (FCP) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ) level]. RESULTS A significantly lower coincidence of the PTPN22 c.1858CC and FCRL3 -169CC genotypes was found in the study group compared with controls (P = 0.04). The PTPN22 c.1858CC and FCRL3 -169CC genotype combination, restricted to female patients only, was associated with well-preserved residual β-cell function throughout the entire follow up (prolonged FCP level increase up to the sixth month of disease, with further very stable dynamics-FCP median level ≥0.67 ng/mL without significant decrease up to the 24th month). HbA1c levels in this subgroup also remained the lowest during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Ascertained phenomenon could be explained by an interacting mechanism of the two polymorphisms through estrogen-regulated nuclear factor kappa B signaling in regulatory T (Treg ) lymphocytes. This hypothesis, if confirmed, may lead to further development of Treg administration-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pawłowicz
- Department of Paediatrics, Haematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Developmental Neurology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Filipów
- Institute of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Krzykowski
- Institute of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Lucyna Morzuch
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Julia Kulczycka
- Laboratory of Immunology and Clinic Transplantology, University Clinical Centre of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Balcerska
- Department of Paediatrics, Haematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Limon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Fuchs H, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Amarie OV, Becker L, Calzada-Wack J, Cho YL, Garrett L, Hölter SM, Irmler M, Kistler M, Kraiger M, Mayer-Kuckuk P, Moreth K, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, da Silva Buttkus P, Treise I, Zimprich A, Gampe K, Hutterer C, Stöger C, Leuchtenberger S, Maier H, Miller M, Scheideler A, Wu M, Beckers J, Bekeredjian R, Brielmeier M, Busch DH, Klingenspor M, Klopstock T, Ollert M, Schmidt-Weber C, Stöger T, Wolf E, Wurst W, Yildirim AÖ, Zimmer A, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabě de Angelis M. Understanding gene functions and disease mechanisms: Phenotyping pipelines in the German Mouse Clinic. Behav Brain Res 2017; 352:187-196. [PMID: 28966146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since decades, model organisms have provided an important approach for understanding the mechanistic basis of human diseases. The German Mouse Clinic (GMC) was the first phenotyping facility that established a collaboration-based platform for phenotype characterization of mouse lines. In order to address individual projects by a tailor-made phenotyping strategy, the GMC advanced in developing a series of pipelines with tests for the analysis of specific disease areas. For a general broad analysis, there is a screening pipeline that covers the key parameters for the most relevant disease areas. For hypothesis-driven phenotypic analyses, there are thirteen additional pipelines with focus on neurological and behavioral disorders, metabolic dysfunction, respiratory system malfunctions, immune-system disorders and imaging techniques. In this article, we give an overview of the pipelines and describe the scientific rationale behind the different test combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oana V Amarie
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yi-Li Cho
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Kistler
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kraiger
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Moreth
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patricia da Silva Buttkus
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Irina Treise
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annemarie Zimprich
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristine Gampe
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine Hutterer
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Stöger
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Leuchtenberger
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Holger Maier
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Miller
- Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Scheideler
- Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Moya Wu
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Raffi Bekeredjian
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Brielmeier
- Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University Munich, EKFZ - Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1a, 80336 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 80336 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 Munich, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, Rue Henri Koch, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Carsten Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität München, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter-Landstr., 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Stöger
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 80336 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 Munich, Germany; Chair of Developmental Genetics, Technische Universität München Freising-Weihenstephan, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter-Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Jerram ST, Leslie RD. The Genetic Architecture of Type 1 Diabetes. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8080209. [PMID: 28829396 PMCID: PMC5575672 DOI: 10.3390/genes8080209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is classically characterised by the clinical need for insulin, the presence of disease-associated serum autoantibodies, and an onset in childhood. The disease, as with other autoimmune diseases, is due to the interaction of genetic and non-genetic effects, which induce a destructive process damaging insulin-secreting cells. In this review, we focus on the nature of this interaction, and how our understanding of that gene-environment interaction has changed our understanding of the nature of the disease. We discuss the early onset of the disease, the development of distinct immunogenotypes, and the declining heritability with increasing age at diagnosis. Whilst Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) have a major role in causing T1D, we note that some of these HLA genes have a protective role, especially in children, whilst other non-HLA genes are also important. In adult-onset T1D, the disease is often not insulin-dependent at diagnosis, and has a dissimilar immunogenotype with reduced genetic predisposition. Finally, we discuss the putative nature of the non-genetic factors and how they might interact with genetic susceptibility, including preliminary studies of the epigenome associated with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Jerram
- Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Richard David Leslie
- Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK.
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SIAE Rare Variants in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Primary Antibody Deficiencies. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:1514294. [PMID: 28900629 PMCID: PMC5576406 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1514294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid acetylesterase (SIAE) deficiency was suggested to lower the levels of ligands for sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like receptors, decreasing the threshold for B-cell activation. In humans, studies of rare heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in SIAE gene in common autoimmune diseases, including juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), yielded inconsistent results. Considering the distinct pathogenesis of the two main subtypes of JIA, autoinflammatory systemic (sJIA) and autoimmune oligo/polyarticular (aJIA), and a predisposition to autoimmunity displayed by patients and families with primary antibody deficiencies (PADs), the aim of our study was to analyze whether SIAE rare variants are associated with both the phenotype of JIA and the autoimmunity risk in families with PADs. A cohort of 69 patients with JIA, 117 healthy children, 54 patients, and family members with PADs were enrolled in the study. Three novel SIAE variants (p.Q343P, p.Y495X, and c.1320+33T>C) were found only in patients with aJIA but interestingly also in their healthy relatives without autoimmunity, while none of PAD patients or their relatives carried SIAE defects. Our results show that SIAE rare variants are not causative of autoimmunity as single defects.
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Xu T, Ying T, Wang L, Zhang XD, Wang Y, Kang L, Huang T, Cheng L, Wang L, Zhao Q. A native-like bispecific antibody suppresses the inflammatory cytokine response by simultaneously neutralizing tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-17A. Oncotarget 2017; 8:81860-81872. [PMID: 29137228 PMCID: PMC5669854 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapies are successful in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. However, some patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fail to response anti-TNF drugs due to the compensation of other inflammatory signals. In this study, to reduce compensatory responses of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) during TNF-α inhibition, we generated an IgG-like bispecific antibodiy (bsAb) against TNF-α and IL-17A through a combination method of electrostatic Fc pairing and light chain crossover. This bsAb exhibited relatively high stability comparable to natural IgG antibodies, and retained the unaltered affinities to both of two targets. BsAb significantly decreased not only the expression level of neutrophil or Th17 chemokines, but also the secretion of IL-6/IL-8 on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from a patient with RA. Meanwhile, TNF-α-mediated cellular cytotoxicity of fibroblasts was neutralized by bsAb. Importantly, we demonstrate that the combined blockade of TNF-α and IL-17A is more efficient than inhibition of either factor alone. Our results suggest the IgG-like anti-TNF-α/IL-17A bispecific molecule overcome the limited therapeutic responses using anti-TNF drugs. It may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Xu
- School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Lishan Kang
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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Słomiński B, Myśliwska J, Ryba-Stanisławowska M, Skrzypkowska M, Myśliwiec M. Estrogen receptor α gene polymorphism and vascular complications in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Biochem 2017. [PMID: 28634856 PMCID: PMC5752735 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of estrogens is mediated by activation of estrogen receptors (ERs). Because ER-α gene polymorphisms may exert different effects in childhood, we analyzed the associations between the IVS1 −397T>C (PvuII) polymorphism and systemic inflammatory state, proangiogenic factors, frequency of monocyte subsets, lipid profile, blood pressure, and vascular complications in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). We examined 180 young girls with DM1 and 120 healthy age-matched controls. The analysis concerned PvuII polymorphism of the ER-α gene as well as the levels of serum inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α), proangiogenic factors (VEGF, angiogenin), 17β-estradiol, values of monocyte subsets (CD14++CD16− and CD14+CD16+), lipid profile, and blood pressure. In our study, girls with CC genotype had lower level of inflammatory and angiogenic factors and lower frequencies of CD14+CD16+ monocytes in comparison to CT or TT carriers. Simultaneously, the CC carriers had a greater population of CD14++CD16− monocytes, increased blood pressure, and serum levels of: estrogen, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than girls bearing CT or TT genotype. Our study suggests a pleiotropic effect of PvuII polymorphic CC variant on diabetic vasculopathies. Although the CC genotype carriers demonstrate less inflammatory and angiogenic activity, they seem to display less favorable cardiometabolic features. Based on our study, we cannot distinguish PvuII ER-α genotype that could be useful in identification of DM1 girls that are more prone to develop of late vascular complications, before the occurrence of first clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Słomiński
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Myśliwska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Maria Skrzypkowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Myśliwiec
- Chair & Clinics of Paediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
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Petersen F, Yue X, Riemekasten G, Yu X. Dysregulated homeostasis of target tissues or autoantigens - A novel principle in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:602-611. [PMID: 28411168 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic autoimmune disorders provide a powerful tool for our understanding of the principles of autoimmunity due to the obvious impact of a single gene on the disease. So far, approximately 100 single gene defects causing murine monogenic autoimmune disorders have been reported and the functional characterization of these genes will provide significant progress in understanding the nature of autoimmunity. According to their function, genes leading to monogenic autoimmune disorders can be categorized into two groups. An expectable first group contains genes involved in the homeostasis of the immune system, including homeostasis of immune organs and immune cells. Intriguingly, the second group consists of genes functionally involved in the homeostasis of target tissues or autoantigens. According to our novel hypothesis, we propose that autoimmunity represents a consequence of a dysregulated homeostasis of the immune system and/or its targets including autoantigens and target tissues. In this review we refer to both aspects of homeostasis in autoimmunity with a highlight on the role of the homeostasis of target tissues and autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany; Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany; Xiamen-Borstel Joint Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Immune modulation of some autoimmune diseases: the critical role of macrophages and neutrophils in the innate and adaptive immunity. J Transl Med 2017; 15:36. [PMID: 28202039 PMCID: PMC5312441 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and neutrophils are key components involved in the regulation of numerous chronic inflammatory diseases, infectious disorders, and especially certain autoimmune disease. However, little is known regarding the contribution of these cells to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Recent studies have aimed to clarify certain important factors affecting the immunogenicity of these cells, including the type and dose of antigen, the microenvironment of the cell-antigen encounter, and the number, subset, and phenotype of these cells, which can prevent or induce autoimmune responses. This review highlights the role of macrophage subsets and neutrophils in injured tissues, supporting their cooperation during the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases.
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Sahraian MA, Owji M, Naser Moghadasi A. Concomitant multiple sclerosis and another autoimmune disease: Does the clinical course change? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 150:92-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Maundrell A, Lester S, Rischmueller M, Hill C, Cleland LG, Blumbergs P, Wiese M, Limaye V. The PTPN22 gene is associated with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:270-273. [PMID: 27312665 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine whether a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; 1858CT, R620W) in the protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22) gene confers susceptibility to idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) in South Australian patients with IIM. METHODS Genotyping was performed on stored DNA from 199 patients with histologically confirmed polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM), and then compared with 455 matched controls. Associations with the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (AH), and myositis-specific (MSA) and myositis-associated (MAA) autoantibodies were investigated. RESULTS The PTPN22 R620W minor allele frequency was increased in IIM patients (50 of 398, 12.6%) compared with controls (75 of 910, 8.2%) (odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.3, P = 0.016). In IIM patients, there was no association between the R620W minor allele and detection of any MSA/MAA (P = 0.70), nor any evidence of epistasis with the 8.1 AH (P = 0.69). CONCLUSIONS The PTPN22 R620W minor allele is associated with susceptibility to IIM in SA patients, independent of the 8.1 AH. Muscle Nerve, 2016 Muscle Nerve 55: 270-273, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Maundrell
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Sue Lester
- Rheumatology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maureen Rischmueller
- Rheumatology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Hill
- Rheumatology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leslie G Cleland
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Peter Blumbergs
- Tissue Pathology, South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Wiese
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vidya Limaye
- Rheumatology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
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Liebman HA. Immune modulation for autoimmune disorders: evolution of therapeutics. Semin Hematol 2016; 53 Suppl 1:S23-6. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ochoa E, Iriondo M, Manzano C, Fullaondo A, Villar I, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Zubiaga AM, Estonba A. LDLR and PCSK9 Are Associated with the Presence of Antiphospholipid Antibodies and the Development of Thrombosis in aPLA Carriers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146990. [PMID: 26820623 PMCID: PMC4731066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The identification of the genetic risk factors that could discriminate non- thrombotic from thrombotic antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLA) carriers will improve prognosis of these patients. Several human studies have shown the presence of aPLAs associated with atherosclerotic plaque, which is a known risk factor for thrombosis. Hence, in order to determine the implication of atherosclerosis in the risk of developing thrombosis in aPLA positive patients, we performed a genetic association study with 3 candidate genes, APOH, LDLR and PCSK9. Material & Methods For genetic association study we analyzed 190 aPLA carriers -100 with non-thrombotic events and 90 with thrombotic events- and 557 healthy controls. Analyses were performed by χ2 test and were corrected by false discovery rate. To evaluate the functional implication of the newly established susceptibility loci, we performed expression analyses in 86 aPLA carrier individuals (43 with thrombotic manifestations and 43 without it) and in 45 healthy controls. Results Our results revealed significant associations after correction in SNPs located in LDLR gene with aPLA carriers and thrombotic aPLA carriers, when compared with healthy controls. The most significant association in LDLR gene was found between SNP rs129083082 and aPLA carriers in recessive model (adjusted P-value = 2.55 x 10−3; OR = 2.18; 95%CI = 1.49–3.21). Furthermore, our work detected significant allelic association after correction between thrombotic aPLA carriers and healthy controls in SNP rs562556 located in PCSK9 gene (adjusted P-value = 1.03 x 10−2; OR = 1.60; 95%CI = 1.24–2.06). Expression level study showed significantly decreased expression level of LDLR gene in aPLA carriers (P-value <0.0001; 95%CI 0.16–2.10; SE 0.38–1.27) in comparison to the control group. Discussion Our work has identified LDLR gene as a new susceptibility gene associated with the development of thrombosis in aPLA carriers, describing for the first time the deregulation of LDLR expression in individuals with aPLAs. Besides, thrombotic aPLA carriers also showed significant association with PCSK9 gene, a regulator of LDLR plasma levels. These results highlight the importance of atherosclerotic processes in the development of thrombosis in patients with aPLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eguzkine Ochoa
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, School of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Mikel Iriondo
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, School of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carmen Manzano
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, School of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Fullaondo
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, School of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Irama Villar
- Autoimmune Disease Research Unit, Service of Internal Medicine, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza
- Autoimmune Disease Research Unit, Service of Internal Medicine, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ana M. Zubiaga
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, School of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Andone Estonba
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, School of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- * E-mail: ;
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Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a unique form of chronic pancreatitis characterized by high serum IgG4 concentration and a variety of complicating extra-pancreatic lesions. AIP has the features of a complex disease that is caused by multifactorial genes. However, the genetic factors underlying AIP have not been elucidated conclusively. Association studies by the candidate-gene approach and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed several susceptibility genes for AIP, including HLA DRB1*04:05-DQB1*04:01, FCRL3, CTLA4, and KCNA3, albeit in small-scale analyses. Thus, GWAS of large sample sizes and multinational collaborative meta-analyses are needed to identify the precise genetic variants that are associated with AIP onset. Systems genetics approaches that integrate DNA sequencing, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, proteomics, and metabolomics will also be useful in clarifying the pathogenesis of AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Ota
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Takeji Umemura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kawa
- Center for Health, Safety, and Environmental Management, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
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Venkatesan A, Benavides DR. Autoimmune encephalitis and its relation to infection. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015; 15:3. [PMID: 25637289 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-015-0529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Encephalitis, an inflammatory condition of the brain that results in substantial morbidity and mortality, has numerous causes. Over the past decade, it has become increasingly recognized that autoimmune conditions contribute significantly to the spectrum of encephalitis causes. Clinical suspicion and early diagnosis of autoimmune etiologies are of particular importance due to the need for early institution of immune suppressive therapies to improve outcome. Emerging clinical observations suggest that the most commonly recognized cause of antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, may in some cases be triggered by herpes virus infection. Other conditions such as Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) have also been posited to be autoimmune conditions triggered by infectious agents. This review focuses on emerging concepts in central nervous system autoimmunity and addresses clinical and mechanistic findings linking autoimmune encephalitis and infections. Particular consideration will be given to anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and its relation to herpes simplex encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Venkatesan
- Johns Hopkins Encephalitis Center, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6-113, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA,
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Tang L, Wan P, Wang Y, Pan J, Wang Y, Chen B. Genetic association and interaction between the IRF5 and TYK2 genes and systemic lupus erythematosus in the Han Chinese population. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:817-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Słomiński B, Myśliwska J, Brandt A. Grade of inflammation in boys with type 1 diabetes depends on the IVS1 -397T>C estrogen receptor α polymorphism. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:801-7. [PMID: 26077347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The effect of estrogens is mediated by activation of estrogen receptors (ERs), which are expressed in many tissues. Because ER-α gene polymorphisms may exert different effects in childhood, in the present study we analyzed associations between the IVS1 -397T>C polymorphism and indicators of inflammatory response as well as late complications in boys with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 108 young boys with DM1 and 64 healthy age-matched control individuals. ER-α genotyping, as well as the CRP and IL-6 serum level and blood pressure, was analyzed. In our study boys with CC genotype had lower blood pressure and IL-6 and CRP serum levels. Similar results were obtained for DM1 boys with microvascular complications - the blood pressure and serum level of IL-6, but not CRP, were still lower in the CC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the presence of -397T allele may indicate macro- and microvascular complications in DM1 boys, before the occurrence of first clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Słomiński
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk.
| | - Jolanta Myśliwska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk
| | - Agnieszka Brandt
- Chair & Clinics of Paediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk
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Threlfall AJ, Boag AM, Soutter F, Glanemann B, Syme HM, Catchpole B. Analysis of DLA-DQB1 and polymorphisms in CTLA4 in Cocker spaniels affected with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2015; 2:8. [PMID: 26401336 PMCID: PMC4579385 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocker spaniels are predisposed to immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA), suggesting that genetic factors influence disease susceptibility. Dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II genes encode major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that are involved in antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells. Several DLA haplotypes have been associated with autoimmune disease, including IMHA, in dogs, and breed specific differences have been identified. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a critical molecule involved in the regulation of T-cell responses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA4 promoter have been shown to be associated with several autoimmune diseases in humans and more recently with diabetes mellitus and hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether DLA-DQB1 alleles or CTLA4 promoter variability are associated with risk of IMHA in Cocker spaniels. RESULTS There were a restricted number of DLA-DQB1 alleles identified, with a high prevalence of DLA-DQB1*007:01 in both groups. A high prevalence of DLA-DQB1 homozygosity was identified, although there was no significant difference between IMHA cases and controls. CTLA4 promoter haplotype diversity was limited in Cocker spaniels, with all dogs expressing at least one copy of haplotype 8. There was no significant difference comparing haplotypes in the IMHA affected group versus control group (p = 0.23). Homozygosity for haplotype 8 was common in Cocker spaniels with IMHA (27/29; 93 %) and in controls (52/63; 83 %), with no statistically significant difference in prevalence between the two groups (p = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS DLA-DQB1 allele and CTLA4 promoter haplotype were not found to be significantly associated with IMHA in Cocker spaniels. Homozygosity for DLA-DQB1*007:01 and the presence of CTLA4 haplotype 8 in Cocker spaniels might increase overall susceptibility to IMHA in this breed, with other genetic and environmental factors involved in disease expression and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Threlfall
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Alisdair M Boag
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Barbara Glanemann
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Harriet M Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
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A multilocus genetic study in a cohort of Italian SLE patients confirms the association with STAT4 gene and describes a new association with HCP5 gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111991. [PMID: 25369137 PMCID: PMC4219822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with complex pathogenesis in which genes and environmental factors are involved. We aimed at analyzing previously identified loci associated with SLE or with other autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders (STAT4, IL10, IL23R, IRAK1, PSORS1C1, HCP5, MIR146a, PTPN2, ERAP1, ATG16L1, IRGM) in a sample of Italian SLE patients in order to verify or confirm their possible involvement and relative contribution in the disease. Materials and methods Two hundred thirty-nine consecutive SLE patients and 278 matched healthy controls were enrolled. Study protocol included complete physical examination, and clinical and laboratory data collection. Nineteen polymorphisms were genotyped by allelic discrimination assays. A case-control association study and a genotype-phenotype correlation were performed. Results STAT4 was the most associated gene [P = 3×10−7, OR = 2.13 (95% CI: 1.59–2.85)]. IL10 confirmed its association with SLE [rs3024505: P = 0.02, OR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.07–2.16)]. We describe a novel significant association between HCP5 locus and SLE susceptibility [rs3099844: P = 0.01, OR = 2.06 (95% CI: 1.18–3.6)]. The genotype/phenotype correlation analysis showed several associations including a higher risk to develop pericarditis with STAT4, and an association between HCP5 rs3099844 and anti-Ro/SSA antibodies. Conclusions STAT4 and IL10 confirm their association with SLE. We found that some SNPs in PSORS1C1, ATG16L1, IL23R, PTPN2 and MIR146a genes can determine particular disease phenotypes. HCP5 rs3099844 is associated with SLE and with anti-Ro/SSA. This polymorphism has been previously found associated with cardiac manifestations of SLE, a condition related with anti-Ro/SSA antibodies. Thus, our results may provide new insights into SLE pathogenesis.
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Pacheco GV, Cruz DC, González Herrera LJ, Pérez Mendoza GJ, Adrián Amaro GI, Nakazawa Ueji YE, Angulo Ramírez AV. Copy Number Variation of TLR-7 Gene and its Association with the Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Female Patients from Yucatan Mexico. GENETICS & EPIGENETICS 2014; 6:31-6. [PMID: 25512712 PMCID: PMC4251061 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against self-antigens, which occurs most often in women between 15 and 40 years of age. The innate immunity is involved in the pathogenesis of SLE through TLR- 7. Genetic factors such as copy number variation (CNV) of target genes may contribute to disease development, but this possible risk has not yet been studied in SLE patients from Yucatan, Mexico. The CNV of TLR-7 gene was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay using TaqMan probes in 80 SLE women and 150 control subjects. The results showed that 10% of SLE patients exhibited more than two copies of TLR-7 gene, whereas no mRNA overexpression was detected. These data suggested that increased CNV of the TLR-7 gene in Yucatan SLE women can be a risk factor for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Valencia Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Hematología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, México
| | - Darig Cámara Cruz
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, México
| | - Lizbeth J González Herrera
- Laboratorio de Genética, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, México
| | - Gerardo J Pérez Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genética, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, México
| | | | - Yumi E Nakazawa Ueji
- Laboratorio de Hematología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, México
| | - Angélica V Angulo Ramírez
- Reumatología, Hospital General Dr. Agustín O'Horán, Servicios de Salud de Yucatán (SSY). Mérida, Yucatán, México
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HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele protects from asthma susceptibility. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1201-3. [PMID: 25034406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hopkins AM, O'Doherty CE, Foster DJR, Suppiah V, Upton RN, Spargo LD, Cleland LG, Proudman SM, Wiese MD. The rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility polymorphism PTPN22 C1858T is not associated with leflunomide response or toxicity. J Clin Pharm Ther 2014; 39:555-60. [PMID: 25040563 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE A common polymorphism (C1858T) in the gene that encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) is associated with altered T-cell responses and increased susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases. Teriflunomide, the active metabolite of leflunomide, reduces T-cell responses through inhibition of tyrosine kinase p56LCK. We examined a potential association between PTPN22 genotype and response or toxicity to leflunomide in Caucasian RA patients taking leflunomide in combination with other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). METHODS Patients enrolled in the Royal Adelaide Hospital RA inception cohort and taking leflunomide were eligible for inclusion. Participants were followed for 12 months after leflunomide initiation or until either another DMARD was added or leflunomide was ceased. Clinical response according to change in 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and cessation due to toxicity were assessed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 94 participants were included in the study, 75 of whom carried the CC genotype, 18 the CT, whereas one individual carried the TT genotype. Over the first 12 months of leflunomide treatment, there was no statistically significant relationship between carrying the T allele and change in DAS28 (-0·84 vs. -1·15, P = 0·446) nor with cessation of leflunomide treatment due to side effects (P = 0·433). These results indicate that PTPN22 C1858T genotype has no effect on response or toxicity outcomes in leflunomide-treated RA patients. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION This is the first study to evaluate the biologically plausible hypothesis that PTPN22 genotype might be a predictor of response/toxicity to leflunomide therapy. Despite this, PTPN22 genotype was not associated with leflunomide response or toxicity in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hopkins
- Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Williams S, Stafford P, Hoffman SA. Diagnosis and early detection of CNS-SLE in MRL/lpr mice using peptide microarrays. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:23. [PMID: 24908187 PMCID: PMC4065311 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-15-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An accurate method that can diagnose and predict lupus and its neuropsychiatric manifestations is essential since currently there are no reliable methods. Autoantibodies to a varied panel of antigens in the body are characteristic of lupus. In this study we investigated whether serum autoantibody binding patterns on random-sequence peptide microarrays (immunosignaturing) can be used for diagnosing and predicting the onset of lupus and its central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. We also tested the techniques for identifying potentially pathogenic autoantibodies in CNS-Lupus. We used the well-characterized MRL/lpr lupus animal model in two studies as a first step to develop and evaluate future studies in humans. Results In study one we identified possible diagnostic peptides for both lupus and altered behavior in the forced swim test. When comparing the results of study one to that of study two (carried out in a similar manner), we further identified potential peptides that may be diagnostic and predictive of both lupus and altered behavior in the forced swim test. We also characterized five potentially pathogenic brain-reactive autoantibodies, as well as suggested possible brain targets. Conclusions These results indicate that immunosignaturing could predict and diagnose lupus and its CNS manifestations. It can also be used to characterize pathogenic autoantibodies, which may help to better understand the underlying mechanisms of CNS-Lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Williams
- Neuroimmunology Labs, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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Muraille E. Generation of individual diversity: a too neglected fundamental property of adaptive immune system. Front Immunol 2014; 5:208. [PMID: 24860570 PMCID: PMC4026687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fitness gains resulting from development of the adaptive immune system (AIS) during evolution are still the subject of hot debate. A large random repertoire of antigenic receptors is costly to develop and could be the source of autoimmune reactions. And yet, despite their drawbacks, AIS-like systems seem to have been independently acquired in several phyla of metazoans with very different anatomies, longevities, and lifestyles. This article is a speculative attempt to explore the selective pressures, which favored this striking convergent evolution. It is well known that the AIS enables an organism to produce a specific immune response against all natural or artificial antigenic structures. However, it is frequently neglected that this response is highly variable among individuals. In practice, each individual possesses a "private" adaptive immune repertoire. This individualization of immune defenses implies that invasion and escape immune mechanisms developed by pathogens will certainly not always be successful as the specific targets and organization of the immune response are somewhat unpredictable. In a population, where individuals display heterogeneous immune responses to infection, the probability that a pathogen is able to infect all individuals could be reduced compared to a homogeneous population. This suggests that the individual diversity of the immune repertoire is not a by-product of the AIS but of its fundamental properties and could be in part responsible for repeated selection and conservation of the AIS during metazoan evolution. The capacity of the AIS to improve the management of cooperative or parasitic symbiotic relationships at the individual level could be a secondary development due to its progressive integration into the innate immune system. This hypothesis constitutes a new scenario for AIS emergence and explains the selection of MHC restriction and MHC diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Muraille
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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