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Yasuda I, Saludar NRD, Sayo AR, Suzuki S, Yokoyama A, Ozeki Y, Kobayashi H, Nishiyama A, Matsumoto S, Cox SE, Tanaka T, Yamashita Y. Evaluation of cytokine profiles related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis latent antigens using a whole-blood assay in the Philippines. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330796. [PMID: 38665909 PMCID: PMC11044679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is no useful method to discriminate between latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This study aimed to investigate the potential of cytokine profiles to discriminate between LTBI and active PTB using whole-blood stimulation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) antigens, including latency-associated antigens. Materials and methods Patients with active PTB, household contacts of active PTB patients and community exposure subjects were recruited in Manila, the Philippines. Peripheral blood was collected from the participants and used for whole-blood stimulation (WBS) with either the early secretory antigenic target and the 10-kDa culture filtrate protein (ESAT-6/CFP-10), Rv3879c or latency-associated MTB antigens, including mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP-1), α-crystallin (Acr) and heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA). Multiple cytokine concentrations were analyzed using the Bio-Plex™ multiplex cytokine assay. Results A total of 78 participants consisting of 15 active PTB patients, 48 household contacts and 15 community exposure subjects were eligible. The MDP-1-specific IFN-γ level in the active PTB group was significantly lower than that in the household contact group (p < 0.001) and the community exposure group (p < 0.001). The Acr-specific TNF-α and IL-10 levels in the active PTB group were significantly higher than those in the household contact (TNF-α; p = 0.001, IL-10; p = 0.001) and community exposure (TNF-α; p < 0.001, IL-10; p = 0.01) groups. However, there was no significant difference in the ESAT-6/CFP-10-specific IFN-γ levels among the groups. Conclusion The patterns of cytokine profiles induced by latency-associated MTB antigens using WBS have the potential to discriminate between LTBI and active PTB. In particular, combinations of IFN-γ and MDP-1, TNF-α and Acr, and IL-10 and Acr are promising. This study provides the first demonstration of the utility of MDP-1-specific cytokine responses in WBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikkoh Yasuda
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Infectious Diseases, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kita-Fukushima Medical Center, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuichi Suzuki
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Yokoyama
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Haruka Kobayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihito Nishiyama
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universitas Airlangga, Faculty of Medicine, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Division of Research Aids, Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sharon E. Cox
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shunkaikai Inoue Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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Ustiuzhanina MO, Streltsova MA, Timofeev ND, Kryukov MA, Chudakov DM, Kovalenko EI. Autologous T-Cell-Free Antigen Presentation System Unveils hCMV-Specific NK Cell Response. Cells 2024; 13:530. [PMID: 38534374 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
NK cells play a decisive role in controlling hCMV infection by combining innate and adaptive-like immune reactions. The hCMV-derived VMAPRTLFL (LFL) peptide is a potent activator of NKG2C+ NK cells. Proposed here is an autologous system of LFL stimulation without T lymphocytes and exogenous cytokines that allows us to evaluate NK-cell hCMV-specific responses in more native settings. In this model, we evaluated LFL-induced IFNγ production, focusing on signaling pathways and the degranulation and proliferation of NK cells orchestrated by microenvironment cytokine production and analyzed the transcriptome of expanded NK cells. NK cells of individuals having high anti-hCMV-IgG levels, in contrast to NK cells of hCMV-seronegative and low-positive donors, displayed increased IFNγ production and degranulation and activation levels and enhanced proliferation upon LFL stimulation. Cytokine profiles of these LFL-stimulated cultures demonstrated a proinflammatory shift. LFL-induced NK-cell IFNγ production was dependent on the PI3K and Ras/Raf/Mek signaling pathways, independently of cytokines. In hCMV-seropositive individuals, this model allowed obtaining NK-cell antigen-specific populations proliferating in response to LFL. The transcriptomic profile of these expanded NK cells showed increased adaptive gene expression and metabolic activation. The results complement the existing knowledge about hCMV-specific NK-cell response. This model may be further exploited for the identification and characterization of antigen-specific NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O Ustiuzhanina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Streltsova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita D Timofeev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A Kryukov
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Elena I Kovalenko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Imran JH, Shourav MK, Kim JK. Integrated Point-of-Care Immune Cell Analyzer with Rapid Blood Sample Reaction and Wide Field-of-View Detection. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1640-1650. [PMID: 38247122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of affordable, reliable, and rapid diagnostic devices is crucial for monitoring immunological responses using a drop of blood. However, conventional automated diagnostic devices typically involve expensive and impractical robotic fluid-handling approaches. Herein, we developed an integrated cell analyzer comprising a cylindrical sample cartridge connected to a direct current motor and a compact fluorescence imaging module. Sample mixing and loading are performed automatically by a programmable sequence of single motor rotation controlled by an Android application. Two distinct stained immune cell samples can be identified by using two types of fluorescence imaging modes. The effectiveness of mixing performance in antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) reactions was assessed through a compound objective lens that collects weak fluorescence emitted by the cell membrane. Active mixing with bidirectional rotation of the cartridge in a confined space shortened the Ag-Ab reaction time by a factor of 3.3 and achieved cell counting with higher accuracy while reducing reagent consumption by 4 times compared to the conventional incubation method. High-intensity fluorescence images of cells labeled with a nucleic acid stain were acquired through a single-lens-based fluorescence imaging module with a large field of view (FOV) in an unconventional detection chamber with a curved substrate. Compared with a flat chamber, the curved detection chamber reduces the effects of field curvature and provides aberration-free wide-FOV images, even with a simple lens. Our integrated cell analyzer thus offers a practical and cost-effective solution for monitoring patient immune responses in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakir Hossain Imran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohiuddin Khan Shourav
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Jung Kyung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
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Tang J, Fu M, Xu C, Xue B, Zhou A, Chen S, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Chen J, Yang Q, Chen X. Development of a novel virus-like particle-based vaccine for preventing tick-borne encephalitis virus infection. Virol Sin 2023; 38:767-777. [PMID: 37328107 PMCID: PMC10590693 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an important tick-borne pathogen that poses as a serious public health concern. The coverage and immunogenicity of the currently available vaccines against TBEV are relatively low; therefore, it is crucial to develop novel and effective vaccines against TBEV. The present study describes a novel strategy for the assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) by co-expressing the structural (core/prM/E) and non-structural (NS2B/NS3Pro) proteins of TBEV. The efficacy of the VLPs was subsequently evaluated in C57BL/6 mice, and the resultant IgG serum could neutralize both Far-Eastern and European subtypes of TBEV. These findings indicated that the VLP-based vaccine elicited the production of cross-subtype reactive antibodies. The VLPs provided protection to mice lacking the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR-/-) against lethal TBEV challenge, with undetectable viral load in brain and intestinal tissues. Furthermore, the group that received the VLP vaccine did not exhibit significant pathological changes and the inflammatory factors were significantly suppressed compared to the control group. Immunization with the VLP vaccine induced the production of multiple-cytokine-producing antiviral CD4+ T cells in vivo, including TNF-α+, IL-2+, and IFN-γ+ T cells. Altogether, the findings suggest that noninfectious VLPs can serve as a potentially safe and effective vaccine candidate against diverse subtypes of TBEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Tang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Muqing Fu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bao Xue
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Anqi Zhou
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Sijie Chen
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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Yamashita Y, Yasuda I, Tanaka T, Ikeda T, Terada M, Takaki M, Tsuchihashi Y, Asoh N, Ohara Y, Enany S, Kobayashi H, Matsumoto S, Morimoto K. Antigen-specific cytokine profiles for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease stage diagnosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1222428. [PMID: 37520555 PMCID: PMC10380938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Controlling pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease is difficult because there is no way to know the clinical stage accurately. There have been few attempts to use cell-mediated immunity for diagnosing the stage. The objective of this study was to characterize cytokine profiles of CD4+T and CD19+B cells that recognize various Mycobacterium avium-associated antigens in different clinical stages of MAC. Methods A total of 47 MAC patients at different stages based on clinical information (14 before-treatment, 16 on-treatment, and 17 after-treatment) and 17 healthy controls were recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with specific antigens (MAV0968, 1160, 1276, and 4925), and the cytokine profiles (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-17) of CD4+/CD3+ and CD19+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results The response of Th1 cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α against various antigens was significantly higher in both the on-treatment and after-treatment groups than in the before-treatment group and control (P < 0.01-0.0001 and P < 0.05-0.0001). An analysis of polyfunctional T cells suggested that the presence of IL-2 is closely related to the stage after the start of treatment (P = 0.0309-P < 0.0001) and is involved in memory function. Non-Th1 cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-17, showed significantly higher responses in the before-treatment group (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01-0.0001). These responses were not observed with purified protein derivative (PPD). CD19+B cells showed a response similar to that of CD4+T cells. Conclusion There is a characteristic cytokine profile at each clinical stage of MAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shunkaikai Inoue Hospital, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ikkoh Yasuda
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Infectious Diseases, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toru Ikeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki Rosai Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mayumi Terada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koseikai Nijigaoka Hospital, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shunkaikai Inoue Hospital, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Tsuchihashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juzenkai Hospital, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Norichika Asoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juzenkai Hospital, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ohara
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shymaa Enany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Biomedical Research Department, Armed Force College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haruka Kobayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Konosuke Morimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koseikai Nijigaoka Hospital, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
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6
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Sonnleitner ST, Prelog M, Sonnleitner S, Hinterbichler E, Halbfurter H, Kopecky DBC, Almanzar G, Koblmüller S, Sturmbauer C, Feist L, Horres R, Posch W, Walder G. Cumulative SARS-CoV-2 mutations and corresponding changes in immunity in an immunocompromised patient indicate viral evolution within the host. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2560. [PMID: 35538074 PMCID: PMC9090742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different scenarios explaining the emergence of novel variants of concern (VOC) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported, including their evolution in scarcely monitored populations, in animals as alternative hosts, or in immunocompromised individuals. Here we report SARS-CoV-2 immune escape mutations over a period of seven months in an immunocompromised patient with prolonged viral shedding. Signs of infection, viral shedding and mutation events are periodically analyzed using RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing based on naso-pharyngeal swabs, with the results complemented by immunological diagnostics to determine humoral and T cell immune responses. Throughout the infection course, 17 non-synonymous intra-host mutations are noted, with 15 (88.2%) having been previously described as prominent immune escape mutations (S:E484K, S:D950N, S:P681H, S:N501Y, S:del(9), N:S235F and S:H655Y) in VOCs. The high frequency of these non-synonymous mutations is consistent with multiple events of convergent evolution. Thus, our results suggest that specific mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome may represent positions with a fitness advantage, and may serve as targets in future vaccine and therapeutics development for COVID-19. Variants of concerns arise from SARS-CoV-2 mutations poise as severe public health threats. Here the authors chronicle SARS-CoV-2 mutations onset and immune parameters in an immunocompromised patient with continuous virus-shedding, thereby hinting potential intra-host viral evolution and escape facilitated by ineffective T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissy Therese Sonnleitner
- Infektiologie Tirol, Department of Virology, 9931, Unterwalden 30, Außervillgraten, Austria. .,Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martina Prelog
- Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sonnleitner
- Infektiologie Tirol, Department of Virology, 9931, Unterwalden 30, Außervillgraten, Austria
| | - Eva Hinterbichler
- Infektiologie Tirol, Department of Virology, 9931, Unterwalden 30, Außervillgraten, Austria
| | - Hannah Halbfurter
- Infektiologie Tirol, Department of Virology, 9931, Unterwalden 30, Außervillgraten, Austria
| | - Dominik B C Kopecky
- Infektiologie Tirol, Department of Virology, 9931, Unterwalden 30, Außervillgraten, Austria
| | - Giovanni Almanzar
- Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Sturmbauer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Leonard Feist
- GenXPro GmbH, Altenhoeferallee 3, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Horres
- GenXPro GmbH, Altenhoeferallee 3, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gernot Walder
- Infektiologie Tirol, Department of Virology, 9931, Unterwalden 30, Außervillgraten, Austria
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Zhang W, Li H, Bream JH, Nilles TL, Leng SX, Margolick JB. Longitudinal association of cytokine-producing CMV-specific T cells with frailty in HIV-infected and -uninfected men who have sex with men. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:13. [PMID: 35255947 PMCID: PMC8900335 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been postulated as a driver of chronic inflammation that has been associated with frailty and other age-related conditions in both HIV-infected (HIV+) and -uninfected (HIV-) people. Methods To study the T cell response to CMV as a predictor of onset and maintenance of frailty, baseline CMV-specific T cell responses of 42 men (20 HIV-, 22 HIV+; 21 frail, 21 nonfrail) in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) were assessed by flow cytometric analysis of cytokine production (IFN-γ, TNF-⍺, and IL-2) in response to overlapping peptide pools spanning 19 CMV open reading frames. The Fried frailty phenotype was assessed at baseline and semiannually thereafter. Times to transition into or out of frailty were compared by tertiles of percentages of cytokine-producing T cells using Kaplan-Meier estimators and the exact log-rank test. Results Over a median follow-up of 6.5 (interquartile range: 2) years, faster onset of frailty was significantly predicted by higher (HIV- men) or lower (HIV+ men) percentages of CD4 T cells producing only IFN-γ (IFN-γ-single-producing (SP)), and by lower percentages of IFN-γ-, TNF-⍺-, and IL-2-triple-producing CD8 T cells (HIV- men). Greater maintenance of frailty was significantly predicted by lower percentages of both these T cell subsets in HIV- men, and by lower percentages of IFN-γ-SP CD4 T cells in HIV+ men. The antigenic specificity of IFN-γ-SP CD4 T cells was different between HIV- and HIV+ nonfrail men, as were the correlations between these cells and serum inflammatory markers. Conclusions In this pilot study, percentages of CMV-specific T cells predicted the onset and maintenance of frailty in HIV- and HIV+ men. Predictive responses differed by HIV status, which may relate to differential control of CMV reactivation and inflammation by anti-CMV T cell responses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-022-00270-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Rm E5153, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Huifen Li
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jay H Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Rm E5153, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tricia L Nilles
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Rm E5153, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sean X Leng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Rm E5153, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Immune Remodeling, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Rm E5153, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of homologous mRNA-based and vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine regimens in patients receiving maintenance dialysis. Clin Immunol 2022; 236:108961. [PMID: 35227871 PMCID: PMC8875769 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients receiving maintenance dialysis (MD) are vulnerable to COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. Currently, data on SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity post-vaccination in this population are scarce. We conducted a prospective single-center study exploring the specific cellular (interferon-γ and interleukin-2 ELISpot assays) and humoral immune responses (dot plot array and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay [CMIA]) at 4 weeks and 6 weeks following a single dose or a complete homologous dual dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine regimen in 60 MD patients (six with a history of COVID-19). Our results show that MD patients exhibit a high seroconversion rate (91.7%) but the anti-spike IgG antibodies (CMIA) tend to wane rapidly after full immunization. Only 51.7% of the patients developed T cell immune response. High anti-spike IgG antibodies may predict a better cellular immunity. While patients with prior COVID-19 showed the best response after one, SARS-CoV-2-naïve patients may benefit from a third vaccine injection.
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9
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Hardy MY, Goel G, Russell AK, Chen Yi Mei SLG, Brown GJE, Wang S, Szymczak E, Zhang R, Goldstein KE, Neff KM, Williams LJ, Truitt KE, Dzuris JL, Tye-Din JA, Anderson RP. A Sensitive Whole Blood Assay Detects Antigen-Stimulated Cytokine Release From CD4+ T Cells and Facilitates Immunomonitoring in a Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Nexvax2 in Coeliac Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661622. [PMID: 34093551 PMCID: PMC8171185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved blood tests assessing the functional status of rare gluten-specific CD4+ T cells are needed to effectively monitor experimental therapies for coeliac disease (CD). Our aim was to develop a simple, but highly sensitive cytokine release assay (CRA) for gluten-specific CD4+ T cells that did not require patients to undergo a prior gluten challenge, and would be practical in large, multi-centre clinical trials. We developed an enhanced CRA and used it in a phase 2 clinical trial (“RESET CeD”) of Nexvax2, a peptide-based immunotherapy for CD. Two participants with treated CD were assessed in a pilot study prior to and six days after a 3-day gluten challenge. Dye-dilution proliferation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was assessed, and IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-10 were measured by multiplex electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECL) after 24-hour gluten-peptide stimulation of whole blood or matched PBMC. Subsequently, gluten-specific CD4+ T cells in blood were assessed in a subgroup of the RESET CeD Study participants who received Nexvax2 (maintenance dose 900 μg, n = 12) or placebo (n = 9). The pilot study showed that gluten peptides induced IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-10 release from PBMCs attributable to CD4+ T cells, but the PBMC CRA was substantially less sensitive than whole blood CRA. Only modest gluten peptide-stimulated IL-2 release could be detected without prior gluten challenge using PBMC. In contrast, whole blood CRA enabled detection of IL-2 and IFN-γ before and after gluten challenge. IL-2 and IFN-γ release in whole blood required more than 6 hours incubation. Delay in whole blood incubation of more than three hours from collection substantially reduced antigen-stimulated IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion. Nexvax2, but not placebo treatment in the RESET CeD Study was associated with significant reductions in gluten peptide-stimulated whole blood IL-2 and IFN-γ release, and CD4+ T cell proliferation. We conclude that using fresh whole blood instead of PBMC substantially enhances cytokine secretion stimulated by gluten peptides, and enables assessment of rare gluten-specific CD4+ T cells without requiring CD patients to undertake a gluten challenge. Whole blood assessment coupled with ultra-sensitive cytokine detection shows promise in the monitoring of rare antigen-specific T cells in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Y Hardy
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gautam Goel
- ImmusanT, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Amy K Russell
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Gregor J E Brown
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Suyue Wang
- ImmusanT, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Ruan Zhang
- ImmusanT, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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10
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Low-dose decitabine priming endows CAR T cells with enhanced and persistent antitumour potential via epigenetic reprogramming. Nat Commun 2021; 12:409. [PMID: 33462245 PMCID: PMC7814040 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient eradication capacity and dysfunction are common occurrences in T cells that characterize cancer immunotherapy failure. De novo DNA methylation promotes T cell exhaustion, whereas methylation inhibition enhances T cell rejuvenation in vivo. Decitabine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor approved for clinical use, may provide a means of modifying exhaustion-associated DNA methylation programmes. Herein, anti-tumour activities, cytokine production, and proliferation are enhanced in decitabine-treated chimeric antigen receptor T (dCAR T) cells both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, dCAR T cells can eradicate bulky tumours at a low-dose and establish effective recall responses upon tumour rechallenge. Antigen-expressing tumour cells trigger higher expression levels of memory-, proliferation- and cytokine production-associated genes in dCAR T cells. Tumour-infiltrating dCAR T cells retain a relatively high expression of memory-related genes and low expression of exhaustion-related genes in vivo. In vitro administration of decitabine may represent an option for the generation of CAR T cells with improved anti-tumour properties.
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11
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Advances in Continuous Microfluidics-Based Technologies for the Study of HIV Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090982. [PMID: 32899657 PMCID: PMC7552050 DOI: 10.3390/v12090982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It affects millions of people worldwide and the pandemic persists despite the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. A wide spectrum of techniques has been implemented in order to diagnose and monitor AIDS progression over the years. Besides the conventional approaches, microfluidics has provided useful methods for monitoring HIV-1 infection. In this review, we introduce continuous microfluidics as well as the fabrication and handling of microfluidic chips. We provide a review of the different applications of continuous microfluidics in AIDS diagnosis and progression and in the basic study of the HIV-1 life cycle.
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12
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Yamashita Y, Oe T, Kawakami K, Osada-Oka M, Ozeki Y, Terahara K, Yasuda I, Edwards T, Tanaka T, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Matsumoto S, Ariyoshi K. CD4 + T Responses Other Than Th1 Type Are Preferentially Induced by Latency-Associated Antigens in the State of Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2807. [PMID: 31849981 PMCID: PMC6897369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) produces a diverse range of antigenic proteins in its dormant phase. The cytokine profiles of CD4+ T cell responses, especially subsets other than Th1 type (non-Th1 type), against these latency-associated M. tuberculosis antigens such as α-crystallin (Acr), heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA), and mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP-1) remain elusive in relation to the clinical stage of M. tuberculosis infection. In the present study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from different stages of M. tuberculosis-infected cases and control PBMCs were stimulated with these antigens and ESAT-6/CFP-10. Cytokine profiles of CD4+ T cells were evaluated by intracellular cytokine staining using multicolor flow cytometry. Our results demonstrate that Th1 cytokine responses were predominant after TB onset independent of the type of antigen stimulation. On the contrary, non-Th1 cytokine responses were preferentially induced by latency-associated M. tuberculosis antigens, specifically IL-10 response against Acr in latent M. tuberculosis infection. From these results, we surmise a shift in the CD4+ T cell response from mixed non-Th1 to Th1 dominant type during TB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Oe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Higashi-Saga Hospital, Miyaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawakami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki-Kawatana Medical Center, Kawatana, Japan
| | - Mayuko Osada-Oka
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Terahara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikkoh Yasuda
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tansy Edwards
- Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Science, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.,Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Koya Ariyoshi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki, Japan
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13
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Potential of the dual IFN-γ/IL-2 fluorescence-immunospot assay to distinguish different stages in bovine tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 217:109930. [PMID: 31437738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human studies have identified the potential of measuring Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific IFN-γ and/or IL-2 secreting T cell subsets to distinguish different clinical stages of human tuberculosis (TB). To assess these functional T cell subsets in different states of bovine TB we have established a bovine dual IFN-γ/IL-2 fluorescence-immunospot (FluoroSpot) assay and analysed the frequencies of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) specific IL-2 and/or IFN-γ producing cells in PBMC from 30 cattle naturally infected with M. bovis. Depending on their post mortem results the animals were grouped in 22 cattle with visible lesions (VL) and 8 cattle without visible lesions (NVL). In response to bovine tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD-B) the frequencies of cytokine producing cells and proportions of IL-2 single producers were significantly higher in VL compared to NVL while PWM-induced cytokine responses were similar between the two groups. Dual IL-2+IFN-γ+ T cells could be identified as the largest PPD-B responsive T cell subset in both cattle groups. In conclusion, our FluoroSpot is a valid method to enumerate individual antigen-specific IFN-γ+ and IL-2+ T cell subsets ex vivo. The greater levels of single IL-2 producing T cells associated with the presence of pathology could be a potential biomarker for active TB in cattle.
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14
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Liu C, He H, Li X, Su MA, Cao Y. Dynamic metrics-based biomarkers to predict responders to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2018; 120:346-355. [PMID: 30587849 PMCID: PMC6353899 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-PD-1 immunotherapies have shown clinical benefit in multiple cancers, but response was only observed in a subset of patients. Predicting which patients will respond is an urgent clinical need, but current companion diagnosis based on PD-L1 IHC staining shows limited predictability. Methods A dynamic, metrics-based biomarker was developed to discriminate responders from non-responders for anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice. Results Similar to patients, there was considerable heterogeneity in response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in mice. Compared with the control group, 45% of anti-PD-1 antibody-treated mice displayed improved survival (defined as responders) and the remainder only gained little, if any, survival benefit from PD-1 blockade (non-responders). Interestingly, the dynamics of IFN-γ secretion by peripheral lymphocytes was associated with faster secretion onset (shorter lag time), stronger exponential phase, shorter time to half magnitude, and higher magnitude of secretion in responders at day 10 after tumour inoculation. To sufficiently predict responders from non-responders, IFN-γ secretion descriptors as well as phenotypic markers were subjected to multivariate analysis using orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Conclusions By integrating phenotypic markers, IFN-γ secretion descriptors sufficiently predict response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Such a dynamic, metrics-based biomarker holds high diagnostic potential for anti-PD-1 checkpoint immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hua He
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Maureen A Su
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Medical Genetics (MIMG) and Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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15
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Li Y, Guptill JT, Russo MA, Massey JM, Juel VC, Hobson-Webb LD, Howard JF, Chopra M, Liu W, Yi JS. Tacrolimus inhibits Th1 and Th17 responses in MuSK-antibody positive myasthenia gravis patients. Exp Neurol 2018; 312:43-50. [PMID: 30472069 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Muscle specific tyrosine kinase antibody positive myasthenia gravis (MuSK- MG) is characterized by autoantibodies against the MuSK protein of the neuromuscular junction resulting in weakness of bulbar and proximal muscles. We previously demonstrated that patients with MuSK-MG have increased pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 responses. Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressant used in AChR-MG and transplantation patients, inhibits T cell responses through interference with IL-2 transcription. The therapeutic efficacy and immunological effect of tacrolimus in MuSK-MG is unclear. In the current study we examined the proliferation, phenotype and cytokine production of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MuSK-MG following a 3-day in vitro culture with or without tacrolimus. We determined that tacrolimus profoundly suppressed CD4 and CD8 T cell proliferation and significantly suppressed Th1 and Th17 responses, as demonstrated by a reduced frequency of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17 producing CD4 T cells and reduced frequencies of IFN-γ and IL-2 producing CD8 T cells. Tacrolimus also inhibits pathogenic Th17 cells coproducing IL-17 and IFN-γ. In addition, tacrolimus suppressed follicular T helper cell (Tfh) and regulatory T helper cell (Treg) subsets. These findings provide preliminary support for tacrolimus as a potential alternative immunosuppressive therapy for MuSK-MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkai Li
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jeffrey T Guptill
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Melissa A Russo
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Janice M Massey
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vern C Juel
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lisa D Hobson-Webb
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James F Howard
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manisha Chopra
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weibin Liu
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John S Yi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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16
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Lara S, Perez-Potti A. Applications of Nanomaterials for Immunosensing. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8040104. [PMID: 30388865 PMCID: PMC6316038 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In biomedical science among several other growing fields, the detection of specific biological agents or biomolecular markers, from biological samples is crucial for early diagnosis and decision-making in terms of appropriate treatment, influencing survival rates. In this regard, immunosensors are based on specific antibody-antigen interactions, forming a stable immune complex. The antigen-specific detection antibodies (i.e., biomolecular recognition element) are generally immobilized on the nanomaterial surfaces and their interaction with the biomolecular markers or antigens produces a physico-chemical response that modulates the signal readout. Lowering the detection limits for particular biomolecules is one of the key parameters when designing immunosensors. Thus, their design by combining the specificity and versatility of antibodies with the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials offers a plethora of opportunities for clinical diagnosis. In this review, we show a comprehensive set of recent developments in the field of nanoimmunosensors and how they are progressing the detection and validation for a wide range of different biomarkers in multiple diseases and what are some drawbacks and considerations of the uses of such devices and their expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lara
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - André Perez-Potti
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland.
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17
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Balcells ME, Ruiz-Tagle C, Tiznado C, García P, Naves R. Diagnostic performance of GM-CSF and IL-2 in response to long-term specific-antigen cell stimulation in patients with active and latent tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 112:110-119. [PMID: 30205963 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A simple blood test for detecting active tuberculosis (TB) could be key to this epidemic containment, given that a large proportion of patients are unable to produce sputum for testing. Currently available interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) are inadequate to diagnose active TB, with reported pooled sensitivity and specificity both under 81%. OBJECTIVE To explore whether cytokines/chemokines other than interferon-γ in response to long-term cell stimulation could improve the ability to distinguish between different TB infection status. METHODS We prospectively enrolled subjects with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB and their household contacts in Santiago. All contacts were tested with IGRA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained and antigen-specific stimulated for 72 h before collecting their culture supernatants. RESULTS Subjects with active TB displayed markedly low cytokines/chemokines secretion upon PBMC stimulation, with lower GM-CSF being the best differentiator from IGRA(+) contacts, with 71% (95% CI 53-85) sensitivity, 86% (95% CI 65-97) specificity and AUC = 0.79 (p = 0.0003). On the other hand, when compared to the uninfected IGRA(-) contacts, higher level of IL-2 secretion was the best indicator of active TB, with 73.5% (95% CI 56-87) sensitivity, 85% (95% CI 66-96) specificity and AUC = 0.79 (p = 0.0001). No single cytokine/chemokine released upon stimulation could accurately differentiate between active TB and all TB contacts grouped together. CONCLUSION GM-CSF and IL-2 provided the best yield to differentiate active TB from latent TB and from TB uninfected, respectively, with higher specificities than that reported for IGRAs. However, none of both resulted sensitive enough to be used as a stand-alone biomarker for active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elvira Balcells
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Adulto, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Diagonal Paraguay 362, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Cinthya Ruiz-Tagle
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Camila Tiznado
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Adulto, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Diagonal Paraguay 362, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Patricia García
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4686, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
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18
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Terrazzini N, Mantegani P, Kern F, Fortis C, Mondino A, Caserta S. Interleukin-7 Unveils Pathogen-Specific T Cells by Enhancing Antigen-Recall Responses. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1997-2007. [PMID: 29506153 PMCID: PMC5972594 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-7 promotes the generation, expansion, and survival of memory T cells. Previous mouse and human studies showed that IL-7 can support immune cell reconstitution in lymphopenic conditions, expand tumor-reactive T cells for adoptive immunotherapy, and enhance effector cytokine expression by autoreactive T cells. Whether pathogen-reactive T cells also benefit from IL-7 exposure remains unknown. Methods In this study, we investigated this issue in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients infected with various endemic pathogens. After short-term exposure to IL-7, we measured PBMC responses to antigens derived from pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida albicans, and cytomegalovirus, and to the superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Results We found that IL-7 favored the expansion and, in some instances, the uncovering of pathogen-reactive CD4 T cells, by promoting pathogen-specific interferon-γ, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor recall responses. Conclusions Our findings indicate that IL-7 unveils and supports reactivation of pathogen-specific T cells with possible diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance of clinical value, especially in conditions of pathogen persistence and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Terrazzini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Mantegani
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Florian Kern
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, The University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Fortis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Mondino
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Caserta
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, The University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, United Kingdom
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Hull, United Kingdom
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19
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HIV-vaccines: lessons learned and the way forward. ASIAN BIOMED 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/abm-2010-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A safe and efficacious preventive HIV vaccine, as part of a comprehensive prevention program, remains among the highest public health priorities. It would be the best tool that could reduce the spread of HIV significantly in the long run. Current AIDS vaccine candidates are unable to induce neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV isolates or only to a very limited and narrow extent, representing a major obstacle in the development of an efficacious HIV vaccine. Clinical efforts have mainly focused on T-cell vaccines such as DNA and various recombinant vectors alone or in prime-boost regimens. The Merck Ad5 vaccine not only failed to show efficacy but also was associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition in vaccinees in a Phase IIb trial. While gp120 alone was not efficacious, the ALVAC prime and gp120 boost regimen showed 31% efficacy in a Phase III trial in Thailand. These contrasting results illustrate the limitations of available laboratory assays to assess the vaccine-induced immune responses and the lack of understanding of immune correlates of protection. Efforts should therefore focus on developing vaccine candidates inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies. Similarly, new vector strategies such as replicating vectors should be explored to induce strong and broad T-cell responses in the systemic and mucosal compartments. Innovation in immune assay development and testing algorithms is critically needed. The standardization of more relevant and predictive non-human primate models for immunogenicity and efficacy studies will contribute to better and faster vaccine assessment. HIV vaccine development requires innovative ideas and a sustained long-term commitment of the scientific community, civil society, politicians, and donors and participants for clinical research.
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20
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Lam JKP, Hui KF, Ning RJ, Xu XQ, Chan KH, Chiang AKS. Emergence of CD4+ and CD8+ Polyfunctional T Cell Responses Against Immunodominant Lytic and Latent EBV Antigens in Children With Primary EBV Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:416. [PMID: 29599759 PMCID: PMC5863510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term carriers were shown to generate robust polyfunctional T cell (PFC) responses against lytic and latent antigens of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, the time of emergence of PFC responses against EBV antigens, pattern of immunodominance and difference between CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses during various stages of EBV infection are not clearly understood. A longitudinal study was performed to assess the development of antigen-specific PFC responses in children diagnosed to have primary symptomatic (infectious mononucleosis [IM]) and asymptomatic (AS) EBV infection. Evaluation of IFN-γ secreting CD8+ T cell responses upon stimulation by HLA class I-specific peptides of EBV lytic and latent proteins by ELISPOT assay followed by assessment of CD4+ and CD8+ PFC responses upon stimulation by a panel of overlapping EBV peptides for co-expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, perforin and CD107a by flow cytometry were performed. Cytotoxicity of T cells against autologous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) as well as EBV loads in PBMC and plasma were also determined. Both IM and AS patients had elevated PBMC and plasma viral loads which declined steadily during a 12-month period from the time of diagnosis whilst decrease in the magnitude of CD8+ T cell responses toward EBV lytic peptides in contrast to increase toward latent peptides was shown with no significant difference between those of IM and AS patients. Both lytic and latent antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells demonstrated polyfunctionality (defined as greater or equal to three functions) concurrent with enhanced cytotoxicity against autologous LCLs and steady decrease in plasma and PBMC viral loads over time. Immunodominant peptides derived from BZLF1, BRLF1, BMLF1 and EBNA3A-C proteins induced the highest proportion of CD8+ as well as CD4+ PFC responses. Diverse functional subtypes of both CD4+ and CD8+ PFCs were shown to emerge at 6–12 months. In conclusion, EBV antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ PFC responses emerge during the first year of primary EBV infection, with greatest responses toward immunodominant epitopes in both lytic and latent proteins, correlating to steady decline in PBMC and plasma viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice K P Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - K F Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond J Ning
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - X Q Xu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - K H Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Alan K S Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Pathakumari B, Devasundaram S, Maddineni P, Raja A. Rv2204c, Rv0753c and Rv0009 antigens specific T cell responses in latent and active TB – a flow cytometry-based analysis. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:297-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Cui X, Liu Y, Hu D, Qian W, Tin C, Sun D, Chen W, Lam RHW. A fluorescent microbead-based microfluidic immunoassay chip for immune cell cytokine secretion quantification. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:522-531. [PMID: 29326990 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01183k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative and dynamic analyses of immune cell secretory cytokines are essential for precise determination and characterization of the "immune phenotype" of patients for clinical diagnosis and treatment of immune-related diseases. Although multiple methods including the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been applied for cytokine detection, such measurements remain very challenging in real-time, high-throughput, and high-sensitivity immune cell analysis. In this paper, we report a highly integrated microfluidic device that allows for on-chip isolation, culture, and stimulation, as well as sensitive and dynamic cytokine profiling of immune cells. Such a microfluidic sensing chip is integrated with cytometric fluorescent microbeads for real-time and multiplexed monitoring of immune cell cytokine secretion dynamics, consuming a relatively small extracted sample volume (160 nl) without interrupting the immune cell culture. Furthermore, it is integrated with a Taylor dispersion-based mixing unit in each detection chamber that shortens the immunoassay period down to less than 30 minutes. We demonstrate the profiling of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokine secretions (e.g. interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factors) of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a sensitivity of 20 pg ml-1 and a sample volume of 160 nl per detection. Further applications of this automated, rapid, and high-throughput microfluidic immunophenotyping platform can help unleash the mechanisms of systemic immune responses, and enable efficient assessments of the pathologic immune status for clinical diagnosis and immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Sains P, Chana KS, Sridhar V, Sajid MS. Pilot study on an innovative biosensor with a range of medical and surgical applications. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:81. [PMID: 29378638 PMCID: PMC5789537 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this article is to briefly outline the utilization of biosensors in medicine and surgery and present diagnostic efficacy of thermal product (TP) based biosensor. Results The working principle of biosensor is based on measuring TP of a material in contact with the sensor. When an electrical square wave pulse of certain amplitude and duration is passed through TP based biosensor, the generated heat from its higher resistance will be dissipated and recorded by the sensor. As the surrounding material composition changes, the dissipated heat split between the sensor substrate and surrounding material changes which can be correlated to the change in TP of the material. For biological tissues, it is known that the thermal properties of tissues are quite different for different layers in the body and hence the heat absorbed will be different. The experiments were conducted on biological and non-biological tissues. For data acquisition software LabView 2014 (64-bit) was used and software used for post-processing was MATLAB R2015a (64-bit). The resulting graphs of TP from various materials (oil, water, saline, acetone) and biological tissue (porcine belly, porcine thigh layers and porcine abdominal viscera) expressed prominent deflections indicating diagnostic efficacy of TP based biosensor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3163-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sains
- Department of General, Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery, Brighton & Sussex University Hospital NHS Trust, Eastern Rd, Brighton, East Sussex, BN2 5BE, UK
| | - K S Chana
- Osney Thermo-fluids Laboratory, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - V Sridhar
- Osney Thermo-fluids Laboratory, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - M S Sajid
- Department of General, Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery, Brighton & Sussex University Hospital NHS Trust, Eastern Rd, Brighton, East Sussex, BN2 5BE, UK.
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Ripoll JG, Giraldo NA, Bolaños NI, Roa N, Rosas F, Cuéllar A, Puerta CJ, González JM. T cells responding to Trypanosoma cruzi detected by membrane TNF-α and CD154 in chagasic patients. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 6:47-57. [PMID: 28967229 PMCID: PMC5818450 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Chagas disease is a parasitic infection whose pathogenesis is related to parasite persistence and a dysfunctional cellular immune response. Variability in cytokine secretion among chronic Trypanosoma cruzi‐infected patients might preclude the identification of the pool of antigen specific T cells. The goal of this study was to determine the fraction of T cells responding to T. cruzi antigen measured by the expression of membrane TNF‐α and CD154. Methods A total of 21 chagasic patients, 11 healthy and 5 non‐chagasic cardiomyopathy controls were analyzed. PBMCs were short‐term cultured in the presence of anti‐CD28, anti‐CD49d, anti‐TNF‐α, and TACE (TNF‐α converting enzyme) inhibitor either under T. cruzi‐lysate or polyclonal stimuli. Cells were stained with anti‐CD3, anti‐CD4, anti‐CD8, and anti‐CD154, and analyzed with flow cytometry. Results CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in chagasic patients displayed higher percentages of membrane‐bound TNF‐α+ and CD154+ compared with controls after T. cruzi‐antigen stimulation. Both markers displayed a positive correlation in the T cell subpopulations analyzed. Symptomatic chagasic patients were differentiated from asymptomatic patients based on the expression of CD154 and membrane TNF‐α in TCD4+ and TCD8+ compartments, respectively. Conclusions These results show that both markers could be useful for assessing the pool of antigen‐specific T cells in chronic chagasic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Ripoll
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás A Giraldo
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia I Bolaños
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nubia Roa
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Adriana Cuéllar
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Concepción J Puerta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - John M González
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Evolution of T Cell Responses during Measles Virus Infection and RNA Clearance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11474. [PMID: 28904342 PMCID: PMC5597584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles is an acute viral disease associated both with immune suppression and development of life-long immunity. Clearance of measles virus (MeV) involves rapid elimination of infectious virus during the rash followed by slow elimination of viral RNA. To characterize cellular immune responses during recovery, we analyzed the appearance, specificity and function of MeV-specific T cells for 6 months after respiratory infection of rhesus macaques with wild type MeV. IFN-γ and IL-17-producing cells specific for the hemagglutinin and nucleocapsid proteins appeared in circulation in multiple waves approximately 2-3, 8 and 18–24 weeks after infection. IFN-γ-secreting cells were most abundant early and IL-17-secreting cells late. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were sources of IFN-γ and IL-17, and IL-17-producing cells expressed RORγt. Therefore, the cellular immune response evolves during MeV clearance to produce functionally distinct subsets of MeV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at different times after infection.
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26
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On-chip immune cell activation and subsequent time-resolved magnetic bead-based cytokine detection. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 18:93. [PMID: 27628061 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine profiling and immunophenotyping offer great potential for understanding many disease mechanisms, personalized diagnosis, and immunotherapy. Here, we demonstrate a time-resolved detection of cytokine from a single cell cluster using an in situ magnetic immune assay. An array of triple-layered microfluidic chambers was fabricated to enable simultaneous cell culture under perfusion flow and detection of the induced cytokines at multiple time-points. Each culture chamber comprises three fluidic compartments which are dedicated to, cell culture, perfusion and immunoassay. The three compartments are separated by porous membranes, which allow the diffusion of fresh nutrient from the perfusion compartment into the cell culture compartment and cytokines secretion from the cell culture compartment into the immune assay compartment. This structure hence enables capturing the released cytokines without disturbing the cell culture and without minimizing benefit gain from perfusion. Functionalized magnetic beads were used as a solid phase carrier for cytokine capturing and quantification. The cytokines released from differential stimuli were quantified in situ in non-differentiated U937 monocytes and differentiated macrophages.
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Gonzalez-Perez G, Lamousé-Smith ESN. Gastrointestinal Microbiome Dysbiosis in Infant Mice Alters Peripheral CD8 + T Cell Receptor Signaling. Front Immunol 2017; 8:265. [PMID: 28337207 PMCID: PMC5340779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that maternal antibiotic treatment (MAT) of mice in the last days of pregnancy and during lactation dramatically alters the density and composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota of their infants. MAT infants also exhibited enhanced susceptibility to a systemic viral infection and altered adaptive immune cell activation phenotype and function. CD8+ effector T cells from MAT infants consistently demonstrate an inability to sustain interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in vivo following vaccinia virus infection and in vitro upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. We hypothesize that T cells developing in infant mice with gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis and insufficient toll-like receptor (TLR) exposure alters immune responsiveness associated with intrinsic T cell defects in the TCR signaling pathway and compromised T cell effector function. To evaluate this, splenic T cells from day of life 15 MAT infant mice were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies prior to examining the expression of ZAP-70, phosphorylated ZAP-70, phospho-Erk-1/2, c-Rel, total protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and IFN-γ production. We determine that MAT infant CD8+ T cells fail to sustain total protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk1/2 activation. Lipopolysaccharide treatment in vitro and in vivo, partially restored IFN-γ production in MAT effector CD8+ T cells and reduced mortality typically observed in MAT mice following systemic viral infection. Our results demonstrate a surprising dependence on the gastrointestinal microbiome and TLR ligand stimulation toward shaping optimal CD8+ T cell function during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonzalez-Perez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Esi S N Lamousé-Smith
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
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Tian DM, Wang Y, Zhang XH, Liu KY, Huang XJ, Chang YJ. Rapid Recovery of CD3+CD8+ T Cells on Day 90 Predicts Superior Survival after Unmanipulated Haploidentical Blood and Marrow Transplantation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156777. [PMID: 27276058 PMCID: PMC4898737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is significantly associated with lower infection, relapse and possibly secondary malignancy rates. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of peripheral lymphocyte subsets, especially CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T cell recovery, in predicting transplant outcomes, including the overall survival (OS) and non-relapse mortality (NRM) rates after unmanipulated haploidentical blood and marrow transplantation (HBMT). Methods Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 214 HBMT recipients with hematological malignancies. The peripheral lymphocyte subsets (CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD4+ helper T cells, CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and CD19+ B cells) were analyzed by flow cytometry at days 30, 60, 90, 180, 270 and 360 after HBMT. Results The CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T cell recovery at day 90 (CD3+CD8+-90) was correlated with bacterial infection (P = 0.001), NRM (P = 0.001), leukemia-free survival (LFS, P = 0.005), and OS (P = 0.001) at a cutoff value of 375 cells/μL CD3+CD8+ T cells. The incidence of bacterial infection in patients with the CD3+CD8+-90 at ≥375 cells/μL was significantly lower than that of cases with the CD3+CD8+-90 at <375 cells/μL after HBMT (14.6% versus 41.6%, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed the rapid recovery of CD3+CD8+ T cells at day 90 after HBMT was strongly associated with a lower incidence of NRM (HR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.15–0.60; P = 0.000) and superior LFS (HR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.32–0.82; P = 0.005) and OS (HR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.23–0.63; P = 0.000). Conclusion The results suggest that the rapid recovery of CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T cells at day 90 following HBMT could predict superior transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Mei Tian
- Peking University People’s Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
- Department of Hematology, 309th Hospital, Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People’s Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People’s Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Yan Liu
- Peking University People’s Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People’s Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Collabrative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People’s Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
- Collabrative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Multiple cytokine responses in discriminating between active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 102:68-75. [PMID: 28061954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines play an important role in cell-mediated immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Cytokine profile specifically associated with active tuberculosis (ATB) patients, subjects with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and non-infected individuals remains to be determined. METHODS We enrolled a total of 92 subjects including patients with ATB (n = 25), LTBI (n = 36) and healthy controls (HC, n = 31) to investigate the cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after Mtb purified protein derivative (PPD) stimulation which was evaluated by a beads-based multiplex assay system. RESULTS The production of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, G-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MIP-1α and TNF-α was abundantly induced by PPD in all three groups. The levels of IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, IP-10 and TNF-α were significantly higher in LTBI group than in ATB group. The combination of PPD-stimulated IL-2 and IL-10 accurately identified 84.0% of ATB and 88.9% of LTBI. We validated the use of PPD-stimulated IL-2 and IL-10 test combined with T-SPOT.TB test in a cohort of 44 subjects with TB suspicion. The sensitivity and specificity of the combined test were 83.3% and 92.3%, respectively. The PPD-stimulated IL-2/IFN-γ ratio (p < 0.001) in LTBI subjects was significantly higher than in active TB patients. CONCLUSION Our study identified cytokine patterns characteristic of ATB and LTBI. Cytokines such as IL-2 and IL-10 may serve as biomarkers for distinguishing ATB from LTBI and healthy control and may contribute to intervention and improvement in TB diagnosis.
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Potenza L, Vallerini D, Barozzi P, Riva G, Gilioli A, Forghieri F, Candoni A, Cesaro S, Quadrelli C, Maertens J, Rossi G, Morselli M, Codeluppi M, Mussini C, Colaci E, Messerotti A, Paolini A, Maccaferri M, Fantuzzi V, Del Giovane C, Stefani A, Morandi U, Maffei R, Marasca R, Narni F, Fanin R, Comoli P, Romani L, Beauvais A, Viale PL, Latgè JP, Lewis RE, Luppi M. Mucorales-Specific T Cells in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149108. [PMID: 26871570 PMCID: PMC4752352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive mucormycosis (IM) is an emerging life-threatening fungal infection. It is difficult to obtain a definite diagnosis and to initiate timely intervention. Mucorales-specific T cells occur during the course of IM and are involved in the clearance of the infection. We have evaluated the feasibility of detecting Mucorales-specific T cells in hematological patients at risk for IM, and have correlated the detection of such cells with the clinical conditions of the patients. Methods and Findings By using an enzyme linked immunospot assay, the presence of Mucorales-specific T cells in peripheral blood (PB) samples has been investigated at three time points during high-dose chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies. Mucorales-specific T cells producing interferon-γ, interleukin-10 and interleukin-4 were analysed in order to detect a correlation between the immune response and the clinical picture. Twenty-one (10.3%) of 204 patients, accounting for 32 (5.3%) of 598 PB samples, tested positive for Mucorales-specific T cells. Two groups could be identified. Group 1, including 15 patients without signs or symptoms of invasive fungal diseases (IFD), showed a predominance of Mucorales-specific T cells producing interferon-gamma. Group 2 included 6 patients with a clinical picture consistent with invasive fungal disease (IFD): 2 cases of proven IM and 4 cases of possible IFD. The proven patients had significantly higher number of Mucorales-specific T cells producing interleukin-10 and interleukin-4 and higher rates of positive samples by using derived diagnostic cut-offs when compared with the 15 patients without IFD. Conclusions Mucorales-specific T cells can be detected and monitored in patients with hematologic malignancies at risk for IM. Mucorales-specific T cells polarized to the production of T helper type 2 cytokines are associated with proven IM and may be evaluated as a surrogate diagnostic marker for IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Potenza
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
- * E-mail: (ML); (LP)
| | - Daniela Vallerini
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Barozzi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Riva
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Gilioli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Forghieri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Candoni
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Simone Cesaro
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Quadrelli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Hematology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giulio Rossi
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Morselli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Mauro Codeluppi
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Integrated Department of Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Mussini
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Integrated Department of Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Colaci
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Messerotti
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Ambra Paolini
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Maccaferri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Fantuzzi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Del Giovane
- Section of Statistics, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefani
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Uliano Morandi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Rossana Maffei
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Marasca
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Franco Narni
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Renato Fanin
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Transplantation, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anne Beauvais
- Unitè des Aspergillus, Pasteur Institut, Paris, France
| | - Pier Luigi Viale
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Nephrologic Diseases, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Russell E. Lewis
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Nephrologic Diseases, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy
- * E-mail: (ML); (LP)
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Xu H, Samy KP, Guasch A, Mead SI, Ghali A, Mehta A, Stempora L, Kirk AD. Postdepletion Lymphocyte Reconstitution During Belatacept and Rapamycin Treatment in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:550-64. [PMID: 26436448 PMCID: PMC4822163 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Belatacept is used to prevent allograft rejection but fails to do so in a sizable minority of patients due to inadequate control of costimulation-resistant T cells. In this study, we report control of costimulation-resistant rejection when belatacept was combined with perioperative alemtuzumab-mediated lymphocyte depletion and rapamycin. To assess the means by which the alemtuzumab, belatacept and rapamycin (ABR) regimen controls belatacept-resistant rejection, we studied 20 ABR-treated patients and characterized peripheral lymphocyte phenotype and functional responses to donor, third-party and viral antigens using flow cytometry, intracellular cytokine staining and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-based lymphocyte proliferation. Compared with conventional immunosuppression in 10 patients, lymphocyte depletion evoked substantial homeostatic lymphocyte activation balanced by regulatory T and B cell phenotypes. The reconstituted T cell repertoire was enriched for CD28(+) naïve cells, notably diminished in belatacept-resistant CD28(-) memory subsets and depleted of polyfunctional donor-specific T cells but able to respond to third-party and latent herpes viruses. B cell responses were similarly favorable, without alloantibody development and a reduction in memory subsets-changes not seen in conventionally treated patients. The ABR regimen uniquely altered the immune profile, producing a repertoire enriched for CD28(+) T cells, hyporesponsive to donor alloantigen and competent in its protective immune capabilities. The resulting repertoire was permissive for control of rejection with belatacept monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Kannan P. Samy
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Sue I. Mead
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ada Ghali
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Aneesh Mehta
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Linda Stempora
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Allan D. Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Backes S, Jäger C, Dembek CJ, Kosinska AD, Bauer T, Stephan AS, Dišlers A, Mutwiri G, Busch DH, Babiuk LA, Gasteiger G, Protzer U. Protein-prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector-boost vaccination overcomes tolerance in high-antigenemic HBV-transgenic mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:923-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Radford F, Tyagi S, Gennaro ML, Pine R, Bushkin Y. Flow Cytometric Characterization of Antigen-Specific T Cells Based on RNA and Its Advantages in Detecting Infections and Immunological Disorders. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 36:359-378. [PMID: 28605344 PMCID: PMC5548664 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017018316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with flow cytometry (FISH-Flow) is a highly quantitative, high-throughput platform allowing precise quantification of total mRNA transcripts in single cells. In undiagnosed infections posing a significant health burden worldwide, such as latent tuberculosis or asymptomatic recurrent malaria, an important challenge is to develop accurate diagnostic tools. Antigen-specific T cells create a persistent memory to pathogens, making them useful for diagnosis of infection. Stimulation of memory response initiates T-cell transitions between functional states. Numerous studies have shown that changes in protein levels lag real-time T-cell transitions. However, analysis at the single-cell transcriptional level can determine the differences. FISH-Flow is a powerful tool with which to study the functional states of T-cell subsets and to identify the gene expression profiles of antigen-specific T cells during disease progression. Advances in instrumentation, fluorophores, and FISH methodologies will broaden and deepen the use of FISH-Flow, changing the immunological field by allowing determination of functional immune signatures at the mRNA level and the development of new diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Radford
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Richard Pine
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
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Béné MC, Le Bris Y, Robillard N, Wuillème S, Fouassier M, Eveillard M. Flow cytometry in hematological nonmalignant disorders. Int J Lab Hematol 2015; 38:5-16. [PMID: 26542092 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) has become an integral part of the diagnosis and classification of hematological malignancies. However, several nonmalignant or premalignant disorders may benefit from this technology in hematology laboratories. This review provides information on the normal immunophenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood leukocyte subsets and their modifications in several clinical conditions. The usefulness of MFC and the specific markers that can be investigated in hyperlymphocytosis, infection, hypereosinophilia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and large granular lymphocyte disorders is described. Mention is also made of the developments of MFC for analyses of red blood cells or platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Béné
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Y Le Bris
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - N Robillard
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S Wuillème
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Fouassier
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Eveillard
- Hematology Biology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
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Aberle JH, Schwaiger J, Aberle SW, Stiasny K, Scheinost O, Kundi M, Chmelik V, Heinz FX. Human CD4+ T Helper Cell Responses after Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination and Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140545. [PMID: 26465323 PMCID: PMC4605778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a human-pathogenic flavivirus that is endemic in large parts of Europe and Asia and causes severe neuroinvasive illness. A formalin-inactivated vaccine induces strong neutralizing antibody responses and confers protection from TBE disease. CD4+ T cell responses are essential for neutralizing antibody production, but data on the functionalities of TBEV-specific CD4+ T cells in response to vaccination or infection are lacking. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the cytokine patterns of CD4+ T cell responses in 20 humans after TBE vaccination in comparison to those in 18 patients with TBEV infection. Specifically, Th1-specific cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α), CD40 ligand and the Th1 lineage-specifying transcription factor Tbet were determined upon stimulation with peptides covering the TBEV structural proteins contained in the vaccine (C-capsid, prM/M-membrane and E-envelope). We show that TBEV-specific CD4+ T cell responses are polyfunctional, but the cytokine patterns after vaccination differed from those after infection. TBE vaccine responses were characterized by lower IFN-γ responses and high proportions of TNF-α+IL-2+ cells. In vaccine-induced responses—consistent with the reduced IFN-γ expression patterns—less than 50% of TBEV peptides were detected by IFN-γ+ cells as compared to 96% detected by IL-2+ cells, indicating that the single use of IFN-γ as a read-out strongly underestimates the magnitude and breadth of such responses. The results provide important insights into the functionalities of CD4+ T cells that coordinate vaccine responses and have direct implications for future studies that address epitope specificity and breadth of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith H. Aberle
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Julia Schwaiger
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan W. Aberle
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondrej Scheinost
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hospital České Budĕjovice, České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kundi
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vaclav Chmelik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital České Budĕjovice, České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Franz X. Heinz
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Multifunctional Analysis of CD4+ T-Cell Response as Immune-Based Model for Tuberculosis Detection. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:217287. [PMID: 26339657 PMCID: PMC4539126 DOI: 10.1155/2015/217287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and multifunctional specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were evaluated to improve the immune-based detection of active tuberculosis (TB) and latent infection (LTBI). We applied flow cytometry to investigate cytokines profile (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) of T cells after stimulation with TB antigens in 28 TB-infected subjects (18 active TB and 10 LTBI) and 10 uninfected controls. Cytokines production by CD4+ T cells at single-cell levels was higher in TB-infected subjects than uninfected controls (P < 0.0001). Assigning to activated CD4+ T cells, producing any of the three cytokines, a cut-off >0.45%, it was possible to differentiate TB-infected (>0.45%) by uninfected subjects (<0.45%). Among TB-infected subjects, the frequencies of multifunctional CD4+ T cells, simultaneously producing all 3 cytokines, are lower in active TB than LTBI subjects (P = 0.003). Thus, assigning to triple-positive CD4+ T cells a cut-off <0.182%, TB-infected individuals could be classified as active TB subjects (<0.182%) or LTBI subjects (>0.182%). The magnitude of CD8+ T-cell responses showed no differences between active TB and LTBI. Multifunctional CD4+ T-cell responses could have the potential to identify at single time point subjects without TB infection and patients having active or latent TB.
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Calarota SA, Aberle JH, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Baldanti F. Approaches for monitoring of non virus-specific and virus-specific T-cell response in solid organ transplantation and their clinical applications. J Clin Virol 2015; 70:109-119. [PMID: 26305832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.07.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Opportunistic viral infections are still a major complication following solid organ transplantation. Immune monitoring may allow the identification of patients at risk of infection and, eventually, the modulation of immunosuppressive strategies. Immune monitoring can be performed using virus-specific and non virus-specific assays. This article describes and summarizes the pros and cons of the different technical approaches. Among the assays based on non virus-specific antigens, the enumeration of T-cell subsets, the quantification of cytokines and chemokines and the quantification of intracellular adenosine triphosphate following mitogen stimulation are described and their clinical applications to determine the risk for viral infection are discussed. In addition, current specific methods available for monitoring viral-specific T-cell responses are summarized, such as peptide-MHC multimer staining, intracellular cytokine staining, enzyme-linked immunospot and virus-specific IFN-γ ELISA assays, and their clinical applications to determine the individual risk for opportunistic viral infections with human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and polyoma BK virus are discussed. The standardization of the procedure, the choice of the antigen(s) and the criteria to define cut-off values for positive responses are needed for some of these approaches before their implementation in the clinic. Nevertheless, immune monitoring combined with virological monitoring in transplant recipients is increasingly regarded as a helpful tool to identify patients at risk of infection as well as to assess treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Calarota
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Judith H Aberle
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1095 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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38
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Caccamo N, Pietra G, Sullivan LC, Brooks AG, Prezzemolo T, La Manna MP, Di Liberto D, Joosten SA, van Meijgaarden KE, Di Carlo P, Titone L, Moretta L, Mingari MC, Ottenhoff THM, Dieli F. Human CD8 T lymphocytes recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens presented by HLA-E during active tuberculosis and express type 2 cytokines. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1069-81. [PMID: 25631937 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8 T cells contribute to protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In humans, M. tuberculosis reactive CD8 T cells typically recognize peptides associated to classical MHC class Ia molecules, but little information is available on CD8 T cells recognizing M. tuberculosis Ags presented by nonclassical MHC class Ib molecules. We show here that CD8 T cells from tuberculosis (TB) patients recognize HLA-E-binding M. tuberculosis peptides in a CD3/TCR αβ mediated and CD8-dependent manner, and represent an additional type of effector cells playing a role in immune response to M. tuberculosis during active infection. HLA-E-restricted recognition of M. tuberculosis peptides is detectable by a significant enhanced ex vivo frequency of tetramer-specific circulating CD8 T cells during active TB. These CD8 T cells produce type 2 cytokines upon antigenic in vitro stimulation, help B cells for Ab production, and mediate limited TRAIL-dependent cytolytic and microbicidal activity toward M. tuberculosis infected target cells. Our results, together with the finding that HLA-E/M. tuberculosis peptide specific CD8 T cells are detected in TB patients with or without HIV coinfection, suggest that this is a new human T-cell population that participates in immune response in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Palermo, Italy
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39
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The interplay of effector and regulatory T cells in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 33:101-11. [PMID: 25728990 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress effector T (Teff) cells and prevent immune-mediated rejection of cancer. Much less appreciated are mechanisms by which Teff cells antagonize Treg cells. Herein, we consider how complex reciprocal interactions between Teff and Treg cells shape their population dynamics within tumors. Under states of tolerance, including during tumor escape, suppressed Teff cells support Treg cell populations through antigen-dependent provision of interleukin (IL)-2. During immune activation, Teff cells can lose this supportive capacity and directly antagonize Treg cell populations to neutralize their immunosuppressive function. While this latter state is rarely achieved spontaneously within tumors, we propose that therapeutic induction of immune activation has the potential to stably disrupt immunosuppressive population states resulting in durable cancer regression.
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40
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Posevitz-Fejfár A, Posevitz V, Gross CC, Bhatia U, Kurth F, Schütte V, Bar-Or A, Meuth SG, Wiendl H. Effects of blood transportation on human peripheral mononuclear cell yield, phenotype and function: implications for immune cell biobanking. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115920. [PMID: 25541968 PMCID: PMC4277394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human biospecimen collection, processing and preservation are rapidly emerging subjects providing essential support to clinical as well as basic researchers. Unlike collection of other biospecimens (e.g. DNA and serum), biobanking of viable immune cells, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and/or isolated immune cell subsets is still in its infancy. While certain aspects of processing and freezing conditions have been studied in the past years, little is known about the effect of blood transportation on immune cell survival, phenotype and specific functions. However, especially for multicentric and cooperative projects it is vital to precisely know those effects. In this study we investigated the effect of blood shipping and pre-processing delay on immune cell phenotype and function both on cellular and subcellular levels. Peripheral blood was collected from healthy volunteers (n = 9): at a distal location (shipped overnight) and in the central laboratory (processed immediately). PBMC were processed in the central laboratory and analyzed post-cryopreservation. We analyzed yield, major immune subset distribution, proliferative capacity of T cells, cytokine pattern and T-cell receptor signal transduction. Results show that overnight transportation of blood samples does not globally compromise T- cell subsets as they largely retain their phenotype and proliferative capacity. However, NK and B cell frequencies, the production of certain PBMC-derived cytokines and IL-6 mediated cytokine signaling pathway are altered due to transportation. Various control experiments have been carried out to compare issues related to shipping versus pre-processing delay on site. Our results suggest the implementation of appropriate controls when using multicenter logistics for blood transportation aiming at subsequent isolation of viable immune cells, e.g. in multicenter clinical trials or studies analyzing immune cells/subsets. One important conclusion might be that despite changes due to overnight shipment, highly standardized central processing (and analysis) could be superior to multicentric de-central processing with more difficult standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Posevitz-Fejfár
- University Hospital Muenster, Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail: (HW); (APF)
| | - Vilmos Posevitz
- University Hospital Muenster, Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, Germany
| | - Catharina C. Gross
- University Hospital Muenster, Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, Germany
| | - Urvashi Bhatia
- University Hospital Muenster, Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, Germany
| | - Frank Kurth
- University Hospital Muenster, Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Schütte
- University Hospital Muenster, Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, Germany
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- University Hospital Muenster, Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- University Hospital Muenster, Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail: (HW); (APF)
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Bushkin Y, Radford F, Pine R, Lardizabal A, Mangura BT, Gennaro ML, Tyagi S. Profiling T cell activation using single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:836-41. [PMID: 25505292 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric characterization of Ag-specific T cells typically relies on detection of protein analytes. Shifting the analysis to detection of RNA would provide several significant advantages, which we illustrate by developing a new host immunity-based platform for detection of infections. Cytokine mRNAs synthesized in response to ex vivo stimulation with pathogen-specific Ags are detected in T cells with single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization followed by flow cytometry. Background from pre-existing in vivo analytes is lower for RNAs than for proteins, allowing greater sensitivity for detection of low-frequency cells. Moreover, mRNA analysis reveals kinetic differences in cytokine expression that are not apparent at the protein level but provide novel insights into gene expression programs expected to define different T cell subsets. The utility of probing immunological memory of infections is demonstrated by detecting T cells that recognize mycobacterial and viral Ags in donors exposed to the respective pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Felix Radford
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Richard Pine
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Alfred Lardizabal
- Global Tuberculosis Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Bonita T Mangura
- Global Tuberculosis Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; and
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Chiacchio T, Petruccioli E, Vanini V, Cuzzi G, Pinnetti C, Sampaolesi A, Antinori A, Girardi E, Goletti D. Polyfunctional T-cells and effector memory phenotype are associated with active TB in HIV-infected patients. J Infect 2014; 69:533-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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43
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Lévy Y, Thiébaut R, Montes M, Lacabaratz C, Sloan L, King B, Pérusat S, Harrod C, Cobb A, Roberts LK, Surenaud M, Boucherie C, Zurawski S, Delaugerre C, Richert L, Chêne G, Banchereau J, Palucka K. Dendritic cell-based therapeutic vaccine elicits polyfunctional HIV-specific T-cell immunity associated with control of viral load. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2802-10. [PMID: 25042008 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Efforts aimed at restoring robust immune responses limiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication therapeutically are warranted. We report that vaccination with dendritic cells generated ex vivo and loaded with HIV lipopeptides in patients (n = 19) on antiretroviral therapy was well tolerated and immunogenic. Vaccination increased: (i) the breadth of the immune response from 1 (1-3) to 4 (2-5) peptide-pool responses/patient (p = 0.009); (ii) the frequency of functional T cells (producing at least two cytokines among IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) from 0.026 to 0.32% (p = 0.002) and from 0.26 to 0.35% (p = 0.005) for CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, respectively; and (iii) the breadth of cytokines secreted by PBMCs upon antigen exposure, including IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-21, IL-17, and IL-13. Fifty percent of patients experienced a maximum of viral load (VL) 1 log10 lower than the other half following antiretroviral treatment interruption. An inverse correlation was found between the maximum of VL and the frequency of polyfunctional CD4(+) T cells (p = 0.007), production of IL-2 (p = 0.006), IFN-γ (p = 0.01), IL-21 (p = 0.006), and IL-13 (p = 0.001). These results suggest an association between vaccine responses and a better control of viral replication. These findings will help in the development of strategies for a functional cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lévy
- INSERM, Unite, Creteil, France; Universite Paris-Est, Creteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, service d'immunologie clinique, Creteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Creteil, France
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Feucht J, Leibold J, Halder A, Kayser S, Hartl L, Rammensee HG, Handgretinger R, Feuchtinger T. Differential expression of THELPER 1 cytokines upon antigen stimulation predicts ex vivo proliferative potential and cytokine production of virus-specific T cells following re-stimulation. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:713-23. [PMID: 25200928 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human adenovirus (ADV) infections are causes of morbidity after stem cell transplantation. Antigen (Ag)-specific T cells are essential for the control of viral infections. However, in vivo expansion potential of T-cell subpopulations is hardly predictable in humans. Furthermore, ex vivo identification of human T cells with repopulating capacity for adoptive T-cell transfer has been difficult. METHODS We analyzed Ag-specific T-cell populations, subdivided according to the expression of different THELPER- 1 (Th1) cytokines. Isolation by flow cytometry was based on interferon-gamma (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion of T cells after ex vivo stimulation with the Ags hexon (for ADV) and pp65 (for CMV). Isolated T cells were expanded and examined for functional characteristics, expansion/differentiation potential, and naïve, effector memory, central memory, and late effector phenotypes. RESULTS Isolation based on IFN-γ production provides a T-cell population with a mixture of early, central memory, and effector memory T cells, high expansion potential, and effective cytokine production. Selection of T cells with Ag-specific expression of IL-2 or TNF-α, however, results in a T-cell population with reduced proliferation and lower effector potential after expansion. CONCLUSION We conclude that the exclusive secretion of IFN-γ in the human antiviral T-cell responses preferentially leads to higher repopulation capacities of antiviral T cells, compared to IL-2 or TNF-α secreting T-cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feucht
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Schub D, Janssen E, Leyking S, Sester U, Assmann G, Hennes P, Smola S, Vogt T, Rohrer T, Sester M, Schmidt T. Altered phenotype and functionality of varicella zoster virus-specific cellular immunity in individuals with active infection. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:600-12. [PMID: 25180236 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicella zoster virus (VZV) establishes lifelong persistence and may reactivate in individuals with impaired immune function. To investigate immunologic correlates of protection and VZV reactivation, we characterized specific immunity in 207 nonsymptomatic immunocompetent and 132 immunocompromised individuals in comparison with patients with acute herpes zoster. METHODS VZV-specific CD4 T cells were quantified flow cytometrically after stimulation and characterized for expression of interferon-γ, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor α and surface markers for differentiation (CD127) and anergy (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 [CTLA-4] and programmed death [PD]-1). Immunoglobulin G and A levels were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In healthy individuals, VZV-specific antibody and T-cell levels were age dependent, with the highest median VZV-specific CD4 T-cell frequencies of 0.108% (interquartile range, 0.121%) during adolescence. VZV-specific T-cell profiles were multifunctional with predominant expression of all 3 cytokines, CD127 positivity, and low expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1. Nonsymptomatic immunocompromised patients had similar VZV-specific immunologic properties except for lower T-cell frequencies (P<.001) and restricted cytokine expression. In contrast, significantly elevated antibody- and VZV-specific CD4 T-cell levels were found in patients with zoster. Their specific T cells showed a shift in cytokine expression toward interferon γ single positivity, an increase in CTLA-4 and PD-1, and a decrease in CD127 expression (all P<.001). This phenotype normalized after resolution of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS VZV-specific CD4-T cells in patients with zoster bear typical features of anergy. This phenotype is reversible and may serve as adjunct tool for monitoring VZV reactivations in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schub
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Tina Schmidt
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology
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Yi B, Rykova M, Feuerecker M, Jäger B, Ladinig C, Basner M, Hörl M, Matzel S, Kaufmann I, Strewe C, Nichiporuk I, Vassilieva G, Rinas K, Baatout S, Schelling G, Thiel M, Dinges DF, Morukov B, Choukèr A. 520-d Isolation and confinement simulating a flight to Mars reveals heightened immune responses and alterations of leukocyte phenotype. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:203-10. [PMID: 24704568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During interplanetary exploration, chronic stress caused by long term isolation and confinement in the spacecraft is one of the major concerns of physical and psychological health of space travelers. And for human on Earth, more and more people live in an isolated condition, which has become a common social problem in modern western society. Collective evidences have indicated prolonged chronic stress could bring big influence to human immune function, which may lead to a variety of health problems. However, to what extent long-term isolation can affect the immune system still remains largely unknow. A simulated 520-d Mars mission provided an extraordinary chance to study the effect of prolonged isolation. Six healthy males participated in this mission and their active neuroendocrine and immune conditions were studied with saliva and blood samples from all participants on chosen time points during the isolation period. As a typical neuroendocrine parameter, stress hormone cortisol was measured in the morning saliva samples. Immune phenotype changes were monitored through peripheral leukocyte phenotype analysis. Using an ex vivo viral infection simulation assay we assessed the immune response changes characterized by the ability to produce representative endogenous pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results of this study revealed elevated cortisol levels, increased lymphocyte amount and heightened immune responses, suggesting that prolonged isolation acting as chronic stressors are able to trigger leukocyte phenotype changes and poorly controlled immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yi
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group Stress & Immunity, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - M Rykova
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - M Feuerecker
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group Stress & Immunity, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - B Jäger
- Institute of Virology (Max von Pettenkofer-Institut), University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Ladinig
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group Stress & Immunity, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - M Basner
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Hörl
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group Stress & Immunity, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - S Matzel
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group Stress & Immunity, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - I Kaufmann
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group Stress & Immunity, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - C Strewe
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group Stress & Immunity, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - I Nichiporuk
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - G Vassilieva
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - K Rinas
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group Stress & Immunity, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - S Baatout
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Mol, Belgium
| | - G Schelling
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group Stress & Immunity, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - M Thiel
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Mannheim, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - D F Dinges
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B Morukov
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A Choukèr
- Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group Stress & Immunity, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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47
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Diverse specificities, phenotypes, and antiviral activities of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T cells. J Virol 2014; 88:10894-908. [PMID: 25008941 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01477-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD8(+) T cells specific for pp65, IE1, and IE2 are present at high frequencies in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-seropositive individuals, and these have been shown to have phenotypes associated with terminal differentiation, as well as both cytokine and proliferative dysfunctions, especially in the elderly. However, more recently, T cell responses to many other HCMV proteins have been described, but little is known about their phenotypes and functions. Consequently, in this study, we chose to determine the diversity of HCMV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses to the products of 11 HCMV open reading frames (ORFs) in a cohort of donors aged 20 to 80 years old as well as the ability of the T cells to secrete gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Finally, we also tested their functional antiviral capacity using a novel viral dissemination assay. We identified substantial CD8(+) T cell responses by IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays to all 11 of these HCMV proteins, and across the cohort, individuals displayed a range of responses, from tightly focused to highly diverse, which were stable over time. CD8(+) T cell responses to the HCMV ORFs were highly differentiated and predominantly CD45RA(+), CD57(+), and CD28(-), across the cohort. These highly differentiated cells had the ability to inhibit viral spread even following direct ex vivo isolation. Taken together, our data argue that HCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells have effective antiviral activity irrespective of the viral protein recognized across the whole cohort and despite viral immune evasion. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is normally carried without clinical symptoms and is widely prevalent in the population; however, it often causes severe clinical disease in individuals with compromised immune responses. HCMV is never cleared after primary infection but persists in the host for life. In HCMV carriers, the immune response to HCMV includes large numbers of virus-specific immune cells, and the virus has evolved many mechanisms to evade the immune response. While this immune response seems to protect healthy people from subsequent disease, the virus is never eliminated. It has been suggested that this continuous surveillance by the immune system may have deleterious effects in later life. The study presented in this paper examined immune responses from a cohort of donors and shows that these immune cells are effective at controlling the virus and can overcome the virus' lytic cycle immune evasion mechanisms.
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Mamishi S, Pourakbari B, Teymuri M, Rubbo PA, Tuaillon E, Keshtkar AA, Mahmoudi S. Diagnostic accuracy of IL-2 for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:2111-9. [PMID: 24993150 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic potential of interleukin-2 (IL-2) as biomarkers for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis. Related studies were identified through searches of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and complementary manual searches up to December 30, 2013. We used standard methods recommended for meta-analyses of diagnostic test evaluations. The analysis was based on a summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve. Meta-regression analysis was used to assess the effects of some confounding factors on the results of the meta-analysis. The potential presence of publication bias was tested using the Deeks' funnel plots. The pooled estimates of IL-2 for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) diagnosis were as follows: sensitivity, 0.81 [95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.60 to 0.92]; specificity, 0.95 (95 % CI, 0.90 to 0.97); positive likelihood ratio (PLR), 15.2 (95 % CI, 8.1to 28.4); negative likelihood ratio (NLR), 0.20 (95 % CI, 0.09 to 0.47). We found that the SROC curve is positioned near the upper left corner of the curve and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.96 (95 % CI, 0.94 to 0.98). In conclusion, according to the meta-analysis, IL-2 is a valid marker for the diagnosis of LTBI. When there is no definite gold standard for the diagnosis of LTBI, IL-2 release assay in addition to interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) can improve the ability of IGRAs to identify individuals with LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Gharib Street, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
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Jenum S, Grewal HMS, Hokey DA, Kenneth J, Vaz M, Doherty TM, Jahnsen FL. The frequencies of IFNγ+IL2+TNFα+ PPD-specific CD4+CD45RO+ T-cells correlate with the magnitude of the QuantiFERON® gold in-tube response in a prospective study of healthy indian adolescents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101224. [PMID: 24992314 PMCID: PMC4081517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) is an IFNγ-release assay used in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. The risk of TB progression increases with the magnitude of the MTB-specific IFNγ-response. QFT reversion, also associated with low Tuberculin Skin Test responses, may therefore represent a transient immune response with control of M. tuberculosis infection. However, studies at the single cell level have suggested that the quality (polyfunctionality) of the T-cell response is more important than the quantity of cytokines produced. OBJECTIVE To explore the quality and/or magnitude of mycobacteria-specific T-cell responses associated with QFT reversion and persistent QFT-positivity. METHODS Multi-color flowcytometry on prospectively collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells was applied to assess mycobacteria-specific T-cell responses in 42 QFT positive Indian adolescents of whom 21 became QFT negative (reverters) within one year. Ten QFT consistent negatives were also included as controls. RESULTS There was no difference in the qualitative PPD-specific CD4+ T-cell response between QFT consistent positives and reverters. However, compared with QFT consistent positives, reverters displayed lower absolute frequencies of polyfunctional (IFNγ+IL2+TNFα+) CD4+ T-cells at baseline, which were further reduced to the point where they were not different to QFT negative controls one year later. Moreover, absolute frequencies of these cells correlated well with the magnitude of the QFT-response. CONCLUSION Whereas specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells have been suggested to protect against TB progression, our data do not support that higher relative or absolute frequencies of PPD-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells in peripheral blood can explain the reduced risk of TB progression observed in QFT reverters. On the contrary, absolute frequencies of these cells correlated with the QFT-response, suggesting that this readout reflects antigenic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synne Jenum
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet and the University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Harleen M. S. Grewal
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway, and Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - John Kenneth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Mario Vaz
- Physiology and Health and Humanities, St. John’s Medical College and St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Frode Lars Jahnsen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet and the University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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50
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Ramirez PW, Famiglietti M, Sowrirajan B, DePaula-Silva AB, Rodesch C, Barker E, Bosque A, Planelles V. Downmodulation of CCR7 by HIV-1 Vpu results in impaired migration and chemotactic signaling within CD4⁺ T cells. Cell Rep 2014; 7:2019-30. [PMID: 24910430 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR7 plays a crucial role in the homing of central memory and naive T cells to peripheral lymphoid organs. Here, we show that the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu downregulates CCR7 on the surface of CD4(+) T cells. Vpu and CCR7 were found to specifically interact and colocalize within the trans-Golgi network, where CCR7 is retained. Downmodulation of CCR7 did not involve degradation or endocytosis and was strictly dependent on Vpu expression. Stimulation of HIV-1-infected primary CD4(+) T cells with the CCR7 ligand CCL19 resulted in reduced mobilization of Ca(2+), reduced phosphorylation of Erk1/2, and impaired migration toward CCL19. Specific amino acid residues within the transmembrane domain of Vpu that were previously shown to be critical for BST-2 downmodulation (A14, A18, and W22) were also necessary for CCR7 downregulation. These results suggest that BST-2 and CCR7 may be downregulated via similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Ramirez
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Marylinda Famiglietti
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; School of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Bharatwaj Sowrirajan
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christopher Rodesch
- Department of Core Facilities, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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