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Shaghayegh G, Cooksley C, Bouras G, Panchatcharam BS, Feizi S, Javadian S, Ramezanpour M, Fenix KA, Wormald PJ, Psaltis AJ, Vreugde S. S. aureus biofilm properties correlate with immune B cell subset frequencies and severity of chronic rhinosinusitis. Clin Immunol 2024; 263:110221. [PMID: 38636891 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus mucosal biofilms are associated with recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, S. aureus colonisation of sinus mucosa is frequent in the absence of mucosal inflammation. This questions the relevance of S. aureus biofilms in CRS etiopathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate whether strain-level variation in in vitro-grown S. aureus biofilm properties relates to CRS disease severity, in vitro toxicity, and immune B cell responses in sinonasal tissue from CRS patients and non-CRS controls. S. aureus clinical isolates, tissue samples, and matched clinical datasets were collected from CRS patients with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and controls. B cell responses in tissue samples were characterised by FACS. S. aureus biofilms were established in vitro, followed by measuring their properties of metabolic activity, biomass, colony-forming units, and exoprotein production. S. aureus virulence was evaluated using whole-genome sequencing, mass spectrometry and application of S. aureus biofilm exoproteins to air-liquid interface cultures of primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC-ALI). In vitro S. aureus biofilm properties were correlated with increased CRS severity scores, infiltration of antibody-secreting cells and loss of regulatory B cells in tissue samples. Biofilm exoproteins from S. aureus with high biofilm metabolic activity had enriched virulence genes and proteins, and negatively affected the barrier function of HNEC-ALI cultures. These findings support the notion of strain-level variation in S. aureus biofilms to be critical in the pathophysiology of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar Shaghayegh
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Clare Cooksley
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - George Bouras
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Beula Subashini Panchatcharam
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sholeh Feizi
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shari Javadian
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mahnaz Ramezanpour
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Aaron Fenix
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter-John Wormald
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alkis James Psaltis
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia.
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Bunimovich L, Ram A, Skums P. Antigenic cooperation in viral populations: Transformation of functions of intra-host viral variants. J Theor Biol 2024; 580:111719. [PMID: 38158118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we study intra-host viral adaptation by antigenic cooperation - a mechanism of immune escape that serves as an alternative to the standard mechanism of escape by continuous genomic diversification and allows to explain a number of experimental observations associated with the establishment of chronic infections by highly mutable viruses. Within this mechanism, the topology of a cross-immunoreactivity network forces intra-host viral variants to specialize for complementary roles and adapt to the host's immune response as a quasi-social ecosystem. Here we study dynamical changes in immune adaptation caused by evolutionary and epidemiological events. First, we show that the emergence of a viral variant with altered antigenic features may result in a rapid re-arrangement of the viral ecosystem and a change in the roles played by existing viral variants. In particular, it may push the population under immune escape by genomic diversification towards the stable state of adaptation by antigenic cooperation. Next, we study the effect of a viral transmission between two chronically infected hosts, which results in the merging of two intra-host viral populations in the state of stable immune-adapted equilibrium. In this case, we also describe how the newly formed viral population adapts to the host's environment by changing the functions of its members. The results are obtained analytically for minimal cross-immunoreactivity networks and numerically for larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Bunimovich
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA.
| | - Athulya Ram
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA.
| | - Pavel Skums
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269, CT, USA.
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3
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Cheng T, You Y, Jia B, Wang H, Lv M, Zhu X, Hu Y. Knowledge mapping of B cell and atherosclerosis over the past 20 years: A bibliometric analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2277567. [PMID: 37953301 PMCID: PMC10760366 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2277567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main underlying cause of cardiovascular disease, and B cells are considered a key immune cell type to regulate AS. So far, there is no bibliometric study on B cell and AS. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the scientific output about B cell and AS, summarize the literature characteristics, explore research hotspots, and point out emerging trends. We searched the literature from 2003 to 2022 from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and the R package "Bibliometrix" were used for literature analysis and visualization. A total of 1,062 articles and reviews were identified. The number of annual publications generally showed an upward trend. The United States and China were the most productive countries. Medical University of Vienna was the most productive research institution, and Binder Christoph J. was the most productive author, who was also from Medical University of Vienna. "Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology" was the most published journal and the most frequently cited journal. The most cited reference was written by Caligiuri G (2002) in "Journal of Clinical Investigation." The most frequent keywords were "inflammation," "macrophages," "cardiovascular disease," "T cells," "apoptosis," "immunity," "cytokines," "lymphocytes," etc. The trend topics were mainly focused on "immune infiltration," "immunoglobulins," and "biomarkers." The complex role of B cell subtypes and a variety of B cell mediators is the main research direction at present. In-depth analysis of B cell-specific targets can provide new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cheng
- Department of Cardiological Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping You
- Department of Cardiological Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bochao Jia
- Department of Cardiological Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Cardiological Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Lv
- Department of Cardiological Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhu
- Department of Cardiological Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhui Hu
- Department of Cardiological Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xie L, Fang J, Yu J, Zhang W, He Z, Ye L, Wang H. The role of CD4 + T cells in tumor and chronic viral immune responses. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e390. [PMID: 37829505 PMCID: PMC10565399 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are mainly aimed to promote a CD8+ T cell response rather than a CD4+ T cell response as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can directly kill target cells. Recently, CD4+ T cells have received more attention due to their diverse roles in tumors and chronic viral infections. In antitumor and antichronic viral responses, CD4+ T cells relay help signals through dendritic cells to indirectly regulate CD8+ T cell response, interact with B cells or macrophages to indirectly modulate humoral immunity or macrophage polarization, and inhibit tumor blood vessel formation. Additionally, CD4+ T cells can also exhibit direct cytotoxicity toward target cells. However, regulatory T cells exhibit immunosuppression and CD4+ T cells become exhausted, which promote tumor progression and chronic viral persistence. Finally, we also outline immunotherapies based on CD4+ T cells, including adoptive cell transfer, vaccines, and immune checkpoint blockade. Overall, this review summarizes diverse roles of CD4+ T cells in the antitumor or protumor and chronic viral responses, and also highlights the immunotherapies based on CD4+ T cells, giving a better understanding of their roles in tumors and chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyingzi Xie
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Jingyi Fang
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Juncheng Yu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryXinqiao Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Weinan Zhang
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic SurgeryArmy Medical Center of PLAAmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhiqiang He
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic SurgeryArmy Medical Center of PLAAmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lilin Ye
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Huaizhi Wang
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
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5
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Bunimovich L, Ram A. Local Immunodeficiency: Combining Cross-Immunoreactivity Networks. J Comput Biol 2023; 30:492-501. [PMID: 36625905 PMCID: PMC10125403 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2022.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article continues the analysis of the recently observed phenomenon of local immunodeficiency (LI), which arises as a result of antigenic cooperation among intrahost viruses organized into a network of cross-immunoreactivity (CR). We study here what happens as the result of combining (connecting) the simplest CR networks, which have a stable state of LI. It turned out that many possibilities occur, particularly resulting in a change of roles of some viruses in the CR network. Our results also give some indications about a boundary of the set of CR networks with stable state of LI in the entire collection of all possible CR networks. Such borderline CR networks are characterized by only a marginally stable (neutral rather than stable) state of the LI, or by the existence of such subnetworks in a CR network that evolve independently of each other (although being connected).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Bunimovich
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Athulya Ram
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Bhattacharya D. Instructing durable humoral immunity for COVID-19 and other vaccinable diseases. Immunity 2022; 55:945-964. [PMID: 35637104 PMCID: PMC9085459 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of SARS-CoV-2 have fully conformed with the principles established by decades of viral immunology research, ultimately leading to the crowning achievement of highly effective COVID-19 vaccines. Nonetheless, the pandemic has also exposed areas where our fundamental knowledge is thinner. Some key unknowns are the duration of humoral immunity post-primary infection or vaccination and how long booster shots confer protection. As a corollary, if protection does not last as long as desired, what are some ways it can be improved? Here, I discuss lessons from other infections and vaccines that point to several key features that influence durable antibody production and the perseverance of immunity. These include (1) the specific innate sensors that are initially triggered, (2) the kinetics of antigen delivery and persistence, (3) the starting B cell receptor (BCR) avidity and antigen valency, and (4) the memory B cell subsets that are recalled by boosters. I further highlight the fundamental B cell-intrinsic and B cell-extrinsic pathways that, if understood better, would provide a rational framework for vaccines to reliably provide durable immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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7
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Chronic Rhinosinusitis, S. aureus Biofilm and Secreted Products, Inflammatory Responses, and Disease Severity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061362. [PMID: 35740385 PMCID: PMC9220248 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses associated with tissue remodelling, dysfunction of the sinuses’ natural defence mechanisms, and induction of different inflammatory clusters. The etiopathogenesis of CRS remains elusive, and both environmental factors, such as bacterial biofilms and the host’s general condition, are thought to play a role. Bacterial biofilms have significant clinical relevance due to their potential to cause resistance to antimicrobial therapy and host defenses. Despite substantial medical advances, some CRS patients suffer from recalcitrant disease that is unresponsive to medical and surgical treatments. Those patients often have nasal polyps with tissue eosinophilia, S. aureus-dominant mucosal biofilm, comorbid asthma, and a severely compromised quality of life. This review aims to summarise the contemporary knowledge of inflammatory cells/pathways in CRS, the role of bacterial biofilm, and their impact on the severity of the disease. Here, an emphasis is placed on S. aureus biofilm and its secreted products. A better understanding of these factors might offer important diagnostic and therapeutic perceptions for recalcitrant disease.
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8
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Nosaka K, Kusumoto S, Nakano N, Choi I, Yoshimitsu M, Imaizumi Y, Hidaka M, Sasaki H, Makiyama J, Ohtsuka E, Jo T, Ogata M, Ito A, Yonekura K, Tatetsu H, Kato T, Kawakita T, Suehiro Y, Ishitsuka K, Iida S, Matsutani T, Utsunomiya A, Ueda R, Ishida T. Clinical significance of the immunoglobulin G heavy-chain repertoire in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma patients receiving mogamulizumab. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:629-638. [PMID: 34632569 PMCID: PMC9292985 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
‘Monitoring of immune responses following mogamulizumab‐containing treatment in patients with adult T‐cell leukaemia–lymphoma (ATL)’ (MIMOGA) is a multicentre prospective clinical study (UMIN000008696). In the MIMOGA study, we found that a lower percentage of CD2−CD19+ B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was a significant unfavourable prognostic factor for overall survival (OS). Accordingly, we then analysed the immunoglobulin G (IgG) heavy‐chain repertoire in PBMC by high‐throughput sequencing. Of the 101 patients enrolled in the MIMOGA study, for 81 a sufficient amount of PBMC RNA was available for repertoire sequencing analysis. Peripheral IgG B cells in patients with ATL had a restricted repertoire relative to those in healthy individuals. There was a significant positive correlation between the Shannon–Weaver diversity index (SWDI) for the IgG repertoire and proportions of B cells in the PBMC of the patients. Multivariate analysis identified two variables significantly affecting OS: a higher serum soluble interleukin‐2 receptor level, and a lower SWDI for the IgG repertoire [hazard ratio, 2·124; 95% confidence interval, 1·114–4·049; n = 44]. The present study documents the importance of humoral immune responses in patients receiving mogamulizumab‐containing treatment. Further investigation of strategies to enhance humoral immune responses in patients with ATL is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisato Nosaka
- Cancer Center, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kusumoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakano
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ilseung Choi
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Centre Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimitsu
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshiam, Japan
| | | | - Michihiro Hidaka
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Sasaki
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hematology, and Infectious Diseases, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Makiyama
- Department of Hematology, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ohtsuka
- Department of Hematology, Oita Prefectural Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Jo
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Asahi Ito
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yonekura
- Department of Dermatology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiro Tatetsu
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kato
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kawakita
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Youko Suehiro
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Centre Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Cell, Therapy National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Centre Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshiam, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaji Matsutani
- Osaka laboratory, Repertoire Genesis Incorporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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9
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Rana M, La Bella A, Lederman R, Volpe BT, Sherry B, Diamond B. Follicular dendritic cell dysfunction contributes to impaired antigen-specific humoral responses in sepsis-surviving mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146776. [PMID: 33956665 DOI: 10.1172/jci146776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis survivors exhibit impaired responsiveness to antigen (Ag) challenge associated with increased mortality from infection. The contribution of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in the impaired humoral response in sepsis-surviving mice is investigated in this study. We demonstrated that mice subjected to sepsis from cecal ligation and puncture (CLP mice) have reduced NP-specific high-affinity class-switched Ig antibodies (Abs) compared with sham-operated control mice following immunization with the T cell-dependent Ag, NP-CGG. NP-specific germinal center (GC) B cells in CLP mice exhibited reduced TNF-α and AID mRNA expression compared with sham-operated mice. CLP mice showed a reduction in FDC clusters, a reduced binding of immune complexes on FDCs, and reduced mRNA expression of CR2, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, FcγRIIB, TNFR1, IKK2, and LTβR compared with sham-operated mice. Adoptive transfer studies showed that there was no B cell-intrinsic defect. In summary, our data suggest that the reduced Ag-specific Ab response in CLP mice is secondary to a disruption in FDC and GC B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Rana
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases
| | - Andrea La Bella
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases
| | - Rivka Lederman
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases
| | | | - Barbara Sherry
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases
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10
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Wong R, Belk JA, Govero J, Uhrlaub JL, Reinartz D, Zhao H, Errico JM, D'Souza L, Ripperger TJ, Nikolich-Zugich J, Shlomchik MJ, Satpathy AT, Fremont DH, Diamond MS, Bhattacharya D. Affinity-Restricted Memory B Cells Dominate Recall Responses to Heterologous Flaviviruses. Immunity 2020; 53:1078-1094.e7. [PMID: 33010224 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) can respond to heterologous antigens either by molding new specificities through secondary germinal centers (GCs) or by selecting preexisting clones without further affinity maturation. To distinguish these mechanisms in flavivirus infections and immunizations, we studied recall responses to envelope protein domain III (DIII). Conditional deletion of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) between heterologous challenges of West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and dengue viruses did not affect recall responses. DIII-specific MBCs were contained mostly within the plasma-cell-biased CD80+ subset, and few GCs arose following heterologous boosters, demonstrating that recall responses are confined by preexisting clonal diversity. Measurement of monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding affinity to DIII proteins, timed AID deletion, single-cell RNA sequencing, and lineage tracing experiments point to selection of relatively low-affinity MBCs as a mechanism to promote diversity. Engineering immunogens to avoid this MBC diversity may facilitate flavivirus-type-specific vaccines with minimized potential for infection enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Julia A Belk
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Dakota Reinartz
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas D'Souza
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Tyler J Ripperger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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11
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Tashiro Y, Murakami A, Hara Y, Shimizu T, Kubo M, Goitsuka R, Kishimoto H, Azuma T. High-affinity IgM + memory B cells are defective in differentiation into IgM antibody-secreting cells by re-stimulation with a T cell-dependent antigen. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14559. [PMID: 30266961 PMCID: PMC6162211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IgM antibodies (Abs) are thought to play a major role in humoral immunity but only at the early stage of the primary immune response. However, two subsets of IgM+ memory B cells (MBCs), one with high affinity gained by means of multiple somatic hypermutation (SHM) and the other with low affinity and no SHMs, are generated through the germinal center (GC)-dependent and GC-independent (non-GC) pathway, respectively, after immunization with (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP)-chicken γ-globulin. Surprisingly, an analysis of antibody-secreting cells reveals that a large amount of anti-NP IgM Ab with few SHMs is secreted during the recall response, indicating that only non-GC MBCs have terminal differentiation potential. Since secondary IgM Abs are capable of binding to dinitrophenyl ligands, they likely provide broad cross-reactivity in defense against microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tashiro
- Division of Development and Aging, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan. .,Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Akikazu Murakami
- Department of Parasitology & Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Shared equipment room, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Shimizu
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Goitsuka
- Division of Development and Aging, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kishimoto
- Department of Parasitology & Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takachika Azuma
- Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Antibody Technology Research Center, Co. Ltd., Noda, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Miljkovic D, Psaltis A, Wormald PJ, Vreugde S. Naive and effector B-cell subtypes are increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 32:3-6. [PMID: 29336281 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2018.32.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies demonstrated that B cells and their chemoattractants are elevated in the nasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). However, the presence of naive B cells and of plasmablasts and memory B-cell subsets in the mucosa and periphery of the same patient with CRS is yet to be characterized. OBJECTIVE Here we sought to quantify naive, plasmablasts, and memory B cells in mucosal tissue and peripheral blood of patients with CRSwNP, patients with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and control patients. METHODS Polyps, mucosa, and peripheral blood samples were prospectively collected from the patients with CRS and from the non-CRS controls. We used flow cytometry to distinguish among naive, plasmablast, and memory B cells in sinus tissue and peripheral blood. RESULTS A total of 45 patients were recruited for the study. The patients with CRSwNP had significantly increased mucosal B-cell numbers versus the controls (3.39 ± 4.05% versus 0.39 ± 1.05% of live cells; p < 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis test), which included naive B cells (0.61 ± 0.94 versus 0.11 ± 0.24% of live cells; p < 0.03, Kruskal-Wallis test), plasmablasts (0.06 ± 0.26 versus 0.00 ± 0.00% of live cells; p < 0.055, Kruskal-Wallis test), and memory B cells (0.62 ± 1.26 versus 0.05 ± 0.15% of live cells; p < 0.02, Kruskal-Wallis test). CONCLUSION Our study identified increased frequencies of different B-cell subtypes in the mucosa of patients with CRSwNP but not in the peripheral blood. We also found that patients with CRSwNP had significantly increased B-cell subtypes compared with the patients with CRSsNP and the controls. These results implied a potential role for mucosal B cells in the ongoing inflammation in patients with CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Miljkovic
- From the Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alkis Psaltis
- From the Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter-John Wormald
- From the Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- From the Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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13
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Weber TS. Cell Cycle-Associated CXCR4 Expression in Germinal Center B Cells and Its Implications on Affinity Maturation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1313. [PMID: 29951060 PMCID: PMC6008520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of antibody-mediated immunity occurs in germinal centers (GC). It is where affinity maturation, class switching, memory and plasma cell differentiation synergize to generate specific high-affinity antibodies that aid both to clear and protect against reinfection of invading pathogens. Within GCs, light and dark zone are two compartments instrumental in regulating this process, by segregating T cell-dependent selection and differentiation from generation of GC B cells bearing hypermutated antigen receptors. Spatial segregation of GC B cells into the two zones relies on the chemokine receptor CXCR4, with textbooks attributing high and low expression to a dark and light zone phenotype. Interestingly, this bipolarity is not reflected in the CXCR4 expression profile of GC B cells, which is highly variable and unimodal, indicating a continuum of intermediate CXCR4 levels rather than a binary dark or light zone phenotype. Here, analysis of published BrdU pulse-chase data reveals that throughout cell cycle, average CXCR4 expression in GC B cells steadily increases close to twofold, scaling with cell surface area. CXCR4 expression in recently divided GC B cells in G0/G1 or early S phase shows intermediate levels compared to cells in G2M phase, consistent with their smaller size. The lowest number of CXCR4 receptors are displayed by relatively aged GC B cells in G0/G1 or early S phase. The latter, upon progressing through S phase, however, ramp up relative CXCR4 expression twice as much as recently divided cells. Twelve hours after the BrdU pulse, labeled GC B cells, while initially in S phase, are desynchronized in terms of cell cycle and match the CXCR4 profile of unlabeled cells. A model is discussed in which CXCR4 expression in GC B cell increases with cell cycle and cell surface area, with highest levels in G2 and M phase, coinciding with GC B cell receptor signaling in G2 and immediately preceding activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) activity in early G1. In the model, GC B cells compete for CXCL12 expression on the basis of their CXCR4 expression, gaining a relative advantage as they progress in cell cycle, but loosing the advantage at the moment they divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Weber
- Molecular Medicine Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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14
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Königs C, Schultze-Strasser S, Quaiser A, Bochennek K, Schwabe D, Klingebiel TE, Koehl U, Cappel C, Rolle U, Bader P, Bremm M, Huenecke S, Bakhtiar S. An Exponential Regression Model Reveals the Continuous Development of B Cell Subpopulations Used as Reference Values in Children. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:121. [PMID: 29780793 PMCID: PMC5945839 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are key players in humoral immunity, expressing diverse surface immunoglobulin receptors directed against specific antigenic epitopes. The development and profile of distinct subpopulations have gained awareness in the setting of primary immunodeficiency disorders, primary or secondary autoimmunity and as therapeutic targets of specific antibodies in various diseases. The major B cell subpopulations in peripheral blood include naïve (CD19+ or CD20+IgD+CD27-), non-switched memory (CD19+ or CD20+IgD+CD27+) and switched memory B cells (CD19+ or CD20+IgD-CD27+). Furthermore, less common B cell subpopulations have also been described as having a role in the suppressive capacity of B cells to maintain self-tolerance. Data on reference values for B cell subpopulations are limited and only available for older age groups, neglecting the continuous process of human B cell development in children and adolescents. This study was designed to establish an exponential regression model to produce continuous reference values for main B cell subpopulations to reflect the dynamic maturation of the human immune system in healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Königs
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Quaiser
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Konrad Bochennek
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwabe
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas E Klingebiel
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- GMP Development, Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-TX), Hannover Medical School, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Cappel
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Udo Rolle
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Melanie Bremm
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Huenecke
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Shahrzad Bakhtiar
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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15
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Suan D, Kräutler NJ, Maag JL, Butt D, Bourne K, Hermes JR, Avery DT, Young C, Statham A, Elliott M, Dinger ME, Basten A, Tangye SG, Brink R. CCR6 Defines Memory B Cell Precursors in Mouse and Human Germinal Centers, Revealing Light-Zone Location and Predominant Low Antigen Affinity. Immunity 2017; 47:1142-1153.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Jash A, Wang Y, Weisel FJ, Scharer CD, Boss JM, Shlomchik MJ, Bhattacharya D. ZBTB32 Restricts the Duration of Memory B Cell Recall Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:1159-68. [PMID: 27357154 PMCID: PMC4975986 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cell responses are more rapid and of greater magnitude than are primary Ab responses. The mechanisms by which these secondary responses are eventually attenuated remain unknown. We demonstrate that the transcription factor ZBTB32 limits the rapidity and duration of Ab recall responses. ZBTB32 is highly expressed by mouse and human memory B cells but not by their naive counterparts. Zbtb32(-/-) mice mount normal primary Ab responses to T-dependent Ags. However, Zbtb32(-/-) memory B cell-mediated recall responses occur more rapidly and persist longer than do control responses. Microarray analyses demonstrate that Zbtb32(-/-) secondary bone marrow plasma cells display elevated expression of genes that promote cell cycle progression and mitochondrial function relative to wild-type controls. BrdU labeling and adoptive transfer experiments confirm more rapid production and a cell-intrinsic survival advantage of Zbtb32(-/-) secondary plasma cells relative to wild-type counterparts. ZBTB32 is therefore a novel negative regulator of Ab recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijita Jash
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Florian J Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
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17
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Autonomous membrane IgE signaling prevents IgE-memory formation. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1109-17. [PMID: 27428827 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant production of IgE antibodies can lead to allergic diseases. Normally, IgE(+) B cells rarely differentiate into memory B cells (Bmem) or long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), as they only transiently participate in the germinal center (GC), but the mechanism behind this remains elusive. We found that membrane IgE (mIgE) autonomously triggered rapid plasma-cell differentiation and apoptosis independently of antigen or cellular context, predominantly through the mutually independent CD19-PI3K-Akt-IRF4 and BLNK-Jnk/p38 pathways, respectively, and we identified the ectodomains of mIgE as being responsible. Accordingly, deregulated GC IgE(+) B cell proliferation and prolonged IgE production with exaggerated anaphylaxis were observed in CD19- and BLNK-deficient mice. Our findings reveal an autonomous mIgE signaling mechanism that normally prevents IgE(+) Bmem and LLPC formation, providing insights into the molecular pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
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18
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Alawad A, Altuwaijri S, Aljarbu A, Kryczek I, Niu Y, Al-sobayil FA, Chang C, Bayoumi A, Zou W, Rudat V, Hammad M. Depletion of androgen receptor (AR) in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) inhibits induction of CD4+CD25+FOX3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells via androgen TGF-β interaction. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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19
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Complexity of the human memory B-cell compartment is determined by the versatility of clonal diversification in germinal centers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5281-9. [PMID: 26324941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511270112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge about the clonal composition and intraclonal diversity of the human memory B-cell compartment and the relationship between memory B-cell subsets is still limited, although these are central issues for our understanding of adaptive immunity. We performed a deep sequencing analysis of rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain genes from biological replicates, covering more than 100,000 memory B lymphocytes from two healthy adults. We reveal a highly similar B-cell receptor repertoire among the four main human IgM(+) and IgG(+) memory B-cell subsets. Strikingly, in both donors, 45% of sequences could be assigned to expanded clones, demonstrating that the human memory B-cell compartment is characterized by many, often very large, B-cell clones. Twenty percent of the clones consisted of class switched and IgM(+)(IgD(+)) members, a feature that correlated significantly with clone size. Hence, we provide strong evidence that the vast majority of Ig mutated B cells--including IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) B cells--are post-germinal center (GC) memory B cells. Clone members showed high intraclonal sequence diversity and high intraclonal versatility in Ig class and IgG subclass composition, with particular patterns of memory B-cell clone generation in GC reactions. In conclusion, GC produce amazingly large, complex, and diverse memory B-cell clones, equipping the human immune system with a versatile and highly diverse compartment of IgM(+)(IgD(+)) and class-switched memory B cells.
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20
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Antigenic cooperation among intrahost HCV variants organized into a complex network of cross-immunoreactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6653-8. [PMID: 25941392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422942112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has the propensity to cause chronic infection. Continuous immune escape has been proposed as a mechanism of intrahost viral evolution contributing to HCV persistence. Although the pronounced genetic diversity of intrahost HCV populations supports this hypothesis, recent observations of long-term persistence of individual HCV variants, negative selection increase, and complex dynamics of viral subpopulations during infection as well as broad cross-immunoreactivity (CR) among variants are inconsistent with the immune-escape hypothesis. Here, we present a mathematical model of intrahost viral population dynamics under the condition of a complex CR network (CRN) of viral variants and examine the contribution of CR to establishing persistent HCV infection. The model suggests a mechanism of viral adaptation by antigenic cooperation (AC), with immune responses against one variant protecting other variants. AC reduces the capacity of the host's immune system to neutralize certain viral variants. CRN structure determines specific roles for each viral variant in host adaptation, with variants eliciting broad-CR antibodies facilitating persistence of other variants immunoreacting with these antibodies. The proposed mechanism is supported by empirical observations of intrahost HCV evolution. Interference with AC is a potential strategy for interruption and prevention of chronic HCV infection.
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21
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Lycke N, Bemark M, Spencer J. Mucosal B Cell Differentiation and Regulation. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Vaccine-induced protection against orthopoxvirus infection is mediated through the combined functions of CD4 T cell-dependent antibody and CD8 T cell responses. J Virol 2014; 89:1889-99. [PMID: 25428875 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02572-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antibody production by B cells in the absence of CD4 T cell help has been shown to be necessary and sufficient for protection against secondary orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections. This conclusion is based on short-term depletion of leukocyte subsets in vaccinated animals, in addition to passive transfer of immune serum to naive hosts that are subsequently protected from lethal orthopoxvirus infection. Here, we show that CD4 T cell help is necessary for neutralizing antibody production and virus control during a secondary ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection. A crucial role for CD4 T cells was revealed when depletion of this subset was extended beyond the acute phase of infection. Sustained depletion of CD4 T cells over several weeks in vaccinated animals during a secondary infection resulted in gradual diminution of B cell responses, including neutralizing antibody, contemporaneous with a corresponding increase in the viral load. Long-term elimination of CD8 T cells alone delayed virus clearance, but prolonged depletion of both CD4 and CD8 T cells resulted in death associated with uncontrolled virus replication. In the absence of CD4 T cells, perforin- and granzyme A- and B-dependent effector functions of CD8 T cells became critical. Our data therefore show that both CD4 T cell help for antibody production and CD8 T cell effector function are critical for protection against secondary OPV infection. These results are consistent with the notion that the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine is related to its capacity to induce both B and T cell memory. IMPORTANCE Smallpox eradication through vaccination is one of the most successful public health endeavors of modern medicine. The use of various orthopoxvirus (OPV) models to elucidate correlates of vaccine-induced protective immunity showed that antibody is critical for protection against secondary infection, whereas the role of T cells is unclear. Short-term leukocyte subset depletion in vaccinated animals or transfer of immune serum to naive, immunocompetent hosts indicates that antibody alone is necessary and sufficient for protection. We show here that long-term depletion of CD4 T cells over several weeks in vaccinated animals during secondary OPV challenge reveals an important role for CD4 T cell-dependent antibody responses in effective virus control. Prolonged elimination of CD8 T cells alone delayed virus clearance, but depletion of both T cell subsets resulted in death associated with uncontrolled virus replication. Thus, vaccinated individuals who subsequently acquire T cell deficiencies may not be protected against secondary OPV infection.
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23
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Lee J, Sim JH, Kim IJ. Peripheral immature B cells: modulators of autoimmunity. Int J Rheum Dis 2014; 18:200-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Lee
- Division of Rheumatology; Department of Internal Medicine; Ewha Womans University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Sim
- Department of Anatomy; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - In-Je Kim
- Division of Rheumatology; Department of Internal Medicine; Ewha Womans University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
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24
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O E, Ko EJ, Kim MC, Lee YT, Song JM, Kwon YM, Compans RW, Kang SM. Distinct B-cell populations contribute to vaccine antigen-specific antibody production in a transgenic mouse model. Immunology 2014; 142:624-35. [PMID: 24645831 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of memory B cells by vaccination plays a critical role in maintaining antigen-specific antibodies and producing antibody responses upon re-exposure to a pathogen. B-cell populations contributing to antibody production and protection by vaccination remain poorly defined. We used influenza virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine in a transgenic mouse model that would identify germinal centre-derived memory B cells with the expression of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP(+) cells). Immunization with influenza VLP vaccine did not induce significant increases in YFP(+) cells although vaccine antigen-specific antibodies in sera were found to confer protection against a lethal dose of influenza A virus (A/PR8). In addition, CD43(+) B220(-) populations with low YFP(+) cells mainly contributed to the production of vaccine antigen-specific IgG isotype-switched antibodies whereas CD43(-) B220(+) populations with high YFP(+) cells were able to produce vaccine antigen-specific IgM antibodies. Challenge infection of immunized transgenic mice with live influenza A virus resulted in significant increases in YFP(+) cells in the B220(-) populations of spleen and bone marrow cells. These results suggest that CD43(+) B220(-) B cells generated by vaccination are important for producing influenza vaccine antigen-specific antibodies and conferring protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju O
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Trad A, Tanasa RI, Lange H, Zemlin M, Schroeder HW, Lemke H. Clonal Progression during the T Cell-Dependent B Cell Antibody Response Depends on the Immunoglobulin DH Gene Segment Repertoire. Front Immunol 2014; 5:385. [PMID: 25157256 PMCID: PMC4128299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of the third complementarity determining region of the IgH chain is constrained by natural selection of immunoglobulin diversity (DH) sequence. To test the functional significance of this constraint in the context of thymus-dependent (TD) immune responses, we immunized BALB/c mice with WT or altered DH sequence with 2-phenyloxazolone-coupled chicken serum albumin (phOx-CSA). We chose this antigen because studies of the humoral immune response to the hapten phOx were instrumental in the development of the current theoretical framework on which our understanding of the forces driving TD responses is based. To allow direct comparison, we used the classic approach of generating monoclonal Ab (mAb) from various stages of the immune response to phOx to assess the effect of changing the sequence of the DH on clonal expansion, class switching, and affinity maturation, which are hallmarks of TD responses. Compared to WT, TD-induced humoral IgM as well as IgG antibody production in the D-altered ΔD-DμFS and ΔD-iD strains were significantly reduced. An increased prevalence of IgM-producing hybridomas from late primary, secondary, and tertiary memory responses suggested either impaired class switch recombination (CSR) or impaired clonal expansion of class switched B cells with phOx reactivity. Neither of the D-altered strains demonstrated the restriction in the VH/VL repertoire, the elimination of VH1 family-encoded antibodies, the focusing of the distribution of CDR-H3 lengths, or the selection for the normally dominant Ox1 clonotype, which all are hallmarks of the anti-phOx response in WT mice. These changes in clonal selection and expansion, as well as CSR indicate that the genetic constitution of the DH locus, which has been selected by evolution, can strongly influence the functional outcome of a TD humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Trad
- Biochemical Institute of the Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Radu Iulian Tanasa
- Biochemical Institute of the Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Hans Lange
- Biochemical Institute of the Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel , Germany
| | | | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , USA
| | - Hilmar Lemke
- Biochemical Institute of the Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel , Germany
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26
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Takemori T, Kaji T, Takahashi Y, Shimoda M, Rajewsky K. Generation of memory B cells inside and outside germinal centers. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1258-64. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshitada Takemori
- Drug Discovery Antibody Platform Unit; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS); Yokohama Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaji
- Laboratory for Immunological Memory; RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology (RCAI); Yokohama Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology; National Institute of Infectious Diseases; Tokyo Japan
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Cancer Immunology; Inflammation and Tolerance Program; Georgia Regents University Cancer Center; Augusta GA USA
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Immune Regulation and Cancer; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
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Wang Y, Bhattacharya D. Adjuvant-specific regulation of long-term antibody responses by ZBTB20. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:841-56. [PMID: 24711582 PMCID: PMC4010912 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ZBTB20 promotes long-lived plasma cell survival after primary activation under alum but not TLR2- and TLR4-activating adjuvant conditions. The duration of antibody production by long-lived plasma cells varies with the type of immunization, but the basis for these differences is unknown. We demonstrate that plasma cells formed in response to the same immunogen engage distinct survival programs depending on the adjuvant. After alum-adjuvanted immunization, antigen-specific bone marrow plasma cells deficient in the transcription factor ZBTB20 failed to accumulate over time, leading to a progressive loss of antibody production relative to wild-type controls. Fetal liver reconstitution experiments demonstrated that the requirement for ZBTB20 was B cell intrinsic. No defects were observed in germinal center numbers, affinity maturation, or plasma cell formation or proliferation in ZBTB20-deficient chimeras. However, ZBTB20-deficient plasma cells expressed reduced levels of MCL1 relative to wild-type controls, and transgenic expression of BCL2 increased serum antibody titers. These data indicate a role for ZBTB20 in promoting survival in plasma cells. Strikingly, adjuvants that activate TLR2 and TLR4 restored long-term antibody production in ZBTB20-deficient chimeras through the induction of compensatory survival programs in plasma cells. Thus, distinct lifespans are imprinted in plasma cells as they are formed, depending on the primary activation conditions. The durability of vaccines may accordingly be improved through the selection of appropriate adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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28
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Randall KL. Generating humoral immune memory following infection or vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:1083-93. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tarlinton D, Good-Jacobson K. Diversity among memory B cells: origin, consequences, and utility. Science 2013; 341:1205-11. [PMID: 24031013 DOI: 10.1126/science.1241146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is the residuum of a successful immune response that in the B cell lineage comprises long-lived plasma cells and long-lived memory B cells. It is apparent that distinct classes of memory B cells exist, distinguishable by, among other things, immunoglobulin isotype, location, and passage through the germinal center. Some of this variation is due to the nature of the antigen, and some appears to be inherent to the process of forming memory. Here, we consider the heterogeneity in development and phenotype of memory B cells and whether particular functions are partitioned into distinct subsets. We consider also how understanding the details of generating memory may provide opportunities to develop better, functionally targeted vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tarlinton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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30
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Gardt O, Grewe B, Tippler BG, Überla K, Temchura VV. HIV-derived lentiviral particles promote T-cell independent activation and differentiation of naïve cognate conventional B2-cells in vitro. Vaccine 2013; 31:5088-98. [PMID: 24029115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In animal models, lentiviral particles (LP) were shown to be promising HIV vaccine candidates. Since little is known about the direct impact of LP on antigen-specific B cells, we incorporated Hen Egg Lysozyme (HEL) into LP (HEL-LP) derived from HIV to study their effect on HEL-specific, B cell receptor-transgenic B-cells (HEL(+)B-cells) in vitro. We observed preferential binding of HEL-LP to HEL(+)B-cells and their efficient internalization. HEL-LP were able to effectively cross-link B-cell receptors as indicated by the loss of surface CD62L. In the absence of CD4(+) T-cells, other activation events induced by LP in cognate naïve B-cells included increased expression of activation and co-stimulatory molecules as well as an enhanced proliferative response. Additionally, the B-cell phenotype shifted toward a germinal center pattern with further differentiation into memory and IgG3- and IgA-producing cells. The observed CD4(+) T-cell independent activation and differentiation may be due to LP-induced expression of CD40L by a subset of cognate B-cells. Thus, even in the absence of CD4(+) T-cells LP provide strong direct activation signals to cognate naïve B-cells, which may contribute to the strong humoral immune responses observed after LP immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gardt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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31
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Kaji T, Furukawa K, Ishige A, Toyokura I, Nomura M, Okada M, Takahashi Y, Shimoda M, Takemori T. Both mutated and unmutated memory B cells accumulate mutations in the course of the secondary response and develop a new antibody repertoire optimally adapted to the secondary stimulus. Int Immunol 2013; 25:683-95. [PMID: 24021876 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
High-affinity memory B cells are preferentially selected during secondary responses and rapidly differentiate into antibody-producing cells. However, it remains unknown whether only high-affinity, mutated memory B cells simply expand to dominate the secondary response or if in fact memory B cells with a diverse VH repertoire, including those with no mutations, accumulate somatic mutations to create a new repertoire through the process of affinity maturation. In this report, we took a new approach to address this question by analyzing the VH gene repertoire of IgG1(+) memory B cells before and after antigen re-exposure in a host unable to generate IgG(+) B cells. We show here that both mutated and unmutated IgG1(+) memory B cells respond to secondary challenge and expand while accumulating somatic mutations in their VH genes in a stepwise manner. Both types of memory cells subsequently established a VH gene repertoire dominated by two major clonotypes, which are distinct from the original repertoire before antigen re-exposure. In addition, heavily mutated memory B cells were excluded from the secondary repertoire. Thus, both mutated and unmutated IgG1(+) memory cells equally contribute to establish a new antibody repertoire through a dynamic process of mutation and selection, becoming optimally adapted to the recall challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kaji
- Laboratory for Immunological Memory, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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32
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Kometani K, Nakagawa R, Shinnakasu R, Kaji T, Rybouchkin A, Moriyama S, Furukawa K, Koseki H, Takemori T, Kurosaki T. Repression of the Transcription Factor Bach2 Contributes to Predisposition of IgG1 Memory B Cells toward Plasma Cell Differentiation. Immunity 2013; 39:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Mcl-1 is essential for the survival of plasma cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:290-7. [PMID: 23377201 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The long-term survival of plasma cells is entirely dependent on signals derived from their environment. These extrinsic factors presumably induce and sustain the expression of antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family. It is uncertain whether there is specificity among Bcl-2 family members in the survival of plasma cells and whether their expression is linked to specific extrinsic factors. We found here that deletion of the gene encoding the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 in plasma cells resulted in rapid depletion of this population in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the receptor BCMA was needed to establish high expression of Mcl-1 in bone marrow but not spleen plasma cells and that establishing this survival pathway preceded the component of plasma cell differentiation that depends on the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1. Our results identify a critical role for Mcl-1 in the maintenance of plasma cells.
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Perry HM, Bender TP, McNamara CA. B cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:373. [PMID: 23248624 PMCID: PMC3518786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of heart attacks and strokes, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall. Immune cells, including lymphocytes modulate atherosclerotic lesion development through interconnected mechanisms. Elegant studies over the past decades have begun to unravel a role for B cells in atherosclerosis. Recent findings provide evidence that B cell effects on atherosclerosis may be subset-dependent. B-1a B cells have been reported to protect from atherosclerosis by secretion of natural IgM antibodies. Conventional B-2 B cells can promote atherosclerosis through less clearly defined mechanism that may involve CD4 T cells. Yet, there may be other populations of B cells within these subsets with different phenotypes altering their impact on atherosclerosis. Additionally, the role of B cell subsets in atherosclerosis may depend on their environmental niche and/or the stage of atherogenesis. This review will highlight key findings in the evolving field of B cells and atherosclerosis and touch on the potential and importance of translating these findings to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Perry
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA ; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, VA, USA
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35
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van Spriel AB, de Keijzer S, van der Schaaf A, Gartlan KH, Sofi M, Light A, Linssen PC, Boezeman JB, Zuidscherwoude M, Reinieren-Beeren I, Cambi A, Mackay F, Tarlinton DM, Figdor CG, Wright MD. The tetraspanin CD37 orchestrates the α(4)β(1) integrin-Akt signaling axis and supports long-lived plasma cell survival. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra82. [PMID: 23150881 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by the serine and threonine kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B), a pathway that is common to all eukaryotic cells, is central to cell survival, proliferation, and gene induction. We sought to elucidate the mechanisms underlying regulation of the kinase activity of Akt in the immune system. We found that the four-transmembrane protein CD37 was essential for B cell survival and long-lived protective immunity. CD37-deficient (Cd37(-/-)) mice had reduced numbers of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-secreting plasma cells in lymphoid organs compared to those in wild-type mice, which we attributed to increased apoptosis of plasma cells in the germinal centers of the spleen, areas in which B cells proliferate and are selected. CD37 was required for the survival of IgG-secreting plasma cells in response to binding of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 to the α(4)β(1) integrin. Impaired α(4)β(1) integrin-dependent Akt signaling in Cd37(-/-) IgG-secreting plasma cells was the underlying cause responsible for impaired cell survival. CD37 was required for the mobility and clustering of α(4)β(1) integrins in the plasma membrane, thus regulating the membrane distribution of α(4)β(1) integrin necessary for activation of the Akt survival pathway in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
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36
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Abstract
Because Peyer's patches (PP) are the main inductive sites for gut IgA responses we have focused this review on what we know about the function of PP germinal centers (GC). The vast majority of IgA gene sequences in the gut lamina propria (LP) are heavily mutated arguing for an origin in GC. Because PP GC formation is dependent on the presence of CD4 T cells, we speculate that all IgA responses in the normal gut are directly or indirectly T cell-dependent (TD). We hypothesize that the CD4 T cell involvement in gut IgA responses against the microbiota is different from that in systemic responses since cognate T-B cell interactions appear not to be required. In the absence of cognate interactions the function of CD4 follicular helper T cells (Tfh) in PP GC is unclear. However, production of IL-21 and IL-6 is more pronounced than in peripheral lymph nodes. Importantly, we discuss how multiple PP are involved in generating specific IgA responses to TD antigens given orally. Recently we found that oral immunization with NP-hapten conjugated to cholera toxin (NP-CT) stimulated a strong highly synchronized, oligoclonal and affinity matured IgA response. This was achieved through re-utilization of GC in multiple PP as GC IgA B cells emigrated into already established GC. Clonally related B cells were present in both inductive and effector lymphoid tissues in the gut and clonal trees involving multiple PP could be constructed in individual mice. Through adoptive transfer of B1-8(hi) NP-specific B cells we demonstrated that GL7(+) PP B cells could enter into pre-existing GC in PP, a process that was antigen-dependent but did not to require cognate Tfh interactions. Finally, we discuss the role of PP GC for the generation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells in the light of contrasting findings regarding IgA memory development to colonizing commensal bacteria versus that to oral immunization with enteropathogens or TD antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Y Lycke
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccines Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
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37
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Kaji T, Ishige A, Hikida M, Taka J, Hijikata A, Kubo M, Nagashima T, Takahashi Y, Kurosaki T, Okada M, Ohara O, Rajewsky K, Takemori T. Distinct cellular pathways select germline-encoded and somatically mutated antibodies into immunological memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2079-97. [PMID: 23027924 PMCID: PMC3478929 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
B cell memory is generated along two fundamentally distinct cellular differentiation pathways. One component of memory in the antibody system is long-lived memory B cells selected for the expression of somatically mutated, high-affinity antibodies in the T cell–dependent germinal center (GC) reaction. A puzzling observation has been that the memory B cell compartment also contains cells expressing unmutated, low-affinity antibodies. Using conditional Bcl6 ablation, we demonstrate that these cells are generated through proliferative expansion early after immunization in a T cell–dependent but GC-independent manner. They soon become resting and long-lived and display a novel distinct gene expression signature which distinguishes memory B cells from other classes of B cells. GC-independent memory B cells are later joined by somatically mutated GC descendants at roughly equal proportions and these two types of memory cells efficiently generate adoptive secondary antibody responses. Deletion of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells significantly reduces the generation of mutated, but not unmutated, memory cells early on in the response. Thus, B cell memory is generated along two fundamentally distinct cellular differentiation pathways. One pathway is dedicated to the generation of high-affinity somatic antibody mutants, whereas the other preserves germ line antibody specificities and may prepare the organism for rapid responses to antigenic variants of the invading pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kaji
- Laboratory for Immunological Memory, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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38
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Taylor JJ, Jenkins MK, Pape KA. Heterogeneity in the differentiation and function of memory B cells. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:590-7. [PMID: 22920843 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines that induce neutralizing antibodies have led to the eradication of small pox and have severely reduced the prevalence of many other infections. However, even the most successful vaccines do not induce protective antibodies in all individuals, and can fail to induce lifelong immunity. A key to remedying these shortcomings may lie in a better understanding of long-lived memory B cells. Recent studies have revealed novel insights into the differentiation and function of these cells, and have shown that the memory B cell pool is much more heterogeneous than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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39
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van Riet E, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H. Mucosal IgA responses in influenza virus infections; thoughts for vaccine design. Vaccine 2012; 30:5893-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Peperzak V, Vikstrom IB, Tarlinton DM. Through a glass less darkly: apoptosis and the germinal center response to antigen. Immunol Rev 2012; 247:93-106. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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41
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Functionally Distinct Subpopulations of CpG-Activated Memory B Cells. Sci Rep 2012; 2:345. [PMID: 22468229 PMCID: PMC3315693 DOI: 10.1038/srep00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the human B cell (Bc) recall response, rapid cell division results in multiple Bc subpopulations. The TLR-9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, combined with cytokines, causes Bc activation and division in vitro and increased CD27 surface expression in a sub-population of Bc. We hypothesized that the proliferating CD27lo subpopulation, which has a lower frequency of antibody-secreting cells (ASC) than CD27hi plasmablasts, provides alternative functions such as cytokine secretion, costimulation, or antigen presentation. We performed genome-wide transcriptional analysis of CpG activated Bc sorted into undivided, proliferating CD27lo and proliferating CD27hi subpopulations. Our data supported an alternative hypothesis, that CD27lo cells are a transient pre-plasmablast population, expressing genes associated with Bc receptor editing. Undivided cells had an active transcriptional program of non-ASC B cell functions, including cytokine secretion and costimulation, suggesting a link between innate and adaptive Bc responses. Transcriptome analysis suggested a gene regulatory network for CD27lo and CD27hi Bc differentiation.
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42
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Antigen-specific antibody responses in B-1a and their relationship to natural immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5382-7. [PMID: 22421134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121631109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
B-1a cells are primarily thought of as natural antibody-producing cells. However, we now show that appropriate antigenic stimulation induces IgM and IgG B-1a antibody responses and long-lived T-independent antigen-specific B-1a memory that differs markedly from canonical B-2 humoral immunity. Thus, we show here that in the absence of inflammation, priming with glycolipid (FtL) from Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain induces splenic FtL-specific B-1a to mount dominant IgM and activation-induced cytidine deaminase-dependent IgG anti-FtL responses that occur within 3-5 d of FtL priming and fade within 1 wk to natural antibody levels that persist indefinitely in the absence of secondary FtL immunization. Equally surprising, FtL priming elicits long-term FtL-specific B-1a memory cells (IgM>>IgG) that migrate rapidly to the peritoneal cavity and persist there indefinitely, ready to respond to appropriately administrated secondary antigenic stimulation. Unlike B-2 responses, primary FtL-specific B-1a responses and establishment of persistent FtL-specific B-1a memory occur readily in the absence of adjuvants, IL-7, T cells, or germinal center support. However, in another marked departure from the mechanisms controlling B-2 memory responses, rechallenge with FtL in an inflammatory context is required to induce B-1a secondary antibody responses. These findings introduce previously unexplored vaccination strategies for pathogens that target the B-1a repertoire.
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Martínez MR, Corradin A, Klein U, Álvarez MJ, Toffolo GM, di Camillo B, Califano A, Stolovitzky GA. Quantitative modeling of the terminal differentiation of B cells and mechanisms of lymphomagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:2672-7. [PMID: 22308355 PMCID: PMC3289327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113019109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature B-cell exit from germinal centers is controlled by a transcriptional regulatory module that integrates antigen and T-cell signals and, ultimately, leads to terminal differentiation into memory B cells or plasma cells. Despite a compact structure, the module dynamics are highly complex because of the presence of several feedback loops and self-regulatory interactions, and understanding its dysregulation, frequently associated with lymphomagenesis, requires robust dynamical modeling techniques. We present a quantitative kinetic model of three key gene regulators, BCL6, IRF4, and BLIMP, and use gene expression profile data from mature human B cells to determine appropriate model parameters. The model predicts the existence of two different hysteresis cycles that direct B cells through an irreversible transition toward a differentiated cellular state. By synthetically perturbing the interactions in this network, we can elucidate known mechanisms of lymphomagenesis and suggest candidate tumorigenic alterations, indicating that the model is a valuable quantitative tool to simulate B-cell exit from the germinal center under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Corradin
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Ulf Klein
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | | | - Gianna M. Toffolo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara di Camillo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Califano
- Joint Center for Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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44
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Kinetics of humoral and memory B cell response induced by the Plasmodium falciparum 19-kilodalton merozoite surface protein 1 in mice. Infect Immun 2011; 80:633-42. [PMID: 22104109 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05188-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 19-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment of the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1(19)) has been shown to regulate antibody (Ab)-mediated protective immunity to blood-stage malaria infection. But the serological memory to this antigen tends to be short-lived, and little is known of the mechanisms that regulate the formation of B cell memory to MSP-1(19) antigen. We studied the formation of B cell memory response after immunization with the recombinant 19-kDa Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP-1(19)). Immunization with PfMSP-1(19) resulted in delayed increase in germinal center (GC) B cell numbers. This poor GC reaction correlated with short-lived PfMSP-1(19)-specific antibodies in serum and the short life of PfMSP-1(19)-specific plasma cells and memory B cells (MBCs) in spleen and bone marrow. PfMSP-1(19)-specific MBCs were capable of producing antigen (Ag)-specific Ab-secreting cell (ASC) responses that were short-lived following challenge immunization of the immune mice with antigen or transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasite expressing PfMSP-1(19) in place of native P. berghei MSP-1(19) at 8 weeks after the last immunization or following adoptive transfer into naive hosts. However, no protection was achieved in PfMSP-1(19) immune mice or recipient mice with PfMSP-1(19)-specific MBCs following challenge with transgenic P. berghei. Our findings suggest that PfMSP-1(19)-specific IgG production by short-lived plasma cells combined with the poor ability of the PfMSP-1(19)-induced MBCs to maintain the anamnestic IgG responses failed to contribute to protection against infection.
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45
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Jones SA, White CA, Robb L, Alexander WS, Tarlinton DM. SOCS3 deletion in B cells alters cytokine responses and germinal center output. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6318-26. [PMID: 22075701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
B cell behavior is fine-tuned by internal regulatory mechanisms and external cues such as cytokines and chemokines. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a key regulator of STAT3-dependent cytokine responses in many cell types and has been reported to inhibit CXCL12-induced retention of immature B cells in the bone marrow. Using mice with SOCS3 exclusively deleted in the B cell lineage (Socs3(Δ/Δ)mb1cre(+)), we analyzed the role of SOCS3 in the response of these cells to CXCL12 and the STAT3-inducing cytokines IL-6 and IL-21. Our findings refute a B cell-intrinsic role for SOCS3 in B cell development, because SOCS3 deletion in the B lineage did not affect B cell populations in naive mice. SOCS3 was strongly induced in B cells stimulated with IL-21 and in plasma cells exposed to IL-6. Its deletion permitted excessive and prolonged STAT3 signaling following IL-6 stimulation of plasma cells and, in a T cell-dependent immunization model, reduced the number of germinal center B cells formed and altered the production of Ag-specific IgM and IgE. These data demonstrate a novel regulatory signal transduction circuit in plasma cells, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence of how these long-lived, sessile cells respond to the external signals that mediate their longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Jones
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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46
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Nojima T, Haniuda K, Moutai T, Matsudaira M, Mizokawa S, Shiratori I, Azuma T, Kitamura D. In-vitro derived germinal centre B cells differentially generate memory B or plasma cells in vivo. Nat Commun 2011; 2:465. [PMID: 21897376 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to T cell-dependent antigens, B cells proliferate extensively to form germinal centres (GC), and then differentiate into memory B (B(mem)) cells or long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) by largely unknown mechanisms. Here we show a new culture system in which mouse naïve B cells undergo massive expansion and isotype switching, and generate GC-phenotype B (iGB) cells. The iGB cells expressing IgG1 or IgM/D, but not IgE, differentiate into B(mem) cells in vivo after adoptive transfer and can elicit rapid immune responses with the help of cognate T cells. Secondary culture with IL-21 maintains the proliferation of the iGB cells, while shifting their in vivo developmental fate from B(mem) cells to LLPCs, an outcome that can be reversed by withdrawal of IL-21 in tertiary cultures. Thus, this system enables in vitro manipulation of B-cell fate, into either B(mem) cells or LLPCs, and will facilitate dissection of GC-B cell differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nojima
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.
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de Voer RM, van der Klis FRM, Schepp RM, Rijkers GT, Sanders EAM, Berbers GAM. Age-related immunity to meningococcal serogroup C vaccination: an increase in the persistence of IgG2 correlates with a decrease in the avidity of IgG. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23497. [PMID: 21887261 PMCID: PMC3160848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All children and adolescents between 1 and 19 years of age in The Netherlands received a single meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MenCC) vaccine in 2002. During follow-up 4-5 years later, the persistence of MenC polysaccharide-specific IgG was found to be dependent on age of vaccination with higher IgG levels in the oldest immunized age categories. METHODS AND FINDINGS Two cross-sectional population-based serum banks, collected in 1995/1996 and in 2006/2007, were used for this study. We measured MenC polysaccharide-specific IgM, the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses and determined the avidity of the IgG antibodies. We report that the age-related persistence of IgG after immunization with the MenCC vaccine seemed to result from an increase of IgG2 levels with age, while IgG1 levels remained stable throughout the different age-cohorts. Furthermore, an age-related increase in IgM levels was observed, correlating with the persistence of IgG antibodies with age. It is noteworthy that the increase in IgG2 correlated with a reduced IgG-avidity with age. CONCLUSION These date indicate that the classical characteristics of a T-cell-dependent antibody response as elicited by protein based vaccines might not be completely applicable when conjugate vaccines are administered to older children and adolescents up to 18 years of age. The response elicited by the MenCC vaccine seemed to be more a mixture of both T cell dependent and T cell independent responses in terms of humoral immunological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richarda M. de Voer
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona R. M. van der Klis
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger M. Schepp
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ger T. Rijkers
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. M. Sanders
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A. M. Berbers
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Piątosa B, Wolska-Kuśnierz B, Pac M, Siewiera K, Gałkowska E, Bernatowska E. B cell subsets in healthy children: reference values for evaluation of B cell maturation process in peripheral blood. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 78:372-81. [PMID: 20533385 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of maturation of the immune system leads to generation of various lymphoid cell populations having the ability to react in specific way and expressing various markers on the cell surface. The study was set up to establish reference values for B lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of children and young adults to find the spectrum of their physiological age-related variation. METHODS Blood samples were taken from 292 children and young adults aged 0-31 years and tested for distribution of B cell subsets. Relative and absolute sizes of non-memory and memory, transitional, naïve, immature marginal zone-like/IgM-only memory, class-switched memory, double negative, activated, and plasmacytoid cell populations were determined by four-color flow cytometry, based on differential expression of CD19, IgM, IgD, CD21, CD27, and CD38. Significant variation both in relative, as well as in absolute numbers of individual cell populations in tested groups was observed. RESULTS The reference values for age-related B cell subsets in eleven age groups, established as result of this study, may be used in diagnostics of any pathology related to B cell maturation process, as well as in attempts of correlating laboratory results with clinical symptoms of many defects affecting antibody production in pediatric population. CONCLUSION Determination of B cell subpopulations carried in patients with antibody deficiencies may help to understand the nature of the disease and prevent its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Piątosa
- Histocompatibility Laboratory, Childrens' Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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Germinal center B and follicular helper T cells: siblings, cousins or just good friends? Nat Immunol 2011; 12:472-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yasuda T, Kometani K, Takahashi N, Imai Y, Aiba Y, Kurosaki T. ERKs induce expression of the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 and subsequent plasma cell differentiation. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra25. [PMID: 21505187 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In immune cells, the positive role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in cell cycle progression and survival is well established; however, it is unclear whether ERK signaling plays a role in cell differentiation. Here, we report that ERKs are essential for the differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing plasma cells and that ERKs induce the expression of Prdm1, which encodes Blimp-1, a transcriptional repressor and "master regulator" of plasma cell differentiation. Transgenic mice with conditional deletion of both ERK1 and ERK2 in germinal center (GC) B cells lacked plasma cells differentiated after GC formation, and memory B cells from these mice failed to differentiate into plasma cells. In addition, ERK1- and ERK2-deficient B cells exhibited impaired Prdm1 expression upon stimulation with antibody against CD40 in the presence of interleukin-4; conversely, enforced expression of Prdm1 in ERK1- and ERK2-deficient B cells restored the generation of plasma cells. Thus, our study suggests that cytokines stimulate ERKs to induce the production of Blimp-1 and that ERKs thereby contribute to the process of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Yasuda
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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