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Paulo Guzman J, Maklad M, Osman M, Elsherif A, Fujiki M. Updates in induction immunosuppression regimens for intestinal transplantation. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110800. [PMID: 38599892 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal allografts are the most immunologically complex and carry the highest risk of rejection among solid organ transplantation, necessitating complex immunosuppressive management. We evaluated the latest information regarding induction immunosuppression, with an emphasis on established, novel, and emergent therapies. We also reviewed classic and novel induction immunosuppression strategies for highly sensitized recipients. Comparable progress has been made in intestinal transplantation clinical outcomes since the implementation of induction strategies. This review shows a clear diversity of induction protocols can be observed across different centers. The field of intestinal transplantation is still in its early stages, which is further complicated by the limited number of institutions capable of intestinal transplantation and their geographical variation, which further hinders the development of adequately powered studies in comparison to other organs. As the implementation of institution-specific induction protocols becomes more refined and results are disseminated, future research efforts should be directed towards the development of efficacious induction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Paulo Guzman
- Center for Gut Rehabilitation and Transplantation, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohamed Maklad
- Center for Gut Rehabilitation and Transplantation, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohammed Osman
- Center for Gut Rehabilitation and Transplantation, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ayat Elsherif
- Center for Gut Rehabilitation and Transplantation, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Masato Fujiki
- Center for Gut Rehabilitation and Transplantation, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Moll G, Lim WH, Penack O. Editorial: Emerging talents in alloimmunity and transplantation: 2022. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1393026. [PMID: 38558808 PMCID: PMC10978591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Moll
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) and Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wai H. Lim
- Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olaf Penack
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Selvin T, Berglund M, Lenhammar L, Lindskog M, Jarvius M, Larsson R, Nygren P, Fryknäs M, Andersson CR. Immuno-oncological effects of standard anticancer agents and commonly used concomitant drugs: an in vitro assessment. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 25:25. [PMID: 38444002 PMCID: PMC10913607 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-024-00746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has become evident in the field of oncology that the outcome of medical treatment is influenced by the combined effect exerted on both cancer- and immune cells. Therefore, we evaluated potential immunological effects of 46 standard anticancer agents and 22 commonly administered concomitant non-cancer drugs. METHODS We utilized a miniaturized in vitro model system comprised of fluorescently labeled human colon and lung cancer cell lines grown as monocultures and co-cultured with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The Bliss Independence Model was then applied to detect antagonism and synergy between the drugs and activated immune cells. RESULTS Among the standard anticancer agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) stood out as the top inducers of both antagonism and synergy. Ruxolitinib and dasatinib emerged as the most notably antagonistic substances, exhibiting the lowest Bliss scores, whereas sorafenib was shown to synergize with activated PBMCs. Most concomitant drugs did not induce neither antagonism nor synergy. However, the statins mevastatin and simvastatin were uniquely shown to synergize with activated PBMC at all tested drug concentrations in the colon cancer model. CONCLUSION We utilized a miniaturized tumor-immune model to enable time and cost-effective evaluation of a broad panel of drugs in an immuno-oncology setting in vitro. Using this approach, immunomodulatory effects exerted by TKIs and statins were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Selvin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Malin Berglund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Lenhammar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pelvic Cancer, Genitourinary Oncology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Box 591, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes R Andersson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wang X, Tokarew NJA, Borgelt N, Siemer R, Melo CC, Langer C, Kasampalidis I, Ogusuku IEY, Cathomen T, Gessner I, Dose C, Fauerbach JA, Richter A, Evaristo C. Artificial Targets: a versatile cell-free platform to characterize CAR T cell function in vitro. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1254162. [PMID: 38433827 PMCID: PMC10906080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1254162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have tremendous potential and proven clinical efficacy against a number of malignancies. Research and development are emerging to deepen the knowledge of CAR T cell efficacy and extend the therapeutic potential of this novel therapy. To this end, functional characterization of CAR T cells plays a central role in consecutive phases across fundamental research and therapeutic development, with increasing needs for standardization. The functional characterization of CAR T cells is typically achieved by assessing critical effector functions, following co-culture with cell lines expressing the target antigen. However, the use of target cell lines poses several limitations, including alterations in cell fitness, metabolic state or genetic drift due to handling and culturing of the cells, which would increase variabilities and could lead to inconsistent results. Moreover, the use of target cell lines can be work and time intensive, and introduce significant background due to the allogenic responses of T cells. To overcome these limitations, we developed a synthetic bead-based platform ("Artificial Targets") to characterize CAR T cell function in vitro. These synthetic microparticles could specifically induce CAR T cell activation, as measured by CD69 and CD137 (4-1BB) upregulation. In addition, engagement with Artificial Targets resulted in induction of multiple effector functions of CAR T cells mimicking the response triggered by target cell lines including cytotoxic activity, as assessed by exposure of CD107a (LAMP-1), expression and secretion of cytokines, as well as cell proliferation. Importantly, in contrast to target cells, stimulation with Artificial Targets showed limited unspecific CAR T cell proliferation. Finally, Artificial Targets demonstrated flexibility to engage multiple costimulatory molecules that can synergistically enhance the CAR T cell function and represented a powerful tool for modulating CAR T cell responses. Collectively, our results show that Artificial Targets can specifically activate CAR T cells for essential effector functions that could significantly advance standardization of functional assessment of CAR T cells, from early development to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. A. Tokarew
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Nadine Borgelt
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Ramona Siemer
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Cristiane Casonato Melo
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Langer
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Ioannis Kasampalidis
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Isabella E. Y. Ogusuku
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Gessner
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Christian Dose
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jonathan A. Fauerbach
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Anne Richter
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - César Evaristo
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
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Lonez C, Breman E. Allogeneic CAR-T Therapy Technologies: Has the Promise Been Met? Cells 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38247837 PMCID: PMC10814647 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This last decade, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has become a real treatment option for patients with B-cell malignancies, while multiple efforts are being made to extend this therapy to other malignancies and broader patient populations. However, several limitations remain, including those associated with the time-consuming and highly personalized manufacturing of autologous CAR-Ts. Technologies to establish "off-the-shelf" allogeneic CAR-Ts with low alloreactivity are currently being developed, with a strong focus on gene-editing technologies. Although these technologies have many advantages, they have also strong limitations, including double-strand breaks in the DNA with multiple associated safety risks as well as the lack of modulation. As an alternative, non-gene-editing technologies provide an interesting approach to support the development of allogeneic CAR-Ts in the future, with possibilities of fine-tuning gene expression and easy development. Here, we will review the different ways allogeneic CAR-Ts can be manufactured and discuss which technologies are currently used. The biggest hurdles for successful therapy of allogeneic CAR-Ts will be summarized, and finally, an overview of the current clinical evidence for allogeneic CAR-Ts in comparison to its autologous counterpart will be given.
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Khorki ME, Shi T, Cianciolo EE, Burg AR, Chukwuma PC, Picarsic JL, Morrice MK, Woodle ES, Maltzman JS, Ferguson A, Katz JD, Baker BM, Hildeman DA. Prior viral infection primes cross-reactive CD8+ T cells that respond to mouse heart allografts. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287546. [PMID: 38143762 PMCID: PMC10748599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Significant evidence suggests a connection between transplant rejection and the presence of high levels of pre-existing memory T cells. Viral infection can elicit viral-specific memory T cells that cross-react with allo-MHC capable of driving allograft rejection in mice. Despite these advances, and despite their critical role in transplant rejection, a systematic study of allo-reactive memory T cells, their specificities, and the role of cross-reactivity with viral antigens has not been performed. Methods Here, we established a model to identify, isolate, and characterize cross-reactive T cells using Nur77 reporter mice (C57BL/6 background), which transiently express GFP exclusively upon TCR engagement. We infected Nur77 mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV-Armstrong) to generate a robust memory compartment, where quiescent LCMV-specific memory CD8+ T cells could be readily tracked with MHC tetramer staining. Then, we transplanted LCMV immune mice with allogeneic hearts and monitored expression of GFP within MHC-tetramer defined viral-specific T cells as an indicator of their ability to cross-react with alloantigens. Results Strikingly, prior LCMV infection significantly increased the kinetics and magnitude of rejection as well as CD8+ T cell recruitment into allogeneic, but not syngeneic, transplanted hearts, relative to non-infected controls. Interestingly, as early as day 1 after allogeneic heart transplant an average of ~8% of MHC-tetramer+ CD8+ T cells expressed GFP, in contrast to syngeneic heart transplants, where the frequency of viral-specific CD8+ T cells that were GFP+ was <1%. These data show that a significant percentage of viral-specific memory CD8+ T cells expressed T cell receptors that also recognized alloantigens in vivo. Notably, the frequency of cross-reactive CD8+ T cells differed depending upon the viral epitope. Further, TCR sequences derived from cross-reactive T cells harbored distinctive motifs that may provide insight into cross-reactivity and allo-specificity. Discussion In sum, we have established a mouse model to track viral-specific, allo-specific, and cross-reactive T cells; revealing that prior infection elicits substantial numbers of viral-specific T cells that cross-react to alloantigen, respond very early after transplant, and may promote rapid rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Eyad Khorki
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Tiffany Shi
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Eileen E. Cianciolo
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ashley R. Burg
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - P. Chukwunalu Chukwuma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Picarsic
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Mary K. Morrice
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - E. Steve Woodle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Maltzman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Autumn Ferguson
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Katz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Brian M. Baker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - David A. Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Klebanoff CA, Chandran SS, Baker BM, Quezada SA, Ribas A. T cell receptor therapeutics: immunological targeting of the intracellular cancer proteome. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:996-1017. [PMID: 37891435 PMCID: PMC10947610 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) complex is a naturally occurring antigen sensor that detects, amplifies and coordinates cellular immune responses to epitopes derived from cell surface and intracellular proteins. Thus, TCRs enable the targeting of proteins selectively expressed by cancer cells, including neoantigens, cancer germline antigens and viral oncoproteins. As such, TCRs have provided the basis for an emerging class of oncology therapeutics. Herein, we review the current cancer treatment landscape using TCRs and TCR-like molecules. This includes adoptive cell transfer of T cells expressing endogenous or engineered TCRs, TCR bispecific engagers and antibodies specific for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-bound peptides (TCR mimics). We discuss the unique complexities associated with the clinical development of these therapeutics, such as HLA restriction, TCR retrieval, potency assessment and the potential for cross-reactivity. In addition, we highlight emerging clinical data that establish the antitumour potential of TCR-based therapies, including tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, for the treatment of diverse human malignancies. Finally, we explore the future of TCR therapeutics, including emerging genome editing methods to safely enhance potency and strategies to streamline patient identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Klebanoff
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Smita S Chandran
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, ID, USA
- The Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, ID, USA
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Achilles Therapeutics, London, UK
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Annamalai C, Kute V, Sheridan C, Halawa A. Hematopoietic cell-based and non-hematopoietic cell-based strategies for immune tolerance induction in living-donor renal transplantation: A systematic review. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2023; 37:100792. [PMID: 37709652 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2023.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite its use to prevent acute rejection, lifelong immunosuppression can adversely impact long-term patient and graft outcomes. In theory, immunosuppression withdrawal is the ultimate goal of kidney transplantation, and is made possible by the induction of immunological tolerance. The purpose of this paper is to review the safety and efficacy of immune tolerance induction strategies in living-donor kidney transplantation, both chimerism-based and non-chimerism-based. The impact of these strategies on transplant outcomes, including acute rejection, allograft function and survival, cost, and immune monitoring, will also be discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as additional online resources such as EBSCO, were exhaustively searched. Adult living-donor kidney transplant recipients who developed chimerism-based tolerance after concurrent bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or those who received non-chimerism-based, non-hematopoietic cell therapy using mesenchymal stromal cells, dendritic cells, or regulatory T cells were studied between 2000 and 2021. Individual sources of evidence were evaluated critically, and the strength of evidence and risk of bias for each outcome of the transplant tolerance study were assessed. RESULTS From 28,173 citations, 245 studies were retrieved after suitable exclusion and duplicate removal. Of these, 22 studies (2 RCTs, 11 cohort studies, 6 case-control studies, and 3 case reports) explicitly related to both interventions (chimerism- and non-chimerism-based immune tolerance) were used in the final review process and were critically appraised. According to the findings, chimerism-based strategies fostered immunotolerance, allowing for the safe withdrawal of immunosuppressive medications. Cell-based therapy, on the other hand, frequently did not induce tolerance except for minimising immunosuppression. As a result, the rejection rates, renal allograft function, and survival rates could not be directly compared between these two groups. While chimerism-based tolerance protocols posed safety concerns due to myelosuppression, including infections and graft-versus-host disease, cell-based strategies lacked these adverse effects and were largely safe. There was a lack of direct comparisons between HLA-identical and HLA-disparate recipients, and the cost implications were not examined in several of the retrieved studies. Most studies reported successful immunosuppressive weaning lasting at least 3 years (ranging up to 11.4 years in some studies), particularly with chimerism-based therapy, while only a few investigators used immune surveillance techniques. The studies reviewed were often limited by selection, classification, ascertainment, performance, and attrition bias. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates that chimerism-based hematopoietic strategies induce immune tolerance, and a substantial number of patients are successfully weaned off immunosuppression. Despite the risk of complications associated with myelosuppression. Non-chimerism-based, non-hematopoietic cell protocols, on the other hand, have been proven to facilitate immunosuppression minimization but seldom elicit immunological tolerance. However, the results of this review must be interpreted with caution because of the non-randomised study design, potential confounding, and small sample size of the included studies. Further validation and refinement of tolerogenic protocols in accordance with local practice preferences is also warranted, with an emphasis on patient selection, cost ramifications, and immunological surveillance based on reliable tolerance assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekar Annamalai
- Postgraduate School of Medicine, Institute of Teaching and Learning, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
| | - Vivek Kute
- Nephrology and Transplantation, Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Center and Dr. H L Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (IKDRC-ITS), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Carl Sheridan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Ocular Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Ahmed Halawa
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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MacNabb BW, Kline J. MHC cross-dressing in antigen presentation. Adv Immunol 2023; 159:115-147. [PMID: 37996206 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate T cell responses by presenting antigenic peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and providing costimulation and other instructive signals. Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), including DCs, are uniquely capable of generating and presenting peptide antigens derived from exogenous proteins. In addition to these canonical cross-presentation and MHC-II presentation pathways, APCs can also display exogenous peptide/MHC (p/MHC) acquired from neighboring cells and extracellular vesicles (EVs). This process, known as MHC cross-dressing, has been implicated in the regulation of T cell responses in a variety of in vivo contexts, including allogeneic solid organ transplantation, tumors, and viral infection. Although the occurrence of MHC cross-dressing has been clearly demonstrated, the importance of this antigen presentation mechanism continues to be elucidated. The contribution of MHC cross-dressing to overall antigen presentation has been obfuscated by the fact that DCs express the same MHC alleles as all other cells in the host, making it difficult to distinguish p/MHC generated within the DC from p/MHC acquired from another cell. As a result, much of what is known about MHC cross-dressing comes from studies using allogeneic organ transplantation and bone marrow chimeric mice, though recent development of mice bearing conditional knockout MHC and β2-microglobulin alleles should facilitate substantial progress in the coming years. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of MHC cross-dressing and its role in activating T cell responses in various contexts, as well as the experimental insights into the mechanism by which it occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan W MacNabb
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Immunology, and Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Pichler WJ, Thoo L, Yerly D. Drug hypersensitivity and eosinophilia: The decisive role of p-i stimulation. Allergy 2023; 78:2596-2605. [PMID: 37395496 DOI: 10.1111/all.15795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilia is a common finding in drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR). Its cause is unclear, as neither antigen/allergen-driven inflammation nor clonal expansion is involved. Most delayed-DHRs are due to p-i (pharmacologic interaction of drugs with immune receptors). These are off-target activities of drugs with immune receptors that result in various types of T-cell stimulation, some of which involve excessive IL-5 production. Functional and phenotypic studies of T-cell clones and their TCR-transfected hybridoma cell lines revealed that some p-i-induced drug stimulations occur without CD4/ CD8 co-receptor engagement. The CD4/CD8 co-receptors link Lck (lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase) and LAT (linker for activation of T cells) to the TCR. Alteration of Lck or LAT can result in a TCR signalosome with enhanced IL-5 production. Thus, if a more affine TCR-[drug/peptide/HLA] interaction allows bypassing the CD4 co-receptor, a modified Lck/LAT activation may lead to a TCR signalosome with elevated IL-5 production. This "IL-5-TCR-signalosome" hypothesis could also explain eosinophilia in superantigen or allo-stimulation (graft-versus-host disease), in which evasion of CD4/CD8 co-receptors has also been described. It may open new therapeutic possibilities in certain eosinophilic diseases by directly targeting the IL-5-TCR signalosome.
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Klee CH, Villatoro A, Casey NP, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. In vitro re-challenge of CAR T cells. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 183:335-353. [PMID: 38548418 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (CAR T) have emerged as a potential therapy for cancer patients. CAR T cells are capable of recognizing membrane proteins on cancer cells which initiates a downstream signaling in T cells that ends in cancer cell death. Continuous antigen exposure over time, activation of inhibitory signaling pathways and/or chronic inflammation can lead to CAR T cell exhaustion. In this context, the design of CARs can have a great impact on the functionality of CAR T cells, on their potency and exhaustion. Here, using CD19CAR as model, we provide a re-challenge protocol where CAR T cells are cultured weekly with malignant lymphoid cell lines BL-41 and Nalm-6 to simulate them with continuous antigen pressure over a four-week period. This protocol can be value for assessing CAR T cell functionality and for the comparison of different CAR constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Helena Klee
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Villatoro
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicholas Paul Casey
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Matthe DM, Dinkel M, Schmid B, Vogler T, Neurath MF, Poeck H, Neufert C, Büttner-Herold M, Hildner K. Novel T cell/organoid culture system allows ex vivo modeling of intestinal graft-versus-host disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253514. [PMID: 37705975 PMCID: PMC10495981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains the biggest clinical challenge and prognosis-determining complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Donor T cells are acceptedly key mediators of alloreactivity against host tissues and here especially the gut. In support of previous studies, we found that the intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocyte (IEL) compartment was dynamically regulated in the course of MHC class I full mismatch allo-HSCT. However, while intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) damage endangers the integrity of the intestinal barrier and is a core signature of intestinal GvHD, the question whether and to what degree IELs are contributing to IEC dysregulation is poorly understood. To study lymphoepithelial interaction, we employed a novel ex vivo T cell/organoid co-culture model system. Here, allogeneic intra-epithelial T cells were superior in inducing IEC death compared to syngeneic IEL and allogeneic non-IEL T cells. The ability to induce IEC death was predominately confined to TCRβ+ T cells and was executed in a largely IFNγ-dependent manner. Alloreactivity required a diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire since IELs genetically modified to express a TCR restricted to a single, non-endogenous antigen failed to mediate IEC pathology. Interestingly, minor histocompatibility antigen (miHA) mismatch was sufficient to elicit IEL-driven IEC damage. Finally, advanced live cell imaging analyses uncovered that alloreactive IELs patrolled smaller areas within intestinal organoids compared to syngeneic controls, indicating their unique migratory properties within allogeneic IECs. Together, we provide here experimental evidence for the utility of a co-culture system to model the cellular and molecular characteristics of the crosstalk between IELs and IEC in an allogeneic setting ex vivo. In the light of the emerging concept of dysregulated immune-epithelial homeostasis as a core aspect of intestinal GvHD, this approach represents a novel experimental system to e.g. screen therapeutic strategies for their potential to normalize T cell/IEC- interaction. Hence, analyses in pre-clinical in vivo allo-HSCT model systems may be restricted to hereby positively selected, promising approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Matthe
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Dinkel
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schmid
- Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen (OICE), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Vogler
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poeck
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai Hildner
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Aghbash PS, Rasizadeh R, Arefi V, Nahand JS, Baghi HB. Immune-checkpoint expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of cytomegaloviruses infection after transplantation: as a diagnostic biomarker. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:280. [PMID: 37430000 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, mostly causes only slight feverish symptoms or can be asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals. However, it is known to be particularly a significant cause of morbidity in immunocompromised patients, including transplant recipients, whose immune system has been weakened due to the consumption of immunosuppressor drugs. Therefore, the diagnosis of CMV infection after transplantation is crucial. New diagnostic methods for the quick detection of CMV have been developed as a result of understanding the clinical importance of invasive CMV. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells are important components of the immune system and it may be possible to diagnose viral infections using immunological markers, such as lymphocytosis, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and serum cytokine levels. Moreover, PD-1, CTLA 4, and TIGIT, which are expressed on certain T cells and antigen-presenting cells, are over-expressed during the infection. The assessment of CMV infection based on T cell and APC activity, and the expression of immunological checkpoints, can be helpful for the diagnosis of transplant patients at risk for CMV infection. In this review, we will investigate how immune checkpoints affect immune cells and how they impair organ transplantation after CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Rasizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Arefi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166/15731, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166/15731, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166/15731, Iran.
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14
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Handelsman S, Overbey J, Chen K, Lee J, Haj D, Li Y. PD-L1's Role in Preventing Alloreactive T Cell Responses Following Hematopoietic and Organ Transplant. Cells 2023; 12:1609. [PMID: 37371079 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) has emerged as a prominent target for cancer immunotherapies. However, its potential as an immunosuppressive therapy has been limited. In this review, we present the immunological basis of graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), followed by a summary of biologically relevant molecular interactions of both PD-L1 and Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1). Finally, we present a translational perspective on how PD-L1 can interrupt alloreactive-driven processes to increase immune tolerance. Unlike most current therapies that block PD-L1 and/or its interaction with PD-1, this review focuses on how upregulation or reversed sequestration of this ligand may reduce autoimmunity, ameliorate GVHD, and enhance graft survival following organ transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Handelsman
- BioMedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Juliana Overbey
- BioMedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Kevin Chen
- BioMedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Justin Lee
- BioMedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Delour Haj
- BioMedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Yong Li
- BioMedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
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15
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Stadinski BD, Cleveland SB, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Huseby PG, Huseby ES. I-A g7 β56/57 polymorphisms regulate non-cognate negative selection to CD4 + T cell orchestrators of type 1 diabetes. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:652-663. [PMID: 36807641 PMCID: PMC10623581 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated with homozygous expression of major histocompatibility complex class II alleles that carry specific beta chain polymorphisms. Why heterozygous expression of these major histocompatibility complex class II alleles does not confer a similar predisposition is unresolved. Using a nonobese diabetic mouse model, here we show that heterozygous expression of the type 1 diabetes-protective allele I-Ag7 β56P/57D induces negative selection to the I-Ag7-restricted T cell repertoire, including beta-islet-specific CD4+ T cells. Surprisingly, negative selection occurs despite I-Ag7 β56P/57D having a reduced ability to present beta-islet antigens to CD4+ T cells. Peripheral manifestations of non-cognate negative selection include a near complete loss of beta-islet-specific CXCR6+ CD4+ T cells, an inability to cross-prime islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein and insulin-specific CD8+ T cells and disease arrest at the insulitis stage. These data reveal that negative selection on non-cognate self-antigens in the thymus can promote T cell tolerance and protection from autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Stadinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah B Cleveland
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Priya G Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eric S Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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16
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Furuta K, Onishi H, Ikada Y, Masaki K, Tanaka S, Kaito C. ATP and its metabolite adenosine cooperatively upregulate the antigen-presenting molecules on dendritic cells leading to IFN-γ production by T cells. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104587. [PMID: 36889584 PMCID: PMC10124915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) present foreign antigens to T cells via the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), thereby inducing acquired immune responses. ATP accumulates at sites of inflammation or in tumor tissues, which triggers local inflammatory responses. However, it remains to be clarified how ATP modulates the functions of DCs. In this study, we investigated the effects of extracellular ATP on mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), as well as the potential for subsequent T cell activation. We found that high concentrations of ATP (1 mM) upregulated the cell surface expression levels of MHC-I, MHC-II, and co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, but not those of co-inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 in BMDCs. Increased surface expression of MHC-I, MHC-II, CD80, and CD86 was inhibited by a pan-P2 receptor antagonist. In addition, the upregulation of MHC-I and MHC-II expression was inhibited by an adenosine P1 receptor antagonist and by inhibitors of CD39 and CD73, which metabolize ATP to adenosine. These results suggest that adenosine is required for the ATP-induced upregulation of MHC-I and MHC-II. In the mixed leukocyte reaction assay, ATP-stimulated BMDCs activated CD4 and CD8 T cells and induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by these T cells. Collectively, these results suggest that high concentrations of extracellular ATP upregulate the expression of antigen-presenting and co-stimulatory molecules but not that of co-inhibitory molecules in BMDCs. Cooperative stimulation of ATP and its metabolite adenosine was required for the upregulation of MHC-I and MHC-II. These ATP-stimulated BMDCs induced the activation of IFN-γ-producing T cells upon antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Furuta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hiroka Onishi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Ikada
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kento Masaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Chikara Kaito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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17
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Li F, Li F, Urie R, Bealer E, Ruiz RO, Saito E, Turan A, Yolcu E, Shirwan H, Shea LD. Membrane-coated nanoparticles for direct recognition by T cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:767-777. [PMID: 36515455 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The direct modulation of T cell responses is an emerging therapeutic strategy with the potential to modulate undesired immune responses including, autoimmune disease, and allogeneic cells transplantation. We have previously demonstrated that poly(lactide-co-glycolide) particles were able to modulate T cell responses indirectly through antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this report, we investigated the design of nanoparticles that can directly interact and modulate T cells by coating the membranes from APCs onto nanoparticles to form membrane-coated nanoparticles (MCNPs). Proteins within the membranes of the APCs, such as Major Histocompatibility Complex class II and co-stimulatory factors, were effectively transferred to the MCNP. Using alloreactive T cell models, MCNP derived from allogeneic dendritic cells were able to stimulate proliferation, which was not observed with membranes from syngeneic dendritic cells and influenced cytokine secretion. Furthermore, we investigated the engineering of the membranes either on the dendritic cells or postfabrication of MCNP. Engineered membranes could be to promote antigen-specific responses, to differentially activate T cells, or to directly induce apoptosis. Collectively, MCNPs represent a tunable platform that can directly interact with and modulate T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fanghua Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Russell Urie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bealer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ramon Ocadiz Ruiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eiji Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ali Turan
- Department of Child Health and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Esma Yolcu
- Department of Child Health and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Child Health and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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San D, Lei J, Liu Y, Jing B, Ye X, Wei P, Paek C, Yang Y, Zhou J, Chen P, Wang H, Chen Y, Yin L. Structural basis of the TCR-pHLA complex provides insights into the unconventional recognition of CDR3β in TCR cross-reactivity and alloreactivity. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100076. [PMID: 37192909 PMCID: PMC10120306 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that some class I human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are related to durable HIV controls. The T18A TCR, which has the alloreactivity between HLA-B∗42:01 and HLA-B∗81:01 and the cross-reactivity with different antigen mutants, can sustain long-term HIV controls. Here the structural basis of the T18A TCR binding to the immunodominant HIV epitope TL9 (TPQDLNTML180-188) presented by HLA-B∗42:01 was determined and compared to T18A TCR binding to the TL9 presented by the allo-HLA-B∗81:01. For differences between HLA-B∗42:01 and HLA-B∗81:01, the CDR1α and CDR3α loops adopt a small rearrangement to accommodate them. For different conformations of the TL9 presented by different HLA alleles, not like the conventional recognition of CDR3s to interact with peptide antigens, CDR3β of the T18A TCR shifts to avoid the peptide antigen but intensively recognizes the HLA only, which is different with other conventional TCR structures. Featured sequence pairs of CDR3β and HLA might account for this and were additionally found in multiple other diseases indicating the popularity of the unconventional recognition pattern which would give insights into the control of diseases with epitope mutating such as HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Baowei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chonil Paek
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongshun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Du Z, Zhu S, Zhang X, Gong Z, Wang S. Non-Conventional Allogeneic Anti-BCMA Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Based Immune Cell Therapies for Multiple Myeloma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:567. [PMID: 36765526 PMCID: PMC9913487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
MM, characterized by the progressive accumulation of clonal plasma cells in bone marrow, remains a severe medical problem globally. Currently, almost all MM patients who have received standard treatments will eventually relapse. Autologous anti-BCMA CAR-T cells are one of the FDA-approved immunotherapy cell-based products for treating adults with relapsed or refractory (r/r) multiple myeloma. However, this type of CAR-T cell product has several limitations, including high costs, long manufacturing times, and possible manufacturing failure, which significantly hinder its wider application for more patients. In this review, we summarized the current development stage of applying other types of immune cells to bring the anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy from autologous to allogeneic. In general, anti-BCMA CAR gene-edited αβ T cells and CAR-Natural Killer (NK) cells are at the forefront, with multiple clinical trials ongoing, while CAR-γδ T cells and CAR-invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are still in pre-clinical studies. Other immune cells such as macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells have been mainly developed to target other antigens and have the potential to be used to target BCMA. Nevertheless, additional regulatory requirements might need to be taken into account in developing these non-conventional allogenic anti-BCMA CAR-based cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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20
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Hong CH, Pyo HS, Baek IC, Kim TG. Rapid identification of CMV-specific TCRs via reverse TCR cloning system based on bulk TCR repertoire data. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1021067. [PMID: 36466875 PMCID: PMC9716090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1021067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have improved the resolution of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis, and recent single-cell sequencing has made it possible to obtain information about TCR pairs. In our previous study, cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65-specific T-cell response restricted by a single human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I allotype was observed in an individual. Therefore, to effectively clone an antigen-specific TCR from these T cells, we developed a TCR cloning system that does not require a single cell level. First, we established the improved Jurkat reporter cell line, which was TCRαβ double knock-out and expressed CD8αβ molecules. Furthermore, functional TCRs were directly obtained by reverse TCR cloning using unique CDR3-specific PCR primers after bulk TCR sequencing of activation marker-positive CD8 T cells by NGS. A total of 15 TCRα and 14 TCRβ strands were successfully amplified by PCR from cDNA of 4-1BB-positive CD8 T cells restricted by HLA-A*02:01, HLA-A*02:06, HLA-B*07:02, and HLA-B*40:06. The panels with combinations of TCRα and TCRβ genes were investigated using Jurkat reporter cell line and artificial antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In two TCR pairs restricted by HLA-A*02:01, one TCR pair by HLA-A*02:06, four TCR pairs by HLA-B*07:02, and one TCR pair by HLA-B*40:06, their specificity and affinity were confirmed. The TCR pair of A*02:01/1-1 showed alloreactivity to HLA-A*02:06. The one TCR pair showed a higher response to the naturally processed antigen than that of the peptide pool. This reverse TCR cloning system will not only provide functional information to TCR repertoire analysis by NGS but also help in the development of TCR-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Hwa Hong
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Seon Pyo
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Cheol Baek
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Gille I, Claas FHJ, Haasnoot GW, Heemskerk MHM, Heidt S. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Regulatory T-Cells in Solid Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:874157. [PMID: 35720402 PMCID: PMC9204347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.874157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is the treatment of choice for various end-stage diseases, but requires the continuous need for immunosuppression to prevent allograft rejection. This comes with serious side effects including increased infection rates and development of malignancies. Thus, there is a clinical need to promote transplantation tolerance to prevent organ rejection with minimal or no immunosuppressive treatment. Polyclonal regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are a potential tool to induce transplantation tolerance, but lack specificity and therefore require administration of high doses. Redirecting Tregs towards mismatched donor HLA molecules by modifying these cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) would render Tregs far more effective at preventing allograft rejection. Several studies on HLA-A2 specific CAR Tregs have demonstrated that these cells are highly antigen-specific and show a superior homing capacity to HLA-A2+ allografts compared to polyclonal Tregs. HLA-A2 CAR Tregs have been shown to prolong survival of HLA-A2+ allografts in several pre-clinical humanized mouse models. Although promising, concerns about safety and stability need to be addressed. In this review the current research, obstacles of CAR Treg therapy, and its potential future in solid organ transplantation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Gille
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Eurotransplant Reference Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Geert W Haasnoot
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Eurotransplant Reference Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Eurotransplant Reference Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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22
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Petroff MG, Nguyen SL, Ahn SH. Fetal‐placental
antigens and the maternal immune system: Reproductive immunology comes of age. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:25-39. [PMID: 35643905 PMCID: PMC9328203 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive physiology and immunology as scientific disciplines each have rich, largely independent histories. The physicians and philosophers of ancient Greece made remarkable observations and inferences to explain regeneration as well as illness and immunity. The scientific enlightenment of the renaissance and the technological advances of the past century have led to the explosion of knowledge that we are experiencing today. Breakthroughs in transplantation, immunology, and reproduction eventually culminated with Medawar’s discovery of acquired immunological tolerance, which helped to explain the transplantation success and failure. Medawar’s musings also keenly pointed out that the fetus apparently breaks these newly discovered rules, and with this, the field of reproductive immunology was launched. As a result of having stemmed from transplantation immunology, scientist still analogizes the fetus to a successful allograft. Although we now know of the fundamental differences between the two, this analogy remains a useful tool to understand how the fetus thrives despite its immunological disparity with the mother. Here, we review the history of reproductive immunology, and how major and minor histocompatibility antigens, blood group antigens, and tissue‐specific “self” antigens from the fetus and transplanted organs parallel and differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G. Petroff
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, College of Natural Science Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Sean L. Nguyen
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, College of Natural Science Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Soo Hyun Ahn
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
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23
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Aisagbonhi O, Morris GP. Human Leukocyte Antigens in Pregnancy and Preeclampsia. Front Genet 2022; 13:884275. [PMID: 35571013 PMCID: PMC9093604 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.884275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorder, the pathophysiology of which includes underlying maternal cardiovascular disease, deficient spiral artery remodeling during placenta development, and inflammatory immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface. Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are major histocompatibility complex molecules essential for the recognition of foreign antigens that is central to immune defense against pathogens and critical determinants for the immune system discriminating between self and non-self tissues, such as in transplantation. Pregnancy represents a naturally existing “transplantation”, where the maternal immune system must be immunologically tolerant to the developing fetus which is 50% allogeneic. It is then unsurprising that HLA also influence normal pregnancy and pregnancy complications including preeclampsia. Here we review the role of classical and non-classical HLA molecules in influencing normal physiologic function during pregnancy and describe the association of HLA with pathophysiology in preeclampsia.
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24
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Pichler WJ. The important role of non-covalent drug-protein interactions in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Allergy 2022; 77:404-415. [PMID: 34037262 PMCID: PMC9291849 DOI: 10.1111/all.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are heterogeneous and unusual immune reactions with rather unique clinical presentations. Accumulating evidence indicates that certain non‐covalent drug‐protein interactions are able to elicit exclusively effector functions of antibody reactions or complete T‐cell reactions which contribute substantially to DHR. Here, we discuss three key interactions; (a) mimicry: whereby soluble, non‐covalent drug‐protein complexes (“fake antigens”) mimic covalent drug‐protein adducts; (b) increased antibody affinity: for example, in quinine‐type immune thrombocytopenia where the drug gets trapped between antibody and membrane‐bound glycoprotein; and (c) p‐i‐stimulation: where naïve and memory T cells are activated by direct binding of drugs to the human leukocyte antigen and/or T‐cell receptors. This transient drug‐immune receptor interaction initiates a polyclonal T‐cell response with mild‐to‐severe DHR symptoms. Notable complications arising from p‐i DHR can include viral reactivations, autoimmunity, and multiple drug hypersensitivity. In conclusion, DHR is characterized by abnormal immune stimulation driven by non‐covalent drug‐protein interactions. This contrasts DHR from “normal” immunity, which relies on antigen‐formation by covalent hapten‐protein adducts and predominantly results in asymptomatic immunity.
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25
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Tian G, Li M, Lv G. Analysis of T-Cell Receptor Repertoire in Transplantation: Fingerprint of T Cell-mediated Alloresponse. Front Immunol 2022; 12:778559. [PMID: 35095851 PMCID: PMC8790170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a key role in determining allograft function by mediating allogeneic immune responses to cause rejection, and recent work pointed their role in mediating tolerance in transplantation. The unique T-cell receptor (TCR) expressed on the surface of each T cell determines the antigen specificity of the cell and can be the specific fingerprint for identifying and monitoring. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques provide powerful tools for deep and high-throughput TCR profiling, and facilitate to depict the entire T cell repertoire profile and trace antigen-specific T cells in circulation and local tissues. Tailing T cell transcriptomes and TCR sequences at the single cell level provides a full landscape of alloreactive T-cell clones development and biofunction in alloresponse. Here, we review the recent advances in TCR sequencing techniques and computational tools, as well as the recent discovery in overall TCR profile and antigen-specific T cells tracking in transplantation. We further discuss the challenges and potential of using TCR sequencing-based assays to profile alloreactive TCR repertoire as the fingerprint for immune monitoring and prediction of rejection and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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26
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Chakravorty S, Afzali B, Kazemian M. EBV-associated diseases: Current therapeutics and emerging technologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059133. [PMID: 36389670 PMCID: PMC9647127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV is a prevalent virus, infecting >90% of the world's population. This is an oncogenic virus that causes ~200,000 cancer-related deaths annually. It is, in addition, a significant contributor to the burden of autoimmune diseases. Thus, EBV represents a significant public health burden. Upon infection, EBV remains dormant in host cells for long periods of time. However, the presence or episodic reactivation of the virus increases the risk of transforming healthy cells to malignant cells that routinely escape host immune surveillance or of producing pathogenic autoantibodies. Cancers caused by EBV display distinct molecular behaviors compared to those of the same tissue type that are not caused by EBV, presenting opportunities for targeted treatments. Despite some encouraging results from exploration of vaccines, antiviral agents and immune- and cell-based treatments, the efficacy and safety of most therapeutics remain unclear. Here, we provide an up-to-date review focusing on underlying immune and environmental mechanisms, current therapeutics and vaccines, animal models and emerging technologies to study EBV-associated diseases that may help provide insights for the development of novel effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chakravorty
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, United States
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27
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Heterologous Immunity of Virus-Specific T Cells Leading to Alloreactivity: Possible Implications for Solid Organ Transplantation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122359. [PMID: 34960628 PMCID: PMC8706157 DOI: 10.3390/v13122359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the adaptive immune system to a pathogen can result in the activation and expansion of T cells capable of recognizing not only the specific antigen but also different unrelated antigens, a process which is commonly referred to as heterologous immunity. While such cross-reactivity is favourable in amplifying protective immune responses to pathogens, induction of T cell-mediated heterologous immune responses to allo-antigens in the setting of solid organ transplantation can potentially lead to allograft rejection. In this review, we provide an overview of murine and human studies investigating the incidence and functional properties of virus-specific memory T cells cross-reacting with allo-antigens and discuss their potential relevance in the context of solid organ transplantation.
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28
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Shi T, Roskin K, Baker BM, Woodle ES, Hildeman D. Advanced Genomics-Based Approaches for Defining Allograft Rejection With Single Cell Resolution. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750754. [PMID: 34721421 PMCID: PMC8551864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients require long-term immunosuppression for prevention of rejection. Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based immunosuppressive regimens have remained the primary means for immunosuppression for four decades now, yet little is known about their effects on graft resident and infiltrating immune cell populations. Similarly, the understanding of rejection biology under specific types of immunosuppression remains to be defined. Furthermore, development of innovative, rationally designed targeted therapeutics for mitigating or preventing rejection requires a fundamental understanding of the immunobiology that underlies the rejection process. The established use of microarray technologies in transplantation has provided great insight into gene transcripts associated with allograft rejection but does not characterize rejection on a single cell level. Therefore, the development of novel genomics tools, such as single cell sequencing techniques, combined with powerful bioinformatics approaches, has enabled characterization of immune processes at the single cell level. This can provide profound insights into the rejection process, including identification of resident and infiltrating cell transcriptomes, cell-cell interactions, and T cell receptor α/β repertoires. In this review, we discuss genomic analysis techniques, including microarray, bulk RNAseq (bulkSeq), single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq), and spatial transcriptomic (ST) techniques, including considerations of their benefits and limitations. Further, other techniques, such as chromatin analysis via assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATACseq), bioinformatic regulatory network analyses, and protein-based approaches are also examined. Application of these tools will play a crucial role in redefining transplant rejection with single cell resolution and likely aid in the development of future immunomodulatory therapies in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Shi
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Krishna Roskin
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - E Steve Woodle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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29
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From Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy: Advances, Limitations and Future Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112845. [PMID: 34831068 PMCID: PMC8616322 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy was envisioned as a mechanism to re-direct effector T-cells to eliminate tumor cells. CARs are composed of the variable region of an antibody that binds a native cancer antigen coupled to the signaling domain of a TCR and co-stimulatory molecules. Its success and approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of B-cell malignancies revolutionized the immunotherapy field, leading to extensive research on its possible application for other cancer types. In this review, we will focus on the evolution of CAR-T cell therapy outlining current technologies as well as major obstacles for its wide application. We will highlight achievements, the efforts to increase efficacy and to evolve into an off-the-shelf treatment, and as a possible future treatment for non-cancer related diseases.
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30
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Aubert N, Brunel S, Olive D, Marodon G. Blockade of HVEM for Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy in Humanized Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123009. [PMID: 34208480 PMCID: PMC8235544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Current immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown limitations for immunotherapy of prostate cancer. Thus, it is crucial to investigate other immune checkpoints to prevent disease progression in patients with prostate cancer. Here, we first show that the HVEM/BTLA immune checkpoint is associated with disease progression in patients. We then show that immunotherapy aimed at targeting HVEM reduced tumor growth twofold in vivo in a humanized mouse model of the pathology. The mode of action of the therapy was dependent on CD8+ T cells and is associated with improved T cell activation and reduced exhaustion. Finally, we demonstrated that HVEM expressed by the tumor negatively regulated the anti-tumor immune response. Our results indicate that targeting HVEM might be an attractive option for patients with prostate cancer. Abstract The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) delivers a negative signal to T cells mainly through the B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) molecule. Thus, HVEM/BTLA may represent a novel immune checkpoint during an anti-tumor immune response. However, a formal demonstration that HVEM can represent a target for cancer immunotherapy is still lacking. Here, we first showed that HVEM and BTLA mRNA expression levels were associated with a worse progression-free interval in patients with prostate adenocarcinomas, indicating a detrimental role for the HVEM/BTLA immune checkpoint during prostate cancer progression. We then showed that administration of a monoclonal antibody to human HVEM resulted in a twofold reduction in the growth of a prostate cancer cell line in NOD.SCID.gc-null mice reconstituted with human T cells. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we showed that the therapeutic effect of the mAb depended on HVEM expression by the tumor, with no effect on graft vs. host disease or activation of human T cells in the spleen. In contrast, the proliferation and number of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes increased following treatment, and depletion of CD8+ T cells partly alleviated treatment’s efficacy. The expression of genes belonging to various T cell activation pathways was enriched in tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, whereas genes associated with immuno-suppressive pathways were decreased, possibly resulting in modifications of leukocyte adhesion and motility. Finally, we developed a simple in vivo assay in humanized mice to directly demonstrate that HVEM expressed by the tumor is an immune checkpoint for T cell-mediated tumor control. Our results show that targeting HVEM is a promising strategy for prostate cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aubert
- Centre d’Immunologie et Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, CIMI-PARIS, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France; (N.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Simon Brunel
- Centre d’Immunologie et Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, CIMI-PARIS, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France; (N.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Daniel Olive
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, CRCM, Tumor Immunity Team, IBISA Immunomonitoring Platform, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Gilles Marodon
- Centre d’Immunologie et Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, CIMI-PARIS, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France; (N.A.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Critical role of the CD44 lowCD62L low CD8 + T cell subset in restoring antitumor immunity in aged mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103730118. [PMID: 34088845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103730118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a central role in antitumor immune responses that kill cancer cells directly. In aged individuals, CD8+ T cell immunity is strongly suppressed, which is associated with cancer and other age-related diseases. The mechanism underlying this age-related decrease in immune function remains largely unknown. This study investigated the role of T cell function in age-related unresponsiveness to PD-1 blockade cancer therapy. We found inefficient generation of CD44lowCD62Llow CD8+ T cell subset (P4) in draining lymph nodes of tumor-bearing aged mice. In vitro stimulation of naive CD8+ T cells first generated P4 cells, followed by effector/memory T cells. The P4 cells contained a unique set of genes related to enzymes involved in one-carbon (1C) metabolism, which is critical to antigen-specific T cell activation and mitochondrial function. Consistent with this finding, 1C-metabolism-related gene expression and mitochondrial respiration were down-regulated in aged CD8+ T cells compared with young CD8+ T cells. In aged OVA-specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, ZAP-70 was not activated, even after inoculation with OVA-expressing tumor cells. The attenuation of TCR signaling appeared to be due to elevated expression of CD45RB phosphatase in aged CD8+ T cells. Surprisingly, strong stimulation by nonself cell injection into aged PD-1-deficient mice restored normal levels of CD45RB and ameliorated the emergence of P4 cells and 1C metabolic enzyme expression in CD8+ T cells, and antitumor activity. These findings indicate that impaired induction of the P4 subset may be responsible for the age-related resistance to PD-1 blockade, which can be rescued by strong TCR stimulation.
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32
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Hull CM, Maher J. Approaches for refining and furthering the development of CAR-based T cell therapies for solid malignancies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1105-1117. [PMID: 34038292 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1929920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cells typically use the binding domains of antibodies to target cytotoxicity toward tumors. This approach has produced great efficacy against selected hematological cancers, but benefit in solid tumors has been limited. Characteristically, the microenvironment in solid tumors restricts CAR T cell function, thereby limiting success. Enhancing efficacy will depend on novel target discovery to refine specificity and reduce toxicity. Additionally, overcoming immunosuppressive mechanisms may be achieved by altering the structure of the CAR itself, together with ancillary gene expression or additional therapeutic interventions.Areas covered: Herein, the authors discuss approaches for refining and further developing CAR T cell therapies specifically for use with solid malignancies. The authors survey the existing literature and provide perspectives for the future.Expert opinion: Pronounced efficacy in solid tumors will likely require combination therapies, targeting both the tumor itself and associated immunosuppressive mechanisms. Future exploration of CAR T cell therapies for solid tumors is likely to incorporate next-generation designs that couple more precise targeting of cancer-associated targets with enhanced potency and resistance to exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, UK
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33
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Lo WL, Weiss A. Adapting T Cell Receptor Ligand Discrimination Capability via LAT. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673196. [PMID: 33936119 PMCID: PMC8085316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Self- and non-self ligand discrimination is a core principle underlying T cell-mediated immunity. Mature αβ T cells can respond to a foreign peptide ligand presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCs) on antigen presenting cells, on a background of continuously sensed self-pMHCs. How αβ T cells can properly balance high sensitivity and high specificity to foreign pMHCs, while surrounded by a sea of self-peptide ligands is not well understood. Such discrimination cannot be explained solely by the affinity parameters of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and pMHC interaction. In this review, we will discuss how T cell ligand discrimination may be molecularly defined by events downstream of the TCR-pMHC interaction. We will discuss new evidence in support of the kinetic proofreading model of TCR ligand discrimination, and in particular how the kinetics of specific phosphorylation sites within the adaptor protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) determine the outcome of TCR signaling. In addition, we will discuss emerging data regarding how some kinases, including ZAP-70 and LCK, may possess scaffolding functions to more efficiently direct their kinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Lo
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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34
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Shi Y, Lu Y, Zhu C, Luo Z, Li X, Liu Y, Jiang M, Liu X, Luo L, Du Y, You J. Targeted regulation of lymphocytic ER stress response with an overall immunosuppression to alleviate allograft rejection. Biomaterials 2021; 272:120757. [PMID: 33798960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation is the most effective, and sometimes the only resort for end-stage organ failure. However, allogeneic graft suffers greatly from lymphocyte-mediated immunorejection, which bears close relationship with a hyperactivation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in host lymphocytes, especially in CD8+ T cells (T-8). Therefore, regulating lymphocytic ER unfolded protein response (UPR) might be a potential therapeutic breakthrough in alleviating graft rejection. Here, ER-targetable liposome is prepared via the surface modification of ER-targeting peptide (Pardaxin), which efficiently loads and directly delivers small molecule inhibitor of UPR sensor IRE1α into the ER of lymphocytes, inducing a systemic immunosuppression that facilitates tumorigenesis and metastasis in the tumor inoculation challenge in vivo. And in vitro, a stage-differential dependency of IRE1α in the phase transition of T-8 is identified. Specifically, inhibiting IRE1α at the early responding stages of T-8, especially at the activation phase, results in a shrunk proliferation, impaired effector function, and limited memory commitment, which might contribute centrally to the induced overall immunosuppression. Based on this, a classical acute rejection model, murine full-thickness trunk skin allograft that primary arises from the hyperactivity of T-lymphocyte, is used. Results suggest that lymphocytic IRE1α inactivation attenuates transplant rejection and prolongs graft survival, with a limited effector function and memory commitment of host T-8. Moreover, an even higher immunosuppressive effect is obtained when IRE1α inhibition is used in combination with immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506), which might owe to a synergistic regulation of inflammatory transcription factors. These findings provide a deeper insight into the biological polarization and stress response of lymphocytes, which might guide the future development of allogeneic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Chunqi Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Mengshi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Lihua Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China.
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Mo F, Mamonkin M, Brenner MK, Heslop HE. Taking T-Cell Oncotherapy Off-the-Shelf. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:261-272. [PMID: 33536140 PMCID: PMC7914205 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Banked allogeneic or 'off-the-shelf' (OTS) T cells from healthy human donors are being developed to address the limitations of autologous cell therapies. Potential challenges of OTS T cell therapies are associated with their allogeneic origin and the possibility of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and host-versus-graft immune reactions. While the risk of GvHD from OTS T cells has been proved to be manageable in clinical studies, approaches to prevent immune rejection of OTS cells are at an earlier stage of development. We provide an overview of strategies to generate OTS cell therapies and mitigate alloreactivity-associated adverse events, with a focus on recent advances for preventing immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Mo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maksim Mamonkin
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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36
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Genetic Bias, Diversity Indices, Physiochemical Properties and CDR3 Motifs Divide Auto-Reactive from Allo-Reactive T-Cell Repertoires. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041625. [PMID: 33562731 PMCID: PMC7915266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinct properties of allo-reactive T-cell repertoires are not well understood. To investigate whether auto-reactive and allo-reactive T-cell repertoires encoded distinct properties, we used dextramer enumeration, enrichment, single-cell T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing and multiparameter analysis. We found auto-reactive and allo-reactive T-cells differed in mean ex vivo frequency which was antigen dependent. Allo-reactive T-cells showed clear differences in TCR architecture, with enriched usage of specific T-cell receptor variable (TRBJ) genes and broader use of T-cell receptor variable joining (TRBJ) genes. Auto-reactive T-cell repertoires exhibited complementary determining regions three (CDR3) lengths using a Gaussian distribution whereas allo-reactive T-cell repertoires exhibited distorted patterns in CDR3 length. CDR3 loops from allo-reactive T-cells showed distinct physical-chemical properties, tending to encode loops that were more acidic in charge. Allo-reactive T-cell repertoires differed in diversity metrics, tending to show increased overall diversity and increased homogeneity between repertoires. Motif analysis of CDR3 loops showed allo-reactive T-cell repertoires differed in motif preference which included broader motif use. Collectively, these data conclude that allo-reactive T-cell repertoires are indeed different to auto-reactive repertoires and provide tangible metrics for further investigations and validation. Given that the antigens studied here are overexpressed on multiple cancers and that allo-reactive TCRs often show increased ligand affinity, this new TCR bank also has translational potential for adoptive cell therapy, soluble TCR-based therapy and rational TCR design.
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37
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Yu S, Dangi A, Burnette M, Abecassis MM, Thorp EB, Luo X. Acute murine cytomegalovirus disrupts established transplantation tolerance and causes recipient allo-sensitization. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:515-524. [PMID: 32659030 PMCID: PMC7855505 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection disrupts the induction of transplantation tolerance. However, what impact acute CMV infection would have on the maintenance of established tolerance and on subsequent recipient allo-sensitization is a clinically important unanswered question. Here we used an allogeneic murine islet transplantation tolerance model to examine the impact of acute CMV infection on: (a) disruption of established transplantation tolerance during tolerance maintenance; and (b) the possibility of recipient allo-sensitization by CMV-mediated disruption of stable tolerance. We demonstrated that acute CMV infection abrogated transplantation tolerance during the maintenance stage in 50%-60% recipients. We further demonstrated that acute CMV infection-mediated tolerance disruption led to recipient allo-sensitization by reverting the tolerant state of allo-specific T cells and promoting their differentiation to allo-specific memory cells. Consequently, a second same-donor islet allograft was rejected in an accelerated fashion by these recipients. Our study therefore supports close monitoring for allo-sensitization in previously tolerant transplant recipients in whom tolerance maintenance is disrupted by an episode of acute CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjin Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina,Division of Organ transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anil Dangi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Melanie Burnette
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Edward B. Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina,Duke Transplant Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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38
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Merritt E, Londoño MC, Childs K, Whitehouse G, Kodela E, Sánchez-Fueyo A, Martínez-Llordella M. On the impact of hepatitis C virus and heterologous immunity on alloimmune responses following liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:247-257. [PMID: 32524678 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced heterologous immunity is considered a barrier to transplantation tolerance. Yet, hepatitis C (HCV)-infected liver transplant (LT) patients occasionally achieve operational tolerance. We investigated the mechanisms through which HCV infection modulates donor-specific T cell responses following LT and the influence of HCV eradication. We generated T cell lines from HCV-infected LT and non-LT patients before and after HCV eradication and quantified alloreactive responses using cell lines expressing single-HLA class-I antigens in the presence/absence of PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade. HCV-specific CD8+ T cells cross-reacted with allogeneic class-I HLA molecules. HCV-positive LT recipients exhibited a higher proportion of CD8+ T cells coexpressing inhibitory receptors (PD-1/CTLA4) than HCV-negative LT, and their expression correlated with CXCL10 plasma levels. This resulted in decreased antidonor and third-party proliferative responses, which were significantly reversed by HCV eradication. PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade increased the proportion of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells reacting against donor only before viral clearance. In conclusion, HCV infection results in the generation of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells capable of reacting against allogeneic HLA molecules. Following LT, this results in a PD-1/CTLA4-dependent decrease in alloimmune responses. Our findings challenge the notion that heterologous immunity is necessarily detrimental in LT and provide an explanation for the association between HCV eradication and immune-mediated allograft damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Merritt
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Department of Inflammation Biology, Faculty e Sciences & Medicine, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria-Carlota Londoño
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Department of Inflammation Biology, Faculty e Sciences & Medicine, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, UK
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kate Childs
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Department of Inflammation Biology, Faculty e Sciences & Medicine, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Whitehouse
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Department of Inflammation Biology, Faculty e Sciences & Medicine, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elisavet Kodela
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Department of Inflammation Biology, Faculty e Sciences & Medicine, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Fueyo
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Department of Inflammation Biology, Faculty e Sciences & Medicine, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marc Martínez-Llordella
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Department of Inflammation Biology, Faculty e Sciences & Medicine, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, UK
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39
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Goldsmith SR, Ghobadi A, DiPersio JF. Hematopoeitic Cell Transplantation and CAR T-Cell Therapy: Complements or Competitors? Front Oncol 2020; 10:608916. [PMID: 33415078 PMCID: PMC7783412 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.608916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy are the main modalities of adoptive cellular immunotherapy that have widely permeated the clinical space. The advent of both technologies revolutionized treatment of many hematologic malignancies, both offering the chance at sustained remissions for patients who would otherwise invariably succumb to their diseases. The understanding and exploitation of the nonspecific alloreactivity of allo-HCT and the graft-versus-tumor effect is contrasted by the genetically engineered precision of CAR T therapy. Historically, those with relapsed and refractory hematologic malignancies have often been considered for allo-HCT, although outcomes vary dramatically and are associated with potential acute and chronic toxicities. Such patients, mainly with B-lymphoid malignancies, may now be offered CAR T therapy. Yet, a lack of prospective data to guide decisions thereafter requires individualized approaches on whether to proceed to allo-HCT or observe. The continued innovations to make CAR T therapy more effective and accessible will continue to alter such approaches, but similar innovations in allo-HCT will likely result in similarly improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we describe the history of the two platforms, dissect the clinical indications emphasizing their intertwining and competitive roles described in trials and practice guidelines, and highlight innovations in which they complement or inform one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R. Goldsmith
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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40
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Bogunia-Kubik K, Łacina P. Non-KIR NK cell receptors: Role in transplantation of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cells. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 48:157-171. [PMID: 33352617 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are of major significance in patients after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). They are the first subset of lymphocytes to appear in peripheral blood after transplantation and play an important role in the immune responses against cancer and viral infections. The function of NK cells is controlled by various surface receptors, of which type I integral proteins with immunoglobulin-like domains (killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, KIRs) have been the most extensively studied. The present review focuses on less studied NK cell receptors, such as type II integral proteins with lectin-like domains (CD94/NKG2, NKG2D), natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILTs) and their ligands. Their potential role in patients with haematological disorders subjected to HSC transplant procedure in the context of post-transplant complications such as viral reactivation and acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Łacina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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41
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Kotowski M, Sharma S. CRISPR-Based Editing Techniques for Genetic Manipulation of Primary T Cells. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3040079. [PMID: 33217926 PMCID: PMC7720142 DOI: 10.3390/mps3040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing techniques have been widely adapted for use in immortalised immune cells, efficient manipulation of primary T cells has proved to be more challenging. Nonetheless, the rapid expansion of the CRISPR toolbox accompanied by the development of techniques for delivery of CRISPR components into primary T cells now affords the possibility to genetically manipulate primary T cells both with precision and at scale. Here, we review the key features of the techniques for primary T cell editing and discuss how the new generation of CRISPR-based tools may advance genetic engineering of these immune cells. This improved ability to genetically manipulate primary T cells will further enhance our fundamental understanding of cellular signalling and transcriptional networks in T cells and more importantly has the potential to revolutionise T cell-based therapies.
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42
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Koga K, Wang B, Kaneko S. Current status and future perspectives of HLA-edited induced pluripotent stem cells. Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:23. [PMID: 33014207 PMCID: PMC7528263 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-020-00132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007, Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated by transducing four genes (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc). Because iPSCs can differentiate into any types of cells in the body and have fewer ethical issues compared to embryonic stem (ES) cells, application of iPSCs for regenerative medicine has been actively examined. In fact, iPSCs have already been used for clinical applications, but at present, only autologous iPSC-derived grafts or HLA homozygous iPSC-derived grafts are being transplanted into patients following HLA matching. HLA is an important molecule that enables the immune system differentiates between self and non-self-components; thus, HLA mismatch is a major hurdle in the transplantation of iPSCs. To deliver inexpensive off-the-shelf iPSC-derived regenerative medicine products to more patients, it is necessary to generate universal iPSCs that can be transplanted regardless of the HLA haplotypes. The current strategy to generate universal iPSCs has two broad aims: deleting HLA expression and avoiding attacks from NK cells, which are caused by HLA deletion. Deletion of B2M and CIITA genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been reported to suppress the expression of HLA class I and class II, respectively. Transduction of NK inhibitory ligands, such as HLA-E and CD47, has been used to avoid NK cell attacks. Most recently, the HLA-C retaining method has been used to generate semi-universal iPSCs. Twelve haplotypes of HLA-C retaining iPSCs can cover 95% of the global population. In future, studying which types of universal iPSCs are most effective for engraftment in various physiological conditions is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Koga
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555 Japan.,T-CiRA discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555 Japan
| | - Bo Wang
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555 Japan.,Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS cell research (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Shin Kaneko
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555 Japan.,Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS cell research (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
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43
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Saraiva DP, Matias AT, Braga S, Jacinto A, Cabral MG. Establishment of a 3D Co-culture With MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line and Patient-Derived Immune Cells for Application in the Development of Immunotherapies. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1543. [PMID: 32974189 PMCID: PMC7482668 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3D cell culture including different cell types, such as immune cells, is a representative platform that mimics the tumor microenvironment. Here we disclose an easy-to-handle 3D co-culture protocol using a scaffold-free technique with the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and breast cancer patient-derived immune cells from peripheral blood. The method presented is simple, less time-consuming and less expensive when compared to other 3D techniques. Additionally, this is an optimized protocol for the establishment of a 3D system for this cell line, which is normally seen as challenging to spontaneously form spheroids. The addition of patient-derived immune cells to the cancer cells' spheroid allows the study of the crosstalk between both cell types, as well as the assessment of individual therapeutic approaches to intensify the antitumor immune response. In fact, with this model, we observed that patients' immune cells exhibit a wide range of antitumor responses and we further demonstrated that it is possible to manipulate the less effective ones with a canonical stimulus, as a proof-of-concept, in order to improve their ability to lower the viability of tumor cells. Therefore, this platform could be applied for a personalized immune-based drug screening, with results after a maximum of 10 days of culture, in order to develop more tailored breast cancer treatments and ameliorate patients' survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Saraiva
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana T Matias
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Braga
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto CUF de Oncologia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Jacinto
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Guadalupe Cabral
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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44
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Biernacki MA, Sheth VS, Bleakley M. T cell optimization for graft-versus-leukemia responses. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134939. [PMID: 32376800 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection from relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is partly due to donor T cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) immune responses. Relapse remains common in HCT recipients, but strategies to augment GVL could significantly improve outcomes after HCT. Donor T cells with αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) mediate GVL through recognition of minor histocompatibility antigens and alloantigens in HLA-matched and -mismatched HCT, respectively. αβ T cells specific for other leukemia-associated antigens, including nonpolymorphic antigens and neoantigens, may also deliver an antileukemic effect. γδ T cells may contribute to GVL, although their biology and specificity are less well understood. Vaccination or adoptive transfer of donor-derived T cells with natural or transgenic receptors are strategies with potential to selectively enhance αβ and γδ T cell GVL effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Biernacki
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, and
| | - Vipul S Sheth
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marie Bleakley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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45
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Abstract
In spite of the recent approval of new promising targeted therapies, the clinical outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains suboptimal, prompting the search for additional and synergistic therapeutic rationales. It is increasingly evident that the bone marrow immune environment of AML patients is profoundly altered, contributing to the severity of the disease but also providing several windows of opportunity to prompt or rewire a proficient antitumor immune surveillance. In this Review, we present current evidence on immune defects in AML, discuss the challenges with selective targeting of AML cells, and summarize the clinical results and immunologic insights from studies that are testing the latest immunotherapy approaches to specifically target AML cells (antibodies, cellular therapies) or more broadly reactivate antileukemia immunity (vaccines, checkpoint blockade). Given the complex interactions between AML cells and the many components of their environment, it is reasonable to surmise that the future of immunotherapy in AML lies in the rational combination of complementary immunotherapeutic strategies with chemotherapeutics or other oncogenic pathway inhibitors. Identifying reliable biomarkers of response to improve patient selection and avoid toxicities will be critical in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vago
- Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, and
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivana Gojo
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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46
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Madonna R, Van Laake LW, Botker HE, Davidson SM, De Caterina R, Engel FB, Eschenhagen T, Fernandez-Aviles F, Hausenloy DJ, Hulot JS, Lecour S, Leor J, Menasché P, Pesce M, Perrino C, Prunier F, Van Linthout S, Ytrehus K, Zimmermann WH, Ferdinandy P, Sluijter JPG. ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart: position paper for Cardiovascular Research: tissue engineering strategies combined with cell therapies for cardiac repair in ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:488-500. [PMID: 30657875 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and heart failure (HF) remain significant in Europe and are increasing worldwide. Patients with IHD or HF might benefit from novel therapeutic strategies, such as cell-based therapies. We recently discussed the therapeutic potential of cell-based therapies and provided recommendations on how to improve the therapeutic translation of these novel strategies for effective cardiac regeneration and repair. Despite major advances in optimizing these strategies with respect to cell source and delivery method, the clinical outcome of cell-based therapy remains unsatisfactory. Major obstacles are the low engraftment and survival rate of transplanted cells in the harmful microenvironment of the host tissue, and the paucity or even lack of endogenous cells with repair capacity. Therefore, new ways of delivering cells and their derivatives are required in order to empower cell-based cardiac repair and regeneration in patients with IHD or HF. Strategies using tissue engineering (TE) combine cells with matrix materials to enhance cell retention or cell delivery in the transplanted area, and have recently received much attention for this purpose. Here, we summarize knowledge on novel approaches emerging from the TE scenario. In particular, we will discuss how combinations of cell/bio-materials (e.g. hydrogels, cell sheets, prefabricated matrices, microspheres, and injectable matrices) combinations might enhance cell retention or cell delivery in the transplantation areas, thereby increase the success rate of cell therapies for IHD and HF. We will not focus on the use of classical engineering approaches, employing fully synthetic materials, because of their unsatisfactory material properties which render them not clinically applicable. The overall aim of this Position Paper from the ESC Working Group Cellular Biology of the Heart is to provide recommendations on how to proceed in research with these novel TE strategies combined with cell-based therapies to boost cardiac repair in the clinical settings of IHD and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Madonna
- Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University-Chieti, Italy.,University of Texas Medical School in Houston, USA
| | - Linda W Van Laake
- Cardiology and UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Erik Botker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University-Chieti, Italy.,University of Texas Medical School in Houston, USA.,University of Pisa, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center Erlangen, MURCE
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Fernandez-Aviles
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.,The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Research & Development, London, UK.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Jean-Sebastien Hulot
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM UMRS 970, Paris, France.,Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Tamman and Neufeld Cardiovascular Research Institutes, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University and Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Philippe Menasché
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMRS 970, Paris, France
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrice Prunier
- Institut Mitovasc, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Service de Cardiologie, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsti Ytrehus
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Wolfram-Hubertus Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, III-V Floor, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Mitwasi N, Feldmann A, Arndt C, Koristka S, Berndt N, Jureczek J, Loureiro LR, Bergmann R, Máthé D, Hegedüs N, Kovács T, Zhang C, Oberoi P, Jäger E, Seliger B, Rössig C, Temme A, Eitler J, Tonn T, Schmitz M, Hassel JC, Jäger D, Wels WS, Bachmann M. "UniCAR"-modified off-the-shelf NK-92 cells for targeting of GD2-expressing tumour cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2141. [PMID: 32034289 PMCID: PMC7005792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific redirection of immune effector cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) demonstrated high therapeutic potential for targeting cancers of different origins. Beside CAR-T cells, natural killer (NK) cells represent promising alternative effectors that can be combined with CAR technology. Unlike T cells, primary NK cells and the NK cell line NK-92 can be applied as allogeneic off-the-shelf products with a reduced risk of toxicities. We previously established a modular universal CAR (UniCAR) platform which consists of UniCAR-expressing immune cells that cannot recognize target antigens directly but are redirected by a tumour-specific target module (TM). The TM contains an antigen-binding moiety fused to a peptide epitope which is recognized by the UniCAR molecule, thereby allowing an on/off switch of CAR activity, and facilitating flexible targeting of various tumour antigens depending on the presence and specificity of the TM. Here, we provide proof of concept that it is feasible to generate a universal off-the-shelf cellular therapeutic based on UniCAR NK-92 cells targeted to tumours expressing the disialoganglioside GD2 by GD2-specific TMs that are either based on an antibody-derived single-chain fragment variable (scFv) or an IgG4 backbone. Redirected UniCAR NK-92 cells induced specific killing of GD2-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo, associated with enhanced production of interferon-γ. Analysis of radiolabelled proteins demonstrated that the IgG4-based format increased the in vivo half-life of the TM markedly in comparison to the scFv-based molecule. In summary, UniCAR NK-92 cells represent a universal off-the-shelf platform that is highly effective and flexible, allowing the use of different TM formats for specific tumour targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Mitwasi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Justyna Jureczek
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liliana R Loureiro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Semmelweis University, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Semmelweis University, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Hegedüs
- Semmelweis University, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Congcong Zhang
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pranav Oberoi
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Jäger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Rössig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children´s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Achim Temme
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery and Tumor Immunology, University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jiri Eitler
- Expermintal Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Expermintal Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jessica C Hassel
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Medical Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC) 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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48
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'Off-the-shelf' allogeneic CAR T cells: development and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:185-199. [PMID: 31900462 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have changed the therapeutic landscape in haematological malignancies. Nevertheless, the use of allogeneic CAR T cells from donors has many potential advantages over autologous approaches, such as the immediate availability of cryopreserved batches for patient treatment, possible standardization of the CAR-T cell product, time for multiple cell modifications, redosing or combination of CAR T cells directed against different targets, and decreased cost using an industrialized process. However, allogeneic CAR T cells may cause life-threatening graft-versus-host disease and may be rapidly eliminated by the host immune system. The development of next-generation allogeneic CAR T cells to address these issues is an active area of research. In this Review, we analyse the different sources of T cells for optimal allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy and describe the different technological approaches, mainly based on gene editing, to produce allogeneic CAR T cells with limited potential for graft-versus-host disease. These improved allogeneic CAR-T cell products will pave the way for further breakthroughs in the treatment of cancer.
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49
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Yu S, Su C, Luo X. Impact of infection on transplantation tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:243-263. [PMID: 31538351 PMCID: PMC6961566 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allograft tolerance is the ultimate goal of organ transplantation. Current strategies for tolerance induction mainly focus on inhibiting alloreactive T cells while promoting regulatory immune cells. Pathogenic infections may have direct impact on both effector and regulatory cell populations, therefore can alter host susceptibility to transplantation tolerance induction as well as impair the quality and stability of tolerance once induced. In this review, we will discuss existing data demonstrating the effect of infections on transplantation tolerance, with particular emphasis on the role of the stage of infection (acute, chronic, or latent) and the stage of tolerance (induction or maintenance) in this infection-tolerance interaction. While the deleterious effect of acute infection on tolerance is mainly driven by proinflammatory cytokines induced shortly after the infection, chronic infection may generate exhausted T cells that could in fact facilitate transplantation tolerance. In addition to pathogenic infections, commensal intestinal microbiota also has numerous significant immunomodulatory effects that can shape the host alloimmunity following transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies for robustly inducing and stably maintaining transplantation tolerance while preserving host anti-pathogen immunity in clinically relevant scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjin Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
- Division of Organ transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Chang Su
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
- Duke Transplant Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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50
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Abstract
The repertoire of αβ T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) on mature T cells is selected in the thymus where it is rendered both self-tolerant and restricted to the recognition of major histocompatibility complex molecules presenting peptide antigens (pMHC). It remains unclear whether germline TCR sequences exhibit an inherent bias to interact with pMHC prior to selection. Here, we isolated TCR libraries from unselected thymocytes and upon reexpression of these random TCR repertoires in recipient T cell hybridomas, interrogated their reactivities to antigen-presenting cell lines. While these random TCR combinations could potentially have reacted with any surface molecule on the cell lines, the hybridomas were stimulated most frequently by pMHC ligands. The nature and CDR3 loop composition of the TCRβ chain played a dominant role in determining pMHC-reactivity. Replacing the germline regions of mouse TCRβ chains with those of other jawed vertebrates preserved reactivity to mouse pMHC. Finally, introducing the CD4 coreceptor into the hybridomas increased the proportion of cells that could respond to pMHC ligands. Thus, αβ TCRs display an intrinsic and evolutionary conserved bias for pMHC molecules in the absence of any selective pressure, which is further strengthened in the presence of coreceptors.
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