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Tsamou M, Kremers FAC, Samaritakis KA, Roggen EL. Identifying microRNAs Possibly Implicated in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9551. [PMID: 39273498 PMCID: PMC11395538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) are chronic syndromes of unknown etiology, accompanied by numerous symptoms affecting neurological and physical conditions. Despite frequent revisions of the diagnostic criteria, clinical practice guidelines are often outdated, leading to underdiagnosis and ineffective treatment. Our aim was to identify microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers implicated in pathological mechanisms underlying these diseases. A comprehensive literature review using publicly accessible databases was conducted. Interesting miRNAs were extracted from relevant publications on ME/CFS and/or FM, and were then linked to pathophysiological processes possibly manifesting these chronic diseases. Dysregulated miRNAs in ME/CFS and FM may serve as promising biomarkers for these diseases. Key identified miRNAs, such as miR-29c, miR-99b, miR-128, miR-374b, and miR-766, were frequently mentioned for their roles in immune response, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and central sensitization, while miR-23a, miR-103, miR-152, and miR-320 were implicated in multiple crucial pathological processes for FM and/or ME/CFS. In summary, both ME/CFS and FM seem to share many dysregulated biological or molecular processes, which may contribute to their commonly shared symptoms. This miRNA-based approach offers new angles for discovering molecular markers urgently needed for early diagnosis or therapeutics to tackle the pathology of these medically unexplained chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsamou
- ToxGenSolutions (TGS), 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Erwin L Roggen
- ToxGenSolutions (TGS), 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Gul A, Pewe LL, Willems P, Mayer R, Thery F, Asselman C, Aernout I, Verbeke R, Eggermont D, Van Moortel L, Upton E, Zhang Y, Boucher K, Miret-Casals L, Demol H, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I, Radoshevich L, Harty JT, Impens F. Immunopeptidomics Mapping of Listeria monocytogenes T Cell Epitopes in Mice. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100829. [PMID: 39147027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne intracellular bacterial model pathogen. Protective immunity against Listeria depends on an effective CD8+ T cell response, but very few T cell epitopes are known in mice as a common animal infection model for listeriosis. To identify epitopes, we screened for Listeria immunopeptides presented in the spleen of infected mice by mass spectrometry-based immunopeptidomics. We mapped more than 6000 mouse self-peptides presented on MHC class I molecules, including 12 high confident Listeria peptides from 12 different bacterial proteins. Bacterial immunopeptides with confirmed fragmentation spectra were further tested for their potential to activate CD8+ T cells, revealing VTYNYINI from the putative cell wall surface anchor family protein LMON_0576 as a novel bona fide peptide epitope. The epitope showed high biological potency in a prime boost model and can be used as a research tool to probe CD8+ T cell responses in the mouse models of Listeria infection. Together, our results demonstrate the power of immunopeptidomics for bacterial antigen identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adillah Gul
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa-Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Patrick Willems
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rupert Mayer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabien Thery
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Asselman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilke Aernout
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rein Verbeke
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Denzel Eggermont
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Van Moortel
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Upton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa-Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa-Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Katie Boucher
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laia Miret-Casals
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Demol
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lilliana Radoshevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa-Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa-Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Tian M, Wei JS, Cheuk ATC, Milewski D, Zhang Z, Kim YY, Chou HC, Liu C, Badr S, Pope EG, Rahmy A, Wu JT, Kelly MC, Wen X, Khan J. CAR T-cells targeting FGFR4 and CD276 simultaneously show potent antitumor effect against childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6222. [PMID: 39043633 PMCID: PMC11266617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 (FGFR4), a highly expressed surface tyrosine receptor in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), are already in the clinical phase of development, but tumour heterogeneity and suboptimal activation might hamper their potency. Here we report an optimization strategy of the co-stimulatory and targeting properties of a FGFR4 CAR. We replace the CD8 hinge and transmembrane domain and the 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain with those of CD28. The resulting CARs display enhanced anti-tumor activity in several RMS xenograft models except for an aggressive tumour cell line, RMS559. By searching for a direct target of the RMS core-regulatory transcription factor MYOD1, we identify another surface protein, CD276, as a potential target. Bicistronic CARs (BiCisCAR) targeting both FGFR4 and CD276, containing two distinct co-stimulatory domains, have superior prolonged persistent and invigorated anti-tumor activities compared to the optimized FGFR4-specific CAR and the other BiCisCAR with the same 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain. Our study thus lays down the proof-of-principle for a CAR T-cell therapy targeting both FGFR4 and CD276 in RMS.
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MESH Headings
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/immunology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/genetics
- Humans
- Animals
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- B7 Antigens/metabolism
- B7 Antigens/immunology
- B7 Antigens/genetics
- MyoD Protein/metabolism
- MyoD Protein/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Child
- Female
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Inbred NOD
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Tian
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jun S Wei
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adam Tai-Chi Cheuk
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David Milewski
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhongmei Zhang
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yong Yean Kim
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hsien-Chao Chou
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Can Liu
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sherif Badr
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eleanor G Pope
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Rahmy
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jerry T Wu
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xinyu Wen
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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4
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Corbin-Stein NJ, Childers GM, Webster JM, Zane A, Yang YT, Ali MA, Sandoval IM, Manfredsson FP, Kordower JH, Tyrrell DJ, Harms AS. Tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells are present but not critical for demyelination and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of multiple system atrophy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.02.597035. [PMID: 38895456 PMCID: PMC11185520 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.02.597035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is rare, fast progressing, and fatal synucleinopathy with alpha-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions located within oligodendroglia called glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI). Along with GCI pathology there is severe demyelination, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. In post-mortem tissue, there is significant infiltration of CD8+ T cells into the brain parenchyma, however their role in disease progression is unknown. To determine the role of CD8+ T cells, a modified AAV, Olig001-SYN, was used to selectively overexpress α-syn in oligodendrocytes modeling MSA in mice. Four weeks post transduction, we observed significant CD8+ T cell infiltration into the striatum of Olig001-SYN transduced mice recapitulating the CD8+ T cell infiltration observed in post-mortem tissue. To understand the role of CD8+ T cells, a CD8 knockout mice were transduced with Olig001-SYN. Six months post transduction into a mouse lacking CD8+ T cells, demyelination and neurodegeneration were unchanged. Four weeks post transduction, neuroinflammation and demyelination were enhanced in CD8 knockout mice compared to wild type controls. Applying unbiased spectral flow cytometry, CD103+, CD69+, CD44+, CXCR6+, CD8+ T cells were identified when α-syn was present in oligodendrocytes, suggesting the presence of tissue resident memory CD8+ T (Trm) cells during MSA disease progression. This study indicates that CD8+ T cells are not critical in driving MSA pathology but are needed to modulate the neuroinflammation and demyelination response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Corbin-Stein
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Birmingham, AL
| | - Gabrielle M. Childers
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jhodi M. Webster
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Birmingham, AL
| | - Asta Zane
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ya-Ting Yang
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Birmingham, AL
| | - Md Akkas Ali
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology and Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ivette M. Sandoval
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - Jeffrey H. Kordower
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Daniel J. Tyrrell
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology and Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ashley S. Harms
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Birmingham, AL
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5
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Kandel A, Li L, Wang Y, Tuo W, Xiao Z. Differentiation and Regulation of Bovine Th2 Cells In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:738. [PMID: 38727273 PMCID: PMC11083891 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine Th2 cells have usually been characterized by IL4 mRNA expression, but it is unclear whether their IL4 protein expression corresponds to transcription. We found that grass-fed healthy beef cattle, which had been regularly exposed to parasites on the grass, had a low frequency of IL4+ Th2 cells during flow cytometry, similar to animals grown in feedlots. To assess the distribution of IL4+ CD4+ T cells across tissues, samples from the blood, spleen, abomasal (draining), and inguinal lymph nodes were examined, which revealed limited IL4 protein detection in the CD4+ T cells across the examined tissues. To determine if bovine CD4+ T cells may develop into Th2 cells, naïve cells were stimulated with anti-bovine CD3 under a Th2 differentiation kit in vitro. The cells produced primarily IFNγ proteins, with only a small fraction (<10%) co-expressing IL4 proteins. Quantitative PCR confirmed elevated IFNγ transcription but no significant change in IL4 transcription. Surprisingly, GATA3, the master regulator of IL4, was highest in naïve CD4+ T cells but was considerably reduced following differentiation. To determine if the differentiated cells were true Th2 cells, an unbiased proteomic assay was carried out. The assay identified 4212 proteins, 422 of which were differently expressed compared to those in naïve cells. Based on these differential proteins, Th2-related upstream components were predicted, including CD3, CD28, IL4, and IL33, demonstrating typical Th2 differentiation. To boost IL4 expression, T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation strength was reduced by lowering anti-CD3 concentrations. Consequently, weak TCR stimulation essentially abolished Th2 expansion and survival. In addition, extra recombinant bovine IL4 (rbIL4) was added during Th2 differentiation, but, despite enhanced expansion, the IL4 level remained unaltered. These findings suggest that, while bovine CD4+ T cells can respond to Th2 differentiation stimuli, the bovine IL4 pathway is not regulated in the same way as in mice and humans. Furthermore, Ostertagia ostertagi (OO) extract, a gastrointestinal nematode in cattle, inhibited signaling via CD3, CD28, IL4, and TLRs/MYD88, indicating that external pathogens can influence bovine Th2 differentiation. In conclusion, though bovine CD4+ T cells can respond to IL4-driven differentiation, IL4 expression is not a defining feature of differentiated bovine Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kandel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
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6
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Ranek JS, Stallaert W, Milner JJ, Redick M, Wolff SC, Beltran AS, Stanley N, Purvis JE. DELVE: feature selection for preserving biological trajectories in single-cell data. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2765. [PMID: 38553455 PMCID: PMC10980758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-cell technologies can measure the expression of thousands of molecular features in individual cells undergoing dynamic biological processes. While examining cells along a computationally-ordered pseudotime trajectory can reveal how changes in gene or protein expression impact cell fate, identifying such dynamic features is challenging due to the inherent noise in single-cell data. Here, we present DELVE, an unsupervised feature selection method for identifying a representative subset of molecular features which robustly recapitulate cellular trajectories. In contrast to previous work, DELVE uses a bottom-up approach to mitigate the effects of confounding sources of variation, and instead models cell states from dynamic gene or protein modules based on core regulatory complexes. Using simulations, single-cell RNA sequencing, and iterative immunofluorescence imaging data in the context of cell cycle and cellular differentiation, we demonstrate how DELVE selects features that better define cell-types and cell-type transitions. DELVE is available as an open-source python package: https://github.com/jranek/delve .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene S Ranek
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wayne Stallaert
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Justin Milner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Margaret Redick
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel C Wolff
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adriana S Beltran
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Pluripotent Cell Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie Stanley
- Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jeremy E Purvis
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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7
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Chen DG, Xie J, Choi J, Ng RH, Zhang R, Li S, Edmark R, Zheng H, Solomon B, Campbell KM, Medina E, Ribas A, Khatri P, Lanier LL, Mease PJ, Goldman JD, Su Y, Heath JR. Integrative systems biology reveals NKG2A-biased immune responses correlate with protection in infectious disease, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113872. [PMID: 38427562 PMCID: PMC10995767 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection, autoimmunity, and cancer are principal human health challenges of the 21st century. Often regarded as distinct ends of the immunological spectrum, recent studies hint at potential overlap between these diseases. For example, inflammation can be pathogenic in infection and autoimmunity. T resident memory (TRM) cells can be beneficial in infection and cancer. However, these findings are limited by size and scope; exact immunological factors shared across diseases remain elusive. Here, we integrate large-scale deeply clinically and biologically phenotyped human cohorts of 526 patients with infection, 162 with lupus, and 11,180 with cancer. We identify an NKG2A+ immune bias as associative with protection against disease severity, mortality, and autoimmune/post-acute chronic disease. We reveal that NKG2A+ CD8+ T cells correlate with reduced inflammation and increased humoral immunity and that they resemble TRM cells. Our results suggest NKG2A+ biases as a cross-disease factor of protection, supporting suggestions of immunological overlap between infection, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Chen
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jingyi Xie
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA; Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Rachel H Ng
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rongyu Zhang
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Li
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rick Edmark
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Zheng
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ben Solomon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katie M Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Egmidio Medina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip J Mease
- Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
| | - Jason D Goldman
- Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yapeng Su
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James R Heath
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Peng S, Lin A, Jiang A, Zhang C, Zhang J, Cheng Q, Luo P, Bai Y. CTLs heterogeneity and plasticity: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:58. [PMID: 38515134 PMCID: PMC10956324 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play critical antitumor roles, encompassing diverse subsets including CD4+, NK, and γδ T cells beyond conventional CD8+ CTLs. However, definitive CTLs biomarkers remain elusive, as cytotoxicity-molecule expression does not necessarily confer cytotoxic capacity. CTLs differentiation involves transcriptional regulation by factors such as T-bet and Blimp-1, although epigenetic regulation of CTLs is less clear. CTLs promote tumor killing through cytotoxic granules and death receptor pathways, but may also stimulate tumorigenesis in some contexts. Given that CTLs cytotoxicity varies across tumors, enhancing this function is critical. This review summarizes current knowledge on CTLs subsets, biomarkers, differentiation mechanisms, cancer-related functions, and strategies for improving cytotoxicity. Key outstanding questions include refining the CTLs definition, characterizing subtype diversity, elucidating differentiation and senescence pathways, delineating CTL-microbe relationships, and enabling multi-omics profiling. A more comprehensive understanding of CTLs biology will facilitate optimization of their immunotherapy applications. Overall, this review synthesizes the heterogeneity, regulation, functional roles, and enhancement strategies of CTLs in antitumor immunity, highlighting gaps in our knowledge of subtype diversity, definitive biomarkers, epigenetic control, microbial interactions, and multi-omics characterization. Addressing these questions will refine our understanding of CTLs immunology to better leverage cytotoxic functions against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Peng
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Changhai hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Hunan, China.
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yifeng Bai
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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9
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Mu S, Chen L, Dong H, Li S, Zhang Y, Yin S, Tian Y, Ding Y, Sun S, Shang S, Guo H. Enhanced antigen-specific CD8 T cells contribute to early protection against FMDV through swine DC vaccination. J Virol 2024; 98:e0200223. [PMID: 38289108 PMCID: PMC10878267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02002-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains a challenge for cloven-hooved animals. The currently licensed FMDV vaccines induce neutralizing antibody (NAb)-mediated protection but show defects in the early protection. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown great potency in inducing rapid T-cell immunity in humans and mice. Whether DC vaccination could enhance early protection against FMDV has not been elaborately explored in domestic pigs. In this study, we employed DC vaccination as an experimental approach to study the roles of cellular immunity in the early protection against FMDV in pigs. Autologous DCs were differentiated from the periphery blood mononuclear cells of each pig, pulsed with inactivated FMDV (iFMDV-DC) and treated with LPS, and then injected into the original pigs. The cellular immune responses and protective efficacy elicited by the iFMDV-DC were examined by multicolor flow cytometry and tested by FMDV challenge. The results showed that autologous iFMDV-DC immunization induced predominantly FMDV-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs), high NAb titers, compared to the inactivated FMDV vaccine, and accelerated the development of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, which was concomitantly associated with early protection against FMDV virulent strain in pigs. Such early protection was associated with the rapid proliferation of secondary T-cell response after challenge and significantly contributed by secondary CD8 effector memory T cells. These results demonstrated that rapid induction of cellular immunity through DC immunization is important for improving early protection against FMDV. Enhancing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells may facilitate the development of more effective FMDV vaccines.IMPORTANCEAlthough the currently licensed FMDV vaccines provide NAb-mediated protection, they have defects in early immune protection, especially in pigs. In this study, we demonstrated that autologous swine DC immunization augmented the cellular immune response and induced an early protective response against FMDV in pigs. This approach induced predominantly FMDV-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, high NAb titers, and rapid development of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. Importantly, the early protection conferred by this DC immunization is more associated with secondary CD8+ T response rather than NAbs. Our findings highlighted the importance of enhancing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in early protection to FMDV in addition to Th1 response and identifying a strategy or adjuvant comparable to the DC vaccine might be a future direction for improving the current FMDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuanghui Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaozhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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10
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Katakai T, Okazaki T. A battle between two biological singularities: Immune response vs. cancer. Biophys Physicobiol 2024; 21:e211006. [PMID: 39175864 PMCID: PMC11338675 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v21.s006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In a post-growth multicellular organism, the phenomenon in which a small number of rare cells can be the starting point for inducing a dramatic change in the entire system is considered a "biological singularity." The immune response and cancer can be regarded as singularity phenomena in mammals, but their nature is fundamentally different. The immune response is considered a "programmed" singularity, whereas cancer is an "unprogrammed" singularity. These two systems perpetually engage in a cycle of attack and defense within the organism. The outcome is depending on the wining system, which determines whether the individual experiences a state resembling light or darkness. However, the overall mechanism of the competition remains unclear and is expected to be elucidated with future innovations in bioimaging technologies. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy is a means by which the two singularity balances can be artificially manipulated; therefore, mechanistic insight is necessary for cancer treatment strategies. Altogether, these findings provide a different perspective crucial for understanding the behavior of dynamic cell populations in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Katakai
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 950-8510, Japan
| | - Taku Okazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
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11
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Watson FN, Shears MJ, Kalata AC, Duncombe CJ, Seilie AM, Chavtur C, Conrad E, Cruz Talavera I, Raappana A, Sather DN, Chakravarty S, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Tsuji M, Murphy SC. Ultra-low volume intradermal administration of radiation-attenuated sporozoites with the glycolipid adjuvant 7DW8-5 completely protects mice against malaria. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2881. [PMID: 38311678 PMCID: PMC10838921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation-attenuated sporozoite (RAS) vaccines can completely prevent blood stage Plasmodium infection by inducing liver-resident memory CD8+ T cells to target parasites in the liver. Such T cells can be induced by 'Prime-and-trap' vaccination, which here combines DNA priming against the P. yoelii circumsporozoite protein (CSP) with a subsequent intravenous (IV) dose of liver-homing RAS to "trap" the activated and expanding T cells in the liver. Prime-and-trap confers durable protection in mice, and efforts are underway to translate this vaccine strategy to the clinic. However, it is unclear whether the RAS trapping dose must be strictly administered by the IV route. Here we show that intradermal (ID) RAS administration can be as effective as IV administration if RAS are co-administrated with the glycolipid adjuvant 7DW8-5 in an ultra-low inoculation volume. In mice, the co-administration of RAS and 7DW8-5 in ultra-low ID volumes (2.5 µL) was completely protective and dose sparing compared to standard volumes (10-50 µL) and induced protective levels of CSP-specific CD8+ T cells in the liver. Our finding that adjuvants and ultra-low volumes are required for ID RAS efficacy may explain why prior reports about higher volumes of unadjuvanted ID RAS proved less effective than IV RAS. The ID route may offer significant translational advantages over the IV route and could improve sporozoite vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia N Watson
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Melanie J Shears
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Anya C Kalata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Caroline J Duncombe
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - A Mariko Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Chris Chavtur
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ethan Conrad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Irene Cruz Talavera
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Raappana
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Sanaria Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Stephen L Hoffman
- Sanaria Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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12
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Manandhar P, Szymczak-Workman AL, Kane LP. Tim-3 Is Not Required for Establishment of CD8+ T Cell Memory to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:466-474. [PMID: 38108417 PMCID: PMC10906969 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Tim-3 is a transmembrane protein that is best known for being highly expressed on terminally exhausted CD8+ T cells associated with chronic infection and tumors, although its expression is not limited to those settings. Tim-3 is also expressed by CD8+ T cells during acute infection and by multiple other immune cell types, including CD4+ Th1 and regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells. In this study, we investigated the role of Tim-3 signaling on CD8+ T cell memory using a Tim-3 conditional knockout mouse model and mice lacking the signaling portion of the Tim-3 cytoplasmic domain. Together, our results indicate that Tim-3 has at most a modest effect on the formation and function of CD8+ memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Manandhar
- Dept. of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Lawrence P. Kane
- Dept. of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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13
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van der Heide V, Davenport B, Cubitt B, Roudko V, Choo D, Humblin E, Jhun K, Angeliadis K, Dawson T, Furtado G, Kamphorst A, Ahmed R, de la Torre JC, Homann D. Functional impairment of "helpless" CD8 + memory T cells is transient and driven by prolonged but finite cognate antigen presentation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576725. [PMID: 38328184 PMCID: PMC10849538 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Generation of functional CD8 + T cell memory typically requires engagement of CD4 + T cells. However, in certain scenarios, such as acutely-resolving viral infections, effector (T E ) and subsequent memory (T M ) CD8 + T cell formation appear impervious to a lack of CD4 + T cell help during priming. Nonetheless, such "helpless" CD8 + T M respond poorly to pathogen rechallenge. At present, the origin and long-term evolution of helpless CD8 + T cell memory remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that helpless CD8 + T E differentiation is largely normal but a multiplicity of helpless CD8 T M defects, consistent with impaired memory maturation, emerge as a consequence of prolonged yet finite exposure to cognate antigen. Importantly, these defects resolve over time leading to full restoration of CD8 + T M potential and recall capacity. Our findings provide a unified explanation for helpless CD8 + T cell memory and emphasize an unexpected CD8 + T M plasticity with implications for vaccination strategies and beyond.
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14
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Perez C, Plaza-Rojas L, Boucher JC, Nagy MZ, Kostenko E, Prajapati K, Burke B, Reyes MD, Austin AL, Zhang S, Le PT, Guevara-Patino JA. NKG2D receptor signaling shapes T cell thymic education. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:306-321. [PMID: 37949818 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) in peripheral T cells as a costimulatory receptor is well established. However, its contribution to T cell thymic education and functional imprint is unknown. Here, we report significant changes in development, receptor signaling, transcriptional program, and function in T cells from mice lacking NKG2D signaling. In C57BL/6 (B6) and OT-I mice, we found that NKG2D deficiency results in Vβ chain usage changes and stagnation of the double-positive stage in thymic T cell development. We found that the expression of CD5 and CD45 in thymocytes from NKG2D deficient mice were reduced, indicating a direct influence of NKG2D on the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling during the developmental stage of T cells. Depicting the functional consequences of NKG2D, peripheral OT-I NKG2D-deficient cells were unresponsive to ovalbumin peptide stimulation. Paradoxically, while αCD3/CD28 agonist antibodies led to phenotypic T cell activation, their ability to produce cytokines remained severely compromised. We found that OT-I NKG2D-deficient cells activate STAT5 in response to interleukin-15 but were unable to phosphorylate ERK or S6 upon TCR engagement, underpinning a defect in TCR signaling. Finally, we showed that NKG2D is expressed in mouse and human thymic T cells at the double-negative stage, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved function during T cell development. The data presented in this study indicate that NKG2D impacts thymic T cell development at a fundamental level by reducing the TCR threshold and affecting the functional imprint of the thymic progeny. In summary, understanding the impact of NKG2D on thymic T cell development and TCR signaling contributes to our knowledge of immune system regulation, immune dysregulation, and the design of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Perez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Lourdes Plaza-Rojas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Justin C Boucher
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Mate Z Nagy
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Elena Kostenko
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Kushal Prajapati
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Brianna Burke
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Michael Delos Reyes
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Anna L Austin
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Shubin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Phong T Le
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - José A Guevara-Patino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
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15
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Guo W, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Du Q, Zhang T, Hu J, Yao Y, Zhang J, Xu Y, Cui X, Sun Z, You M, Yu G, Zhang H, Du X, Xu J, Yu S. Mettl3-dependent m 6A modification is essential for effector differentiation and memory formation of CD8 + T cells. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:82-96. [PMID: 38030520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Efficient immune responses rely on the proper differentiation of CD8+ T cells into effector and memory cells. Here, we show a critical requirement of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase Mettl3 during CD8+ T cell responses upon acute viral infection. Conditional deletion of Mettl3 in CD8+ T cells impairs effector expansion and terminal differentiation in an m6A-dependent manner, subsequently affecting memory formation and the secondary response of CD8+ T cells. Our combined RNA-seq and m6A-miCLIP-seq analyses reveal that Mettl3 deficiency broadly impacts the expression of cell cycle and transcriptional regulators. Remarkably, Mettl3 binds to the Tbx21 transcript and stabilizes it, promoting effector differentiation of CD8+ T cells. Moreover, ectopic expression of T-bet partially restores the defects in CD8+ T cell differentiation in the absence of Mettl3. Thus, our study highlights the role of Mettl3 in regulating multiple target genes in an m6A-dependent manner and underscores the importance of m6A modification during CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yashu Li
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qian Du
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yingpeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingdi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Menghao You
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guotao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haojian Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jingyu Xu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Shuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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16
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Chen DG, Xie J, Su Y, Heath JR. T cell receptor sequences are the dominant factor contributing to the phenotype of CD8 + T cells with specificities against immunogenic viral antigens. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113279. [PMID: 37883974 PMCID: PMC10729740 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells mediate pathogen clearance. T cell phenotype is influenced by T cell receptor (TCR) sequences and environmental signals. Quantitative comparisons of these factors in human disease, while challenging to obtain, can provide foundational insights into basic T cell biology. Here, we investigate the phenotype kinetics of 679 CD8+ T cell clonotypes, each with specificity against one of three immunogenic viral antigens. Data were collected from a longitudinal study of 68 COVID-19 patients with antigens from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and influenza. Each antigen is associated with a different type of immune activation during COVID-19. We find TCR sequence to be by far the most important factor in shaping T cell phenotype and persistence for populations specific to any of these antigens. Our work demonstrates the important relationship between TCR sequence and T cell phenotype and persistence and helps explain why T cell phenotype often appears to be determined early in an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Chen
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jingyi Xie
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Yapeng Su
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James R Heath
- Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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17
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Albrecht M, Hummitzsch L, Rusch R, Eimer C, Rusch M, Heß K, Steinfath M, Cremer J, Fändrich F, Berndt R, Zitta K. Large extracellular vesicles derived from human regulatory macrophages (L-EV Mreg) attenuate CD3/CD28-induced T-cell activation in vitro. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1437-1448. [PMID: 37725101 PMCID: PMC10663190 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages belong to the innate immune system, and we have recently shown that in vitro differentiated human regulatory macrophages (Mreg) release large extracellular vesicles (L-EVMreg) with an average size of 7.5 μm which regulate wound healing and angiogenesis in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate whether L-EVMreg also affect the CD3/CD28-mediated activation of T-cells. Mreg were differentiated using blood monocytes and L-EVMreg were isolated from culture supernatants by differential centrifugation. Activation of human T-cells was induced by CD3/CD28-coated beads in the absence or presence of Mreg or different concentrations of L-EVMreg. Inhibition of T-cell activation was quantified by flow cytometry and antibodies directed against the T-cell marker granzyme B. Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the surface of Mreg and L-EVMreg was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Incubation of human lymphocytes with CD3/CD28 beads resulted in an increase of cell size, cell granularity, and number of granzyme B-positive cells (P < 0.05) which is indicative of T-cell activation. The presence of Mreg (0.5 × 106 Mreg/ml) led to a reduction of T-cell activation (number of granzyme B-positive cells; P < 0.001), and a similar but less pronounced effect was also observed when incubating activated T-cells with L-EVMreg (P < 0.05 for 3.2 × 106 L-EVMreg/ml). A differential analysis of the effects of Mreg and L-EVMreg on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells showed an inhibition of CD4+ T-cells by Mreg (P < 0.01) and L-EVMreg (P < 0.05 for 1.6 × 106 L-EVMreg/ml; P < 0.01 for 3.2 × 106 L-EVMreg/ml). A moderate inhibition of CD8+ T-cells was observed by Mreg (P < 0.05) and by L-EVMreg (P < 0.01 for 1.6 × 106 L-EVMreg/ml and 3.2 × 106 L-EVMreg/ml). PS was restricted to confined regions of the Mreg surface, while L-EVMreg showed strong signals for PS in the exoplasmic leaflet. L-EVMreg attenuate CD3/CD28-mediated activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. L-EVMreg may have clinical relevance, particularly in the treatment of diseases associated with increased T-cell activity. KEY MESSAGES: Mreg release large extracellular vesicles (L-EVMreg) with an average size of 7.5 µm L-EVMreg exhibit phosphatidylserine positivity L-EVMreg suppress CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells L-EVMreg hold clinical potential in T-cell-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Albrecht
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Lars Hummitzsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rene Rusch
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Eimer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Melanie Rusch
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Heß
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Steinfath
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Cremer
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred Fändrich
- Clinic for Applied Cell Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rouven Berndt
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karina Zitta
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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18
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Heath J, Chen D, Xie J, Choi J, Ng R, Zhang R, Li S, Edmark R, Zheng H, Solomon B, Campbell K, Medina E, Ribas A, Khatri P, Lanier L, Mease P, Goldman J, Su Y. An NKG2A biased immune response confers protection for infection, autoimmune disease, and cancer. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3413673. [PMID: 37886475 PMCID: PMC10602172 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3413673/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Infection, autoimmunity, and cancer are the principal human health challenges of the 21st century and major contributors to human death and disease. Often regarded as distinct ends of the immunological spectrum, recent studies have hinted there may be more overlap between these diseases than appears. For example, pathogenic inflammation has been demonstrated as conserved between infection and autoimmune settings. T resident memory (TRM) cells have been highlighted as beneficial for infection and cancer. However, these findings are limited by patient number and disease scope; exact immunological factors shared across disease remain elusive. Here, we integrate large-scale deeply clinically and biologically phenotyped human cohorts of 526 patients with infection, 162 with lupus, and 11,180 with cancer. We identify an NKG2A+ immune bias as associative with protection against disease severity, mortality, and autoimmune and post-acute chronic disease. We reveal that NKG2A+ CD8+ T cells correlate with reduced inflammation, increased humoral immunity, and resemble TRM cells. Our results suggest that an NKG2A+ bias is a pan-disease immunological factor of protection and thus supports recent suggestions that there is immunological overlap between infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Our findings underscore the promotion of an NKG2A+ biased response as a putative therapeutic strategy.
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19
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Wells AC, Hioki KA, Angelou CC, Lynch AC, Liang X, Ryan DJ, Thesmar I, Zhanybekova S, Zuklys S, Ullom J, Cheong A, Mager J, Hollander GA, Pobezinskaya EL, Pobezinsky LA. Let-7 enhances murine anti-tumor CD8 T cell responses by promoting memory and antagonizing terminal differentiation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5585. [PMID: 37696797 PMCID: PMC10495470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of the CD8 T cell-mediated immune response against infections and tumors depends on the formation of a long-lived memory pool, and the protection of effector cells from exhaustion. The advent of checkpoint blockade therapy has significantly improved anti-tumor therapeutic outcomes by reversing CD8 T cell exhaustion, but fails to generate effector cells with memory potential. Here, using in vivo mouse models, we show that let-7 miRNAs determine CD8 T cell fate, where maintenance of let-7 expression during early cell activation results in memory CD8 T cell formation and tumor clearance. Conversely, let-7-deficiency promotes the generation of a terminal effector population that becomes vulnerable to exhaustion and cell death in immunosuppressive environments and fails to reject tumors. Mechanistically, let-7 restrains metabolic changes that occur during T cell activation through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and production of reactive oxygen species, potent drivers of terminal differentiation and exhaustion. Thus, our results reveal a role for let-7 in the time-sensitive support of memory formation and the protection of effector cells from exhaustion. Overall, our data suggest a strategy in developing next-generation immunotherapies by preserving the multipotency of effector cells rather than enhancing the efficacy of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria C Wells
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kaito A Hioki
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- UMass Biotech Training Program (BTP), Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Constance C Angelou
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Adam C Lynch
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Xueting Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Ryan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Iris Thesmar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Saule Zhanybekova
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saulius Zuklys
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Ullom
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Agnes Cheong
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Georg A Hollander
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena L Pobezinskaya
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Leonid A Pobezinsky
- Department of Veterinary and Animal science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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20
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Watson FN, Shears MJ, Kalata AC, Duncombe CJ, Seilie AM, Chavtur C, Conrad E, Talavera IC, Raappana A, Sather DN, Chakravarty S, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Tsuji M, Murphy SC. Ultra-low volume intradermal administration of radiation-attenuated sporozoites with the glycolipid adjuvant 7DW8-5 completely protects mice against malaria. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3243319. [PMID: 37609210 PMCID: PMC10441511 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3243319/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and was responsible for over 247 million infections and 619,000 deaths in 2021. Radiation-attenuated sporozoite (RAS) vaccines can completely prevent blood stage infection by inducing protective liver-resident memory CD8+ T cells. Such T cells can be induced by 'prime-and-trap' vaccination, which here combines DNA priming against the P. yoelii circumsporozoite protein (CSP) with a subsequent intravenous (IV) dose of liver-homing RAS to "trap" the activated and expanding T cells in the liver. Prime-and-trap confers durable protection in mice, and efforts are underway to translate this vaccine strategy to the clinic. However, it is unclear whether the RAS trapping dose must be strictly administered by the IV route. Here we show that intradermal (ID) RAS administration can be as effective as IV administration if RAS are co-administrated with the glycolipid adjuvant 7DW8-5 in an ultra-low inoculation volume. In mice, the co-administration of RAS and 7DW8-5 in ultra-low ID volumes (2.5 μL) was completely protective and dose sparing compared to standard volumes (10-50 μL) and induced protective levels of CSP-specific CD8+ T cells in the liver. Our finding that adjuvants and ultra-low volumes are required for ID RAS efficacy may explain why prior reports about higher volumes of unadjuvanted ID RAS proved less effective. The ID route may offer significant translational advantages over the IV route and could improve sporozoite vaccine development.
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21
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Kisovar A, Becker CM, Granne I, Southcombe JH. The role of CD8+ T cells in endometriosis: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1225639. [PMID: 37497226 PMCID: PMC10366819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1225639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endometriosis is a chronic disease affecting 6-10% of women of reproductive age. It is an important cause of infertility and chronic pelvic pain with poorly understood aetiology. CD8+ T (CD8 T) cells were shown to be linked to infertility and chronic pain and play a significant role in lesion clearance in other pathologies, yet their function in endometriosis is unknown. We systematically evaluated the literature on the CD8 T in peripheral blood and endometriosis-associated tissues to determine the current understanding of their pathophysiological and clinical relevance in the disease and associated conditions (e.g. infertility and pelvic pain). Methods Four databases were searched (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL), from database inception until September 2022, for papers written in the English language with database-specific relevant terms/free-text terms from two categories: CD8 T cells and endometriosis. We included peer-reviewed papers investigating CD8 T cells in peripheral blood and endometriosis-associated tissues of patients with surgically confirmed endometriosis between menarche and menopause, and animal models with oestrous cycles. Studies enrolling participants with other gynaecological pathologies (except uterine fibroids and tubal factor infertility used as controls), cancer, immune diseases, or taking immune or hormonal therapy were excluded. Results 28 published case-control studies and gene set analyses investigating CD8 T cells in endometriosis were included. Data consistently indicate that CD8 T cells are enriched in endometriotic lesions in comparison to eutopic endometrium, with no differences in peripheral blood CD8 T populations between patients and healthy controls. Evidence on CD8 T cells in peritoneal fluid and eutopic endometrium is conflicting. CD8 T cell cytotoxicity was increased in the menstrual effluent of patients, and genomic analyses have shown a clear trend of enriched CD8 T effector memory cells in the eutopic endometrium of patients. Conclusion Literature on CD8 T cells in endometriosis-associated tissues is inconsistent. Increased CD8 T levels are found in endometriotic lesions, however, their activation potential is understudied in all relevant tissues. Future research should focus on identifying clinically relevant phenotypes to support the development of non-invasive diagnostic and treatment strategies. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO identifier CRD42021233304.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jennifer H. Southcombe
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Wang NI, Ninkov M, Haeryfar SMM. Classic costimulatory interactions in MAIT cell responses: from gene expression to immune regulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:50-66. [PMID: 37279566 PMCID: PMC10324557 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conserved, innate-like T lymphocytes with enormous immunomodulatory potentials. Due to their strategic localization, their invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) specificity for major histocompatibility complex-related protein 1 (MR1) ligands of commensal and pathogenic bacterial origin, and their sensitivity to infection-elicited cytokines, MAIT cells are best known for their antimicrobial characteristics. However, they are thought to also play important parts in the contexts of cancer, autoimmunity, vaccine-induced immunity, and tissue repair. While cognate MR1 ligands and cytokine cues govern MAIT cell maturation, polarization, and peripheral activation, other signal transduction pathways, including those mediated by costimulatory interactions, regulate MAIT cell responses. Activated MAIT cells exhibit cytolytic activities and secrete potent inflammatory cytokines of their own, thus transregulating the biological behaviors of several other cell types, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, conventional T cells, and B cells, with significant implications in health and disease. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of how costimulatory pathways control MAIT cell responses may introduce new targets for optimized MR1/MAIT cell-based interventions. Herein, we compare and contrast MAIT cells and mainstream T cells for their expression of classic costimulatory molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor superfamily, based not only on the available literature but also on our transcriptomic analyses. We discuss how these molecules participate in MAIT cells' development and activities. Finally, we introduce several pressing questions vis-à-vis MAIT cell costimulation and offer new directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole I Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Heidarian M, Jensen IJ, Kannan SK, Pewe LL, Hassert M, Park S, Xue HH, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Sublethal whole-body irradiation induces permanent loss and dysfunction in pathogen-specific circulating memory CD8 T cell populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302785120. [PMID: 37364124 PMCID: PMC10318958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302785120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of nuclear energy sources inevitably raises the risk of accidental or deliberate radiation exposure and associated immune dysfunction. However, the extent to which radiation exposure impacts memory CD8 T cells, potent mediators of immunity to recurring intracellular infections and malignancies, remains understudied. Using P14 CD8 T cell chimeric mice (P14 chimeras) with an lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection model, we observed that sublethal (5Gy) whole-body irradiation (WBI) induced a rapid decline in the number of naive (TN) and P14 circulating memory CD8 T cells (TCIRCM), with the former being more susceptible to radiation-induced numeric loss. While TN cell numbers rapidly recovered, as previously described, the number of P14 TCIRCM cells remained low at least 9 mo after radiation exposure. Additionally, the remaining P14 TCIRCM in irradiated hosts exhibited an inefficient transition to a central memory (CD62L+) phenotype compared to nonirradiated P14 chimeras. WBI also resulted in long-lasting T cell intrinsic deficits in memory CD8 T cells, including diminished cytokine and chemokine production along with impaired secondary expansion upon cognate Ag reencounter. Irradiated P14 chimeras displayed significantly higher bacterial burden after challenge with Listeria monocytogenes expressing the LCMV GP33-41 epitope relative to nonirradiated controls, likely due to radiation-induced numerical and functional impairments. Taken together, our findings suggest that sublethal radiation exposure caused a long-term numerical, impaired differentiation, and functional dysregulation in preexisting TCIRCM, rendering previously protected hosts susceptible to reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac J. Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
| | - Shravan Kumar Kannan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - Lecia L. Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - SungRye Park
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ07110
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ07110
| | - John T. Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
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24
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Lee J, Lee K, Bae H, Lee K, Lee S, Ma J, Jo K, Kim I, Jee B, Kang M, Im SJ. IL-15 promotes self-renewal of progenitor exhausted CD8 T cells during persistent antigenic stimulation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117092. [PMID: 37409128 PMCID: PMC10319055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic infections and cancer, exhausted CD8 T cells exhibit heterogeneous subpopulations. TCF1+PD-1+ progenitor exhausted CD8 T cells (Tpex) can self-renew and give rise to Tim-3+PD-1+ terminally differentiated CD8 T cells that retain their effector functions. Tpex cells are thus essential to maintaining a pool of antigen-specific CD8 T cells during persistent antigenic stimulation, and only they respond to PD-1-targeted therapy. Despite their potential as a crucial therapeutic target for immune interventions, the mechanisms controlling the maintenance of virus-specific Tpex cells remain to be determined. We observed approximately 10-fold fewer Tpex cells in the spleens of mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) one-year post-infection (p.i.) than at three months p.i. Similar to memory CD8 T cells, Tpex cells have been found to undergo self-renewal in the lymphoid organs, prominently the bone marrow, during chronic LCMV infection. Furthermore, ex vivo treatment with IL-15 preferentially induced the proliferation of Tpex cells rather than the terminally differentiated subsets. Interestingly, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of LCMV-specific exhausted CD8 T cells after ex vivo IL-15 treatment compared with those before treatment revealed increased expression of ribosome-related genes and decreased expression of genes associated with the TCR signaling pathway and apoptosis in both Tpex and Ttex subsets. The exogenous administration of IL-15 to chronically LCMV-infected mice also significantly increased self-renewal of Tpex cells in the spleen and bone marrow. In addition, we assessed the responsiveness of CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from renal cell carcinoma patients to IL-15. Similar to the data we obtained from chronic viral infection in mice, the expansion of the Tpex subset of PD-1+ CD8 TILs upon ex vivo IL-15 treatment was significantly higher than that of the terminally differentiated subset. These results show that IL-15 could promote self-renewal of Tpex cells, which has important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghwa Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Lee
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Bae
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunhee Lee
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Solhwi Lee
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhui Ma
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjo Jo
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ijun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - ByulA Jee
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyong Kang
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Im
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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25
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Ranek JS, Stallaert W, Milner J, Stanley N, Purvis JE. Feature selection for preserving biological trajectories in single-cell data. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.09.540043. [PMID: 37214963 PMCID: PMC10197710 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.09.540043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell technologies can readily measure the expression of thousands of molecular features from individual cells undergoing dynamic biological processes, such as cellular differentiation, immune response, and disease progression. While examining cells along a computationally ordered pseudotime offers the potential to study how subtle changes in gene or protein expression impact cell fate decision-making, identifying characteristic features that drive continuous biological processes remains difficult to detect from unenriched and noisy single-cell data. Given that all profiled sources of feature variation contribute to the cell-to-cell distances that define an inferred cellular trajectory, including confounding sources of biological variation (e.g. cell cycle or metabolic state) or noisy and irrelevant features (e.g. measurements with low signal-to-noise ratio) can mask the underlying trajectory of study and hinder inference. Here, we present DELVE (dynamic selection of locally covarying features), an unsupervised feature selection method for identifying a representative subset of dynamically-expressed molecular features that recapitulates cellular trajectories. In contrast to previous work, DELVE uses a bottom-up approach to mitigate the effect of unwanted sources of variation confounding inference, and instead models cell states from dynamic feature modules that constitute core regulatory complexes. Using simulations, single-cell RNA sequencing data, and iterative immunofluorescence imaging data in the context of the cell cycle and cellular differentiation, we demonstrate that DELVE selects features that more accurately characterize cell populations and improve the recovery of cell type transitions. This feature selection framework provides an alternative approach for improving trajectory inference and uncovering co-variation amongst features along a biological trajectory. DELVE is implemented as an open-source python package and is publicly available at: https://github.com/jranek/delve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene S. Ranek
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wayne Stallaert
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Justin Milner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie Stanley
- Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy E. Purvis
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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26
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Su W, Li W, Zhang Y, Wang K, Chen M, Chen X, Li D, Zhang P, Yu D. Screening and identification of the core immune-related genes and immune cell infiltration in severe burns and sepsis. J Cell Mol Med 2023. [PMID: 37060578 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe burns often have a high mortality rate due to sepsis, but the genetic and immune crosstalk between them remains unclear. In the present study, the GSE77791 and GSE95233 datasets were analysed to identify immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in disease progression in both burns and sepsis. Subsequently, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), gene enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, immune cell infiltration analysis, core gene identification, coexpression network analysis and clinical correlation analysis were performed. A total of 282 common DEGs associated with burns and sepsis were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis identified the following enriched pathways in burns and sepsis: metabolic pathways; complement and coagulation cascades; legionellosis; starch and sucrose metabolism; and ferroptosis. Finally, six core DEGs were identified, namely, IL10, RETN, THBS1, FGF13, LCN2 and MMP9. Correlation analysis showed that some core DEGs were significantly associated with simultaneous dysregulation of immune cells. Of these, RETN upregulation was associated with a worse prognosis. The immune-related genes and dysregulated immune cells in severe burns and sepsis provide potential research directions for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Su
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Xindu District People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuan Wang
- Department of Cosmetic Plastic and Burns Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Maolin Chen
- Department of Cosmetic Plastic and Burns Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dazhuang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Cosmetic Plastic and Burns Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Daojiang Yu
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
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27
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Giannotta G, Murrone A, Giannotta N. COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: The Molecular Basis of Some Adverse Events. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:747. [PMID: 37112659 PMCID: PMC10145134 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Each injection of any known vaccine results in a strong expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This is the result of the innate immune system activation, without which no adaptive response to the injection of vaccines is possible. Unfortunately, the degree of inflammation produced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines is variable, probably depending on genetic background and previous immune experiences, which through epigenetic modifications could have made the innate immune system of each individual tolerant or reactive to subsequent immune stimulations.We hypothesize that we can move from a limited pro-inflammatory condition to conditions of increasing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can culminate in multisystem hyperinflammatory syndromes following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (MIS-V). We have graphically represented this idea in a hypothetical inflammatory pyramid (IP) and we have correlated the time factor to the degree of inflammation produced after the injection of vaccines. Furthermore, we have placed the clinical manifestations within this hypothetical IP, correlating them to the degree of inflammation produced. Surprisingly, excluding the possible presence of an early MIS-V, the time factor and the complexity of clinical manifestations are correlated to the increasing degree of inflammation: symptoms, heart disease and syndromes (MIS-V).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Murrone
- Oncologia Territoriale, Hospice Cure Palliative ASUFC, 33030 Udine, Italy;
| | - Nicola Giannotta
- Medical and Surgery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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28
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Pritchard GH, Phan AT, Christian DA, Blain TJ, Fang Q, Johnson J, Roy NH, Shallberg L, Kedl RM, Hunter CA. Early T-bet promotes LFA1 upregulation required for CD8+ effector and memory T cell development. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20191287. [PMID: 36445307 PMCID: PMC9712775 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-box transcription factor T-bet is regarded as a "master regulator" of CD4+ Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ production. However, in multiple models of infection, T-bet appears less critical for CD8+ T cell expansion and effector function. Here, we show that following vaccination with a replication-deficient strain of Toxoplasma gondii, CD8+ T cell expression of T-bet is required for optimal expansion of parasite-specific effector CD8+ T cells. Analysis of the early events associated with T cell activation reveals that the α chain of LFA1, CD11a, is a target of T-bet, and T-bet is necessary for CD8+ T cell upregulation of this integrin, which influences the initial priming of CD8+ effector T cells. We propose that the early expression of T-bet represents a T cell-intrinsic factor that optimizes T-DC interactions necessary to generate effector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Harms Pritchard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anthony T. Phan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David A. Christian
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Trevor J. Blain
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Qun Fang
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John Johnson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nathan H. Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lindsey Shallberg
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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29
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Choi H, Kim Y, Jung YW. The Function of Memory CD8+ T Cells in Immunotherapy for Human Diseases. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e10. [PMID: 36911798 PMCID: PMC9995995 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T (Tm) cells protect against Ags that they have previously contacted with a fast and robust response. Therefore, developing long-lived Tm cells is a prime goal for many vaccines and therapies to treat human diseases. The remarkable characteristics of Tm cells have led scientists and clinicians to devise methods to make Tm cells more useful. Recently, Tm cells have been highlighted for their role in coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines during the ongoing global pandemic. The importance of Tm cells in cancer has been emerging. However, the precise characteristics and functions of Tm cells in these diseases are not completely understood. In this review, we summarize the known characteristics of Tm cells and their implications in the development of vaccines and immunotherapies for human diseases. In addition, we propose to exploit the beneficial characteristics of Tm cells to develop strategies for effective vaccines and overcome the obstacles of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbyeul Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Yeaji Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Yong Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
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30
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Seok J, Cho SD, Seo SJ, Park SH. Roles of Virtual Memory T Cells in Diseases. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e11. [PMID: 36911806 PMCID: PMC9995991 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells that mediate fast and effective protection against reinfections are usually generated upon recognition on foreign Ags. However, a "memory-like" T-cell population, termed virtual memory T (TVM) cells that acquire a memory phenotype in the absence of foreign Ag, has been reported. Although, like innate cells, TVM cells reportedly play a role in first-line defense to bacterial or viral infections, their protective or pathological roles in immune-related diseases are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of TVM cells, focusing on their distinct characteristics, immunological properties, and roles in various immune-related diseases, such as infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seok
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sung-Dong Cho
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seong Jun Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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31
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Heidarian M, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Sepsis-induced changes in differentiation, maintenance, and function of memory CD8 T cell subsets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130009. [PMID: 36756117 PMCID: PMC9899844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of long-lasting memory lymphocytes is one of the foundational characteristics of adaptive immunity and the basis of many vaccination strategies. Following the rapid expansion and contraction of effector CD8 T cells, the surviving antigen (Ag)-specific cells give rise to the memory CD8 T cells that persist for a long time and are phenotypically and functionally distinct from their naïve counterparts. Significant heterogeneity exists within the memory CD8 T cell pool, as different subsets display distinct tissue localization preferences, cytotoxic ability, and proliferative capacity, but all memory CD8 T cells are equipped to mount an enhanced immune response upon Ag re-encounter. Memory CD8 T cells demonstrate numerical stability under homeostatic conditions, but sepsis causes a significant decline in the number of memory CD8 T cells and diminishes their Ag-dependent and -independent functions. Sepsis also rewires the transcriptional profile of memory CD8 T cells, which profoundly impacts memory CD8 T cell differentiation and, ultimately, the protective capacity of memory CD8 T cells upon subsequent stimulation. This review delves into different aspects of memory CD8 T cell subsets as well as the immediate and long-term impact of sepsis on memory CD8 T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Vladimir P. Badovinac,
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32
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Puerta CJ, Cuellar A, Lasso P, Mateus J, Gonzalez JM. Trypanosoma cruzi-specific CD8 + T cells and other immunological hallmarks in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: Two decades of research. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1075717. [PMID: 36683674 PMCID: PMC9846209 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1075717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, has coexisted with humans for thousands of years. Therefore, the parasite has developed several mechanisms of antigenic variability that has allowed it to live inside the cells and evade the host immune response. Since T. cruzi displays an intracellular cycle-stage, our research team focused on providing insights into the CD8+ T cells immune response in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. We began our work in the 2000s studying parasite antigens that induce natural immune responses such as the KMP11 protein and TcTLE, its N-terminal derived peptide. Different approaches allowed us to reveal TcTLE peptide as a promiscuous CD8+ T cell epitope, able of inducing multifunctional cellular immune responses and eliciting a humoral response capable of decreasing parasite movement and infective capacity. Next, we demonstrated that as the disease progresses, total CD8+ T cells display a dysfunctional state characterized by a prolonged hyper-activation state along with an increase of inhibitory receptors (2B4, CD160, PD-1, TIM-3, CTLA-4) expression, an increase of specific terminal effector T cells (TTE), a decrease of proliferative capacity, a decrease of stem cell memory (TSCM) frequency, and a decrease of CD28 and CD3ζ expression. Thus, parasite-specific CD8+ T cells undergo clonal exhaustion, distinguished by an increase in late-differentiated cells, a mono-functional response, and enhanced expression of inhibitory receptors. Finally, it was found that anti-parasitic treatment induces an improved CD8+ T cell response in asymptomatic individuals, and a mouse animal model led us to establish a correlation between the quality of the CD8+ T cell responses and the outcome of chronic infection. In the future, using OMICs strategies, the identification of the specific cellular signals involved in disease progression will provide an invaluable resource for discovering new biomarkers of progression or new vaccine and immunotherapy strategies. Also, the inclusion of the TcTLE peptide in the rational design of epitope-based vaccines, the development of immunotherapy strategies using TSCM or the blocking of inhibitory receptors, and the use of the CD8+ T cell response quality to follow treatments, immunotherapies or vaccines, all are alternatives than could be explored in the fight against Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción J. Puerta
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Cuellar
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Lasso
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jose Mateus
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - John M. Gonzalez
- Group of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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33
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Schaible P. Modifying enzyme replacement therapy - A perspective. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:165-173. [PMID: 36566487 PMCID: PMC9843529 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several diseases are caused by the lack of functional proteins, including lysosomal storage diseases or haemophilia A and B. Patients suffering from one of these diseases are treated via enzyme replacement therapies to restore the missing protein. Although this treatment strategy prevents some disease symptoms, enzyme replacement therapies are very expensive and require very frequent infusions, which can cause infusion adverse reactions and massively impair the quality of life of the patients. This review proposes a technology to sustainably produce proteins within the patient to potentially make frequent protein-infusions redundant. This technology is based on blood circulating immune cells as producers of the needed therapeutic protein. To ensure a stable protein concentration over time the cells are equipped with a system, which induces cell proliferation when low therapeutic protein levels are detected and a system inhibiting cell proliferation when high therapeutic protein levels are detected.
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34
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Natalini A, Simonetti S, Favaretto G, Lucantonio L, Peruzzi G, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Kelly G, Contino AM, Sbrocchi R, Battella S, Capone S, Folgori A, Nicosia A, Santoni A, Hayday AC, Di Rosa F. Improved memory CD8 T cell response to delayed vaccine boost is associated with a distinct molecular signature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1043631. [PMID: 36865556 PMCID: PMC9973452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1043631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective secondary response to antigen is a hallmark of immunological memory. However, the extent of memory CD8 T cell response to secondary boost varies at different times after a primary response. Considering the central role of memory CD8 T cells in long-lived protection against viral infections and tumors, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the changing responsiveness of these cells to antigenic challenge would be beneficial. We examined here primed CD8 T cell response to boost in a BALB/c mouse model of intramuscular vaccination by priming with HIV-1 gag-encoding Chimpanzee adenovector, and boosting with HIV-1 gag-encoding Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara. We found that boost was more effective at day(d)100 than at d30 post-prime, as evaluated at d45 post-boost by multi-lymphoid organ assessment of gag-specific CD8 T cell frequency, CD62L-expression (as a guide to memory status) and in vivo killing. RNA-sequencing of splenic gag-primed CD8 T cells at d100 revealed a quiescent, but highly responsive signature, that trended toward a central memory (CD62L+) phenotype. Interestingly, gag-specific CD8 T cell frequency selectively diminished in the blood at d100, relative to the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow. These results open the possibility to modify prime/boost intervals to achieve an improved memory CD8 T cell secondary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Simonetti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favaretto
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lucantonio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatic and Biostatistics Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alfredo Nicosia
- CEINGE, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Adrian C Hayday
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
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35
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Hofland T, Danelli L, Cornish G, Donnarumma T, Hunt DM, de Carvalho LPS, Kassiotis G. CD4 + T cell memory is impaired by species-specific cytotoxic differentiation, but not by TCF-1 loss. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1168125. [PMID: 37122720 PMCID: PMC10140371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1168125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are typically considered as 'helper' or 'regulatory' populations that support and orchestrate the responses of other lymphocytes. However, they can also develop potent granzyme (Gzm)-mediated cytotoxic activity and CD4+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) have been amply documented both in humans and in mice, particularly in the context of human chronic infection and cancer. Despite the established description of CD4+ CTLs, as well as of the critical cytotoxic activity they exert against MHC class II-expressing targets, their developmental and memory maintenance requirements remain elusive. This is at least in part owing to the lack of a murine experimental system where CD4+ CTLs are stably induced. Here, we show that viral and bacterial vectors encoding the same epitope induce distinct CD4+ CTL responses in challenged mice, all of which are nevertheless transient in nature and lack recall properties. Consistent with prior reports, CD4+ CTL differentiation is accompanied by loss of TCF-1 expression, a transcription factor considered essential for memory T cell survival. Using genetic ablation of Tcf7, which encodes TCF-1, at the time of CD4+ T cell activation, we further show that, contrary to observations in CD8+ T cells, continued expression of TCF-1 is not required for CD4+ T cell memory survival. Whilst Tcf7-deficient CD4+ T cells persisted normally following retroviral infection, the CD4+ CTL subset still declined, precluding conclusive determination of the requirement for TCF-1 for murine CD4+ CTL survival. Using xenotransplantation of human CD4+ T cells into murine recipients, we demonstrate that human CD4+ CTLs develop and persist in the same experimental conditions where murine CD4+ CTLs fail to persist. These observations uncover a species-specific defect in murine CD4+ CTL persistence with implications for their use as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hofland
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Danelli
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Cornish
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tiziano Donnarumma
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah M. Hunt
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz P. S. de Carvalho
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: George Kassiotis,
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36
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Oladipo OO, Adedeji BO, Adedokun SP, Gbadamosi JA, Salaudeen M. Regulation of effector and memory CD8 + T cell differentiation: a focus on orphan nuclear receptor NR4A family, transcription factor, and metabolism. Immunol Res 2022; 71:314-327. [PMID: 36571657 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CD8 + T cells undergo rapid expansion followed by contraction and the development of memory cells after their receptors are activated. The development of immunological memory following acute infection is a complex phenomenon that involves several molecular, transcriptional, and metabolic mechanisms. As memory cells confer long-term protection and respond to secondary stimulation with strong effector function, understanding the mechanisms that influence their development is of great importance. Orphan nuclear receptors, NR4As, are immediate early genes that function as transcription factors and bind with the NBRE region of chromatin. Interestingly, the NBRE region of activated CD8 + T cells is highly accessible at the same time the expression of NR4As is induced. This suggests a potential role of NR4As in the early events post T cell activation that determines cell fate decisions. In this review, we will discuss the influence of NR4As on the differentiation of CD8 + T cells during the immune response to acute infection and the development of immunological memory. We will also discuss the signals, transcription factors, and metabolic mechanisms that control cell fate decisions. HIGHLIGHTS: Memory CD8 + T cells are an essential subset that mediates long-term protection after pathogen encounters. Some specific environmental cues, transcriptional factors, and metabolic pathways regulate the differentiation of CD8 + T cells and the development of memory cells. Orphan nuclear receptor NR4As are early genes that act as transcription factors and are highly expressed post-T cell receptor activation. NR4As influence the effector function and differentiation of CD8 + T cells and also control the development of immunological memory following acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo O Oladipo
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Bernard O Adedeji
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Samson P Adedokun
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Jibriil A Gbadamosi
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Marzuq Salaudeen
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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37
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Sjaastad FV, Huggins MA, Lucas ED, Skon-Hegg C, Swanson W, Martin MD, Salgado OC, Xu J, Pierson M, Dileepan T, Kucaba TA, Hamilton SE, Griffith TS. Reduced T Cell Priming in Microbially Experienced "Dirty" Mice Results from Limited IL-27 Production by XCR1+ Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:2149-2159. [PMID: 36426978 PMCID: PMC10065988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Successful vaccination strategies offer the potential for lifelong immunity against infectious diseases and cancer. There has been increased attention regarding the limited translation of some preclinical findings generated using specific pathogen-free (SPF) laboratory mice to humans. One potential reason for the difference between preclinical and clinical findings lies in maturation status of the immune system at the time of challenge. In this study, we used a "dirty" mouse model, where SPF laboratory mice were cohoused (CoH) with pet store mice to permit microbe transfer and immune system maturation, to investigate the priming of a naive T cell response after vaccination with a peptide subunit mixed with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and agonistic anti-CD40 mAb. Although this vaccination platform induced robust antitumor immunity in SPF mice, it failed to do so in microbially experienced CoH mice. Subsequent investigation revealed that despite similar numbers of Ag-specific naive CD4 and CD8 T cell precursors, the expansion, differentiation, and recall responses of these CD4 and CD8 T cell populations in CoH mice were significantly reduced compared with SPF mice after vaccination. Evaluation of the dendritic cell compartment revealed reduced IL-27p28 expression by XCR1+ dendritic cells from CoH mice after vaccination, correlating with reduced T cell expansion. Importantly, administration of recombinant IL-27:EBI3 complex to CoH mice shortly after vaccination significantly boosted Ag-specific CD8 and CD4 T cell expansion, further implicating the defect to be T cell extrinsic. Collectively, our data show the potential limitation of exclusive use of SPF mice when testing vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances V Sjaastad
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Matthew A Huggins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cara Skon-Hegg
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Whitney Swanson
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Oscar C Salgado
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Julie Xu
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mark Pierson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sara E Hamilton
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN
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Pieren DKJ, Boer MC, de Wit J. The adaptive immune system in early life: The shift makes it count. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031924. [PMID: 36466865 PMCID: PMC9712958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infectious diseases encountered early in life may result in life-threatening disease in neonates, which is primarily explained by the relatively naive neonatal immune system. Whereas vaccines are not readily available for all infectious diseases, vaccinations have greatly reduced childhood mortality. However, repeated vaccinations are required to reach protective immunity in infants and not all vaccinations are effective at young age. Moreover, protective adaptive immunity elicited by vaccination wanes more rapidly at young age compared to adulthood. The infant adaptive immune system has previously been considered immature but this paradigm has changed during the past years. Recent evidence shows that the early life adaptive immune system is equipped with a strong innate-like effector function to eliminate acute pathogenic threats. These strong innate-like effector capacities are in turn kept in check by a tolerogenic counterpart of the adaptive system that may have evolved to maintain balance and to reduce collateral damage. In this review, we provide insight into these aspects of the early life's adaptive immune system by addressing recent literature. Moreover, we speculate that this shift from innate-like and tolerogenic adaptive immune features towards formation of immune memory may underlie different efficacy of infant vaccination in these different phases of immune development. Therefore, presence of innate-like and tolerogenic features of the adaptive immune system may be used as a biomarker to improve vaccination strategies against respiratory and other infections in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jelle de Wit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Nicolet BP, Wolkers MC. The relationship of mRNA with protein expression in CD8+ T cells associates with gene class and gene characteristics. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276294. [PMID: 36260607 PMCID: PMC9581405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are key players in our defence against infections and malignancies. When T cells differentiate or become activated, they undergo substantial alterations in gene expression. Even though RNA expression levels are now well documented throughout different stages of T cells, it is not well understood how mRNA expression translates into the protein landscape. By combining paired RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry data of primary human CD8+ T cells, we report that mRNA expression is a poor proxy for the overall protein output, irrespective of the differentiation or activation status. Yet, gene class stratification revealed a function-specific correlation of mRNA with protein expression. This gene class-specific expression pattern associated with differences in gene characteristics such as sequence conservation and untranslated region (UTR) lengths. In addition, the presence of AU-rich elements in the 3'UTR associated with alterations in mRNA and protein abundance T cell activation dependent, gene class-specific manner. In conclusion, our study highlights the role of gene characteristics as a determinant for gene expression in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît P. Nicolet
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monika C. Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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40
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Abdelbary M, Mohamed R, Gillis EE, Diaz-Sanders K, Baban B, Brands MW, Sullivan JC. Sex differences in apoptosis do not contribute to sex differences in blood pressure or renal T cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1006951. [PMID: 36304583 PMCID: PMC9592703 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1006951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a physiological and anti-inflammatory form of cell death that is indispensable for normal physiology and homeostasis. Several studies have reported aberrant activation of apoptosis in various tissues at the onset of hypertension. However, the functional significance of apoptosis during essential hypertension remains largely undefined. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that apoptosis contributes to sex differences in blood pressure and the T cell profile in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Apoptosis was measured in kidney, aorta and spleen of 13-week-old adult hypertensive male and female SHR. Female SHR had greater renal and aortic apoptosis compared to age-matched males; apoptosis in the spleen was comparable between the sexes. Based on well-established sex differences in hypertension, we tested the hypothesis that greater apoptosis in female SHR contributes to the lower BP and pro-inflammatory profile compared to males. Male and female SHR were randomized to receive vehicle or ZVAD-FMK, a cell permeable pan-caspase inhibitor, in established hypertension from 13 to 15 weeks of age or at the onset of hypertension from 6 to 12 weeks or age. Treatment with ZVAD-FMK lowered renal apoptosis in both studies, yet neither BP nor renal T cells were altered in either male or female SHR. These results suggest that apoptosis does not contribute to the control or maintenance of BP in male or female SHR or sex differences in renal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdelbary
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Riyaz Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ellen E. Gillis
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Karl Diaz-Sanders
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Michael W. Brands
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Jennifer C. Sullivan,
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Hassert M, Harty JT. Tissue resident memory T cells- A new benchmark for the induction of vaccine-induced mucosal immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039194. [PMID: 36275668 PMCID: PMC9581298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the gold-standard benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity has been the induction of neutralizing antibodies detectable in the serum of peripheral blood. However, in recent years there has been a new appreciation for the mucosa as an important site for vaccine induced immunity. As a point of first contact, the mucosal tissue represents a major site of immune based detection and restriction of pathogen entry and dissemination. Tissue resident memory T cells (Trm) are one of the critical cell types involved in this early detection and restriction of mucosal pathogens. Following tissue-specific infection or vaccination, Trm lodge themselves within tissues and can perform rapid sensing and alarm functions to control local re-infections, in an effort that has been defined as important for restriction of a number of respiratory pathogens including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. Despite this characterized importance, only minor attention has been paid to the importance of Trm as a benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity. The purpose of this review is to highlight the functions of Trm with particular emphasis on respiratory infections, and to suggest the inclusion of Trm elicitation as a benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity in animal models, and where possible, human samples.
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Pujantell M, Altfeld M. Consequences of sex differences in Type I IFN responses for the regulation of antiviral immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:986840. [PMID: 36189206 PMCID: PMC9522975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.986840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects us from pathogens, such as viruses. Antiviral immune mechanisms aim to limit viral replication, and must maintain immunological homeostasis to avoid excessive inflammation and damage to the host. Sex differences in the manifestation and progression of immune-mediated disease point to sex-specific factors modulating antiviral immunity. The exact mechanisms regulating these immunological differences between females and males are still insufficiently understood. Females are known to display stronger Type I IFN responses and are less susceptible to viral infections compared to males, indicating that Type I IFN responses might contribute to the sexual dimorphisms observed in antiviral responses. Here, we review the impact of sex hormones and X chromosome-encoded genes on differences in Type I IFN responses between females and males; and discuss the consequences of sex differences in Type I IFN responses for the regulation of antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Bo Y, Wang H. Materials‐based vaccines for infectious diseases. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1824. [PMID: 35708013 PMCID: PMC9541041 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases that result from pathogen infection are among the leading causes of human death, with pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, influenza, and ongoing SARS‐COV‐2 viruses constantly threatening the global population. While the mechanisms behind various infectious diseases are not entirely clear and thus retard the development of effective therapeutics, vaccines have served as a universal approach to containing infectious diseases. However, conventional vaccines that solely consist of antigens or simply mix antigens and adjuvants have failed to control various highly infective or deadly pathogens. Biomaterials‐based vaccines have provided a promising solution due to their ability to synergize the function of antigens and adjuvants, troubleshoot delivery issues, home and manipulate immune cells in situ. In this review, we will summarize different types of materials‐based vaccines for generating cellular and humoral responses against pathogens and discuss the design criteria for amplifying the efficacy of materials‐based vaccines against infectious diseases. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL) Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Carle College of Medicine University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
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Varghese PM, Kishore U, Rajkumari R. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Influenza A Virus: Immune evasion and vaccination strategies. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xing J, Guo L, Jia Z, Li Y, Han Y. The Multi-Omics Landscape and Clinical Relevance of the Immunological Signature of Phagocytosis Regulators: Implications for Risk Classification and Frontline Therapies in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153582. [PMID: 35892841 PMCID: PMC9331497 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we focused on exploring phagocytosis regulators’ expression and mutational characteristics in skin cutaneous melanoma samples and delineating two molecular subtypes based on expression characteristics. We determined the relationship between phagocytosis regulators and survival by survival analysis of molecular subtypes. We then constructed a survival model (PRRS) to further quantify the criteria. Moreover, we combined pathway analysis, immune infiltration analysis, and mutation analysis to deeply explore the effects of phagocytosis regulators on skin cutaneous melanoma samples. Abstract Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have gained considerable attention as therapeutic targets. Monoclonal antibody treatments directed against tumor antigens contribute significantly to cancer cell clearance by activating macrophages to phagocytose tumor cells. Due to its complicated genetic and molecular pathways, skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) has not yet attained the expected clinical efficacy and prognosis when compared to other skin cancers. Therefore, we chose TAMs as an entrance point. This study aimed to thoroughly assess the dysregulation and regulatory role of phagocytosis regulators in SKCM, as well as to understand their regulatory patterns in SKCM. This study subtyped prognosis-related phagocytosis regulators to investigate prognostic differences between subtypes. Then, we screened prognostic factors and constructed phagocytosis-related scoring models for survival prediction using differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between subtypes. Additionally, we investigated alternative treatment options using chemotherapeutic drug response data and clinical cohort treatment data. We first characterized and generalized phagocytosis regulators in SKCM and extensively examined the tumor immune cell infiltration. We created two phagocytosis regulator-related system (PRRS) phenotypes and derived PRRS scores using a principal component analysis (PCA) technique. We discovered that subtypes with low PRRS scores had a poor prognosis and decreased immune checkpoint-associated gene expression levels. We observed significant therapeutic and clinical improvements in patients with higher PRRS scores. Our findings imply that the PRRS scoring system can be employed as an independent and robust prognostic biomarker, serving as a critical reference point for developing novel immunotherapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Xing
- The First Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (J.X.); (L.G.); (Y.L.)
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingli Guo
- The First Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (J.X.); (L.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ziqi Jia
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Yan Li
- The First Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (J.X.); (L.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Han
- The First Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (J.X.); (L.G.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Ampie L, McGavern DB. Immunological defense of CNS barriers against infections. Immunity 2022; 55:781-799. [PMID: 35545028 PMCID: PMC9087878 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroanatomical barriers with physical, chemical, and immunological properties play an essential role in preventing the spread of peripheral infections into the CNS. A failure to contain pathogens within these barriers can result in very serious CNS diseases. CNS barriers are inhabited by an elaborate conglomerate of innate and adaptive immune cells that are highly responsive to environmental challenges. The CNS and its barriers can also be protected by memory T and B cells elicited by prior infection or vaccination. Here, we discuss the different CNS barriers from a developmental, anatomical, and immunological standpoint and summarize our current understanding of how memory cells protect the CNS compartment. We then discuss a contemporary challenge to CNS-barrier system (SARS-CoV-2 infection) and highlight approaches to promote immunological protection of the CNS via vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Ampie
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Surgical Neurology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Rehm A, Wirges A, Hoser D, Fischer C, Herda S, Gerlach K, Sauer S, Willimsky G, Höpken UE. EBAG9 controls CD8+ T cell memory formation responding to tumor challenge in mice. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155534. [PMID: 35482418 PMCID: PMC9220939 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into processes that determine CD8+ T cell memory formation has been obtained from infection models. These models are biased toward an inflammatory milieu and often use high-avidity CD8+ T cells in adoptive-transfer procedures. It is unclear whether these conditions mimic the differentiation processes of an endogenous repertoire that proceed upon noninflammatory conditions prevailing in premalignant tumor lesions. We examined the role of cytolytic capacity on CD8+ T cell fate decisions when primed by tumor cells or by minor histocompatibility antigen–mismatched leukocytes. CD8+ memory commitment was analyzed in Ebag9-deficient mice that exhibited enhanced tumor cell lysis. This property endowed Ebag9–/– mice with extended control of Tcl-1 oncogene–induced chronic lymphocytic leukemia progression. In Ebag9–/– mice, an expanded memory population was obtained for anti-HY and anti–SV-40 T antigen–specific T cells, despite unchanged effector frequencies in the primary response. By comparing the single-cell transcriptomes of CD8+ T cells responding to tumor cell vaccination, we found differential distribution of subpopulations between Ebag9+/+ and Ebag9–/– T cells. In Ebag9–/– cells, these larger clusters contained genes encoding transcription factors regulating memory cell differentiation and anti-apoptotic gene functions. Our findings link EBAG9-controlled cytolytic activity and the commitment to the CD8+ memory lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Rehm
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthea Wirges
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dana Hoser
- Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Fischer
- Scientific Infrastructure Department, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Herda
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Scientific Infrastructure Department, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Department of Microenvironmental Regulation of Autoimmunity and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Diethelm P, Schmitz I, Iten I, Kisielow J, Matsushita M, Kopf M. LCMV induced down-regulation of HVEM on anti-viral T cells is critical for an efficient effector response. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:924-935. [PMID: 35344223 PMCID: PMC9321772 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
T‐cell responses against tumors and pathogens are critically shaped by cosignaling molecules providing a second signal. Interaction of herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM, CD270, TNFRSF14) with multiple ligands has been proposed to promote or inhibit T‐cell responses and inflammation, dependent on the context. In this study, we show that absence of HVEM did neither affect generation of effector nor maintenance of memory antiviral T cells and accordingly viral clearance upon acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, due to potent HVEM downregulation during infection. Notably, overexpression of HVEM on virus‐specific CD8+ T cells resulted in a reduction of effector cells, whereas numbers of memory cells were increased. Overall, this study indicates that downregulation of HVEM driven by LCMV infection ensures an efficient acute response at the price of impaired formation of T‐cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Diethelm
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Iwana Schmitz
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Irina Iten
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Mai Matsushita
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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Downregulation of TPX2 impairs the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:223. [PMID: 35273149 PMCID: PMC8913637 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting key genes that play dominant roles in T cell dysfunction is an efficient strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of TPX2 in the antitumor effect of CD8 + T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Flow cytometry was used to assay the level of cell surface markers and cytokines in T cells, through which we found that TPX2 was downregulated in HCC-infiltrating CD8 + T cells. TPX2 depletion restricted the antitumor activity of CD8 + T cells, and TPX2 overexpression increased the antitumor effect of CD8 + T cells in tumor-bearing Cd8−/− mice. TPX2 overexpression improved the antitumor function of human CD8 + T cells and response to anti-PD-1 therapy in an HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model with or without anti-PD-1 therapy. In mechanism, TPX2 promotes the phosphorylation of P65, thus increases the level of p-P65 in nuclear, and p-P65 binds to the promoter of CXCR5, activates its transcription, and increases the level of CXCR5 on CD8 + T cells in a TPX2-dependent way. In conclusion, TPX2 maintains the antitumor effect of CD8 + T cells in HCC by regulating CXCR5 via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Increased TPX2 expression in CD8 + T cells exerts synergistic effects with anti-PD-1 therapy, suggesting a promising immunotherapeutic method in HCC.
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Abstract
TCF1 and its homologue LEF1 are historically known as effector transcription factors downstream of the WNT signalling pathway and are essential for early T cell development. Recent advances bring TCF1 into the spotlight for its versatile, context-dependent functions in regulating mature T cell responses. In the cytotoxic T cell lineages, TCF1 is required for the self-renewal of stem-like CD8+ T cells generated in response to viral or tumour antigens, and for preserving heightened responses to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. In the helper T cell lineages, TCF1 is indispensable for the differentiation of T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells, and crucially regulates immunosuppressive functions of regulatory T cells. Mechanistic investigations have also identified TCF1 as the first transcription factor that directly modifies histone acetylation, with the capacity to bridge transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. TCF1 also has the potential to become an important clinical biomarker for assessing the prognosis of tumour immunotherapy and the success of viral control in treating HIV and hepatitis C virus infection. Here, we summarize the key findings on TCF1 across the fields of T cell immunity and reflect on the possibility of exploring TCF1 and its downstream transcriptional programmes as therapeutic targets for improving antiviral and antitumour immunity.
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