1
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Ascencio G, de Cruz MA, Abuel J, Alvarado S, Arriaga Y, Conrad E, Castro A, Eichelberger K, Galvan L, Gundy G, Garcia JAI, Jimenez A, Lu NT, Lugar C, Marania R, Mendsaikhan T, Ortega J, Nand N, Rodrigues NS, Shabazz K, Tam C, Valenciano E, Hayzelden C, Eritano AS, Riggs B. A deficiency screen of the 3rd chromosome for dominant modifiers of the Drosophila ER integral membrane protein, Jagunal. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad059. [PMID: 36932646 PMCID: PMC10320142 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism surrounding chromosome inheritance during cell division has been well documented, however, organelle inheritance during mitosis is less understood. Recently, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been shown to reorganize during mitosis, dividing asymmetrically in proneuronal cells prior to cell fate selection, indicating a programmed mechanism of inheritance. ER asymmetric partitioning in proneural cells relies on the highly conserved ER integral membrane protein, Jagunal (Jagn). Knockdown of Jagn in the compound Drosophila eye displays a pleotropic rough eye phenotype in 48% of the progeny. To identify genes involved in Jagn dependent ER partitioning pathway, we performed a dominant modifier screen of the 3rd chromosome for enhancers and suppressors of this Jagn-RNAi-induced rough eye phenotype. We screened through 181 deficiency lines covering the 3L and 3R chromosomes and identified 12 suppressors and 10 enhancers of the Jagn-RNAi phenotype. Based on the functions of the genes covered by the deficiencies, we identified genes that displayed a suppression or enhancement of the Jagn-RNAi phenotype. These include Division Abnormally Delayed (Dally), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, the γ-secretase subunit Presenilin, and the ER resident protein Sec63. Based on our understanding of the function of these targets, there is a connection between Jagn and the Notch signaling pathway. Further studies will elucidate the role of Jagn and identified interactors within the mechanisms of ER partitioning during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Ascencio
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Matthew A de Cruz
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Judy Abuel
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Sydney Alvarado
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Yuma Arriaga
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Emily Conrad
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Alonso Castro
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Katharine Eichelberger
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Laura Galvan
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Grace Gundy
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | | | - Alyssa Jimenez
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Nhien Tuyet Lu
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Catharine Lugar
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Ronald Marania
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Tserendavaa Mendsaikhan
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Jose Ortega
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Natasha Nand
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Nicole S Rodrigues
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Khayla Shabazz
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Cynnie Tam
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Emmanuel Valenciano
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Clive Hayzelden
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Anthony S Eritano
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
| | - Blake Riggs
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CA 4132, USA
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2
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Amiri KP, Kalish A, Mukherji S. Robustness and Universality in Organelle Size Control. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:018401. [PMID: 36669211 PMCID: PMC10316456 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.018401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the grand challenges in cellular biophysics is understanding the precision with which cells assemble and maintain subcellular structures. Organelle sizes, for example, must be flexible enough to allow cells to grow or shrink them as environments demand yet be maintained within homeostatic limits. Despite identification of molecular factors that regulate organelle sizes we lack insight into the quantitative principles underlying organelle size control. Here we show experimentally that cells can robustly control average fluctuations in organelle size. By demonstrating that organelle sizes obey a universal scaling relationship we predict theoretically, our framework suggests that organelles grow in random bursts from a limiting pool of building blocks. Burstlike growth provides a general biophysical mechanism by which cells can maintain on average reliable yet plastic organelle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asa Kalish
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis
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3
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The Role of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity: From Bench to Bedside. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3659278. [PMID: 36187332 PMCID: PMC9519345 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3659278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is the major side effect of anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, and idarubicin), though being the most commonly used chemotherapy drugs and the mainstay of therapy in solid and hematological neoplasms. Advances in the field of cardio-oncology have expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC). AIC has a complex pathogenesis that includes a variety of aspects such as oxidative stress, autophagy, and inflammation. Emerging evidence has strongly suggested that the loss of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) plays an important role in the progression of AIC. Mitochondria are vital organelles in the cardiomyocytes that serve as the key regulators of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, energy metabolism, cell death, and calcium buffering. However, as mitochondria are susceptible to damage, the MQC system, including mitochondrial dynamics (fusion/fission), mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial protein quality control, appears to be crucial in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. In this review, we summarize current evidence on the role of MQC in the pathogenesis of AIC and highlight the therapeutic potential of restoring the cardiomyocyte MQC system in the prevention and intervention of AIC.
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4
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Mofatteh M, Echegaray-Iturra F, Alamban A, Dalla Ricca F, Bakshi A, Aydogan MG. Autonomous clocks that regulate organelle biogenesis, cytoskeletal organization, and intracellular dynamics. eLife 2021; 10:e72104. [PMID: 34586070 PMCID: PMC8480978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How do cells perceive time? Do cells use temporal information to regulate the production/degradation of their enzymes, membranes, and organelles? Does controlling biological time influence cytoskeletal organization and cellular architecture in ways that confer evolutionary and physiological advantages? Potential answers to these fundamental questions of cell biology have historically revolved around the discussion of 'master' temporal programs, such as the principal cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin cell division oscillator and the circadian clock. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent evidence supporting an emerging concept of 'autonomous clocks,' which under normal conditions can be entrained by the cell cycle and/or the circadian clock to run at their pace, but can also run independently to serve their functions if/when these major temporal programs are halted/abrupted. We begin the discussion by introducing recent developments in the study of such clocks and their roles at different scales and complexities. We then use current advances to elucidate the logic and molecular architecture of temporal networks that comprise autonomous clocks, providing important clues as to how these clocks may have evolved to run independently and, sometimes at the cost of redundancy, have strongly coupled to run under the full command of the cell cycle and/or the circadian clock. Next, we review a list of important recent findings that have shed new light onto potential hallmarks of autonomous clocks, suggestive of prospective theoretical and experimental approaches to further accelerate their discovery. Finally, we discuss their roles in health and disease, as well as possible therapeutic opportunities that targeting the autonomous clocks may offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mofatteh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Fabio Echegaray-Iturra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Andrew Alamban
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Francesco Dalla Ricca
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Anand Bakshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Mustafa G Aydogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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5
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Wang J, Li L, Ming Z, Wu L, Yan L. Crystal Structure of the Epo1-Bem3 Complex for Bud Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083812. [PMID: 33917059 PMCID: PMC8067709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) spread into the buds of yeast by an actin-based mechanism and, upon entry, become attached to the polarisome, a proteinaceous micro-compartment below the tip of the bud. The minimal tether between polarisome and cortical ER is formed by a protein complex consisting of Epo1, a member of the polarisome, Scs2, a membrane protein of the ER and Cdc42 guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein Bem3. Here, we report the crystal structure of a complex between Epo1 and Bem3. In addition, we characterize through the hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange assay the interface between Scs2 and Epo1. Our findings provide a first structural insight into the molecular architecture of the link between cortical ER and the polarisome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (J.W.); (L.L.)
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (J.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, China;
| | - Lijie Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China;
| | - Liming Yan
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence:
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6
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Holder J, Mohammed S, Barr FA. Ordered dephosphorylation initiated by the selective proteolysis of cyclin B drives mitotic exit. eLife 2020; 9:e59885. [PMID: 32869743 PMCID: PMC7529458 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
APC/C-mediated proteolysis of cyclin B and securin promotes anaphase entry, inactivating CDK1 and permitting chromosome segregation, respectively. Reduction of CDK1 activity relieves inhibition of the CDK1-counteracting phosphatases PP1 and PP2A-B55, allowing wide-spread dephosphorylation of substrates. Meanwhile, continued APC/C activity promotes proteolysis of other mitotic regulators. Together, these activities orchestrate a complex series of events during mitotic exit. However, the relative importance of regulated proteolysis and dephosphorylation in dictating the order and timing of these events remains unclear. Using high temporal-resolution proteomics, we compare the relative extent of proteolysis and protein dephosphorylation. This reveals highly-selective rapid proteolysis of cyclin B, securin and geminin at the metaphase-anaphase transition, followed by slow proteolysis of other substrates. Dephosphorylation requires APC/C-dependent destruction of cyclin B and was resolved into PP1-dependent categories with unique sequence motifs. We conclude that dephosphorylation initiated by selective proteolysis of cyclin B drives the bulk of changes observed during mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Francis A Barr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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7
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Nagao Y, Sakamoto M, Chinen T, Okada Y, Takao D. Robust classification of cell cycle phase and biological feature extraction by image-based deep learning. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1346-1354. [PMID: 32320349 PMCID: PMC7353138 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the cell cycle, the subcellular organization undergoes major spatiotemporal changes that could in principle contain biological features that could potentially represent cell cycle phase. We applied convolutional neural network-based classifiers to extract such putative features from the fluorescence microscope images of cells stained for the nucleus, the Golgi apparatus, and the microtubule cytoskeleton. We demonstrate that cell images can be robustly classified according to G1/S and G2 cell cycle phases without the need for specific cell cycle markers. Grad-CAM analysis of the classification models enabled us to extract several pairs of quantitative parameters of specific subcellular features as good classifiers for the cell cycle phase. These results collectively demonstrate that machine learning-based image processing is useful to extract biological features underlying cellular phenomena of interest in an unbiased and data-driven manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nagao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mika Sakamoto
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takumi Chinen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Physics and Universal Biology Institute (UBI), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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8
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Choubey S, Das D, Majumdar S. Cell-to-cell variability in organelle abundance reveals mechanisms of organelle biogenesis. Phys Rev E 2020; 100:022405. [PMID: 31574672 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.022405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
How cells regulate the number of organelles is a fundamental question in cell biology. While decades of experimental work have uncovered four fundamental processes that regulate organelle biogenesis, namely, de novo synthesis, fission, fusion, and decay, a comprehensive understanding of how these processes together control organelle abundance remains elusive. Recent fluorescence microscopy experiments allow for the counting of organelles at the single-cell level. These measurements provide information about the cell-to-cell variability in organelle abundance in addition to the mean level. Motivated by such measurements, we build upon a recent study and analyze a general stochastic model of organelle biogenesis. We compute the exact analytical expressions for the probability distribution of organelle numbers, their mean, and variance across a population of single cells. It is shown that different mechanisms of organelle biogenesis lead to distinct signatures in the distribution of organelle numbers which allow us to discriminate between these various mechanisms. By comparing our theory against published data for peroxisome abundance measurements in yeast, we show that a widely believed model of peroxisome biogenesis that involves de novo synthesis, fission, and decay is inadequate in explaining the data. Also, our theory predicts bimodality in certain limits of the model. Overall, the framework developed here can be harnessed to gain mechanistic insights into the process of organelle biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Choubey
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstraße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dipjyoti Das
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Saptarshi Majumdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstraße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Cells of the vast majority of organisms are subject to temperature, pressure, pH, ionic strength, and other stresses. We discuss these effects in the light of protein folding and protein interactions in vitro, in complex environments, in cells, and in vivo. Protein phase diagrams provide a way of organizing different structural ensembles that occur under stress and how one can move among ensembles. Experiments that perturb biomolecules in vitro or in cells by stressing them have revealed much about the underlying forces that are competing to control protein stability, folding, and function. Two phenomena that emerge and serve to broadly classify effects of the cellular environment are crowding (mainly due to repulsive forces) and sticking (mainly due to attractive forces). The interior of cells is closely balanced between these emergent effects, and stress can tip the balance one way or the other. The free energy scale involved is small but significant on the scale of the "on/off switches" that control signaling in cells or of protein-protein association with a favorable function such as increased enzyme processivity. Quantitative tools from biophysical chemistry will play an important role in elucidating the world of crowding and sticking under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Boob
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living Cells, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
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10
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Holder J, Poser E, Barr FA. Getting out of mitosis: spatial and temporal control of mitotic exit and cytokinesis by PP1 and PP2A. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2908-2924. [PMID: 31494926 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we will review the evidence showing that mitotic exit is initiated by regulated proteolysis and then driven by the PPP family of phosphoserine/threonine phosphatases. Rapid APC/CCDC20 and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B and securin initiates sister chromatid separation, the first step of mitotic exit. Because proteolysis of Aurora and Polo family kinases dependent on APC/CCDH1 is relatively slow, this creates a new regulatory state, anaphase, different to G2 and M-phase. We will discuss how the CDK1-counteracting phosphatases PP1 and PP2A-B55, together with Aurora and Polo kinases, contribute to the temporal regulation and order of events in the different stages of mitotic exit from anaphase to cytokinesis. For PP2A-B55, these timing properties are created by the ENSA-dependent inhibitory pathway and differential recognition of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Finally, we will discuss how Aurora B and PP2A-B56 are needed for the spatial regulation of anaphase spindle formation and how APC/C-dependent destruction of PLK1 acts as a timer for abscission, the final event of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Poser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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11
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Mascanzoni F, Ayala I, Colanzi A. Organelle Inheritance Control of Mitotic Entry and Progression: Implications for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:133. [PMID: 31396510 PMCID: PMC6664238 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC), in addition to its well-known role in membrane traffic, is also actively involved in the regulation of mitotic entry and progression. In particular, during the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the Golgi ribbon is unlinked into isolated stacks. Importantly, this ribbon cleavage is required for G2/M transition, indicating that a "Golgi mitotic checkpoint" controls the correct segregation of this organelle. Then, during mitosis, the isolated Golgi stacks are disassembled, and this process is required for spindle formation. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that also proper mitotic segregation of other organelles, such as mitochondria, endosomes, and peroxisomes, is required for correct mitotic progression and/or spindle formation. Collectively, these observations imply that in addition to the control of chromosomes segregation, which is required to preserve the genetic information, the cells actively monitor the disassembly and redistribution of subcellular organelles in mitosis. Here, we provide an overview of the major structural reorganization of the GC and other organelles during G2/M transition and of their regulatory mechanisms, focusing on novel findings that have shed light on the basic processes that link organelle inheritance to mitotic progression and spindle formation, and discussing their implications for tissue homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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12
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Kim KL, Sung G, Sim J, Murray J, Li M, Lee A, Shrinidhi A, Park KM, Kim K. Supramolecular latching system based on ultrastable synthetic binding pairs as versatile tools for protein imaging. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1712. [PMID: 29703887 PMCID: PMC5923385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report ultrastable synthetic binding pairs between cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and adamantyl- (AdA) or ferrocenyl-ammonium (FcA) as a supramolecular latching system for protein imaging, overcoming the limitations of protein-based binding pairs. Cyanine 3-conjugated CB[7] (Cy3-CB[7]) can visualize AdA- or FcA-labeled proteins to provide clear fluorescence images for accurate and precise analysis of proteins. Furthermore, controllability of the system is demonstrated by treating with a stronger competitor guest. At low temperature, this allows us to selectively detach Cy3-CB[7] from guest-labeled proteins on the cell surface, while leaving Cy3-CB[7] latched to the cytosolic proteins for spatially conditional visualization of target proteins. This work represents a non-protein-based bioimaging tool which has inherent advantages over the widely used protein-based techniques, thereby demonstrating the great potential of this synthetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Lock Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyun Sung
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Sim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - James Murray
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Meng Li
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Annadka Shrinidhi
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeng Min Park
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Nanomaterials and Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Ooi CP, Smith TK, Gluenz E, Wand NV, Vaughan S, Rudenko G. Blocking variant surface glycoprotein synthesis alters endoplasmic reticulum exit sites/Golgi homeostasis in Trypanosoma brucei. Traffic 2018; 19:391-405. [PMID: 29533496 PMCID: PMC6001540 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The predominant secretory cargo of bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei is variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), comprising ~10% total protein and forming a dense protective layer. Blocking VSG translation using Morpholino oligonucleotides triggered a precise pre‐cytokinesis arrest. We investigated the effect of blocking VSG synthesis on the secretory pathway. The number of Golgi decreased, particularly in post‐mitotic cells, from 3.5 ± 0.6 to 2.0 ± 0.04 per cell. Similarly, the number of endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) in post‐mitotic cells dropped from 3.9 ± 0.6 to 2.7 ± 0.1 eight hours after blocking VSG synthesis. The secretory pathway was still functional in these stalled cells, as monitored using Cathepsin L. Rates of phospholipid and glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchor biosynthesis remained relatively unaffected, except for the level of sphingomyelin which increased. However, both endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi morphology became distorted, with the Golgi cisternae becoming significantly dilated, particularly at the trans‐face. Membrane accumulation in these structures is possibly caused by reduced budding of nascent vesicles due to the drastic reduction in the total amount of secretory cargo, that is, VSG. These data argue that the total flux of secretory cargo impacts upon the biogenesis and maintenance of secretory structures and organelles in T. brucei, including the ERES and Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Terry K Smith
- BSRC, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Eva Gluenz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Gloria Rudenko
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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14
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Yavuz S, Warren G. A role for Sar1 and ARF1 GTPases during Golgi biogenesis in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1782-1791. [PMID: 28495798 PMCID: PMC5491186 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A single Golgi stack is duplicated and partitioned into two daughter cells during the cell cycle of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei The source of components required to generate the new Golgi and the mechanism by which it forms are poorly understood. Using photoactivatable GFP, we show that the existing Golgi supplies components directly to the newly forming Golgi in both intact and semipermeabilized cells. The movement of a putative glycosyltransferase, GntB, requires the Sar1 and ARF1 GTPases in intact cells. In addition, we show that transfer of GntB from the existing Golgi to the new Golgi can be recapitulated in semipermeabilized cells and is sensitive to the GTP analogue GTPγS. We suggest that the existing Golgi is a key source of components required to form the new Golgi and that this process is regulated by small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Yavuz
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Graham Warren
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A-1030, Austria
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15
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Wei JH, Seemann J. Golgi ribbon disassembly during mitosis, differentiation and disease progression. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 47:43-51. [PMID: 28390244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is tightly integrated into the cellular system where it plays essential roles required for a variety of cellular processes. Its vital functions include not only processing and sorting of proteins and lipids, but also serving as a signaling hub and a microtubule-organizing center. Golgi stacks in mammalian cells are interconnected into a compact ribbon in the perinuclear region. However, the ribbon can undergo distinct disassembly processes that reflect the cellular state or environmental demands and stress. For instance, its most dramatic change takes place in mitosis when the ribbon is efficiently disassembled into vesicles through a combination of ribbon unlinking, cisternal unstacking and vesiculation. Furthermore, the ribbon can also be detached and positioned at specific cellular locations to gain additional functionalities during differentiation, or fragmented to different degrees along disease progression or upon cell death. Here, we describe the major morphological alterations of Golgi ribbon disassembly under physiological and pathological conditions and discuss the underlying mechanisms that drive these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsuan Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Joachim Seemann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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16
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Nonequilibrium description of de novo biogenesis and transport through Golgi-like cisternae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38840. [PMID: 27991496 PMCID: PMC5171829 DOI: 10.1038/srep38840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A central issue in cell biology is the physico-chemical basis of organelle biogenesis in intracellular trafficking pathways, its most impressive manifestation being the biogenesis of Golgi cisternae. At a basic level, such morphologically and chemically distinct compartments should arise from an interplay between the molecular transport and chemical maturation. Here, we formulate analytically tractable, minimalist models, that incorporate this interplay between transport and chemical progression in physical space, and explore the conditions for de novo biogenesis of distinct cisternae. We propose new quantitative measures that can discriminate between the various models of transport in a qualitative manner–this includes measures of the dynamics in steady state and the dynamical response to perturbations of the kind amenable to live-cell imaging.
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17
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Lipid transfer proteins and the tuning of compartmental identity in the Golgi apparatus. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 200:42-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Tai J, Dave K, Hahn V, Guzman I, Gruebele M. Subcellular modulation of protein VlsE stability and folding kinetics. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1409-16. [PMID: 27129718 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The interior of a cell interacts differently with proteins than a dilute buffer because of a wide variety of macromolecules, chaperones, and osmolytes that crowd and interact with polypeptide chains. We compare folding of fluorescent constructs of protein VlsE among three environments inside cells. The nucleus increases the stability of VlsE relative to the cytoplasm, but slows down folding kinetics. VlsE is also more stable in the endoplasmic reticulum, but unlike PGK, tends to aggregate there. Although fluorescent-tagged VlsE and PGK show opposite stability trends from in vitro to the cytoplasm, their trends from cytoplasm to nucleus are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kapil Dave
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Vincent Hahn
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Martin Gruebele
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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19
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Smyth JT, Schoborg TA, Bergman ZJ, Riggs B, Rusan NM. Proper symmetric and asymmetric endoplasmic reticulum partitioning requires astral microtubules. Open Biol 2016; 5:rsob.150067. [PMID: 26289801 PMCID: PMC4554919 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate partitioning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during cell division are largely unknown. Previous studies have mostly addressed ER partitioning in cultured cells, which may not recapitulate physiological processes that are critical in developing, intact tissues. We have addressed this by analysing ER partitioning in asymmetrically dividing stem cells, in which precise segregation of cellular components is essential for proper development and tissue architecture. We show that in Drosophila neural stem cells, called neuroblasts, the ER asymmetrically partitioned to centrosomes early in mitosis. This correlated closely with the asymmetric nucleation of astral microtubules (MTs) by centrosomes, suggesting that astral MT association may be required for ER partitioning by centrosomes. Consistent with this, the ER also associated with astral MTs in meiotic Drosophila spermatocytes and during syncytial embryonic divisions. Disruption of centrosomes in each of these cell types led to improper ER partitioning, demonstrating the critical role for centrosomes and associated astral MTs in this process. Importantly, we show that the ER also associated with astral MTs in cultured human cells, suggesting that this centrosome/astral MT-based partitioning mechanism is conserved across animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Smyth
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Todd A Schoborg
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zane J Bergman
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Blake Riggs
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Markowska K, Maciaszczyk‐Dziubinska E, Migocka M, Wawrzycka D, Wysocki R. Identification of critical residues for transport activity of
A
cr3p, the
S
accharomyces cerevisiae
A
s(
III
)/
H
+
antiporter. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:162-74. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Markowska
- Institute of Experimental Biology University of Wroclaw 50‐328 Wroclaw Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Migocka
- Institute of Experimental Biology University of Wroclaw 50‐328 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Donata Wawrzycka
- Institute of Experimental Biology University of Wroclaw 50‐328 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Robert Wysocki
- Institute of Experimental Biology University of Wroclaw 50‐328 Wroclaw Poland
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21
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Cervigni RI, Bonavita R, Barretta ML, Spano D, Ayala I, Nakamura N, Corda D, Colanzi A. JNK2 controls fragmentation of the Golgi complex and the G2/M transition through phosphorylation of GRASP65. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2249-60. [PMID: 25948586 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.164871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the Golgi complex is composed of stacks that are connected by membranous tubules. During G2, the Golgi complex is disassembled into isolated stacks. This process is required for entry into mitosis, indicating that the correct inheritance of the organelle is monitored by a 'Golgi mitotic checkpoint'. However, the regulation and the molecular mechanisms underlying this Golgi disassembly are still poorly understood. Here, we show that JNK2 has a crucial role in the G2-specific separation of the Golgi stacks through phosphorylation of Ser277 of the Golgi-stacking protein GRASP65 (also known as GORASP1). Inhibition of JNK2 by RNA interference or by treatment with three unrelated JNK inhibitors causes a potent and persistent cell cycle block in G2. JNK activity becomes dispensable for mitotic entry if the Golgi complex is disassembled by brefeldin A treatment or by GRASP65 depletion. Finally, measurement of the Golgi fluorescence recovery after photobleaching demonstrates that JNK is required for the cleavage of the tubules connecting Golgi stacks. Our findings reveal that a JNK2-GRASP65 signalling axis has a crucial role in coupling Golgi inheritance and G2/M transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Ines Cervigni
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bonavita
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Barretta
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Daniela Spano
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
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22
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Rohn JL, Patel JV, Neumann B, Bulkescher J, Mchedlishvili N, McMullan RC, Quintero OA, Ellenberg J, Baum B. Myo19 ensures symmetric partitioning of mitochondria and coupling of mitochondrial segregation to cell division. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2598-605. [PMID: 25447992 PMCID: PMC4228054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During animal cell division, an actin-based ring cleaves the cell into two. Problems with this process can cause chromosome missegregation and defects in cytoplasmic inheritance and the partitioning of organelles, which in turn are associated with human diseases [1, 2, 3]. Although much is known about how chromosome segregation is coupled to cell division, the way organelles coordinate their inheritance during partitioning to daughter cells is less well understood. Here, using a high-content live-imaging small interfering RNA screen, we identify Myosin-XIX (Myo19) as a novel regulator of cell division. Previously, this actin-based motor was shown to control the interphase movement of mitochondria [4]. Our analysis shows that Myo19 is indeed localized to mitochondria and that its silencing leads to defects in the distribution of mitochondria within cells and in mitochondrial partitioning at division. Furthermore, many Myo19 RNAi cells undergo stochastic division failure—a phenotype that can be mimicked using a treatment that blocks mitochondrial fission and rescued by decreasing mitochondrial fusion, implying that mitochondria can physically interfere with cytokinesis. Strikingly, using live imaging we also observe the inappropriate movement of mitochondria to the poles of spindles in cells depleted for Myo19 as they enter anaphase. Since this phenocopies the results of an acute loss of actin filaments in anaphase, these data support a model whereby the Myo19 actin-based motor helps to control mitochondrial movement to ensure their faithful segregation during division. The presence of DNA within mitochondria makes their inheritance an especially important aspect of symmetrical cell division. RNAi screen identifies Myo19 as novel regulator of cell division Myo19 ensures fair mitochondrial inheritance at division Division requires coupled mitochondrial segregation and cytokinesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rohn
- Centre for Clinical Science and Technology, Division of Medicine, University College London, Wolfson House, London NW1 2HE, UK.
| | - Jigna V Patel
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Beate Neumann
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Bulkescher
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nunu Mchedlishvili
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel C McMullan
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Omar A Quintero
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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23
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Cervigni RI, Barretta ML, Persico A, Corda D, Colanzi A. The role of Aurora-A kinase in the Golgi-dependent control of mitotic entry. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 1:61-65. [PMID: 21866264 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.1.2.15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, the Golgi complex undergoes a multi-step fragmentation process that is instrumental to its correct partitioning into the daughter cells. To prepare for this segregation, the Golgi ribbon is initially separated into individual stacks during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Then, at the onset of mitosis, these individual stacks are further disassembled into dispersed fragments. Inhibition of this Golgi fragmentation step results in a block or delay of G2/M transition, depending on the experimental approach. Thus, correct segregation of the Golgi complex appears to be monitored by a 'Golgi mitotic checkpoint'. Using a microinjection-based approach, we recently identified the first target of the Golgi checkpoint, whereby a block of this Golgi fragmentation impairs recruitment of the mitotic kinase Aurora-A to, and its activation at, the centrosomes. Overexpression of Aurora-A can override this cell cycle block, indicating that Aurora-A is a major effector of the Golgi checkpoint. We have also shown that this block of Aurora-A recruitment to the centrosomes is not mediated by the known mechanisms of regulation of Aurora-A function. Here we discuss our findings in relation to the known functions of Aurora-A.
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24
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Ronchi P, Tischer C, Acehan D, Pepperkok R. Positive feedback between Golgi membranes, microtubules and ER exit sites directs de novo biogenesis of the Golgi. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4620-33. [PMID: 25189616 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.150474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex is the central organelle of the secretory pathway. It undergoes dynamic changes during the cell cycle, but how it acquires and maintains its complex structure is unclear. To address this question, we have used laser nanosurgery to deplete BSC1 cells of the Golgi complex and have monitored its biogenesis by quantitative time-lapse microscopy and correlative electron microscopy. After Golgi depletion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export is inhibited and the number of ER exit sites (ERES) is reduced and does not increase for several hours. Occasional fusion of small post-ER carriers to form the first larger structures triggers a rapid and drastic growth of Golgi precursors, due to the capacity of these structures to attract more carriers by microtubule nucleation and to stimulate ERES biogenesis. Increasing the chances of post-ER carrier fusion close to ERES by depolymerizing microtubules results in the acceleration of Golgi and ERES biogenesis. Taken together, on the basis of our results, we propose a self-organizing principle of the early secretory pathway that integrates Golgi biogenesis, ERES biogenesis and the organization of the microtubule network by positive-feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ronchi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell biology and biophysics unit
| | - Christian Tischer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Advanced Light Microscopy
| | - Devrim Acehan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Electron Microscopy Core Facilities, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pepperkok
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell biology and biophysics unit European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Advanced Light Microscopy
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25
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Mukherji S, O'Shea EK. Mechanisms of organelle biogenesis govern stochastic fluctuations in organelle abundance. eLife 2014; 3:e02678. [PMID: 24916159 PMCID: PMC4046565 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in organelle abundance can profoundly limit the precision of cell biological processes from secretion to metabolism. We modeled the dynamics of organelle biogenesis and predicted that organelle abundance fluctuations depend strongly on the specific mechanisms that increase or decrease the number of a given organelle. Our model exactly predicts the size of experimentally measured Golgi apparatus and vacuole abundance fluctuations, suggesting that cells tolerate the maximum level of variability generated by the Golgi and vacuole biogenesis pathways. We observe large increases in peroxisome abundance fluctuations when cells are transferred from glucose-rich to fatty acid-rich environments. These increased fluctuations are significantly diminished in mutants lacking peroxisome fission factors, leading us to infer that peroxisome biogenesis switches from de novo synthesis to primarily fission. Our work provides a general framework for exploring stochastic organelle biogenesis and using fluctuations to quantitatively unravel the biophysical pathways that control the abundance of subcellular structures.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02678.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Mukherji
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Erin K O'Shea
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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26
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are often dismissed as the cellular hoi polloi, relegated to cleaning up reactive oxygen chemical debris discarded by other organelles. However, their functions extend far beyond hydrogen peroxide metabolism. Peroxisomes are intimately associated with lipid droplets and mitochondria, and their ability to carry out fatty acid oxidation and lipid synthesis, especially the production of ether lipids, may be critical for generating cellular signals required for normal physiology. Here, we review the biology of peroxisomes and their potential relevance to human disorders including cancer, obesity-related diabetes, and degenerative neurologic disease.
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27
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Abstract
During cellular division, centrosomes are tasked with building the bipolar mitotic spindle, which partitions the cellular contents into two daughter cells. While every cell will receive an equal complement of chromosomes, not every organelle is symmetrically passaged to the two progeny in many cell types. In this review, we highlight the conservation of nonrandom centrosome segregation in asymmetrically dividing stem cells, and we discuss how the asymmetric function of centrosomes could mediate nonrandom segregation of organelles and mRNA. We propose that such a mechanism is critical for insuring proper cell fitness, function, and fate.
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28
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Lee S, Park YY, Kim SH, Nguyen OTK, Yoo YS, Chan GK, Sun X, Cho H. Human mitochondrial Fis1 links to cell cycle regulators at G2/M transition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:711-25. [PMID: 23907611 PMCID: PMC11113609 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that prolonged mitochondrial elongation triggers cellular senescence. Here, we report that enforced mitochondrial elongation by hFis1 depletion caused a severe defect in cell cycle progression through G2/M phase (~3-fold reduction in mitotic index; p < 0.01). Reintroduction of Myc-hFis1 to these cells induced mitochondrial fragmentation and restored the cell cycle, indicating that morphodynamic changes of mitochondria closely link to the cell cycle. In hFis1-knockdown cells, cell cycle regulators governing the G2/M phase, including cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin-dependent kinase1 (Cdk1), polo-like kinase1 (Plk1), aurora kinase A and Mad2, were significantly suppressed (2- to 10-fold). Notably, however, when mitochondrial fragmentation was induced by double knockdown of hFis1 and Opa1, the cells regained their ability to enter mitosis, and cell cycle regulators were rebounded. Reconstitution of the cyclin B1/Cdk1 complex, a major regulator of the G2/M transition, failed to restore mitotic entry in hFis1-depleted cells. In contrast, expression of Plk1, an upstream regulator of the cyclin B1/Cdk1 complex, or FoxM1 (forkhead box M1), a master transcriptional factor for the cell cycle regulators of G2/M phase, restored the cell cycle in these cells. Our findings suggest that mitochondrial fission molecule hFis1 ensures the proper cell division by interplay with the cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Yong-Yea Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Song-Hee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Oanh T. Kim Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Young-Suk Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Gordon K. Chan
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Molecular Imaging Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
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29
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Warren G. Size and position matter. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 14:755-7. [PMID: 24409512 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine emphasizes the progress made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that underpin the vesicular movement of cargo through the exocytic and endocytic pathways. Attention now focuses on those mechanisms that govern the relative size and position of the many different membrane-bound compartments. These homeostatic mechanisms are discussed in this issue of Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology and must be integrated so as to satisfy the needs of the cell and the organism.
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30
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Kinkhabwala A, Khmelinskii A, Knop M. Analytical model for macromolecular partitioning during yeast cell division. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2014; 7:10. [PMID: 25737777 PMCID: PMC4347614 DOI: 10.1186/s13628-014-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric cell division, whereby a parent cell generates two sibling cells with unequal content and thereby distinct fates, is central to cell differentiation, organism development and ageing. Unequal partitioning of the macromolecular content of the parent cell - which includes proteins, DNA, RNA, large proteinaceous assemblies and organelles - can be achieved by both passive (e.g. diffusion, localized retention sites) and active (e.g. motor-driven transport) processes operating in the presence of external polarity cues, internal asymmetries, spontaneous symmetry breaking, or stochastic effects. However, the quantitative contribution of different processes to the partitioning of macromolecular content is difficult to evaluate. RESULTS Here we developed an analytical model that allows rapid quantitative assessment of partitioning as a function of various parameters in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This model exposes quantitative degeneracies among the physical parameters that govern macromolecular partitioning, and reveals regions of the solution space where diffusion is sufficient to drive asymmetric partitioning and regions where asymmetric partitioning can only be achieved through additional processes such as motor-driven transport. Application of the model to different macromolecular assemblies suggests that partitioning of protein aggregates and episomes, but not prions, is diffusion-limited in yeast, consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to computationally intensive stochastic simulations of particular scenarios, our analytical model provides an efficient and comprehensive overview of partitioning as a function of global and macromolecule-specific parameters. Identification of quantitative degeneracies among these parameters highlights the importance of their careful measurement for a given macromolecular species in order to understand the dominant processes responsible for its observed partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kinkhabwala
- Abteilung Systemische Zellbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Anton Khmelinskii
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) and Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Knop
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) and Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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31
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Golgi depletion from living cells with laser nanosurgery. Methods Cell Biol 2013. [PMID: 24295315 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417164-0.00019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
How Golgi biogenesis occurs in mammalian cells is a controversial problem. Can the Golgi complex (GC) form de novo from ER membranes or does it require a template? The method described in this chapter uses growth of cells on micropatterns to displace the GC from its juxtanuclear position and laser nanosurgery to subsequently deplete it from living cells. Golgi-depleted karyoplasts can be followed by time-lapse microscopy to address if and how the GC can be de novo synthesized from ER membranes. Furthermore, the study of different processes in the absence of the GC can shed light on the role of this organelle in the intracellular signaling and homeostasis.
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Multiple cysteine residues are necessary for sorting and transport activity of the arsenite permease Acr3p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:747-55. [PMID: 24291645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The yeast transporter Acr3p is a low affinity As(III)/H(+) and Sb(III)/H(+) antiporter located in the plasma membrane. It has been shown for bacterial Acr3 proteins that just a single cysteine residue, which is located in the middle of the fourth transmembrane region and conserved in all members of the Acr3 family, is essential for As(III) transport activity. Here, we report a systematic mutational analysis of all nine cysteine residues present in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Acr3p. We found that mutagenesis of highly conserved Cys151 resulted in a complete loss of metalloid transport function. In addition, lack of Cys90 and Cys169, which are conserved in eukaryotic members of Acr3 family, impaired Acr3p trafficking to the plasma membrane and greatly reduced As(III) efflux, respectively. Mutagenesis of five other cysteines in Acr3p resulted in moderate reduction of As(III) transport capacities and sorting perturbations. Our data suggest that interaction of As(III) with multiple thiol groups in the yeast Acr3p may facilitate As(III) translocation across the plasma membrane.
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Yagisawa F, Fujiwara T, Ohnuma M, Kuroiwa H, Nishida K, Imoto Y, Yoshida Y, Kuroiwa T. Golgi inheritance in the primitive red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. PROTOPLASMA 2013. [PMID: 23197134 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi body has important roles in modifying, sorting, and transport of proteins and lipids. Eukaryotic cells have evolved in various ways to inherit the Golgi body from mother to daughter cells, which allows the cells to function properly immediately after mitosis. Here we used Cyanidioschyzon merolae, one of the most suitable systems for studies of organelle dynamics, to investigate the inheritance of the Golgi. Two proteins, Sed5 and Got1, were used as Golgi markers. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that C. merolae contains one to two Golgi bodies per cell. The Golgi body was localized to the perinuclear region during the G1 and S phases and next to the spindle poles in a microtubule-dependent manner during M phase. It was inherited together with spindle poles upon cytokinesis. These observations suggested that Golgi inheritance is dependent on microtubules in C. merolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Yagisawa
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
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34
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Li X, Feng Y, Liu X. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of GRASP65 GRASP domain from Rattus norvegicus. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:792-5. [PMID: 23832210 PMCID: PMC3702327 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113015583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
GRASP65 and GRASP55 were classified as Golgi reassembly stacking proteins which play crucial and complementary roles in the stacking of Golgi cisternae. They also participate in vesicle tethering, mitotic progression, the disassembly and reassembly of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis and unconventional secretory pathway regulation. In this study, the expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the GRASP65 GRASP domain from Rattus norvegicus are presented. The crystals diffracted to 2.0 Å resolution and belonged to space group P21212, with unit-cell parameters a = 44.99, b = 104.29, c = 37.93 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. Furthermore, molecular replacement was employed to determine the structure of the GRASP65 GRASP domain from R. norvegicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Tang D, Wang Y. Cell cycle regulation of Golgi membrane dynamics. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:296-304. [PMID: 23453991 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a membranous organelle in the cell that plays essential roles in protein and lipid trafficking, sorting, processing, and modification. Its basic structure is a stack of closely aligned flattened cisternae. In mammalian cells, dozens of Golgi stacks are often laterally linked into a ribbon-like structure. Biogenesis of the Golgi during cell division occurs through a sophisticated disassembly and reassembly process that can be divided into three distinct but cooperative steps, including the deformation and reformation of the Golgi cisternae, stacks, and ribbon. Here, we review our current understanding of the protein machineries that control these three steps in the cycle of mammalian cell division: GRASP65 and GRASP55 in Golgi stack and ribbon formation; ubiquitin and AAA ATPases in postmitotic Golgi membrane fusion; and golgins and cytoskeleton in Golgi ribbon formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danming Tang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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36
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Dupré J, O’Malley MA. Varieties of Living Things: Life at the Intersection of Lineage and Metabolism. VITALISM AND THE SCIENTIFIC IMAGE IN POST-ENLIGHTENMENT LIFE SCIENCE, 1800-2010 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2445-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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37
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The yeast eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B translation initiation complex interacts with the fatty acid synthesis enzyme YBR159W and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:1041-56. [PMID: 23263984 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00811-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Using affinity purifications coupled with mass spectrometry and yeast two-hybrid assays, we show the Saccharomyces cerevisiae translation initiation factor complex eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) and the very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis keto-reductase enzyme YBR159W physically interact. The data show that the interaction is specifically between YBR159W and eIF2B and not between other members of the translation initiation or VLCFA pathways. A ybr159wΔ null strain has a slow-growth phenotype and a reduced translation rate but a normal GCN4 response to amino acid starvation. Although YBR159W localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, subcellular fractionation experiments show that a fraction of eIF2B cofractionates with lipid membranes in a YBR159W-independent manner. We show that a ybr159wΔ yeast strain and other strains with null mutations in the VLCFA pathway cause eIF2B to appear as numerous foci throughout the cytoplasm.
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38
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Abstract
Cells compartmentalize their biochemical functions in a variety of ways, notably by creating physical barriers that separate a compartment via membranes or proteins. Eukaryotes have a wide diversity of membrane-based compartments, many that are lineage- or tissue-specific. In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that membrane-based compartmentalization of the cytosolic space is observed in multiple prokaryotic lineages, giving rise to several types of distinct prokaryotic organelles. Endosymbionts, previously believed to be a hallmark of eukaryotes, have been described in several bacteria. Protein-based compartments, frequent in bacteria, are also found in eukaryotes. In the present review, we focus on selected intracellular compartments from each of these three categories, membrane-based, endosymbiotic and protein-based, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We review their diversity and the current theories and controversies regarding the evolutionary origins. Furthermore, we discuss the evolutionary processes acting on the genetic basis of intracellular compartments and how those differ across the domains of life. We conclude that the distinction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes no longer lies in the existence of a compartmentalized cell plan, but rather in its complexity.
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39
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Gheiratmand L, Brasseur A, Zhou Q, He CY. Biochemical characterization of the bi-lobe reveals a continuous structural network linking the bi-lobe to other single-copied organelles in Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3489-99. [PMID: 23235159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.417428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, a unicellular parasite, contains several single-copied organelles that duplicate and segregate in a highly coordinated fashion during the cell cycle. In the procyclic stage, a bi-lobed structure is found adjacent to the single ER exit site and Golgi apparatus, forming both stable and dynamic association with other cytoskeletal components including the basal bodies that seed the flagellum and the flagellar pocket collar that is critical for flagellar pocket biogenesis. To further understand the bi-lobe and its association with adjacent organelles, we performed proteomic analyses on the immunoisolated bi-lobe complex. Candidate proteins were localized to the flagellar pocket, the basal bodies, a tripartite attachment complex linking the basal bodies to the kinetoplast, and a segment of microtubule quartet linking the flagellar pocket collar and bi-lobe to the basal bodies. These results supported an extensive connection among the single-copied organelles in T. brucei, a strategy employed by the parasite for orderly organelle assembly and inheritance during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Gheiratmand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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40
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Marie M, Dale HA, Kouprina N, Saraste J. Division of the intermediate compartment at the onset of mitosis provides a mechanism for Golgi inheritance. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5403-16. [PMID: 22946056 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As mammalian cells prepare for mitosis, the Golgi ribbon is first unlinked into its constituent stacks and then transformed into spindle-associated, pleiomorphic membrane clusters in a process that remains enigmatic. Also, it remains unclear whether Golgi inheritance involves the incorporation of Golgi enzymes into a pool of coat protein I (COPI) vesicles, or their COPI-independent transfer to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Based on the observation that the intermediate compartment (IC) at the ER-Golgi boundary is connected to the centrosome, we examined its mitotic fate and possible role in Golgi breakdown. The use of multiple imaging techniques and markers revealed that the IC elements persist during the M phase, maintain their compositional and structural properties and remain associated with the mitotic spindle, forming circular arrays at the spindle poles. At G2/M transition, the movement of the pericentrosomal domain of the IC (pcIC) to the cell centre and its expansion coincide with the unlinking of the Golgi ribbon. At prophase, coupled to centrosome separation, the pcIC divides together with recycling endosomes, providing novel landmarks for mitotic entry. We provide evidence that the permanent IC elements function as way stations during the COPI-dependent dispersal of Golgi components at prometa- and metaphase, indicating that they correspond to the previously described Golgi clusters. In addition, they continue to communicate with the vesicular 'Golgi haze' and thus are likely to provide templates for Golgi reassembly. These results implicate the IC in mitotic Golgi inheritance, resulting in a model that integrates key features of the two previously proposed pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Marie
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
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41
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Abstract
As plant Golgi bodies move through the cell along the actin cytoskeleton, they face the need to maintain their polarized stack structure whilst receiving, processing and distributing protein cargo destined for secretion. Structural proteins, or Golgi matrix proteins, help to hold cisternae together and tethering factors direct cargo carriers to the correct target membranes. This review focuses on golgins, a protein family containing long coiled-coil regions, summarizes their known functions in animal cells and highlights recent findings about plant golgins and their putative roles in the plant secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Osterrieder
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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42
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Racedo SE, Rawe VY, Niemann H. Dynamic changes of the Golgi apparatus during bovine in vitro oocyte maturation. Reproduction 2012; 143:439-47. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For successful fertilization by the male gamete, oocyte cytoplasmic organelles such as the Golgi apparatus have to undergo specific changes: the entire process is known as cytoplasmic maturation. The goal of this study was to unravel the dynamics of the Golgi apparatus in bovine oocytes at critical stages ofin vitromaturation, i.e. germinal vesicle (GV), GV breakdown (GVBD), metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II, and to investigate the role of various molecules critically involved therein. The cytoplasmic distribution of proteins was assessed by immunocytochemistry and laser confocal microscopy. We applied specific inhibitors, including nocodazole to unravel the functional role of the microtubular elements; sodium orthovanadate, which primarily inhibits cytoplasmic dynein ATPase activity; monastrol which inhibits the kinesin EG5; and roscovitine to inhibit the kinase cyclin-dependent kinase 2A (CDC2A). Prior to GVBD, the Golgi apparatus was translocated from the centre of the cytoplasm to the cortical area in the periphery, where it underwent fragmentation. A second translocation was observed between GVBD and MI stages, when the Golgi apparatus was moved from the cortex to the centre of the cytoplasm. Incubation with the specific inhibitors revealed that microtubules played an active role in the final localization at GVBD, while CDC2A was essential for Golgi fragmentation at GVBD stage. This partitioning was a precondition for the second movement. In conclusion, for the first time we show basic mechanisms critically involved in the regulation of the dynamic changes of Golgi apparatus during meiosis of the bovine oocyte.
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43
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Barr FA, Elliott PR, Gruneberg U. Protein phosphatases and the regulation of mitosis. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:2323-34. [PMID: 21709074 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic control of protein phosphorylation is necessary for the regulation of many cellular processes, including mitosis and cytokinesis. Indeed, although the central role of protein kinases is widely appreciated and intensely studied, the importance of protein phosphatases is often overlooked. Recent studies, however, have highlighted the considerable role of protein phosphatases in both the spatial and temporal control of protein kinase activity, and the modulation of substrate phosphorylation. Here, we will focus on recent advances in our understanding of phosphatase structure, and the importance of phosphatase function in the control of mitotic spindle formation, chromosome architecture and cohesion, and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Barr
- University of Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, 200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK.
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44
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Abstract
The Golgi is an essential membrane-bound organelle in the secretary pathway of eukaryotic cells. In mammalian cells, the Golgi stacks are integrated into a continuous perinuclear ribbon, which poses a challenge for the daughter cells to inherit this membrane organelle during cell division. To facilitate proper partitioning, the mammalian Golgi ribbon is disassembled into vesicles in early mitosis. Following segregation into the daughter cells, a functional Golgi is reformed. Here we summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the mitotic Golgi disassembly and postmitotic reassembly cycle in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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45
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Abstract
During the G2-M transition, the highly organized Golgi apparatus undergoes reversible fragmentation through unstacking of the cisternal ribbon and disassembly into radially dispersed vesicles and tubules. These Golgi-derived fragments redistribute randomly within the cytoplasm, partition stochastically, and in telophase coalesce to generate a functionally and structurally intact Golgi complex. Here we identified a novel step in postmitotic Golgi reassembly that requires the clathrin heavy chain (CHC). We used siRNA-mediated CHC knockdown, biochemistry, and morphological analysis and showed that the spindle- and spindle pole-associated clathrin pools are membrane-bound and required for postmitotic Golgi reassembly. The results presented here show that clathrin remains associated with the spindle poles throughout mitosis and that this clathrin pool is distinct from the previously characterized spindle-associated population. We suggest that clathrin may provide a template for postmitotic Golgi reassembly and cisternal remodeling. In absence of the CHC, the Golgi apparatus remained disconnected and disordered and failed to regain its characteristic perinuclear, lace-like morphology. Our findings build on previous independent reports that clathrin is required for Golgi reassembly following disruption with pharmacological agents and for mitotic chromosome congression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea E Radulescu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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46
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Tängemo C, Ronchi P, Colombelli J, Haselmann U, Simpson JC, Antony C, Stelzer EHK, Pepperkok R, Reynaud EG. A novel laser nanosurgery approach supports de novo Golgi biogenesis in mammalian cells. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:978-87. [PMID: 21378314 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.079640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex has a central role in the secretory pathway of all higher organisms. To explain the synthesis of its unique stacked structure in mammalian cells, two major models have been proposed. One suggests that it is synthesized de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum. The second model postulates a pre-existing Golgi template that serves as a scaffold for its biogenesis. To test these hypotheses directly, we have developed an approach in which we deplete the Golgi complex from living cells by laser nanosurgery, and subsequently analyze the 'Golgi-depleted' karyoplast using time-lapse and electron microscopy. We show that biosynthetic transport is blocked after Golgi depletion, but is restored 12 hours later. This recovery of secretory transport coincides with an ordered assembly of stacked Golgi structures, and we also observe the appearance of matrix proteins before that of Golgi enzymes. Functional experiments using RNA interference-mediated knockdown of GM130 further demonstrate the importance of the matrix during Golgi biogenesis. By contrast, the centrosome, which can also be removed by laser nanosurgery and is not reformed within the considered time frame, is not required for this process. Altogether, our data provide evidence that de novo Golgi biogenesis can occur in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Tängemo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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47
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Chen Q, Jagannathan S, Reid DW, Zheng T, Nicchitta CV. Hierarchical regulation of mRNA partitioning between the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:2646-58. [PMID: 21613539 PMCID: PMC3135488 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-03-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reveals that mRNAs are partitioned between the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) compartments in a hierarchical manner and identifies a prominent role for the ER in global protein synthesis. Two modes of mRNA association with the ER are defined: ribosome dependent and ribosome independent. The mRNA transcriptome is currently thought to be partitioned between the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) compartments by binary selection; mRNAs encoding cytosolic/nucleoplasmic proteins are translated on free ribosomes, and mRNAs encoding topogenic signal-bearing proteins are translated on ER-bound ribosomes, with ER localization being conferred by the signal-recognition particle pathway. In subgenomic and genomic analyses of subcellular mRNA partitioning, we report an overlapping subcellular distribution of cytosolic/nucleoplasmic and topogenic signal-encoding mRNAs, with mRNAs of both cohorts displaying noncanonical subcellular partitioning patterns. Unexpectedly, the topogenic signal-encoding mRNA transcriptome was observed to partition in a hierarchical, cohort-specific manner. mRNAs encoding resident proteins of the endomembrane system were clustered at high ER-enrichment values, whereas mRNAs encoding secretory pathway cargo were broadly represented on free and ER-bound ribosomes. Two distinct modes of mRNA association with the ER were identified. mRNAs encoding endomembrane-resident proteins were bound via direct, ribosome-independent interactions, whereas mRNAs encoding secretory cargo displayed predominantly ribosome-dependent modes of ER association. These data indicate that mRNAs are partitioned between the cytosol and ER compartments via a hierarchical system of intrinsic and encoded topogenic signals and identify mRNA cohort-restricted modes of mRNA association with the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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48
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Merhi A, Gérard N, Lauwers E, Prévost M, André B. Systematic mutational analysis of the intracellular regions of yeast Gap1 permease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18457. [PMID: 21526172 PMCID: PMC3079708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The yeast general amino acid permease Gap1 is a convenient model for studying the intracellular trafficking of membrane proteins. Present at the plasma membrane when the nitrogen source is poor, it undergoes ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis and degradation upon addition of a good nitrogen source, e.g., ammonium. It comprises 12 transmembrane domains (TM) flanked by cytosol-facing N- and C-terminal tails (NT, CT). The NT of Gap1 contains the acceptor lysines for ubiquitylation and its CT includes a sequence essential to exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Principal Findings We used alanine-scanning mutagenesis to isolate 64 mutant Gap1 proteins altered in the NT, the CT, or one of the five TM-connecting intracellular loops (L2, -4, -6, -8 and -10). We found 17 mutations (in L2, L8, L10 and CT) impairing Gap1 exit from the ER. Of the 47 mutant proteins reaching the plasma membrane normally, two are unstable and rapidly down-regulated even when the nitrogen source is poor. Six others are totally inactive and another four, altered in a 16-amino-acid sequence in the NT, are resistant to ammonium-induced down-regulation. Finally, a mutation in L6 causes missorting of Gap1 from the secretory pathway to the vacuole. Interestingly, this direct vacuolar sorting seems to be independent of Gap1 ubiquitylation. Conclusions This study illustrates the importance of multiple intracellular regions of Gap1 in its secretion, transport activity, and down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Merhi
- Physiologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Gérard
- Physiologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Elsa Lauwers
- Physiologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Bruno André
- Physiologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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49
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus lies at the heart of the secretory pathway where it receives, modifies and sorts protein cargo to the proper intracellular or extracellular location. Although this secretory function is highly conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, the structure of the Golgi complex is arranged very differently among species. In particular, Golgi membranes in vertebrate cells are integrated into a single compact entity termed the Golgi ribbon that is normally localized in the perinuclear area and in close vicinity to the centrosomes. This organization poses a challenge for cell division when the single Golgi ribbon needs to be partitioned into the two daughter cells. To ensure faithful inheritance in the progeny, the Golgi ribbon is divided in three consecutive steps in mitosis, namely disassembly, partitioning and reassembly. However, the structure of the Golgi ribbon is only present in higher animals and Golgi disassembly during mitosis is not ubiquitous in all organisms. Therefore, there must be unique reasons to build up the Golgi in this particular conformation and to preserve it over generations. In this review, we first highlight the diversity of the Golgi architecture in different organisms and revisit the concept of the Golgi ribbon. Following on, we discuss why the ribbon is needed and how it forms in vertebrate cells. Lastly, we conclude with likely purposes of mitotic ribbon disassembly and further propose mechanisms by which it regulates mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsuan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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50
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Structural organization of the Golgi apparatus. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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