1
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Xu Y, Muñoz-Hernández H, Krutyhołowa R, Marxer F, Cetin F, Wieczorek M. Partial closure of the γ-tubulin ring complex by CDK5RAP2 activates microtubule nucleation. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00530-6. [PMID: 39321808 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Microtubule nucleation is templated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), but its structure deviates from the geometry of α-/β-tubulin in the microtubule, explaining the complex's poor nucleating activity. Several proteins may activate the γ-TuRC, but the mechanisms underlying activation are not known. Here, we determined the structure of the porcine γ-TuRC purified using CDK5RAP2's centrosomin motif 1 (CM1). We identified an unexpected conformation of the γ-TuRC bound to multiple protein modules containing MZT2, GCP2, and CDK5RAP2, resulting in a long-range constriction of the γ-tubulin ring that brings it in closer agreement with the 13-protofilament microtubule. Additional CDK5RAP2 promoted γ-TuRC decoration and stimulated the microtubule-nucleating activities of the porcine γ-TuRC and a reconstituted, CM1-free human complex in single-molecule assays. Our results provide a structural mechanism for the control of microtubule nucleation by CM1 proteins and identify conformational transitions in the γ-TuRC that prime it for microtubule nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xu
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Muñoz-Hernández
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rościsław Krutyhołowa
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florina Marxer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ferdane Cetin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Wieczorek
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Kiermaier E, Stötzel I, Schapfl MA, Villunger A. Amplified centrosomes-more than just a threat. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00260-0. [PMID: 39285247 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are major organizing components of the tubulin-based cytoskeleton. In recent years, we have gained extensive knowledge about their structure, biogenesis, and function from single cells, cell-cell interactions to tissue homeostasis, including their role in human diseases. Centrosome abnormalities are linked to, among others primary microcephaly, birth defects, ciliopathies, and tumorigenesis. Centrosome amplification, a state where two or more centrosomes are present in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, correlates in cancer with karyotype alterations, clinical aggressiveness, and lymph node metastasis. However, amplified centrosomes also appear in healthy tissues and, independent of their established role, in multi-ciliation. One example is the liver where hepatocytes carry amplified centrosomes owing to whole-genome duplication events during organogenesis. More recently, amplified centrosomes have been found in neuronal progenitors and several cell types of hematopoietic origin in which they enhance cellular effector functions. These findings suggest that extra centrosomes do not necessarily pose a risk for genome integrity and are harnessed for physiological processes. Here, we compare established and emerging 'non-canonical functions' of amplified centrosomes in cancerous and somatic cells and discuss their role in cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiermaier
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Isabel Stötzel
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marina A Schapfl
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
- The Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Wang J, Wu M, Magupalli VG, Dahlberg PD, Wu H, Jensen GJ. Human NLRP3 inflammasome activation leads to formation of condensate at the microtubule organizing center. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.12.612739. [PMID: 39314395 PMCID: PMC11419111 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.12.612739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multi-protein molecular machine that mediates inflammatory responses in innate immunity. Its dysregulation has been linked to a large number of human diseases. Using cryogenic fluorescence-guided focused-ion-beam (cryo-FIB) milling and electron cryo-tomography (cryo-ET), we obtained 3-D images of the NLRP3 inflammasome in situ at various stages of its activation at macromolecular resolution. The cryo-tomograms unexpectedly reveal dense condensates of the human macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome that form within and around the microtubule organizing center (MTOC). We also find that following activation, the trans-Golgi network disperses and 50-nm NLRP3-associated vesicles appear which likely ferry NLRP3 to the MTOC. At later time points after activation, the electron-dense condensates progressively solidify and the cells undergo pyroptosis with widespread damaged mitochondria and autophagasomal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02446
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA 02446
| | - Venkat G Magupalli
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02446
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA 02446
| | - Peter D Dahlberg
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02446
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA 02446
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
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4
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Aher A, Urnavicius L, Xue A, Neselu K, Kapoor TM. Structure of the γ-tubulin ring complex-capped microtubule. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:1124-1133. [PMID: 38609661 PMCID: PMC11257807 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Microtubules are composed of α-tubulin and β-tubulin dimers positioned head-to-tail to form protofilaments that associate laterally in varying numbers. It is not known how cellular microtubules assemble with the canonical 13-protofilament architecture, resulting in micrometer-scale α/β-tubulin tracks for intracellular transport that align with, rather than spiral along, the long axis of the filament. We report that the human ~2.3 MDa γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), an essential regulator of microtubule formation that contains 14 γ-tubulins, selectively nucleates 13-protofilament microtubules. Cryogenic electron microscopy reconstructions of γ-TuRC-capped microtubule minus ends reveal the extensive intra-domain and inter-domain motions of γ-TuRC subunits that accommodate luminal bridge components and establish lateral and longitudinal interactions between γ-tubulins and α-tubulins. Our structures suggest that γ-TuRC, an inefficient nucleation template owing to its splayed conformation, can transform into a compacted cap at the microtubule minus end and set the lattice architecture of cellular microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Aher
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linas Urnavicius
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allen Xue
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kasahun Neselu
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Grazzini A, Cavanaugh AM. Fungal microtubule organizing centers are evolutionarily unstable structures. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 172:103885. [PMID: 38485050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
For most Eukaryotic species the requirements of cilia formation dictate the structure of microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). In this study we find that loss of cilia corresponds to loss of evolutionary stability for fungal MTOCs. We used iterative search algorithms to identify proteins homologous to those found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe MTOCs, and calculated site-specific rates of change for those proteins that were broadly phylogenetically distributed. Our results indicate that both the protein composition of MTOCs as well as the sequence of MTOC proteins are poorly conserved throughout the fungal kingdom. To begin to reconcile this rapid evolutionary change with the rigid structure and essential function of the S. cerevisiae MTOC we further analyzed how structural interfaces among proteins influence the rates of change for specific residues within a protein. We find that a more stable protein may stabilize portions of an interacting partner where the two proteins are in contact. In summary, while the protein composition and sequences of the MTOC may be rapidly changing the proteins within the structure have a stabilizing effect on one another. Further exploration of fungal MTOCs will expand our understanding of how changes in the functional needs of a cell have affected physical structures, proteomes, and protein sequences throughout fungal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grazzini
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ann M Cavanaugh
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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6
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Lian YL, Lin YC. The emerging tools for precisely manipulating microtubules. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 88:102360. [PMID: 38640790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Cells generate a highly diverse microtubule network to carry out different activities. This network is comprised of distinct tubulin isotypes, tubulins with different post-translational modifications, and many microtubule-based structures. Defects in this complex system cause numerous human disorders. However, how different microtubule subtypes in this network regulate cellular architectures and activities remains largely unexplored. Emerging tools such as photosensitive pharmaceuticals, chemogenetics, and optogenetics enable the spatiotemporal manipulation of structures, dynamics, post-translational modifications, and cross-linking with actin filaments in target microtubule subtypes. This review summarizes the design rationale and applications of these new approaches and aims to provide a roadmap for researchers navigating the intricacies of microtubule dynamics and their post-translational modifications in cellular contexts, thereby opening new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Lian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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7
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Stathatos GG, Merriner DJ, O'Connor AE, Zenker J, Dunleavy JE, O'Bryan MK. Epsilon tubulin is an essential determinant of microtubule-based structures in male germ cells. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2722-2742. [PMID: 38773322 PMCID: PMC11169422 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha, beta, and gamma tubulins are essential building blocks for all eukaryotic cells. The functions of the non-canonical tubulins, delta, epsilon, and zeta, however, remain poorly understood and their requirement in mammalian development untested. Herein we have used a spermatogenesis model to define epsilon tubulin (TUBE1) function in mice. We show that TUBE1 is essential for the function of multiple complex microtubule arrays, including the meiotic spindle, axoneme and manchette and in its absence, there is a dramatic loss of germ cells and male sterility. Moreover, we provide evidence for the interplay between TUBE1 and katanin-mediated microtubule severing, and for the sub-specialization of individual katanin paralogs in the regulation of specific microtubule arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gemma Stathatos
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - D Jo Merriner
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Anne E O'Connor
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jennifer Zenker
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jessica Em Dunleavy
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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8
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Mukherjee A, Andrés Jeske Y, Becam I, Taïeb A, Brooks P, Aouad J, Monguillon C, Conduit PT. γ-TuRCs and the augmin complex are required for the development of highly branched dendritic arbors in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261534. [PMID: 38606636 PMCID: PMC11128279 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are nucleated by γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs) and are essential for neuronal development. Nevertheless, γ-TuRC depletion has been reported to perturb only higher-order branching in elaborated Drosophila larval class IV dendritic arborization (da) neurons. This relatively mild phenotype has been attributed to defects in microtubule nucleation from Golgi outposts, yet most Golgi outposts lack associated γ-TuRCs. By analyzing dendritic arbor regrowth in pupae, we show that γ-TuRCs are also required for the growth and branching of primary and secondary dendrites, as well as for higher-order branching. Moreover, we identify the augmin complex (hereafter augmin), which recruits γ-TuRCs to the sides of pre-existing microtubules, as being required predominantly for higher-order branching. Augmin strongly promotes the anterograde growth of microtubules in terminal dendrites and thus terminal dendrite stability. Consistent with a specific role in higher-order branching, we find that augmin is expressed less strongly and is largely dispensable in larval class I da neurons, which exhibit few higher-order dendrites. Thus, γ-TuRCs are essential for various aspects of complex dendritic arbor development, and they appear to function in higher-order branching via the augmin pathway, which promotes the elaboration of dendritic arbors to help define neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Yaiza Andrés Jeske
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Isabelle Becam
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anaelle Taïeb
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Paul Brooks
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Joanna Aouad
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Paul T. Conduit
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
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9
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Ash AS, Klifto KM, Willson TD. Craniosynostosis Associated With Novel TUBG1 Mutation (NM_001070.4:c.821C>T) (p.Thr274Ile). Cureus 2024; 16:e61132. [PMID: 38919239 PMCID: PMC11199001 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
TUBG1, a tubulin gene, plays an important role in neurodevelopment. Here we describe a case of a novel TUGB1 mutation (NM_001070.4:c.821C>T) (p.Thr274Ile). This patient presented similarly to previous cases with features including microcephaly, epilepsy, and speech and motor delay. Unique characteristics were also present such as trigonocephaly, tethered frenulum, scoliosis, nystagmus, and a concurrent FBXW7 mutation. This case expands our breadth of knowledge on TUBG1 genotypic and phenotypic variation. However, further work is needed to fully understand this rare mutation and the associations between TUBG1 and FBXW7 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Ash
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Kevin M Klifto
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Thomas D Willson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
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10
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Lara MK, Brabec JL, Hernan AE, Scott RC, Tyler AL, Mahoney JM. Network-based analysis predicts interacting genetic modifiers from a meta-mapping study of spike-wave discharge in mice. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 23:e12879. [PMID: 38444174 PMCID: PMC10915378 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Absence seizures are characterized by brief lapses in awareness accompanied by a hallmark spike-and-wave discharge (SWD) electroencephalographic pattern and are common to genetic generalized epilepsies (GGEs). While numerous genes have been associated with increased risk, including some Mendelian forms with a single causal allele, most cases of GGE are idiopathic and there are many unknown genetic modifiers of GGE influencing risk and severity. In a previous meta-mapping study, crosses between transgenic C57BL/6 and C3HeB/FeJ strains, each carrying one of three SWD-causing mutations (Gabrg2tm1Spet(R43Q) , Scn8a8j or Gria4spkw1 ), demonstrated an antagonistic epistatic interaction between loci on mouse chromosomes 2 and 7 influencing SWD. These results implicate universal modifiers in the B6 background that mitigate SWD severity through a common pathway, independent of the causal mutation. In this study, we prioritized candidate modifiers in these interacting loci. Our approach integrated human genome-wide association results with gene interaction networks and mouse brain gene expression to prioritize candidate genes and pathways driving variation in SWD outcomes. We considered candidate genes that are functionally associated with human GGE risk genes and genes with evidence for coding or non-coding allele effects between the B6 and C3H backgrounds. Our analyses output a summary ranking of gene pairs, one gene from each locus, as candidates for explaining the epistatic interaction. Our top-ranking gene pairs implicate microtubule function, cytoskeletal stability and cell cycle regulation as novel hypotheses about the source of SWD variation across strain backgrounds, which could clarify underlying mechanisms driving differences in GGE severity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana Kay Lara
- Department of Neurological SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Jeffrey L. Brabec
- Department of Neurological SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Amanda E. Hernan
- Department of Neurological SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
- Division of NeuroscienceNemours Children's HealthWilmingtonDelawareUSA
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelawareUSA
| | - Rod C. Scott
- Division of NeuroscienceNemours Children's HealthWilmingtonDelawareUSA
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelawareUSA
| | | | - J. Matthew Mahoney
- Department of Neurological SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMaineUSA
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11
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Kume K, Nishikawa K, Furuyama R, Fujimoto T, Koyano T, Matsuyama M, Mizunuma M, Hirata D. The fission yeast NDR kinase Orb6 and its signalling pathway MOR regulate cytoplasmic microtubule organization during the cell cycle. Open Biol 2024; 14:230440. [PMID: 38442865 PMCID: PMC10914512 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtubule organization and reorganization during the cell cycle are achieved by regulation of the number, distribution and activity of microtubule-organizing centres (MTOCs). In fission yeast, the Mto1/2 complex determines the activity and distribution of cytoplasmic MTOCs. Upon mitosis, cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation ceases; inactivation of the Mto1/2 complex is triggered by Mto2 hyperphosphorylation. However, the protein kinase(s) that phosphorylates Mto2 remains elusive. Here we show that a conserved signalling network, called MOR (morphogenesis Orb6 network) in fission yeast, negatively regulates cytoplasmic MTOCs through Mto2 phosphorylation to ensure proper microtubule organization. Inactivation of Orb6 kinase, the most downstream MOR component, by attenuation of MOR signalling leads to reduced Mto2 phosphorylation, coincident with increased number of both Mto2 puncta and cytoplasmic microtubules. These defects cause the emergence of uncoordinated mitotic cells with cytoplasmic microtubules, resulting in reduced spindle assembly. Thus, the regulation of Mto2 by the MOR is crucial for cytoplasmic microtubule organization and contributes to reorganization of the microtubule cytoskeletons during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kume
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Kenji Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Rikuto Furuyama
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Takayuki Koyano
- Division of Cell Biology, Shigei Medical Research Institute, 2117 Yamada, Minami-ku, Okayama 701-0202, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuyama
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Shigei Medical Research Institute, 2117 Yamada, Minami-ku, Okayama 701-0202, Japan
| | - Masaki Mizunuma
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Dai Hirata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- Sakeology Center, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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12
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Falconieri A, Coppini A, Raffa V. Microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to mechanical force. Biol Chem 2024; 405:67-77. [PMID: 37674311 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly polar structures and are characterized by high anisotropy and stiffness. In neurons, they play a key role in the directional transport of vesicles and organelles. In the neuronal projections called axons, they form parallel bundles, mostly oriented with the plus-end towards the axonal termination. Their physico-chemical properties have recently attracted attention as a potential candidate in sensing, processing and transducing physical signals generated by mechanical forces. Here, we discuss the main evidence supporting the role of microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to a traction force. Applying a tension to the axon appears to stabilize the microtubules, which, in turn, coordinate a modulation of axonal transport, local translation and their cross-talk. We speculate on the possible mechanisms modulating microtubule dynamics under tension, based on evidence collected in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. However, the fundamental question of the causal relationship between these mechanisms is still elusive because the mechano-sensitive element in this chain has not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allegra Coppini
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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13
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Danziger M, Noble H, Roque DM, Xu F, Rao GG, Santin AD. Microtubule-Targeting Agents: Disruption of the Cellular Cytoskeleton as a Backbone of Ovarian Cancer Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1452:1-19. [PMID: 38805122 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58311-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers composed of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules are universally conserved among eukaryotes and participate in nearly every cellular process, including intracellular trafficking, replication, polarity, cytoskeletal shape, and motility. Due to their fundamental role in mitosis, they represent a classic target of anti-cancer therapy. Microtubule-stabilizing agents currently constitute a component of the most effective regimens for ovarian cancer therapy in both primary and recurrent settings. Unfortunately, the development of resistance continues to present a therapeutic challenge. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms of resistance to microtubule-active agents may facilitate the development of novel and improved approaches to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Danziger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helen Noble
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dana M Roque
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fuhua Xu
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gautam G Rao
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Aher A, Urnavicius L, Xue A, Neselu K, Kapoor TM. Structure of the γ-tubulin ring complex-capped microtubule. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567916. [PMID: 38045257 PMCID: PMC10690160 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are composed of α/β-tubulin dimers positioned head-to-tail to form protofilaments that associate laterally in varying numbers. It is not known how cellular microtubules assemble with the canonical 13-protofilament architecture, resulting in micrometer-scale α/β-tubulin tracks for intracellular transport that align with, rather than spiral along, the filament's long-axis. We report that the human ∼2.3MDa γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), an essential regulator of microtubule formation that contains 14 γ-tubulins, selectively nucleates 13-protofilament microtubules. Cryo-EM reconstructions of γ-TuRC-capped microtubule minus-ends reveal the extensive intra- and inter-domain motions of γ-TuRC subunits that accommodate its actin-containing luminal bridge and establish lateral and longitudinal interactions between γ- and α-tubulins. Our structures reveal how free γ-TuRC, an inefficient nucleation template due to its splayed conformation, transforms into a stable cap that blocks addition or loss of α/β-tubulins from minus-ends and sets the lattice architecture of cellular microtubules. One Sentence Summary Structural insights into how the γ-tubulin ring complex nucleates and caps a 13-protofilament microtubule.
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15
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Henkin G, Brito C, Thomas C, Surrey T. The minus-end depolymerase KIF2A drives flux-like treadmilling of γTuRC-uncapped microtubules. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202304020. [PMID: 37615667 PMCID: PMC10450741 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202304020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, microtubules in the spindle turn over continuously. At spindle poles, where microtubule minus ends are concentrated, microtubule nucleation and depolymerization, the latter required for poleward microtubule flux, happen side by side. How these seemingly antagonistic processes of nucleation and depolymerization are coordinated is not understood. Here, we reconstitute this coordination in vitro combining different pole-localized activities. We find that the spindle pole-localized kinesin-13 KIF2A is a microtubule minus-end depolymerase, in contrast to its paralog MCAK. Due to its asymmetric activity, KIF2A still allows microtubule nucleation from the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), which serves as a protective cap shielding the minus end against KIF2A binding. Efficient γTuRC uncapping requires the combined action of KIF2A and a microtubule severing enzyme, leading to treadmilling of the uncapped microtubule driven by KIF2A. Together, these results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which a minimal protein module coordinates microtubule nucleation and depolymerization at spindle poles consistent with their role in poleward microtubule flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Henkin
- Centre for Genomic Regulation(CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cláudia Brito
- Centre for Genomic Regulation(CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Thomas Surrey
- Centre for Genomic Regulation(CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Zhu Z, Becam I, Tovey CA, Elfarkouchi A, Yen EC, Bernard F, Guichet A, Conduit PT. Multifaceted modes of γ-tubulin complex recruitment and microtubule nucleation at mitotic centrosomes. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212043. [PMID: 37698931 PMCID: PMC10497398 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule nucleation is mediated by γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs). In most eukaryotes, a GCP4/5/4/6 "core" complex promotes γ-tubulin small complex (γ-TuSC) association to generate cytosolic γ-TuRCs. Unlike γ-TuSCs, however, this core complex is non-essential in various species and absent from budding yeasts. In Drosophila, Spindle defective-2 (Spd-2) and Centrosomin (Cnn) redundantly recruit γ-tubulin complexes to mitotic centrosomes. Here, we show that Spd-2 recruits γ-TuRCs formed via the GCP4/5/4/6 core, but Cnn can recruit γ-TuSCs directly via its well-conserved CM1 domain, similar to its homologs in budding yeast. When centrosomes fail to recruit γ-tubulin complexes, they still nucleate microtubules via the TOG domain protein Mini-spindles (Msps), but these microtubules have different dynamic properties. Our data, therefore, help explain the dispensability of the GCP4/5/4/6 core and highlight the robustness of centrosomes as microtubule organizing centers. They also suggest that the dynamic properties of microtubules are influenced by how they are nucleated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhu
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabelle Becam
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Corinne A. Tovey
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Abir Elfarkouchi
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Eugenie C. Yen
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fred Bernard
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Guichet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Paul T. Conduit
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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17
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Wang B, Liang Z, Tan T, Zhang M, Jiang Y, Shang Y, Gao X, Song S, Wang R, Chen H, Liu J, Li J, Ren Y, Liu P. CRB3 navigates Rab11 trafficking vesicles to promote γTuRC assembly during ciliogenesis. eLife 2023; 12:RP86689. [PMID: 37737843 PMCID: PMC10516600 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium plays important roles in regulating cell differentiation, signal transduction, and tissue organization. Dysfunction of the primary cilium can lead to ciliopathies and cancer. The formation and organization of the primary cilium are highly associated with cell polarity proteins, such as the apical polarity protein CRB3. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CRB3 regulates ciliogenesis and the location of CRB3 remain unknown. Here, we show that CRB3, as a navigator, regulates vesicle trafficking in γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) assembly during ciliogenesis and cilium-related Hh and Wnt signaling pathways in tumorigenesis. Crb3 knockout mice display severe defects of the primary cilium in the mammary ductal lumen and renal tubule, while mammary epithelial-specific Crb3 knockout mice exhibit the promotion of ductal epithelial hyperplasia and tumorigenesis. CRB3 is essential for lumen formation and ciliary assembly in the mammary epithelium. We demonstrate that CRB3 localizes to the basal body and that CRB3 trafficking is mediated by Rab11-positive endosomes. Significantly, CRB3 interacts with Rab11 to navigate GCP6/Rab11 trafficking vesicles to CEP290, resulting in intact γTuRC assembly. In addition, CRB3-depleted cells are unresponsive to the activation of the Hh signaling pathway, while CRB3 regulates the Wnt signaling pathway. Therefore, our studies reveal the molecular mechanisms by which CRB3 recognizes Rab11-positive endosomes to facilitate ciliogenesis and regulates cilium-related signaling pathways in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Zheyong Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Tan Tan
- Center for Precision Medicine, Affiliated to the First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South ChinaChenzhouChina
| | - Miao Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Yina Jiang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Yangyang Shang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaoqian Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Shaoran Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - He Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Juan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityShaanxiChina
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18
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Malycheva D, Alvarado-Kristensson M. Centrosome Movements Are TUBG1-Dependent. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13154. [PMID: 37685969 PMCID: PMC10488117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome of mammalian cells is in constant movement and its motion plays a part in cell differentiation and cell division. The purpose of this study was to establish the involvement of the TUBG meshwork in centrosomal motility. In live cells, we used a monomeric red-fluorescence-protein-tagged centrin 2 gene and a green-fluorescence-protein-tagged TUBG1 gene for labeling the centrosome and the TUBG1 meshwork, respectively. We found that centrosome movements occurred in cellular sites rich in GTPase TUBG1 and single-guide RNA mediated a reduction in the expression of TUBG1, altering the motility pattern of centrosomes. We propose that the TUBG1 meshwork enables the centrosomes to move by providing them with an interacting platform that mediates positional changes. These findings uncover a novel regulatory mechanism that controls the behavior of centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 21428 Malmö, Sweden;
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19
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Yang S, Au FK, Li G, Lin J, Li XD, Qi RZ. Autoinhibitory mechanism controls binding of centrosomin motif 1 to γ-tubulin ring complex. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202007101. [PMID: 37213089 PMCID: PMC10202828 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) is the principal nucleator of cellular microtubules, and the microtubule-nucleating activity of the complex is stimulated by binding to the γTuRC-mediated nucleation activator (γTuNA) motif. The γTuNA is part of the centrosomin motif 1 (CM1), which is widely found in γTuRC stimulators, including CDK5RAP2. Here, we show that a conserved segment within CM1 binds to the γTuNA and blocks its association with γTuRCs; therefore, we refer to this segment as the γTuNA inhibitor (γTuNA-In). Mutational disruption of the interaction between the γTuNA and the γTuNA-In results in a loss of autoinhibition, which consequently augments microtubule nucleation on centrosomes and the Golgi complex, the two major microtubule-organizing centers. This also causes centrosome repositioning, leads to defects in Golgi assembly and organization, and affects cell polarization. Remarkably, phosphorylation of the γTuNA-In, probably by Nek2, counteracts the autoinhibition by disrupting the γTuNA‒γTuNA-In interaction. Together, our data reveal an on-site mechanism for controlling γTuNA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhong Yang
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Franco K.C. Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gefei Li
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianwei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang David Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Z. Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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20
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Geng N, Yu Z, Zeng X, Xu D, Gao H, Yang M, Huang X. Nuclear Tubulin Enhances CXCR4 Transcription and Promotes Chemotaxis Through TCF12 Transcription Factor in human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1328-1339. [PMID: 37067645 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Tubulins are cytoskeleton components in all eukaryotic cells and play crucial roles in various cellular activities by polymerizing into dynamic microtubules. A subpopulation of tubulin has been shown to localize in the nucleus, however, the function of nuclear tubulin remains largely unexplored. Here we report that microtubule depolymerization specifically upregulates surface CXCR4 expression in human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Mechanistically, microtubule depolymerization results in accumulation of tubulin subunits in the nucleus, leading to elevated CXCR4 transcription and increased chemotaxis of human HSCs. Treatment with microtubule stabilizer Epothilone B strongly suppresses the phenotypes induced by microtubule depolymerizing agents in human HSCs. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay reveals an increased binding of nuclear tubulin and TCF12 transcription factor at the CXCR4 promoter region. Depletion of TCF12 significantly suppresses microtubule depolymerization mediated upregulation of CXCR4 surface expression. These results demonstrate a previously unknown function of nuclear tubulin in regulating gene transcription through TCF12. New strategy targeting nuclear tubulin-TCF12-CXCR4 axis may be applicable to enhance HSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Geng
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziqin Yu
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xingchao Zeng
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Danhua Xu
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hai Gao
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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21
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Haruta N, Sumiyoshi E, Honda Y, Terasawa M, Uchiyama C, Toya M, Kubota Y, Sugimoto A. A germline-specific role for unconventional components of the γ-tubulin complex in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260922. [PMID: 37313686 PMCID: PMC10657210 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The γ-tubulin complex (γTuC) is a widely conserved microtubule nucleator, but some of its components, namely GCP4, GCP5 and GCP6 (also known as TUBGCP4, TUBGCP5 and TUBGCP6, respectively), have not been detected in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we identified two γTuC-associated proteins in C. elegans, GTAP-1 and GTAP-2, for which apparent orthologs were detected only in the genus Caenorhabditis. GTAP-1 and GTAP-2 were found to localize at centrosomes and the plasma membrane of the germline, and their centrosomal localization was interdependent. In early C. elegans embryos, whereas the conserved γTuC component MZT-1 (also known as MOZART1 and MZT1) was essential for the localization of centrosomal γ-tubulin, depletion of GTAP-1 and/or GTAP-2 caused up to 50% reduction of centrosomal γ-tubulin and precocious disassembly of spindle poles during mitotic telophase. In the adult germline, GTAP-1 and GTAP-2 contributed to efficient recruitment of the γTuC to the plasma membrane. Depletion of GTAP-1, but not of GTAP-2, severely disrupted both the microtubule array and the honeycomb-like structure of the adult germline. We propose that GTAP-1 and GTAP-2 are unconventional components of the γTuC that contribute to the organization of both centrosomal and non-centrosomal microtubules by targeting the γTuC to specific subcellular sites in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Haruta
- Laboratory of Developmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Eisuke Sumiyoshi
- Laboratory of Developmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yu Honda
- Laboratory of Developmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Terasawa
- Laboratory for Developmental Genomics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chihiro Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Developmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mika Toya
- Laboratory for Developmental Genomics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kubota
- Laboratory of Developmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Asako Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Developmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Genomics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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22
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Alfadil E, Bradke F. Moving through the crowd. Where are we at understanding physiological axon growth? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:63-71. [PMID: 35817655 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Axon growth enables the rapid wiring of the central nervous system. Understanding this process is a prerequisite to retriggering it under pathological conditions, such as a spinal cord injury, to elicit axon regeneration. The last decades saw progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying axon growth. Most of these studies employed cultured neurons grown on flat surfaces. Only recently studies on axon growth were performed in 3D. In these studies, physiological environments exposed more complex and dynamic aspects of axon development. Here, we describe current views on axon growth and highlight gaps in our knowledge. We discuss how axons interact with the extracellular matrix during development and the role of the growth cone and its cytoskeleton within. Finally, we propose that the time is ripe to study axon growth in a more physiological setting. This will help us uncover the physiologically relevant mechanisms underlying axon growth, and how they can be reactivated to induce axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eissa Alfadil
- Laboratory of Axon Growth and Regeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory of Axon Growth and Regeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Rajeev R, Mukhopadhyay S, Bhagyanath S, Devu Priya MRS, Manna TK. TACC3-ch-TOG interaction regulates spindle microtubule assembly by controlling centrosomal recruitment of γ-TuRC. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232568. [PMID: 36790370 PMCID: PMC10037420 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), composed of γ-tubulin and multiple γ-tubulin complex proteins (GCPs), serves as the major microtubule nucleating complex in animal cells. However, several γ-TuRC-associated proteins have been shown to control its function. Centrosomal adaptor protein, TACC3, is one such γ-TuRC-interacting factor that is essential for proper mitotic spindle assembly across organisms. ch-TOG is another microtubule assembly promoting protein, which interacts with TACC3 and cooperates in mitotic spindle assembly. However, the mechanism how TACC3-ch-TOG interaction regulates microtubule assembly and the γ-TuRC functions at the centrosomes remain unclear. Here, we show that deletion of the ch-TOG-binding region in TACC3 enhances recruitment of the γ-TuRC proteins to centrosomes and aggravates spindle microtubule assembly in human cells. Loss of TACC3-ch-TOG binding imparts stabilization on TACC3 interaction with the γ-TuRC proteins and it does so by stimulating TACC3 phosphorylation and thereby enhancing phospho-TACC3 recruitment to the centrosomes. We also show that localization of ch-TOG at the centrosomes is substantially reduced and the same on the spindle microtubules is increased in its TACC3-unbound condition. Additional results reveal that ch-TOG depletion stimulates γ-tubulin localization on the spindles without significantly affecting the centrosomal γ-tubulin level. The results indicate that ch-TOG binding to TACC3 controls TACC3 phosphorylation and TACC3-mediated stabilization of the γ-TuRCs at the centrosomes. They also implicate that the spatio-temporal control of TACC3 phosphorylation via ch-TOG-binding ensures mitotic spindle assembly to the optimal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resmi Rajeev
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Swarnendu Mukhopadhyay
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Suresh Bhagyanath
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Manu Rani S Devu Priya
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Tapas K Manna
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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24
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Morrissette N, Abbaali I, Ramakrishnan C, Hehl AB. The Tubulin Superfamily in Apicomplexan Parasites. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030706. [PMID: 36985278 PMCID: PMC10056924 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules and specialized microtubule-containing structures are assembled from tubulins, an ancient superfamily of essential eukaryotic proteins. Here, we use bioinformatic approaches to analyze features of tubulins in organisms from the phylum Apicomplexa. Apicomplexans are protozoan parasites that cause a variety of human and animal infectious diseases. Individual species harbor one to four genes each for α- and β-tubulin isotypes. These may specify highly similar proteins, suggesting functional redundancy, or exhibit key differences, consistent with specialized roles. Some, but not all apicomplexans harbor genes for δ- and ε-tubulins, which are found in organisms that construct appendage-containing basal bodies. Critical roles for apicomplexan δ- and ε-tubulin are likely to be limited to microgametes, consistent with a restricted requirement for flagella in a single developmental stage. Sequence divergence or the loss of δ- and ε-tubulin genes in other apicomplexans appears to be associated with diminished requirements for centrioles, basal bodies, and axonemes. Finally, because spindle microtubules and flagellar structures have been proposed as targets for anti-parasitic therapies and transmission-blocking strategies, we discuss these ideas in the context of tubulin-based structures and tubulin superfamily properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Morrissette
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-949-824-9243
| | - Izra Abbaali
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chandra Ramakrishnan
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian B. Hehl
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Biomolecular condensation involving the cytoskeleton. Brain Res Bull 2023; 194:105-117. [PMID: 36690162 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensation of proteins contributes to the organization of the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. A number of condensation processes appear to be directly involved in regulating the structure, function and dynamics of the cytoskeleton. Liquid-liquid phase separation of cytoskeleton proteins, together with polymerization modulators, promotes cytoskeletal fiber nucleation and branching. Furthermore, the attachment of protein condensates to the cytoskeleton can contribute to cytoskeleton stability and organization, regulate transport, create patterns of functional reaction containers, and connect the cytoskeleton with membranes. Surface-bound condensates can exert and buffer mechanical forces that give stability and flexibility to the cytoskeleton, thus, may play a large role in cell biology. In this review, we introduce the concept and role of cellular biomolecular condensation, explain its special function on cytoskeletal fiber surfaces, and point out potential definition and experimental caveats. We review the current literature on protein condensation processes related to the actin, tubulin, and intermediate filament cytoskeleton, and discuss some of them in the context of neurobiology. In summary, we provide an overview about biomolecular condensation in relation to cytoskeleton structure and function, which offers a base for the exploration and interpretation of cytoskeletal condensates in neurobiology.
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26
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Río-Bergé C, Cong Y, Reggiori F. Getting on the right track: Interactions between viruses and the cytoskeletal motor proteins. Traffic 2023; 24:114-130. [PMID: 35146839 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is an essential component of the cell and it is involved in multiple physiological functions, including intracellular organization and transport. It is composed of three main families of proteinaceous filaments; microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments and their accessory proteins. Motor proteins, which comprise the dynein, kinesin and myosin superfamilies, are a remarkable group of accessory proteins that mainly mediate the intracellular transport of cargoes along with the cytoskeleton. Like other cellular structures and pathways, viruses can exploit the cytoskeleton to promote different steps of their life cycle through associations with motor proteins. The complexity of the cytoskeleton and the differences among viruses, however, has led to a wide diversity of interactions, which in most cases remain poorly understood. Unveiling the details of these interactions is necessary not only for a better comprehension of specific infections, but may also reveal new potential drug targets to fight dreadful diseases such as rabies disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this review, we describe a few examples of the mechanisms that some human viruses, that is, rabies virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and papillomavirus, have developed to hijack dyneins, kinesins and myosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Río-Bergé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yingying Cong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Computational Approaches to the Rational Design of Tubulin-Targeting Agents. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020285. [PMID: 36830654 PMCID: PMC9952983 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are highly dynamic polymers of α,β-tubulin dimers which play an essential role in numerous cellular processes such as cell proliferation and intracellular transport, making them an attractive target for cancer and neurodegeneration research. To date, a large number of known tubulin binders were derived from natural products, while only one was developed by rational structure-based drug design. Several of these tubulin binders show promising in vitro profiles while presenting unacceptable off-target effects when tested in patients. Therefore, there is a continuing demand for the discovery of safer and more efficient tubulin-targeting agents. Since tubulin structural data is readily available, the employment of computer-aided design techniques can be a key element to focus on the relevant chemical space and guide the design process. Due to the high diversity and quantity of structural data available, we compiled here a guide to the accessible tubulin-ligand structures. Furthermore, we review different ligand and structure-based methods recently used for the successful selection and design of new tubulin-targeting agents.
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28
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Lucas L, Cooper TA. Insights into Cell-Specific Functions of Microtubules in Skeletal Muscle Development and Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032903. [PMID: 36769228 PMCID: PMC9917663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The contractile cells of skeletal muscles, called myofibers, are elongated multinucleated syncytia formed and maintained by the fusion of proliferative myoblasts. Human myofibers can be hundreds of microns in diameter and millimeters in length. Myofibers are non-mitotic, obviating the need for microtubules in cell division. However, microtubules have been adapted to the unique needs of these cells and are critical for myofiber development and function. Microtubules in mature myofibers are highly dynamic, and studies in several experimental systems have demonstrated the requirements for microtubules in the unique features of muscle biology including myoblast fusion, peripheral localization of nuclei, assembly of the sarcomere, transport and signaling. Microtubule-binding proteins have also been adapted to the needs of the skeletal muscle including the expression of skeletal muscle-specific protein isoforms generated by alternative splicing. Here, we will outline the different roles microtubules play in skeletal muscle cells, describe how microtubule abnormalities can lead to muscle disease and discuss the broader implications for microtubule function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lathan Lucas
- Chemical, Physical, Structural Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas A. Cooper
- Chemical, Physical, Structural Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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29
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Estévez-Gallego J, Álvarez-Bernad B, Pera B, Wullschleger C, Raes O, Menche D, Martínez JC, Lucena-Agell D, Prota AE, Bonato F, Bargsten K, Cornelus J, Giménez-Abián JF, Northcote P, Steinmetz MO, Kamimura S, Altmann KH, Paterson I, Gago F, Van der Eycken J, Díaz JF, Oliva MÁ. Chemical modulation of microtubule structure through the laulimalide/peloruside site. Structure 2023; 31:88-99.e5. [PMID: 36462501 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Taxanes are microtubule-stabilizing agents used in the treatment of many solid tumors, but they often involve side effects affecting the peripheral nervous system. It has been proposed that this could be related to structural modifications on the filament upon drug binding. Alternatively, laulimalide and peloruside bind to a different site also inducing stabilization, but they have not been exploited in clinics. Here, we use a combination of the parental natural compounds and derived analogs to unravel the stabilization mechanism through this site. These drugs settle lateral interactions without engaging the M loop, which is part of the key and lock involved in the inter-protofilament contacts. Importantly, these drugs can modulate the angle between protofilaments, producing microtubules of different diameters. Among the compounds studied, we have found some showing low cytotoxicity and able to induce stabilization without compromising microtubule native structure. This opens the window of new applications for microtubule-stabilizing agents beyond cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Estévez-Gallego
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Beatriz Álvarez-Bernad
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Benet Pera
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Christoph Wullschleger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences - ETH Zurich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raes
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Menche
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | - Daniel Lucena-Agell
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Bonato
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Katja Bargsten
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jelle Cornelus
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Juan Francisco Giménez-Abián
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Peter Northcote
- Ferrier Research Institute, University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland; University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Shinji Kamimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences - ETH Zurich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ian Paterson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Associated Unit IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - J Fernando Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María Ángela Oliva
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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30
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Au FKC, Le KTD, Qi RZ. Detection and Analysis of Microtubule Nucleator γ-Tubulin Ring Complex. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2557:543-558. [PMID: 36512236 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Golgi-derived microtubules constitute an asymmetrical microtubule network that drives polarized transport of vesicles to support cell polarization and directional migration. Golgi-based microtubule nucleation requires the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), the principal microtubule nucleator in animal cells. In this chapter, we present methods for detecting γTuRC components and associated proteins on the Golgi, examining Golgi-based microtubule nucleation, and measuring the microtubule-nucleating activity of isolated γTuRCs. These approaches have been demonstrated to be effective for assessing the microtubule-organizing function of the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco K C Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Khoi T D Le
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
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31
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Nakamura A, Ikeda M, Kusayanagi S, Hayashi K. An alternative splice isoform of mouse CDK5RAP2 induced cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:264-273. [PMID: 36164503 PMCID: PMC9508486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome lacks microtubule (MT)-nucleation activity in differentiated neurons. We have previously demonstrated that MTs were nucleated at the cytoplasm of mouse neurons. They are supposed to serve seeds for MTs required for dendrite growth. However, the factors that activate the cytoplasmic γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) are unknown. Here we report an alternative splicing isoform of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 2 (CKD5RAP2) as a candidate for the cytoplasmic γTuRC activator. This isoform lacked exon 17 and was expressed predominantly in the brain and testis. The expression was transient during the development of cortical neurons, which period coincided with the period we reported cytoplasmic MT nucleation. This isoform resulted in a frameshift and generated truncated protein without a centrosomal localization signal. When this isoform was expressed in cells, it localized diffusely in the cytoplasm. It was co-immunoprecipitated with γ-tubulin and MOZART2, suggesting that it can activate cytosolic γTuRCs. After cold-nocodazole depolymerization of MTs and subsequent washout, we observed numerous short MTs in the cytoplasm of cells transfected with the cDNA of this isoform. The isoform-overexpressing cells exhibited an increased amount of MTs and a decreased ratio of acetylated tubulin, suggesting that MT generation and turnover were enhanced by the isoform. Our data suggest the possibility that alternative splicing of CDK5RAP2 induces cytoplasmic nucleation of MTs in developing neurons.
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Key Words
- CKD5RAP2, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 2
- CM1, centrosomin motif 1
- Centrosome
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
- Dendrite growth
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HBSS, Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution
- IB, immunoblotting
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- MT, microtubule
- MZT2
- MZT2, MOZART2
- Microcephaly
- NSD, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
- Neuron differentiation
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- γTuRC
- γTuRC, γ-tubulin ring complex
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Nakamura
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Ikeda
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seina Kusayanagi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Hayashi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Zhou J, Corvaisier M, Malycheva D, Alvarado-Kristensson M. Hubbing the Cancer Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5924. [PMID: 36497405 PMCID: PMC9738523 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation drives adaptive changes in a growing tumor that affect the cellular organization of cancerous cells, resulting in the loss of specialized cellular functions in the polarized compartmentalization of cells. The resulting altered metabolic and morphological patterns are used clinically as diagnostic markers. This review recapitulates the known functions of actin, microtubules and the γ-tubulin meshwork in orchestrating cell metabolism and functional cellular asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital Malmö 1, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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33
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Timón Pérez K, Scrofani J, Vernos I. NEDD1-S411 phosphorylation plays a critical function in the coordination of microtubule nucleation during mitosis. Biol Open 2022; 11:278477. [PMID: 36318115 PMCID: PMC9836086 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, spindle assembly relies on centrosomal and acentrosomal microtubule nucleation pathways that all require the γ-Tubulin Ring Complex (γ-TuRC) and its adaptor protein NEDD1. The activity of these different pathways needs to be coordinated to ensure bipolar spindle assembly ( Cavazza et al., 2016) but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Previous studies have identified three sites in NEDD1 (S377, S405 and S411) that when phosphorylated drive MT nucleation at the centrosomes, around the chromosomes and on pre-existing MTs respectively ( Lüders et al., 2006; Pinyol et al., 2013; Sdelci et al., 2012). Here we aimed at getting additional insights into the mechanism that coordinates the different MT nucleation pathways in dividing cells using a collection of HeLa stable inducible cell lines expressing NEDD1 phospho-variants at these three sites and Xenopus egg extracts. Our results provide further support for the essential role of phosphorylation at the three residues. Moreover, we directly demonstrate that S411 phosphorylation is essential for MT branching using TIRF microscopy in Xenopus egg extracts and we show that it plays a crucial role in ensuring the balance between centrosome and chromosome-dependent MT nucleation required for bipolar spindle assembly in mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Timón Pérez
- Quantitative Cell Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jacopo Scrofani
- Quantitative Cell Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain,Author for correspondence ()
| | - Isabelle Vernos
- Quantitative Cell Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain,ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain,Author for correspondence ()
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34
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Shankar S, Hsu ZT, Ezquerra A, Li CC, Huang TL, Coyaud E, Viais R, Grauffel C, Raught B, Lim C, Lüders J, Tsai SY, Hsia KC. Α γ-tubulin complex-dependent pathway suppresses ciliogenesis by promoting cilia disassembly. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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35
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Attard TJ, Welburn JPI, Marsh JA. Understanding molecular mechanisms and predicting phenotypic effects of pathogenic tubulin mutations. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010611. [PMID: 36206299 PMCID: PMC9581425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells rely heavily on microtubules for several processes, including cell division and molecular trafficking. Mutations in the different tubulin-α and -β proteins that comprise microtubules have been associated with various diseases and are often dominant, sporadic and congenital. While the earliest reported tubulin mutations affect neurodevelopment, mutations are also associated with other disorders such as bleeding disorders and infertility. We performed a systematic survey of tubulin mutations across all isotypes in order to improve our understanding of how they cause disease, and increase our ability to predict their phenotypic effects. Both protein structural analyses and computational variant effect predictors were very limited in their utility for differentiating between pathogenic and benign mutations. This was even worse for those genes associated with non-neurodevelopmental disorders. We selected tubulin-α and -β disease mutations that were most poorly predicted for experimental characterisation. These mutants co-localise to the mitotic spindle in HeLa cells, suggesting they may exert dominant-negative effects by altering microtubule properties. Our results show that tubulin mutations represent a blind spot for current computational approaches, being much more poorly predicted than mutations in most human disease genes. We suggest that this is likely due to their strong association with dominant-negative and gain-of-function mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Attard
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Julie P. I. Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph A. Marsh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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36
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Critical Sites on Ostreolysin Are Responsible for Interaction with Cytoskeletal Proteins. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102442. [PMID: 36289704 PMCID: PMC9598724 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the structural features of recombinant ostreolysin A (rOlyA), a protein produced by Pleurotus ostreatus and responsible for binding to α/β-tubulin. We found that rOlyA cell internalization is essential for the induction of adipocyte-associated activity, which is mediated by the interaction of rOlyA and microtubule proteins. We created different point mutations at conserved tryptophan (W) sites in rOlyA and analyzed their biological activity in HIB-1B preadipocytes. We demonstrated that the protein’s cell-internalization ability and the differentiated phenotype induced, such as small lipid-droplet formation and gene expression of mitogenesis activity, were impaired in point-mutated proteins W96A and W28A, where W was converted to alanine (A). We also showed that an rOlyA homologue, OlyA6 complexed with mCherry, cannot bind to β-tubulin and does not induce mitochondrial biosynthesis-associated markers, suggesting that the OlyA6 region masked by mCherry is involved in β-tubulin binding. Protein–protein docking simulations were carried out to investigate the binding mode of rOlyA with β-tubulin. Taken together, we identified functional sites in rOlyA that are essential for its binding to β-tubulin and its adipocyte-associated biological activity.
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Inaba H, Sueki Y, Ichikawa M, Kabir AMR, Iwasaki T, Shigematsu H, Kakugo A, Sada K, Tsukazaki T, Matsuura K. Generation of stable microtubule superstructures by binding of peptide-fused tetrameric proteins to inside and outside. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3817. [PMID: 36070375 PMCID: PMC9451167 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules play important roles in biological functions by forming superstructures, such as doublets and branched structures, in vivo. Despite the importance, it is challenging to construct these superstructures in vitro. Here, we designed a tetrameric fluorescent protein Azami-Green (AG) fused with His-tag and Tau-derived peptide (TP), TP-AG, to generate the superstructures. Main binding sites of TP-AG can be controlled to the inside and outside of microtubules by changing the polymerization conditions. The binding of TP-AG to the inside promoted microtubule formation and generated rigid and stable microtubules. The binding of TP-AG to the outside induced various microtubule superstructures, including doublets, multiplets, branched structures, and extremely long microtubules by recruiting tubulins to microtubules. Motile microtubule aster structures were also constructed by TP-AG. The generation of various microtubule superstructures by a single type of exogenous protein is a new concept for understanding the functions of microtubules and constructing microtubule-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Yurina Sueki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Muneyoshi Ichikawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Iwasaki
- Department of Bioresources Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | | | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tsukazaki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
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38
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Sulimenko V, Dráberová E, Dráber P. γ-Tubulin in microtubule nucleation and beyond. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:880761. [PMID: 36158181 PMCID: PMC9503634 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.880761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules composed of αβ-tubulin dimers are dynamic cytoskeletal polymers that play key roles in essential cellular processes such as cell division, organelle positioning, intracellular transport, and cell migration. γ-Tubulin is a highly conserved member of the tubulin family that is required for microtubule nucleation. γ-Tubulin, together with its associated proteins, forms the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), that templates microtubules. Here we review recent advances in the structure of γ-TuRC, its activation, and centrosomal recruitment. This provides new mechanistic insights into the molecular mechanism of microtubule nucleation. Accumulating data suggest that γ-tubulin also has other, less well understood functions. We discuss emerging evidence that γ-tubulin can form oligomers and filaments, has specific nuclear functions, and might be involved in centrosomal cross-talk between microtubules and microfilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pavel Dráber
- *Correspondence: Vadym Sulimenko, ; Pavel Dráber,
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Willekers S, Tessadori F, van der Vaart B, Henning HH, Stucchi R, Altelaar M, Roelen BAJ, Akhmanova A, Bakkers J. The centriolar satellite protein Cfap53 facilitates formation of the zygotic microtubule organizing center in the zebrafish embryo. Development 2022; 149:dev198762. [PMID: 35980365 PMCID: PMC9481976 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In embryos of most animal species, the zygotic centrosome is assembled by the centriole derived from the sperm cell and pericentriolar proteins present in the oocyte. This zygotic centrosome acts as a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) to assemble the sperm aster and mitotic spindle. As MTOC formation has been studied mainly in adult cells, very little is known about the formation of the zygotic MTOC. Here, we show that zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos lacking either maternal or paternal Cfap53, a centriolar satellite protein, arrest during the first cell cycle. Although Cfap53 is dispensable for sperm aster function, it aids proper formation of the mitotic spindle. During cell division, Cfap53 colocalizes with γ-tubulin and with other centrosomal and centriolar satellite proteins at the MTOC. Furthermore, we find that γ-tubulin localization at the MTOC is impaired in the absence of Cfap53. Based on these results, we propose a model in which Cfap53 deposited in the oocyte and the sperm participates in the organization of the zygotic MTOC to allow mitotic spindle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Willekers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | | | - Babet van der Vaart
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko H. Henning
- Equine Sciences, Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard A. J. Roelen
- Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology, Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 EA, The Netherlands
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Costa AC, Sousa MM. The Role of Spastin in Axon Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:934522. [PMID: 35865632 PMCID: PMC9294387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.934522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with elaborate shapes that allow them to perform their function. In neurons, microtubule organization—length, density, and dynamics—are essential for the establishment of polarity, growth, and transport. A mounting body of evidence shows that modulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton by microtubule-associated proteins fine tunes key aspects of neuronal cell biology. In this respect, microtubule severing enzymes—spastin, katanin and fidgetin—a group of microtubule-associated proteins that bind to and generate internal breaks in the microtubule lattice, are emerging as key modulators of the microtubule cytoskeleton in different model systems. In this review, we provide an integrative view on the latest research demonstrating the key role of spastin in neurons, specifically in the context of axonal cell biology. We focus on the function of spastin in the regulation of microtubule organization, and axonal transport, that underlie its importance in the intricate control of axon growth, branching and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Ana Catarina Costa, ; Monica Mendes Sousa,
| | - Monica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Ana Catarina Costa, ; Monica Mendes Sousa,
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Zhang Y, Hong X, Hua S, Jiang K. Reconstitution and mechanistic dissection of the human microtubule branching machinery. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202109053. [PMID: 35604367 PMCID: PMC9129923 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202109053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Branching microtubule (MT) nucleation is mediated by the augmin complex and γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). However, how these two complexes work together to promote this process remains elusive. Here, using purified components from native and recombinant sources, we demonstrate that human augmin and γ-TuRC are sufficient to reconstitute the minimal MT branching machinery, in which NEDD1 bridges between augmin holo complex and GCP3/MZT1 subcomplex of γ-TuRC. The single-molecule experiment suggests that oligomerization of augmin may activate the branching machinery. We provide direct biochemical evidence that CDK1- and PLK1-dependent phosphorylation are crucial for NEDD1 binding to augmin, for their synergistic MT-binding activities, and hence for branching MT nucleation. In addition, we unveil that NEDD1 possesses an unanticipated intrinsic affinity for MTs via its WD40 domain, which also plays a pivotal role in the branching process. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of branching MT nucleation in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Hong
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Hua
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Prifti DK, Lauzier A, Elowe S. A commercial ARHGEF17/TEM4 antibody cross-reacts with Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus protein 1 (NuMA). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268848. [PMID: 35776709 PMCID: PMC9249204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) ARHGEF17 (also known as TEM4) is a large protein with only 3 annotated regions: an N-terminal actin-binding domain, a Rho-specific dbl homology (DH)- pleckstrin homology (PH) type GEF domain and a seven bladed β propeller fold at the C-terminus with unknown function. TEM4 has been implicated in numerous activities that rely on regulation of the cytoskeleton including cell migration, cell-cell junction formation and the spindle assembly checkpoint during mitosis. Here we have assessed the specificity of a TEM4 polyclonal antibody that has been commonly used as a Western blotting and immunocytochemistry probe for TEM4 in mammalian cells. We find that this antibody, in addition to its intended target, cross-reacts with the Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus Protein 1 (NuMA) in Western blotting and immunoprecipitation, and detects NuMA preferentially in immunocytochemistry. This cross-reactivity, with an abundant chromatin- and mitotic spindle-associated factor, is likely to affect the interpretation of experiments that make use of this antibody probe, in particular by immunocytochemistry and immunoprecipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogjena Katerina Prifti
- Programme en Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médicine Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de Réproduction, Santé de la Mère et de l’enfant, Québec, Québec, Canada
- PROTEO-Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l’ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Lauzier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de Réproduction, Santé de la Mère et de l’enfant, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabine Elowe
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de Réproduction, Santé de la Mère et de l’enfant, Québec, Québec, Canada
- PROTEO-Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l’ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval et le Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Qin S, Xiao W, Zhou C, Pu Q, Deng X, Lan L, Liang H, Song X, Wu M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:199. [PMID: 35752612 PMCID: PMC9233671 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that infects patients with cystic fibrosis, burn wounds, immunodeficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cancer, and severe infection requiring ventilation, such as COVID-19. P. aeruginosa is also a widely-used model bacterium for all biological areas. In addition to continued, intense efforts in understanding bacterial pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa including virulence factors (LPS, quorum sensing, two-component systems, 6 type secretion systems, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), CRISPR-Cas and their regulation), rapid progress has been made in further studying host-pathogen interaction, particularly host immune networks involving autophagy, inflammasome, non-coding RNAs, cGAS, etc. Furthermore, numerous technologic advances, such as bioinformatics, metabolomics, scRNA-seq, nanoparticles, drug screening, and phage therapy, have been used to improve our understanding of P. aeruginosa pathogenesis and host defense. Nevertheless, much remains to be uncovered about interactions between P. aeruginosa and host immune responses, including mechanisms of drug resistance by known or unannotated bacterial virulence factors as well as mammalian cell signaling pathways. The widespread use of antibiotics and the slow development of effective antimicrobials present daunting challenges and necessitate new theoretical and practical platforms to screen and develop mechanism-tested novel drugs to treat intractable infections, especially those caused by multi-drug resistance strains. Benefited from has advancing in research tools and technology, dissecting this pathogen's feature has entered into molecular and mechanistic details as well as dynamic and holistic views. Herein, we comprehensively review the progress and discuss the current status of P. aeruginosa biophysical traits, behaviors, virulence factors, invasive regulators, and host defense patterns against its infection, which point out new directions for future investigation and add to the design of novel and/or alternative therapeutics to combat this clinically significant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugang Qin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Qinqin Pu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lefu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haihua Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710069, China
| | - Xiangrong Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA.
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Kim JM. Molecular Link between DNA Damage Response and Microtubule Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136986. [PMID: 35805981 PMCID: PMC9266319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are major components of the cytoskeleton that play important roles in cellular processes such as intracellular transport and cell division. In recent years, it has become evident that microtubule networks play a role in genome maintenance during interphase. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding the role of microtubule dynamics in DNA damage response and repair. We first describe how DNA damage checkpoints regulate microtubule organization and stability. We then highlight how microtubule networks are involved in the nuclear remodeling following DNA damage, which leads to changes in chromosome organization. Lastly, we discuss how microtubule dynamics participate in the mobility of damaged DNA and promote consequent DNA repair. Together, the literature indicates the importance of microtubule dynamics in genome organization and stability during interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea
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45
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Abstract
Heart disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the advancement of modern technology, the role(s) of microtubules in the pathogenesis of heart disease has become increasingly apparent, though currently there are limited treatments targeting microtubule-relevant mechanisms. Here, we review the functions of microtubules in the cardiovascular system and their specific adaptive and pathological phenotypes in cardiac disorders. We further explore the use of microtubule-targeting drugs and highlight promising druggable therapeutic targets for the future treatment of heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Warner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, United Kingdom (E.F.W., X.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China (Y.L.)
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, United Kingdom (E.F.W., X.L.)
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46
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Higgs VE, Das RM. Establishing neuronal polarity: microtubule regulation during neurite initiation. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac007. [PMID: 38596701 PMCID: PMC10913830 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The initiation of nascent projections, or neurites, from the neuronal cell body is the first stage in the formation of axons and dendrites, and thus a critical step in the establishment of neuronal architecture and nervous system development. Neurite formation relies on the polarized remodelling of microtubules, which dynamically direct and reinforce cell shape, and provide tracks for cargo transport and force generation. Within neurons, microtubule behaviour and structure are tightly controlled by an array of regulatory factors. Although microtubule regulation in the later stages of axon development is relatively well understood, how microtubules are regulated during neurite initiation is rarely examined. Here, we discuss how factors that direct microtubule growth, remodelling, stability and positioning influence neurite formation. In addition, we consider microtubule organization by the centrosome and modulation by the actin and intermediate filament networks to provide an up-to-date picture of this vital stage in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Higgs
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Raman M Das
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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47
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Philip R, Fiorino C, Harrison RE. Terminally differentiated osteoclasts organize centrosomes into large clusters for microtubule nucleation and bone resorption. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar68. [PMID: 35511803 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-03-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are highly specialized, multinucleated cells responsible for the selective resorption of the dense, calcified bone matrix. Microtubules (MTs) contribute to the polarization and trafficking events involved in bone resorption by osteoclasts, however the origin of these elaborate arrays is less clear. Osteoclasts arise through cell fusion of precursor cells. Previous studies have suggested that centrosome MT nucleation is lost during this process, with the nuclear membrane and its surrounding Golgi serving as the major microtubule organizing centres (MTOCs) in these cells. Here we reveal that precursor cell centrosomes are maintained and functional in the multinucleated osteoclast and interestingly form large MTOC clusters, with the clusters organizing significantly more MTs, compared to individual centrosomes. MTOC cluster formation requires dynamic microtubules and minus-end directed MT motor activity. Inhibition of these centrosome clustering elements had a marked impact on both F-actin ring formation and bone resorption. Together these findings show that multinucleated osteoclasts employ unique centrosomal clusters to organize the extensive microtubules during bone attachment and resorption. [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Philip
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1 × 5
| | - Cara Fiorino
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4
| | - Rene E Harrison
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4
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48
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Wang GF, Dong Q, Bai Y, Gu J, Tao Q, Yue J, Zhou R, Niu X, Zhu L, Song C, Zheng T, Wang D, Jin Y, Liu H, Cao C, Liu X. c-Abl kinase-mediated phosphorylation of γ-tubulin promotes γ-tubulin ring complexes assembly and microtubule nucleation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101778. [PMID: 35231444 PMCID: PMC8980629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal microtubules (MTs) are nucleated from γ-tubulin ring complexes (γTuRCs) located at MT organizing centers (MTOCs), such as the centrosome. However, the exact regulatory mechanism of γTuRC assembly is not fully understood. Here, we showed that the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl was associated with and phosphorylated γ-tubulin, the essential component of the γTuRC, mainly on the Y443 residue by in vivo (immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation) or in vitro (surface plasmon resonance) detection. We further demonstrated that phosphorylation deficiency significantly impaired γTuRC assembly, centrosome construction, and MT nucleation. c-Abl/Arg deletion and γ-tubulin Y443F mutation resulted in an abnormal morphology and compromised spindle function during mitosis, eventually causing uneven chromosome segregation. Our findings reveal that γTuRC assembly and nucleation function are regulated by Abl kinase-mediated γ-tubulin phosphorylation, revealing a fundamental mechanism that contributes to the maintenance of MT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Fei Wang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Qincai Dong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingping Tao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Junjie Yue
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiayang Niu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Caiwei Song
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanwen Jin
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Hainan Liu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
| | - Cheng Cao
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
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49
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Hoffmann I. Role of Polo-like Kinases Plk1 and Plk4 in the Initiation of Centriole Duplication-Impact on Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:786. [PMID: 35269408 PMCID: PMC8908989 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes nucleate and anchor microtubules and therefore play major roles in spindle formation and chromosome segregation during mitosis. Duplication of the centrosome occurs, similar to DNA, only once during the cell cycle. Aberration of the centrosome number is common in human tumors. At the core of centriole duplication is the conserved polo-like kinase 4, Plk4, and two structural proteins, STIL and Sas-6. In this review, I summarize and discuss developments in our understanding of the first steps of centriole duplication and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hoffmann
- F045, Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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So C, Menelaou K, Uraji J, Harasimov K, Steyer AM, Seres KB, Bucevičius J, Lukinavičius G, Möbius W, Sibold C, Tandler-Schneider A, Eckel H, Moltrecht R, Blayney M, Elder K, Schuh M. Mechanism of spindle pole organization and instability in human oocytes. Science 2022; 375:eabj3944. [PMID: 35143306 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human oocytes are prone to assembling meiotic spindles with unstable poles, which can favor aneuploidy in human eggs. The underlying causes of spindle instability are unknown. We found that NUMA (nuclear mitotic apparatus protein)-mediated clustering of microtubule minus ends focused the spindle poles in human, bovine, and porcine oocytes and in mouse oocytes depleted of acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers (aMTOCs). However, unlike human oocytes, bovine, porcine, and aMTOC-free mouse oocytes have stable spindles. We identified the molecular motor KIFC1 (kinesin superfamily protein C1) as a spindle-stabilizing protein that is deficient in human oocytes. Depletion of KIFC1 recapitulated spindle instability in bovine and aMTOC-free mouse oocytes, and the introduction of exogenous KIFC1 rescued spindle instability in human oocytes. Thus, the deficiency of KIFC1 contributes to spindle instability in human oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun So
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Menelaou
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Uraji
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katarina Harasimov
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna M Steyer
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Bianka Seres
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonas Bucevičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging Group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gražvydas Lukinavičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging Group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Heike Eckel
- Kinderwunschzentrum Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Melina Schuh
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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