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Arnskötter F, da Silva PBG, Schouw ME, Lukasch C, Bianchini L, Sieber L, Garcia-Lopez J, Ahmad ST, Li Y, Lin H, Joshi P, Spänig L, Radoš M, Roiuk M, Sepp M, Zuckermann M, Northcott PA, Patrizi A, Kutscher LM. Loss of Elp1 in cerebellar granule cell progenitors models ataxia phenotype of Familial Dysautonomia. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106600. [PMID: 38996985 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Familial Dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a splice site mutation in the gene ELP1, which disproportionally affects neurons. While classically characterized by deficits in sensory and autonomic neurons, neuronal defects in the central nervous system have also been described. Although ELP1 expression remains high in the normal developing and adult cerebellum, its role in cerebellar development is unknown. To explore the role of Elp1 in the cerebellum, we knocked out Elp1 in cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCPs) and examined the outcome on animal behavior and cellular composition. We found that GCP-specific conditional knockout of Elp1 (Elp1cKO) resulted in ataxia by 8 weeks of age. Cellular characterization showed that the animals had smaller cerebella with fewer granule cells. This defect was already apparent as early as 7 days after birth, when Elp1cKO animals also had fewer mitotic GCPs and shorter Purkinje dendrites. Through molecular characterization, we found that loss of Elp1 was associated with an increase in apoptotic cell death and cell stress pathways in GCPs. Our study demonstrates the importance of ELP1 in the developing cerebellum, and suggests that loss of Elp1 in the GC lineage may also play a role in the progressive ataxia phenotypes of FD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Arnskötter
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricia Benites Goncalves da Silva
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Mackenna E Schouw
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Chiara Lukasch
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Luca Bianchini
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Sieber
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Jesus Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences (CENOS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of In vivo Pharmacology-Immunology, Tempest Therapeutics, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Shiekh Tanveer Ahmad
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences (CENOS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences (CENOS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences (CENOS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Piyush Joshi
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Lisa Spänig
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Radoš
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Mykola Roiuk
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mari Sepp
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Zuckermann
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Preclinical Modeling Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences (CENOS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Annarita Patrizi
- Schaller Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena M Kutscher
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.
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Yoshioka N, Kurose M, Sano H, Tran DM, Chiken S, Tainaka K, Yamamura K, Kobayashi K, Nambu A, Takebayashi H. Sensory-motor circuit is a therapeutic target for dystonia musculorum mice, a model of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 6. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj9335. [PMID: 39058787 PMCID: PMC11277474 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in Dystonin (DST), which encodes cytoskeletal linker proteins, cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 6 (HSAN-VI) in humans and the dystonia musculorum (dt) phenotype in mice; however, the neuronal circuit underlying the HSAN-VI and dt phenotype is unresolved. dt mice exhibit dystonic movements accompanied by the simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles and postnatal lethality. Here, we identified the sensory-motor circuit as a major causative neural circuit using a gene trap system that enables neural circuit-selective inactivation and restoration of Dst by Cre-mediated recombination. Sensory neuron-selective Dst deletion led to motor impairment, degeneration of proprioceptive sensory neurons, and disruption of the sensory-motor circuit. Restoration of Dst expression in sensory neurons using Cre driver mice or a single postnatal injection of Cre-expressing adeno-associated virus ameliorated sensory degeneration and improved abnormal movements. These findings demonstrate that the sensory-motor circuit is involved in the movement disorders in dt mice and that the sensory circuit is a therapeutic target for HSAN-VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Transdisciplinary Research Programs, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurose
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
- Division of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Behavioral Neuropharmacology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Dang Minh Tran
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tainaka
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Division of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Center for Coordination of Research Facilities, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Taub DG, Woolf CJ. Age-dependent small fiber neuropathy: Mechanistic insights from animal models. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114811. [PMID: 38723859 PMCID: PMC11131160 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a common and debilitating disease in which the terminals of small diameter sensory axons degenerate, producing sensory loss, and in many patients neuropathic pain. While a substantial number of cases are attributable to diabetes, almost 50% are idiopathic. An underappreciated aspect of the disease is its late onset in most patients. Animal models of human genetic mutations that produce SFN also display age-dependent phenotypes suggesting that aging is an important contributor to the risk of development of the disease. In this review we define how particular sensory neurons are affected in SFN and discuss how aging may drive the disease. We also evaluate how animal models of SFN can define disease mechanisms that will provide insight into early risk detection and suggest novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Taub
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center and Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center and Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Ghafoor S, Rafiq MA, Abbas Shah ST, Ansar M, Paton T, Ajmal M, Agha Z, Qamar R, Azam M. KIF1A novel frameshift variant p.(Ser887Profs*64) exhibits clinical heterogeneity in a Pakistani family with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IIC. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:665-675. [PMID: 36282036 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2140428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are rare heterogeneous group of neurological disorders caused by peripheral nerve deterioration. The HSANs sub-clinical classes have clinical and genetic overlap which often lead to misdiagnosis. In the present study a Pakistani family with five affected members suffering from severe neuropathy were genetically analyzed to identify the disease causative element in the family. Methods: Genome wide high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis was carried out followed by whole exome sequencing of the affected proband and another affected sibling. Shared homozygous regions in all severely affected members were identified through homozygosity mapping approach. Results: The largest homozygous region of 14.1 Mb shared by the five severely affected members of the family was identified on chromosome 2. Subsequent exome sequencing identified a novel single nucleotide deletion c.2658del; p.(Ser887Profs*64) in KIF1A. Segregation analysis revealed that this mutation was homozygous in all five affected individuals of the family with severe clinical manifestation, while members of the family that were heterozygous carriers shared abnormal skin features (scaly skin) only with the homozygous affected members. Conclusions: A novel frameshift mutation p.(Ser887Profs*64) in KIF1A is the potential cause of severe HSANIIC in a Pakistani family along with incomplete penetrance in mutation carriers. We demonstrate that using a combination of different techniques not only strengthens the gene finding approach but also helps in proper sub-clinical characterization along with identification of mutated alleles exhibiting incomplete penetrance leading to intrafamilial clinical variability in HSAN group of inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Ghafoor
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad Rafiq
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Ansar
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tara Paton
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhammad Ajmal
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zehra Agha
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Science and Technology Sector, ICESCO, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
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Parmar JM, Laing NG, Kennerson ML, Ravenscroft G. Genetics of inherited peripheral neuropathies and the next frontier: looking backwards to progress forwards. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024:jnnp-2024-333436. [PMID: 38744462 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2024-333436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) encompass a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders causing length-dependent degeneration of peripheral autonomic, motor and/or sensory nerves. Despite gold-standard diagnostic testing for pathogenic variants in over 100 known associated genes, many patients with IPN remain genetically unsolved. Providing patients with a diagnosis is critical for reducing their 'diagnostic odyssey', improving clinical care, and for informed genetic counselling. The last decade of massively parallel sequencing technologies has seen a rapid increase in the number of newly described IPN-associated gene variants contributing to IPN pathogenesis. However, the scarcity of additional families and functional data supporting variants in potential novel genes is prolonging patient diagnostic uncertainty and contributing to the missing heritability of IPNs. We review the last decade of IPN disease gene discovery to highlight novel genes, structural variation and short tandem repeat expansions contributing to IPN pathogenesis. From the lessons learnt, we provide our vision for IPN research as we anticipate the future, providing examples of emerging technologies, resources and tools that we propose that will expedite the genetic diagnosis of unsolved IPN families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jevin M Parmar
- Rare Disease Genetics and Functional Genomics, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel G Laing
- Centre for Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Preventive Genetics, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Rare Disease Genetics and Functional Genomics, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Hayashida H, Arita Y, Koh K, Takiyama Y, Ikezoe K. [Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 1E showing hyperreflexia: a case report]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2024; 64:286-291. [PMID: 38508732 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A 52-year-old man had developed hearing loss since childhood, as well as recurrent foot ulcers and osteomyelitis since his forties. He presented with gait disturbance and dysarthria that had worsened over four years and a month, respectively. Neurological exams revealed cognitive impairment, proximal weakness of the lower extremities, generalized hyperrflexia, ataxia, sensory disturbances predominant in deep sensation, urinary retention, and gait instability. On nerve conduction study, no sensory nerve action potentials were evoked in the upper and lower limbs. Since his grandmother suffered from similar symptoms, we investigated genetic analysis, which revealed a missense mutation (c.1483T>C, p.Y495H) in DNA methyltransferase 1 gene. He was subsequently diagnosed with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 1E (HSAN1E). It is important to recognize that increased deep tendon reflex can be observed in HSAN1E.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kishin Koh
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi
- Department of Neurology, Yumura Onsen Hospital
| | - Yoshihisa Takiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi
- Department of Neurology, Fuefuki Central Hospital
| | - Koji Ikezoe
- Department of Neurology, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital
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Fan Y, Huang S, Li F, Zhang X, Huang X, Li W, Zeng J, Wang W, Liu J. Generation of Functional and Mature Sympathetic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells via a Neuroepithelial Route. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:19. [PMID: 38358571 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a crucial branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that is responsible for regulating visceral function and various physiological processes. Dysfunction of the SNS can lead to various diseases, such as hypertension and metabolic disorders. However, obtaining sympathetic neurons from human tissues for research is challenging. The current research aimed at recapitulating the process of human sympathetic neuron development and achieved the successful establishment of a stepwise, highly efficient in vitro differentiation protocol. This protocol facilitated the generation of functional and mature sympathetic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) using a chemical-defined induction medium. Initially, each differentiation stage was refined to derive sympathoadrenal progenitors (SAPs) from hPSCs through neural epithelial cells (NECs) and trunk neural crest stem cells (NCSCs). hPSC-derived SAPs could be expanded in vitro for at least 12 passages while maintaining the expression of SAP-specific transcription factors and neuronal differentiation potency. SAPs readily generated functional sympathetic neurons (SymNs) when cultured in the neuronal maturation medium for 3-4 weeks. These SymNs expressed sympathetic markers, exhibited electrophysiological properties, and secreted sympathetic neurotransmitters. More importantly, we further demonstrated that hPSC-derived SymNs can efficiently regulate the adipogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and lipid metabolism in vitro. In conclusion, our study provided a simple and robust protocol for generating functional sympathetic neurons from hPSCs, which may be an invaluable tool in unraveling the mechanisms of SNS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Fan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fugui Li
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueying Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jixiao Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijia Wang
- Department of Laboratory Center, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- VIP Medical Service Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Nakane S, Koike H, Hayashi T, Nakatsuji Y. Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2296. [PMID: 38396973 PMCID: PMC10889307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG) is a disease of autonomic failure caused by ganglionic acetylcholine receptor (gAChR) autoantibodies. Although the detection of autoantibodies is important for distinguishing the disease from other neuropathies that present with autonomic dysfunction, other factors are important for accurate diagnosis. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the clinical features of AAG, highlighting differences in clinical course, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings from other neuropathies presenting with autonomic symptoms. The first step in diagnosing AAG is careful history taking, which should reveal whether the mode of onset is acute or chronic, followed by an examination of the time course of disease progression, including the presentation of autonomic and extra-autonomic symptoms. AAG is a neuropathy that should be differentiated from other neuropathies when the patient presents with autonomic dysfunction. Immune-mediated neuropathies, such as acute autonomic sensory neuropathy, are sometimes difficult to differentiate, and therefore, differences in clinical and laboratory findings should be well understood. Other non-neuropathic conditions, such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and long COVID, also present with symptoms similar to those of AAG. Although often challenging, efforts should be made to differentiate among the disease candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Nakane
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Haruki Koike
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hayashi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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9
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Yoshioka N. Roles of dystonin isoforms in the maintenance of neural, muscle, and cutaneous tissues. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:7-16. [PMID: 37603210 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Dystonin (DST), also known as bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1), encodes cytoskeletal linker proteins belonging to the plakin family. The DST gene produces several isoforms, including DST-a, DST-b, and DST-e, which are expressed in neural, muscle, and cutaneous tissues, respectively. Pathogenic DST mutations cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (HSAN-VI) and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS); therefore, it is important to elucidate the roles of DST isoforms in multiple organs. Recently, we have used several Dst mutant mouse strains, in which the expression of Dst isoforms is disrupted in distinct patterns, to gain new insight into how DST functions in multiple tissues. This review provides an overview of the roles played by tissue-specific DST isoforms in neural, muscle, and cutaneous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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10
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González-Duarte A, Cotrina-Vidal M, Kaufmann H, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L. Familial dysautonomia. Clin Auton Res 2023; 33:269-280. [PMID: 37204536 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-023-00941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN, type 3) expressed at birth with profound sensory loss and early death. The FD founder mutation in the ELP1 gene arose within the Ashkenazi Jews in the sixteenth century and is present in 1:30 Jews of European ancestry. The mutation yield a tissue-specific skipping of exon 20 and a loss of function of the elongator-1 protein (ELP1), which is essential for the development and survival of neurons. Patients with FD produce variable amounts of ELP1 in different tissues, with the brain producing mostly mutant transcripts. Patients have excessive blood pressure variability due to the failure of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves to carry baroreceptor signals. Neurogenic dysphagia causes frequent aspiration leading to chronic pulmonary disease. Characteristic hyperadrenergic "autonomic crises" consisting of brisk episodes of severe hypertension, tachycardia, skin blotching, retching, and vomiting occur in all patients. Progressive features of the disease include retinal nerve fiber loss and blindness, and proprioceptive ataxia with severe gait impairment. Chemoreflex failure may explain the high frequency of sudden death in sleep. Although 99.5% of patients are homozygous for the founder mutation, phenotypic severity varies, suggesting that modifier genes impact expression. Medical management is currently symptomatic and preventive. Disease-modifying therapies are close to clinical testing. Endpoints to measure efficacy have been developed, and the ELP1 levels are a good surrogate endpoint for target engagement. Early intervention may be critical for treatment to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra González-Duarte
- Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, CdMx, México.
| | - Maria Cotrina-Vidal
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Division. New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Reddi R, Horvath GA. Living without pain. Case series of patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies in a Canadian tertiary care centre. Paediatr Child Health 2023; 28:97-101. [PMID: 37151924 PMCID: PMC10156922 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are a group of heterogeneous genetic disorders presenting predominantly with sensory and autonomic dysfunction. They are a diverse group of diseases of the peripheral nervous system characterized by profound distal sensory loss and various autonomic and motor disturbances. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to describe the clinical presentation of children with HSAN to paediatricians. We present clinical features and genetic etiology of patients with HSAN followed in a Canadian tertiary paediatric centre, including suggestions for their monitoring, management, and long-term follow-up. Methods A retrospective chart review of all patients with HSAN followed from the years 2000 through 2021 was performed. Collected data consisted of patients' demographics, clinical characteristics, imaging, and management. Results Eight patients were included. The average age at diagnosis was 3.19 ± 2.83 years. Insensitivity to pain (100%), dysautonomia (100%), global development delay (87.5%), emesis (62.5%), and self-injury (62.5%) were the most prevalent manifestations of HSAN. The most common co-morbidities were gastroesophageal reflux disease (50%), obstructive sleep apnea (37.5%), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (37.5%), and iron deficiency (37.5%). Management was multi-disciplinary, involving neurologists, orthopeds, developmental paediatricians, sleep specialists, and psychiatrists. Conclusion HSANs are a diverse group of diseases, characterized by profound distal sensory loss, acral mutilations, and variable autonomic disturbances. It is important to recognize the diagnosis in the paediatrician's office in order to set up surveillance and prevent complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriella A Horvath
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biochemical Genetics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Yu H, Wu J, Cong J, Chen M, Huang Y, Yu J, Wang L. Congenital insensitivity to pain associated with PRDM12 mutation: Two case reports and a literature review. Front Genet 2023; 14:1139161. [PMID: 37021010 PMCID: PMC10067717 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1139161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:PRDM12 is a newly discovered gene responsible for congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP). Its clinical manifestations are various and not widely known.Methods: The clinical data of two infants diagnosed with CIP associated with PRDM12 mutation were collected. A literature review was performed, and the clinical characteristics of 20 cases diagnosed with a mutation of PRDM12 were summarized and analyzed.Results: Two patients had pain insensitivity, tongue and lip defects, and corneal ulcers. The genomic analysis results showed that variants of PRDM12 were detected in the two families. The case 1 patient carried heterozygous variations of c.682+1G > A and c.502C > T (p.R168C), which were inherited from her father and mother, respectively. We enrolled 22 patients diagnosed with CIP through a literature review together with our cases. There were 16 male (72.7%) and 6 female (27.3%) patients. The age of onset ranged from 6 months to 57 years. The prevalence of clinic manifestation was 14 cases with insensitivity to pain (63.6%), 19 cases with self-mutilation behaviors (86.4%), 11 cases with tongue and lip defects (50%), 5 cases with mid-facial lesions (22.7%), 6 cases with distal phalanx injury (27.3%), 11 cases of recurrent infection (50%), 3 cases (13.6%) with anhidrosis, and 5 cases (22.7%) with global developmental delay. The prevalence of ocular symptoms was 11 cases (50%) with reduced tear secretion, 6 cases (27.3%) with decreased corneal sensitivity, 7 cases (31.8%) with disappeared corneal reflexes, 5.5 cases (25%, 0.5 indicated a single eye) with corneal opacity, 5 cases (22.7%) with corneal ulceration, and 1 case (4.5%) with a corneal scar.Conclusion: The syndrome caused by PRDM12 mutation is a clinically distinct and diagnosable disease that requires joint multidisciplinary management to control the development of the disease and minimize the occurrence of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Yu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Jinju Cong
- Aier Eye Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei Province, China
| | | | - Yifei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liqiang Wang, ; Jifeng Yu,
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liqiang Wang, ; Jifeng Yu,
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13
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Lu S, Dai Z, Cui Y, Kong DM. Recent Development of Advanced Fluorescent Molecular Probes for Organelle-Targeted Cell Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:360. [PMID: 36979572 PMCID: PMC10046058 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent molecular probes are very powerful tools that have been generally applied in cell imaging in the research fields of biology, pathology, pharmacology, biochemistry, and medical science. In the last couple of decades, numerous molecular probes endowed with high specificity to particular organelles have been designed to illustrate intracellular images in more detail at the subcellular level. Nowadays, the development of cell biology has enabled the investigation process to go deeply into cells, even at the molecular level. Therefore, probes that can sketch a particular organelle's location while responding to certain parameters to evaluate intracellular bioprocesses are under urgent demand. It is significant to understand the basic ideas of organelle properties, as well as the vital substances related to each unique organelle, for the design of probes with high specificity and efficiency. In this review, we summarize representative multifunctional fluorescent molecular probes developed in the last decade. We focus on probes that can specially target nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulums, and lysosomes. In each section, we first briefly introduce the significance and properties of different organelles. We then discuss how probes are designed to make them highly organelle-specific. Finally, we also consider how probes are constructed to endow them with additional functions to recognize particular physical/chemical signals of targeted organelles. Moreover, a perspective on the challenges in future applications of highly specific molecular probes in cell imaging is also proposed. We hope that this review can provide researchers with additional conceptual information about developing probes for cell imaging, assisting scientists interested in molecular biology, cell biology, and biochemistry to accelerate their scientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiqi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yunxi Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - De-Ming Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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14
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Mohammadi S, Jafari Khamirani H, Baneshi M, Kamal N, Manoocheri J, Saffar M, Dianatpour M, Tabei SMB, Dastgheib SA. A novel nonsense variant in the ATL3 gene is associated with disturbed pain sensitivity, numbness of distal limbs and muscle weakness. Ann Hum Genet 2023. [PMID: 36856139 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) describes as a heterogeneous group of peripheral neuropathies. HSN type 1 (HSN1) is one subtype characterized by distal sensory impairment that occurs in the form of numbness, tingling, or pain. To date, only two variants in the atlastin GTPase 3 (ATL3) gene have been identified that result in hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1F (HSN1F) with autosomal dominantinheritance. Methods We sudied and examined who present with sensory disturbances and muscle weakness in their lower limb. Patients underwent Whole Exome Sequencing and Sanger sequencing was performed in families for validation of detected variant. Results Here, we identified two Iranian families carrying the novel heterozygous stop variant NM_015459.5: c.16C>T, p.Arg6Ter in ATL3 that led to disturbed pain and touch sensitivity. This variant in the ATL3 gene was detected in both families (NM_015459.5: c.16C>T, p.Arg6Ter) by whole-exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Conclusion In this study, the subjects manifested weakness of distal limb muscles and numbness of the lower extremities. In addition, some unusual features, including hearing problems and inability to sit and walk presented in one of the patients. Eventually, we provide a case-based review of the clinical features associated with HSN1F. Hitherto, only 11 patients with HSN1F have been reported. We compared our findings to previously reported cases, suggesting that the clinical features are generally variable in the HSN1F patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Mohammadi
- Comprehensive Medical Genetic Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Baneshi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Kamal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Manoocheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Saffar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Bagher Tabei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Maternal-fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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15
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Mamytova E, Jusupova A, Toktomametova A, Karbozova K, Kadyrova B, Vityala Y, Tagaev T. A rare case of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7015. [PMID: 36873073 PMCID: PMC9981577 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the follow-up of a 29-year-old man diagnosed with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II, including the different complications that presented since his childhood. Despite efforts to maintain an optimal quality of life, the lack of an early diagnosis led to an unfavorable prognosis and life condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Mamytova
- A.N. Murzaliev Department of Neurology and Clinical GeneticsI.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical AcademyBishkekKyrgyzstan
| | - Asel Jusupova
- A.N. Murzaliev Department of Neurology and Clinical GeneticsI.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical AcademyBishkekKyrgyzstan
| | - Anara Toktomametova
- A.N. Murzaliev Department of Neurology and Clinical GeneticsI.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical AcademyBishkekKyrgyzstan
| | - Kunduz Karbozova
- A.N. Murzaliev Department of Neurology and Clinical GeneticsI.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical AcademyBishkekKyrgyzstan
| | - Begimay Kadyrova
- Department of Special Clinical DisciplinesInternational Higher School of MedicineBishkekKyrgyzstan
| | - Yethindra Vityala
- Department of PathologyInternational Higher School of MedicineBishkekKyrgyzstan
| | - Tugolbai Tagaev
- Department of Public Health and HealthcareI. K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical AcademyBishkekKyrgyzstan
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16
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Xia C, Suriyanarayanan S, Gong Y, Fridman V, Selig M, Li J, Rutkove S, Hornemann T, Eichler F. Long-term effects of l-serine supplementation upon a mouse model of diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108383. [PMID: 36610321 PMCID: PMC10964191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deoxysphingolipids (1-deoxySLs) are neurotoxic sphingolipids associated with obesity and diabetic neuropathy (DN) and have been linked to severity of functional peripheral neuropathies. While l-serine supplementation can reduce 1-deoxySL accumulation and improve insulin sensitivity and sensory nerve velocity, long-term outcomes have not yet been examined. To assess this, we treated 2 month old db/db mice, a model of DN, with 5-20 % oral l-serine for 6 months and longitudinally quantified the extent of functional neuropathy progression. We examined putative biomarkers of neuropathy in blood and tissue and quantified levels of small fiber neuropathy, looking for associations between lowered 1-deoxySL and phenotypes. Toxic 1-deoxySLs were suppressed long-term in plasma and various tissue including the sciatic nerve, which is particularly targeted in DN. Functional neuropathy and sensory modalities were significantly improved in the treatment group well into advanced stages of disease. However, structural assessments revealed prominent axonal degeneration, apoptosis and Schwann cell pathology, suggesting that neuropathy was ongoing. Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia persisted during our study, and high levels of glutathione were seen in the spinal cord. Our results demonstrate that despite significant functional improvements, l-serine does not prevent chronic degenerative changes specifically at the structural level, pointing to other processes such as oxidative damage and hyperglycemia, that persist despite 1-deoxySL reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuying Xia
- MGH Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Yi Gong
- MGH Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Vera Fridman
- MGH Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CD, United States of America
| | - Martin Selig
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jia Li
- Division of Neuromuscular Research at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Seward Rutkove
- Division of Neuromuscular Research at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Eichler
- MGH Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
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17
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Pero ME, Chowdhury F, Bartolini F. Role of tubulin post-translational modifications in peripheral neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114274. [PMID: 36379274 PMCID: PMC11320756 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common disorder that results from nerve damage in the periphery. The degeneration of sensory axon terminals leads to changes or loss of sensory functions, often manifesting as debilitating pain, weakness, numbness, tingling, and disability. The pathogenesis of most peripheral neuropathies remains to be fully elucidated. Cumulative evidence from both early and recent studies indicates that tubulin damage may provide a common underlying mechanism of axonal injury in various peripheral neuropathies. In particular, tubulin post-translational modifications have been recently implicated in both toxic and inherited forms of peripheral neuropathy through regulation of axonal transport and mitochondria dynamics. This knowledge forms a new area of investigation with the potential for developing therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay peripheral neuropathy by restoring tubulin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Farihah Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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18
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Gutierrez‐Quintana R, Christen M, Faller KME, Guevar J, Jagannathan V, Leeb T. SCN9A variant in a family of mixed breed dogs with congenital insensitivity to pain. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:230-235. [PMID: 36630088 PMCID: PMC9889608 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are a rare group of genetic disorders causing inability to feel pain. Three different associated variants have been identified in dogs: 1 in Border Collies, 1 in mixed breed dogs, and 1 in Spaniels and Pointers. OBJECTIVES To clinically and genetically characterize CIP in a family of mixed breed dogs. ANIMALS Two mixed breed dogs from the same litter were independently presented: 1 for evaluation of painless fractures, and the other for chronic thermal skin injuries. METHODS Physical, neurological, and histopathological evaluations were performed. Whole genome sequencing of 1 affected dog was used to identify homozygous protein-changing variants that were not present in 926 control genomes from diverse dog breeds. RESULTS Physical and neurological examinations showed the absence of superficial and deep pain perception in the entire body. Histopathological evaluations of the brain, spinal cord and sensory ganglia were normal. Whole genome sequencing identified a homozygous missense variant in SCN9A, XM_038584713.1:c.2761C>T or XP_038440641.1:(p.Arg921Cys). Both affected dogs were homozygous for the mutant allele, which was not detected in 926 dogs of different breeds. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We confirmed the diagnosis of CIP in a family of mixed breed dogs and identified a likely pathogenic variant in the SCN9A gene. The clinical signs observed in these dogs mimic those reported in humans with pathogenic SCN9A variants causing CIP. This report is the first of a spontaneous pathogenic SCN9A variant in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gutierrez‐Quintana
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Matthias Christen
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Kiterie M. E. Faller
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Julien Guevar
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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19
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Chen B, Hu X, Chen M, Chen Y, Yan L, Zeng G, Wang C, Liu L, Yang C, Song W. Identification of sensory dysfunction and nervous structure changes in Fam134b knockout mice. Neurol Res 2023; 45:41-48. [PMID: 36302074 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2117947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mutation in human FAM134B gene has been implicated in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IIB. We aimed to knock out Fam134b in mice and explored its phenotypes to determine whether the genetic impairments and behavioral changes can mirror manifestations noted in humans. METHODS We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knockout the Fam134b gene in the C57BL/6 J mouse. After confirming the knockout was successful by Sanger sequencing and Western blot, sensory function was measured using the hot plate test and the 50% paw withdrawal threshold test. In addition, standard microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed to observe the structural changes of the dorsal root ganglion sensory neuron and the sciatic nerve. RESULTS DNA sequencing and Western blot analysis confirmed the mutation in the Fam134b mutation gene and the loss of expression of its products. Fam134b knockout mice exhibited heat pain insensitivity and mechanical hyperalgesia. Interestingly, limb damage was found in some homozygotes. Demyelination in the sciatic nerve was common. Golgi bodies were turgid in dorsal root ganglion neuron. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that peripheral neuropathy is common in Fam134b KO mice. We believe this novel animal model is likely to have significant future potential as a reliable model for the evaluation of peripheral neuropathy and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Chen
- The Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingyun Hu
- The department of endocrinology and Metabolism, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- The department of endocrinology and Metabolism, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- The department of endocrinology and Metabolism, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Yan
- The department of endocrinology and Metabolism, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Zeng
- The Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- The department of endocrinology and Metabolism, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixuan Liu
- The department of endocrinology and Metabolism, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- The department of endocrinology and Metabolism, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weidong Song
- The Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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20
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Zhang Y, Geng Z. Anesthetic management of a child with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: A case report. Front Surg 2022; 9:997162. [PMID: 36171814 PMCID: PMC9510600 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.997162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare, autosomal recessive disease classified as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI. Patients with CIPA are characterized by insensitivity to pain, episodes of unexplained fever, anhidrosis, self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability, and autonomic nervous system abnormalities. The clinical features may intrinsically pose anesthetic challenges. We present a case of a patient with CIPA who underwent tumor biopsy under general anesthesia using a Supreme laryngeal mask airway without any complications. The anesthetic management of this condition is discussed.
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21
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Zhu R, Zhu Y, Xu M, Gu Z. Ophthalmic findings of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis with a novel neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 gene mutation: A case report. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:955929. [PMID: 36160132 PMCID: PMC9489851 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.955929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) with a novel neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (NTRK1) gene mutation. The patient suffered from recurrent corneal ulcer. A slit-lamp examination revealed ciliary hyperemia, bulbar conjunctival edema, epithelial defect, and ulcer lesion in the inferior part of the cornea, local corneal stromal edema accompanied by new vascular growth in his affected eye. In addition, the corneal sensitivity and nerve fiber density decreased significantly in both eyes. Tear film break-up time and Schirmer’s I test were below lower limit. Moreover, the patient exhibited typical systemic features, including no normal response to pain stimuli, anhidrosis and self-injurious behavior. Gene sequencing revealed a compound-heterozygous mutations in NTRK1 gene: a missense mutation inherited from his mother (c.1750G > A, P.E584K) and a new splicing mutation inherited from his father (c.2187 + 5G > C). After 8 weeks of medication, the corneal ulcer basically healed. This study expands the spectrum of NTRK1 gene mutation associated with CIPA and provides a feasible approach for clinicians to treat patients with CIPA-related keratopathy.
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22
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Santos TCB, Dingjan T, Futerman AH. The sphingolipid anteome: implications for evolution of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2345-2363. [PMID: 35899376 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Modern cell membranes contain a bewildering complexity of lipids, among them sphingolipids (SLs). Advances in mass spectrometry have led to the realization that the number and combinatorial complexity of lipids, including SLs, is much greater than previously appreciated. SLs are generated de novo by four enzymes, namely serine palmitoyltransferase, 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase, ceramide synthase and dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1. Some of these enzymes depend on the availability of specific substrates and cofactors, which are themselves supplied by other complex metabolic pathways. The evolution of these four enzymes is poorly understood and likely depends on the co-evolution of the metabolic pathways that supply the other essential reaction components. Here, we introduce the concept of the 'anteome', from the Latin ante ('before') to describe the network of metabolic ('omic') pathways that must have converged in order for these pathways to co-evolve and permit SL synthesis. We also suggest that current origin of life and evolutionary models lack appropriate experimental support to explain the appearance of this complex metabolic pathway and its anteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania C B Santos
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tamir Dingjan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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23
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Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Their Potential Involvement in Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147806. [PMID: 35887154 PMCID: PMC9324343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (ND) are progressive diseases of the nervous system, often without resolutive therapy. They are characterized by a progressive impairment and loss of specific brain regions and neuronal populations. Cellular and animal model studies have identified several molecular mechanisms that play an important role in the pathogenesis of ND. Among them are alterations of lipids, in particular sphingolipids, that play a crucial role in neurodegeneration. Overall, during ND, ceramide-dependent pro-apoptotic signalling is promoted, whereas levels of the neuroprotective spingosine-1-phosphate are reduced. Moreover, ND are characterized by alterations of the metabolism of complex sphingolipids. The finding that altered sphingolipid metabolism has a role in ND suggests that its modulation might provide a useful strategy to identify targets for possible therapies. In this review, based on the current literature, we will discuss how bioactive sphingolipids (spingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide) are involved in some ND (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and their possible involvement in therapies.
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Lischka A, Lassuthova P, Çakar A, Record CJ, Van Lent J, Baets J, Dohrn MF, Senderek J, Lampert A, Bennett DL, Wood JN, Timmerman V, Hornemann T, Auer-Grumbach M, Parman Y, Hübner CA, Elbracht M, Eggermann K, Geoffrey Woods C, Cox JJ, Reilly MM, Kurth I. Genetic pain loss disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35710757 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic pain loss includes congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP), hereditary sensory neuropathies and, if autonomic nerves are involved, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN). This heterogeneous group of disorders highlights the essential role of nociception in protecting against tissue damage. Patients with genetic pain loss have recurrent injuries, burns and poorly healing wounds as disease hallmarks. CIP and HSAN are caused by pathogenic genetic variants in >20 genes that lead to developmental defects, neurodegeneration or altered neuronal excitability of peripheral damage-sensing neurons. These genetic variants lead to hyperactivity of sodium channels, disturbed haem metabolism, altered clathrin-mediated transport and impaired gene regulatory mechanisms affecting epigenetic marks, long non-coding RNAs and repetitive elements. Therapies for pain loss disorders are mainly symptomatic but the first targeted therapies are being tested. Conversely, chronic pain remains one of the greatest unresolved medical challenges, and the genes and mechanisms associated with pain loss offer new targets for analgesics. Given the progress that has been made, the coming years are promising both in terms of targeted treatments for pain loss disorders and the development of innovative pain medicines based on knowledge of these genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Lischka
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Lassuthova
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arman Çakar
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Christopher J Record
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonas Van Lent
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maike F Dohrn
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jan Senderek
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yesim Parman
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - C Geoffrey Woods
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - James J Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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25
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Neuropatie sensitive. Neurologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(21)46002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Gutierrez-Quintana R, Mellersh C, Wessmann A, Ortega M, Penderis J, Sharpe S, Freeman E, Stevenson L, Burmeister L. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy in a family of mixed breed dogs associated with a novel RETREG1 variant. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2306-2314. [PMID: 34387380 PMCID: PMC8478055 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are a group of genetic disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. Two different associated variants have been identified in dogs: 1 in Border Collies and 1 in Spaniels and Pointers. Objectives Clinically and genetically characterize HSAN in a family of mixed breed dogs. Animals Five 7‐month‐old mixed breed dogs from 2 related litters were presented for evaluation of a 2‐month history of acral mutilation and progressive pelvic limb gait abnormalities. Methods Complete physical, neurological, electrodiagnostic, and histopathological evaluations were performed. Whole genome sequencing of 2 affected dogs (1 from each litter) was used to identify variants that were homozygous or heterozygous in both cases, but wild type in 217 control genomes of 100 breeds. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess protein expression. Results Complete physical, neurological, electrodiagnostic, and histopathological evaluations confirmed a disorder affecting sensory and autonomic nerves. Whole genome sequencing identified a missense variant in the RETREG1 (reticulophagy regulator 1) gene (c.656C > T, p.P219L). All affected dogs were homozygous for the variant, which was not detected in 1193 dogs from different breeds. Immunohistochemistry showed no expression of RETREG1 in the cerebellum of affected dogs. One of the affected dogs lived for 5 years and showed gradual progression of the clinical signs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance We confirmed the diagnosis of HSAN in a family of mixed breed dogs and identified a novel and possibly pathogenic RETREG1 variant. Affected dogs experienced gradual deterioration over several years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel Sharpe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Lynn Stevenson
- Pathology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Stavrou M, Sargiannidou I, Georgiou E, Kagiava A, Kleopa KA. Emerging Therapies for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Inherited Neuropathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6048. [PMID: 34205075 PMCID: PMC8199910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited neuropathies known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease are genetically heterogeneous disorders affecting the peripheral nerves, causing significant and slowly progressive disability over the lifespan. The discovery of their diverse molecular genetic mechanisms over the past three decades has provided the basis for developing a wide range of therapeutics, leading to an exciting era of finding treatments for this, until now, incurable group of diseases. Many treatment approaches, including gene silencing and gene replacement therapies, as well as small molecule treatments are currently in preclinical testing while several have also reached clinical trial stage. Some of the treatment approaches are disease-specific targeted to the unique disease mechanism of each CMT form, while other therapeutics target common pathways shared by several or all CMT types. As promising treatments reach the stage of clinical translation, optimal outcome measures, novel biomarkers and appropriate trial designs are crucial in order to facilitate successful testing and validation of novel treatments for CMT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Stavrou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.); (I.S.); (E.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.); (I.S.); (E.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.); (I.S.); (E.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexia Kagiava
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.); (I.S.); (E.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.); (I.S.); (E.G.); (A.K.)
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
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Ghosh S, Tourtellotte WG. The Complex Clinical and Genetic Landscape of Hereditary Peripheral Neuropathy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:487-509. [PMID: 33497257 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-030320-100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary peripheral neuropathy (HPN) is a complex group of neurological disorders caused by mutations in genes expressed by neurons and Schwann cells. The inheritance of a single mutation or multiple mutations in several genes leads to disease phenotype. Patients exhibit symptoms during development, at an early age or later in adulthood. Most of the mechanistic understanding about these neuropathies comes from animal models and histopathological analyses of postmortem human tissues. Diagnosis is often very complex due to the heterogeneity and overlap in symptoms and the frequent overlap between various genes and different mutations they possess. Some symptoms in HPN are common through different subtypes such as axonal degeneration, demyelination, and loss of motor and sensory neurons, leading to similar physiologic abnormalities. Recent advances in gene-targeted therapies, genetic engineering, and next-generation sequencing have augmented our understanding of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of HPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA;
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA;
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Tandon V, Lotlikar RS, Nair SS, Sekar S, Sundaram S. Skeletal complications in congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis: a problem to reckon with. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3023-3026. [PMID: 33738666 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tandon
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Radhika Sanjay Lotlikar
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Sruthi S Nair
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Sabrish Sekar
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Intervention Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Soumya Sundaram
- Pediatric Neurology and Comprehensive Care Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India.
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Baghdadi S, Saberi S, Baghdadi T. Guided growth in the correction of knee deformity in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:184. [PMID: 33706758 PMCID: PMC7948364 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orthopedic manifestations of congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) can be devastating if left untreated. Knee deformities are common in patients with CIP and might lead to joint destruction and loss of walking ability. The purpose of the present study was to report the results and complications of guided growth procedures around the knee in patients with CIP. Methods In a retrospective review, all patients with CIP who underwent guided growth procedures around the knee from 2009 to 2017 at a tertiary referral hospital were evaluated. Patients with secondary insensitivity to pain (e.g., syringomyelia), as well as patients with incomplete records, were excluded. Demographic data, clinical findings, correction rate, and complications were recorded. Results Ten knees in six patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The median age was 10 (range, 5–12), with a mean follow-up of 31 months (range, 16–56). Distal femoral tension-band hemiepiphysiodesis was the most common procedure, followed by proximal tibial hemiepiphysiodesis. The mean correction rate was 0.28°/month for femoral deformity. Staples were removed prematurely in one patient due to extrusion. No cases of infection or skin dehiscence were observed. None of the patients needed a reconstructive knee procedure during the study period. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that guided growth procedures might have a role in the correction of knee deformities in patients with CIP. However, the correction rate is lower than that of typically developing children, patients should be closely followed to prevent complications, and stringent patient selection criteria should be followed to ensure success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Baghdadi
- Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, 1419733141, Iran
| | - Sadegh Saberi
- Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, 1419733141, Iran
| | - Taghi Baghdadi
- Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, 1419733141, Iran.
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Chiabrando D, Fiorito V, Petrillo S, Bertino F, Tolosano E. HEME: a neglected player in nociception? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:124-136. [PMID: 33545213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of pain, current management of pain syndromes is still unsatisfactory. The recent discovery of novel pathways associated with pain insensitivity in humans represents a unique opportunity to improve our knowledge on the pathophysiology of pain. Heme metabolism recently emerged as a crucial regulator of nociception. Of note, alteration of heme metabolism has been associated with pain insensitivity as well as with acute and chronic pain in porphyric neuropathy and hemolytic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms linking heme to the pain pathways still remain unclear. The review focuses on the major heme-regulated processes relevant for sensory neurons' maintenance, peripheral and central sensitization as well as for pain comorbidities, like anxiety and depression. By discussing the body of knowledge on the topic, we provide a novel perspective on the molecular mechanisms linking heme to nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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Contribution of Skin Biopsy in Peripheral Neuropathies. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120989. [PMID: 33333929 PMCID: PMC7765344 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades the study of cutaneous innervation through 3 mm-punch-biopsy has provided an important contribution to the knowledge of small fiber somatic and autonomic neuropathies but also of large fiber neuropathies. Skin biopsy is a minimally invasive technique with the advantage, compared to sural nerve biopsy, of being suitable to be applied to any site in our body, of being repeatable over time, of allowing the identification of each population of nerve fiber through its target. In patients with symptoms and signs of small fiber neuropathy the assessment of IntraEpidermal Nerve Fiber density is the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis while the quantification of sudomotor, pilomotor, and vasomotor nerve fibers allows to evaluate and characterize the autonomic involvement. All these parameters can be re-evaluated over time to monitor the disease process and to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments. Myelinated fibers and their receptors can also be evaluated to detect a “dying back” neuropathy early when nerve conduction study is still normal. Furthermore, the morphometry of dermal myelinated fibers has provided new insight into pathophysiological mechanisms of different types of inherited and acquired large fibers neuropathies. In genetic neuropathies skin biopsy has become a surrogate for sural nerve biopsy, no longer necessary in the diagnostic process, to study genotype–phenotype correlations.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides a summary of the autonomic neuropathies, including neuropathies associated with diabetes mellitus, neuropathies due to amyloid deposition, immune-mediated autonomic neuropathies (including those associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome), inherited autonomic neuropathies, and toxic autonomic neuropathies. The presenting features, diagnostic investigations, and natural history of these neuropathies are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings in autonomic peripheral neuropathy include data on the epidemiology and atypical presentations of diabetic autonomic neuropathy, treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes mellitus, the presentation of immune-mediated neuropathies, and advances in hereditary neuropathy associated with amyloidosis and other hereditary neuropathies. SUMMARY Knowledge and recognition of the clinical features of the autonomic neuropathies, combined with appropriate laboratory and electrophysiologic testing, will facilitate accurate diagnosis and management.
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Winbo A, Ramanan S, Eugster E, Jovinge S, Skinner JR, Montgomery JM. Functional coculture of sympathetic neurons and cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H927-H937. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00546.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present data on a functional coculture between human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sympathetic neurons and cardiomyocytes. Moreover, this study adds significantly to the available data on the electrophysiological function of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Winbo
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Manaaki Mānawa Centre for Heart Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Services, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suganeya Ramanan
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Manaaki Mānawa Centre for Heart Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emily Eugster
- DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program, Spectrum Health and Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program, Spectrum Health and Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jonathan R. Skinner
- Manaaki Mānawa Centre for Heart Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Services, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M. Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Manaaki Mānawa Centre for Heart Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Cox JJ, Woods CG, Kurth I. Peripheral sensory neuropathies – pain loss vs. pain gain. MED GENET-BERLIN 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/medgen-2020-2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Peripheral sensory neurons are afferent neurons that innervate the skin, joints, bones, muscles, and mucosal tissues. By converting different stimuli into action potentials, they transmit signals for the sensing of temperature, touch, pressure, or pain. This review discusses the known Mendelian disorders which affect pain sensing in humans. For painlessness, these disorders can be classified as developmental, neurodegenerative, or functional, where pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors) are present but cannot be activated or produce action potentials. Affected patients suffer from numbness with recurrent injuries, burns, and poorly healing wounds. For Mendelian disorders of excess pain, aberrant overactivity of nociceptors is a hallmark and leads to paroxysmal or continuous pain states. Again, the effect can be functional or, as in small fiber neuropathies, can be accompanied by degeneration of small unmyelinated nerve fibers in the skin. About 20 different genes are known to cause Mendelian pain disorders and the molecules involved are of general interest for human pain research and as analgesic targets. Comprehensive genetic testing is the key to early diagnosis and adaptation of clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research , University College London , London , UK
| | - C. Geoffrey Woods
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Clinical Medical School , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty , Uniklinik RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstr. 30 , Aachen , Germany
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He Q, Liu H, Deng S, Chen X, Li D, Jiang X, Zeng W, Lu W. The Golgi Apparatus May Be a Potential Therapeutic Target for Apoptosis-Related Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:830. [PMID: 33015040 PMCID: PMC7493689 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that, in addition to the classical function of protein processing and transport, the Golgi apparatus (GA) is also involved in apoptosis, one of the most common forms of cell death. The structure and the function of the GA is damaged during apoptosis. However, the specific effect of the GA on the apoptosis process is unclear; it may be involved in initiating or promoting apoptosis, or it may inhibit apoptosis. Golgi-related apoptosis is associated with a variety of neurological diseases including glioma, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and ischemic stroke. This review summarizes the changes and the possible mechanisms of Golgi structure and function during apoptosis. In addition, we also explore the possible mechanisms by which the GA regulates apoptosis and summarize the potential relationship between the Golgi and certain neurological diseases from the perspective of apoptosis. Elucidation of the interaction between the GA and apoptosis broadens our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of neurological diseases and provides new research directions for the treatment of these diseases. Therefore, we propose that the GA may be a potential therapeutic target for apoptosis-related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiqian Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Kaur D, Tiwana H, Stino A, Sandroni P. Autonomic neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2020; 63:10-21. [PMID: 32926436 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic neuropathies represent a complex group of disorders that preferentially target autonomic fibers and can be classified as either acute/subacute or chronic in onset. Acute-onset autonomic neuropathies manifest with such conditions as paraneoplastic syndromes, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Sjögren syndrome, infection, or toxins/chemotherapy. When the presentation is acute, immune-mediated, and without a secondary cause, autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is likely, and should be considered for immunotherapy. Of the chronic-onset forms, diabetes is the most widespread and disabling, with autonomic impairment portending increased mortality and cardiac wall remodeling risk. Acquired light chain (AL) and transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis represent two other key etiologies, with TTR amyloidosis now amenable to newly-approved gene-modifying therapies. The COMPASS-31 questionnaire is a validated outcome measure that can be used to monitor autonomic severity and track treatment response. Symptomatic treatments targeting orthostatic hypotension, among other symptoms, should be individualized and complement disease-modifying therapy, when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divpreet Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harmanpreet Tiwana
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcok Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Amro Stino
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paola Sandroni
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Heme and sensory neuropathy: insights from novel mutations in the heme exporter feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor 1. Pain 2020; 160:2766-2775. [PMID: 31408049 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders of the peripheral nervous system mainly characterized by impaired nociception and autonomic dysfunction. We previously identified heme metabolism as a novel pathway contributing to sensory neurons maintenance and nociception. Indeed, we reported mutations in the feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor 1 (FLVCR1) gene in individuals affected by HSAN. FLVCR1 gene encodes for 2 heme export proteins, FLVCR1a (plasma membrane) and FLVCR1b (mitochondria), crucially involved in the regulation of cellular heme homeostasis. Here, we report on 2 additional patients carrying novel biallelic mutations in FLVCR1 translation initiation codon (c.2T>C; p.(Met1Thr) and c.3G>T; p.(Met1Ile)). We overexpressed the c.2T>C; p.(Met1Thr) mutant in human cell lines and we describe its impact on protein structure and function in comparison with other HSAN-related mutations. We found that the mutation interferes with translation in 2 different ways: by lowering levels of translation of wild-type protein and by inducing translation initiation from a downstream in-frame ATG, leading to the production of an N-terminal truncated protein that is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. The impact of different kinds of mutations on FLVCR1a localization and structure was also described. The identification of novel FLVCR1 mutations in HSAN reinforces the crucial role of heme in sensory neuron maintenance and pain perception. Moreover, our in vitro findings demonstrate that heme export is not completely lost in HSAN patients, thus suggesting the possibility to improve FLVCR1 expression/activity for therapeutic purposes.
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FLVCR1-related disease as a rare cause of retinitis pigmentosa and hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104037. [PMID: 32822874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
FLVCR1 encodes for a transmembrane heme exporter protein and it is known to cause a rare form of syndromic retinitis pigmentosa: posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa. Recently, the FLVCR1-associated phenotype has been expanded with sporadic reports of hereditary sensory-autonomic neuropathy or non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. Here, we report a 23-year- old female with early onset hypomyelinating sensory-autonomic neuropathy and retinitis pigmentosa. Both features were present since childhood. The patient developed signs of advanced retinitis pigmentosa by the age of 10 years leading to legal blindness after the age of 18. Following candidate gene panel testing, which was negative, whole exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous pathogenic FLVCR1 variants: NM_014053.3: c.3G > T; p.(Met1?) and NM_014053.3: c.730G > A; p.(Gly244Ser), the latter variant is novel. In this report we highlight the association of retinitis pigmentosa with hypomyelinating sensory-autonomic neuropathy, which could be underdiagnosed due to variable severity. To summarize, the phenotypic heterogeneity of FLVCR1 variants is broad and should include retinitis pigmentosa along with range of neurological features.
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Xiao D, Deng Q, Guo Y, Huang X, Zou M, Zhong J, Rao P, Xu Z, Liu Y, Hu Y, Shen Y, Jin K, Xiang M. Generation of self-organized sensory ganglion organoids and retinal ganglion cells from fibroblasts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz5858. [PMID: 32523990 PMCID: PMC7259937 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz5858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural organoids provide a powerful tool for investigating neural development, modeling neural diseases, screening drugs, and developing cell-based therapies. Somatic cells have previously been reprogrammed by transcription factors (TFs) into sensory ganglion (SG) neurons but not SG organoids. We identify a combination of triple TFs Ascl1, Brn3b/3a, and Isl1 (ABI) as an efficient means to reprogram mouse and human fibroblasts into self-organized and networked induced SG (iSG) organoids. The iSG neurons exhibit molecular features, subtype diversity, electrophysiological and calcium response properties, and innervation patterns characteristic of peripheral sensory neurons. Moreover, we have defined retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-specific identifiers to demonstrate the ability for ABI to reprogram induced RGCs (iRGCs) from fibroblasts. Unlike iSG neurons, iRGCs maintain a scattering distribution pattern characteristic of endogenous RGCs. iSG organoids may serve as a model to decipher the pathogenesis of sensorineural diseases and screen effective drugs and a source for cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qinqin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiuting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Min Zou
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, Room 312B, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Pinhong Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Youjin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yin Shen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Kangxin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mengqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Sargiannidou I, Kagiava A, Kleopa KA. Gene therapy approaches targeting Schwann cells for demyelinating neuropathies. Brain Res 2020; 1728:146572. [PMID: 31790684 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) encompasses numerous genetically heterogeneous inherited neuropathies, which together are one of the commonest neurogenetic disorders. Axonal CMT types result from mutations in neuronally expressed genes, whereas demyelinating CMT forms mostly result from mutations in genes expressed by myelinating Schwann cells. The demyelinating forms are the most common, and may be caused by dominant mutations and gene dosage effects (as in CMT1), as well as by recessive mutations and loss of function mechanisms (as in CMT4). The discovery of causative genes and increasing insights into molecular mechanisms through the study of experimental disease models has provided the basis for the development of gene therapy approaches. For demyelinating CMT, gene silencing or gene replacement strategies need to be targeted to Schwann cells. Progress in gene replacement for two different CMT forms, including CMT1X caused by GJB1 gene mutations, and CMT4C, caused by SH3TC2 gene mutations, has been made through the use of a myelin-specific promoter to restrict expression in Schwann cells, and by lumbar intrathecal delivery of lentiviral viral vectors to achieve more widespread biodistribution in the peripheral nervous system. This review summarizes the molecular-genetic mechanisms of selected demyelinating CMT neuropathies and the progress made so far, as well as the remaining challenges in the path towards a gene therapy to treat these disorders through the use of optimal gene therapy tools including clinically translatable delivery methods and adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexia Kagiava
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleopas A Kleopa
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus; Neurology Clinics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Öztürk Z, O’Kane CJ, Pérez-Moreno JJ. Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum Dynamics and Its Roles in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:48. [PMID: 32116502 PMCID: PMC7025499 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical continuity of axons over long cellular distances poses challenges for their maintenance. One organelle that faces this challenge is endoplasmic reticulum (ER); unlike other intracellular organelles, this forms a physically continuous network throughout the cell, with a single membrane and a single lumen. In axons, ER is mainly smooth, forming a tubular network with occasional sheets or cisternae and low amounts of rough ER. It has many potential roles: lipid biosynthesis, glucose homeostasis, a Ca2+ store, protein export, and contacting and regulating other organelles. This tubular network structure is determined by ER-shaping proteins, mutations in some of which are causative for neurodegenerative disorders such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). While axonal ER shares many features with the tubular ER network in other contexts, these features must be adapted to the long and narrow dimensions of axons. ER appears to be physically continuous throughout axons, over distances that are enormous on a subcellular scale. It is therefore a potential channel for long-distance or regional communication within neurons, independent of action potentials or physical transport of cargos, but involving its physiological roles such as Ca2+ or organelle homeostasis. Despite its apparent stability, axonal ER is highly dynamic, showing features like anterograde and retrograde transport, potentially reflecting continuous fusion and breakage of the network. Here we discuss the transport processes that must contribute to this dynamic behavior of ER. We also discuss the model that these processes underpin a homeostatic process that ensures both enough ER to maintain continuity of the network and repair breaks in it, but not too much ER that might disrupt local cellular physiology. Finally, we discuss how failure of ER organization in axons could lead to axon degenerative diseases, and how a requirement for ER continuity could make distal axons most susceptible to degeneration in conditions that disrupt ER continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Masri A, Shboul M, Khasawneh A, Jadallah R, ALmustafa A, Escande-Beillard N, Hamamy H, Bakri F, Reversade B. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis syndrome: A series from Jordan. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 189:105636. [PMID: 31841741 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present the clinical picture, the associated complications and the genetic findings of Jordanian patients diagnosed with Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA). PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study including 7 patients diagnosed with CIPA presenting to Jordan University Hospital neurology clinic between 2001 and 2017. RESULTS Among five families, seven patients were diagnose with CIPA and followed for a period ranging from one month to 6 years. The initial symptom observed in all patients was high fever in the first few days after birth, decreased sensation to pain and decreased sweating were later noted. Poor weight gain, microcephaly and global developmental delay were present in most cases. All patients had tongue ulcerations. Fingers/toes ulcerations were present in 6/7 (86.0 %), hip joint dislocation in 3/7 (43.0 %), chronic arthritis and joint swelling in 6/7 (86.0 %), corneal ulcers in 4/7 (57.1 %) and kidney amyloidosis in 1/7 (13.0 %) of all patients. Death occurred in 4/7 (57.1 %) patients. Consanguinity was present in all families. Mutation analysis revealed three variants in NTRK1 gene. The frameshift (c.1860_1861insT; p.Pro621fs) mutation was common in our series. One patient carried a novel missense mutation (c.2170 G > A; p.Gly724Ser). The third missense mutation (C2125 G > T; p.Val709Leu) was reported in a previous study in one patient. CONCLUSION This cohort reveals a severe CIPA phenotype necessitating thorough multidisciplinary care and follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Masri
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.
| | - Mohammad Shboul
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Aisha Khasawneh
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.
| | - Rama Jadallah
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Jordan, Jordan.
| | - Asma ALmustafa
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Jordan, Jordan.
| | | | - Hanan Hamamy
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Faris Bakri
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Center, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A⁎STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
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Cao H, Li D, Lu H, Sun J, Li H. Uncovering potential lncRNAs and nearby mRNAs in systemic lupus erythematosus from the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. Epigenomics 2019; 11:1795-1809. [PMID: 31755746 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to find potential differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs in systemic lupus erythematosus. Materials & methods: Differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were obtained in the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. Functional annotation of differentially expressed mRNAs was performed, followed by protein-protein interaction network analysis. Then, the interaction network of lncRNA-nearby targeted mRNA was built. Results: Several interaction pairs of lncRNA-nearby targeted mRNA including NRIR-RSAD2, RP11-153M7.5-TLR2, RP4-758J18.2-CCNL2, RP11-69E11.4-PABPC4 and RP11-496I9.1-IRF7/HRAS/PHRF1 were identified. Measles and MAPK were significantly enriched signaling pathways of differentially expressed mRNAs. Conclusion: Our study identified several differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs. And their interactions may play a crucial role in the process of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Dermatology & Sexology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Huixiu Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Haibin Li
- Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
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Haribowo AG, Hannich JT, Michel AH, Megyeri M, Schuldiner M, Kornmann B, Riezman H. Cytotoxicity of 1-deoxysphingolipid unraveled by genome-wide genetic screens and lipidomics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2814-2826. [PMID: 31509475 PMCID: PMC6789163 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-07-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) types IA and IC (IA/C) are caused by elevated levels of an atypical class of lipid named 1-deoxysphingolipid (DoxSL). How elevated levels of DoxSL perturb the physiology of the cell and how the perturbations lead to HSAN IA/C are largely unknown. In this study, we show that C26-1-deoxydihydroceramide (C26-DoxDHCer) is highly toxic to the cell, while C16- and C18-DoxDHCer are less toxic. Genome-wide genetic screens and lipidomics revealed the dynamics of DoxSL accumulation and DoxSL species responsible for the toxicity over the course of DoxSL accumulation. Moreover, we show that disruption of F-actin organization, alteration of mitochondrial shape, and accumulation of hydrophobic bodies by DoxSL are not sufficient to cause complete cellular failure. We found that cell death coincides with collapsed ER membrane, although we cannot rule out other possible causes of cell death. Thus, we have unraveled key principles of DoxSL cytotoxicity that may help to explain the clinical features of HSAN IA/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galih Haribowo
- NCCR Chemical Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Thomas Hannich
- NCCR Chemical Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Agnès H Michel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Márton Megyeri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benoît Kornmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Riezman
- NCCR Chemical Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Suresh B, Reddy V, Kurth I, Jagadeesh S. A Child Presenting with Recurrent Corneal Ulcers: Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy IV (HSAN IV). Neuroophthalmology 2019; 43:310-312. [DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2018.1506937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beena Suresh
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Mediscan Systems, Chennai, India
| | - Vaishnavi Reddy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Mediscan Systems, Chennai, India
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institut für Humangenetik, der RWTH Aachen, Germany
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Kugathasan U, Evans MRB, Morrow JM, Sinclair CDJ, Thornton JS, Yousry TA, Hornemann T, Suriyanarayanan S, Owusu-Ansah K, Lauria G, Lombardi R, Polke JM, Wilson E, Bennett DLH, Houlden H, Hanna MG, Blake JC, Laura M, Reilly MM. Development of MRC Centre MRI calf muscle fat fraction protocol as a sensitive outcome measure in Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type 1. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:895-906. [PMID: 30995999 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-320198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 (HSN1) is a rare, slowly progressive neuropathy causing profound sensory deficits and often severe motor loss. L-serine supplementation is a possible candidate therapy but the lack of responsive outcome measures is a barrier for undertaking clinical trials in HSN1. We performed a 12-month natural history study to characterise the phenotype of HSN1 and to identify responsive outcome measures. METHODS Assessments included Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy Score version 2 (CMTNSv2), CMTNSv2-Rasch modified, nerve conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing, intraepidermal nerve fibre density (thigh), computerised myometry (lower limbs), plasma 1-deoxysphingolipid levels, calf-level intramuscular fat accumulation by MRI and patient-based questionnaires (Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory and 36-Short Form Health Survey version 2 [SF-36v2]). RESULTS 35 patients with HSN1 were recruited. There was marked heterogeneity in the phenotype mainly due to differences between the sexes: males generally more severely affected. The outcome measures that significantly changed over 1 year and correlated with CMTNSv2, SF-36v2-physical component and disease duration were MRI determined calf intramuscular fat accumulation (mean change in overall calf fat fraction 2.36%, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.55, p=0.0004), pressure pain threshold on the hand (mean change 40 kPa, 95% CI 0.7 to 80, p=0.046) and myometric measurements of ankle plantar flexion (median change -0.5 Nm, IQR -9.5 to 0, p=0.0007), ankle inversion (mean change -0.89 Nm, 95% CI -1.66 to -0.12, p=0.03) and eversion (mean change -1.61 Nm, 95% CI -2.72 to -0.51, p=0.006). Intramuscular calf fat fraction was the most responsive outcome measure. CONCLUSION MRI determined calf muscle fat fraction shows validity and high responsiveness over 12 months and will be useful in HSN1 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaiyal Kugathasan
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Matthew R B Evans
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jasper M Morrow
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Christopher D J Sinclair
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John S Thornton
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tarek A Yousry
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Khadijah Owusu-Ansah
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences"Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - James M Polke
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Emma Wilson
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - David L H Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Michael G Hanna
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Julian C Blake
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Norfolk and NorwichUniversity Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Matilde Laura
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Eggermann K, Gess B, Häusler M, Weis J, Hahn A, Kurth I. Hereditary Neuropathies. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 115:91-97. [PMID: 29478438 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary peripheral neuropathies constitute a large group of genetic diseases, with an overall prevalence of 1:2500. In recent years, the use of so-called next-generation sequencing (NGS) has led to the identification of many previously unknown involved genes and genetic defects that cause neuropathy. In this article, we review the procedures and utility of genetic evaluation for hereditary neurop - athies, while also considering the implications of the fact that causally directed treatment of these disorders is generally unavailable. METHODS This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a PubMed search employing the search terms "hereditary neuropathy," "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease," "hereditary sensory neuropathy," and "hereditary motor neuropathy." RESULTS With rare exceptions, the diagnostic evaluation for hereditary neuropathies proceeds in stepwise fashion, beginning with the study of individual genes. If this fails to detect any abnormality, NGS analysis, which involves the sequencing of many different genes in parallel and has now become available for routine diagnosis, should be performed early on in the diagnostic work-up. Exome and genome analyses are currently performed only when considered to be indicated in the individual case. Whenever a hereditary neuropathy is suspected, other (including potentially treatable) causes of neuropathy should be ruled out. Mutations in neurop athy-associated genes may also be associated with other clinical entities such as spastic paraplegia or myopathy. Thus, interdisciplinary assessment is necessary. CONCLUSION The molecular diagnosis of neuropathies has become much more successful through the use of NGS. Although causally directed treatment approaches still need to be developed, the correct diagnosis puts an end to the often highly stressful search for a cause and enables determination of the risk of disease in other members of the patient's family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Department of Neurology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Medicine and Epileptology, Children's Medical Center; Giessen, University of Giessen; Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen
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Habib AM, Matsuyama A, Okorokov AL, Santana-Varela S, Bras JT, Aloisi AM, Emery EC, Bogdanov YD, Follenfant M, Gossage SJ, Gras M, Humphrey J, Kolesnikov A, Le Cann K, Li S, Minett MS, Pereira V, Ponsolles C, Sikandar S, Torres JM, Yamaoka K, Zhao J, Komine Y, Yamamori T, Maniatis N, Panov KI, Houlden H, Ramirez JD, Bennett DLH, Marsili L, Bachiocco V, Wood JN, Cox JJ. A novel human pain insensitivity disorder caused by a point mutation in ZFHX2. Brain 2019; 141:365-376. [PMID: 29253101 PMCID: PMC5837393 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major global public health issue causing a severe impact on both the quality of life for sufferers and the wider economy. Despite the significant clinical burden, little progress has been made in terms of therapeutic development. A unique approach to identifying new human-validated analgesic drug targets is to study rare families with inherited pain insensitivity. Here we have analysed an otherwise normal family where six affected individuals display a pain insensitive phenotype that is characterized by hyposensitivity to noxious heat and painless bone fractures. This autosomal dominant disorder is found in three generations and is not associated with a peripheral neuropathy. A novel point mutation in ZFHX2, encoding a putative transcription factor expressed in small diameter sensory neurons, was identified by whole exome sequencing that segregates with the pain insensitivity. The mutation is predicted to change an evolutionarily highly conserved arginine residue 1913 to a lysine within a homeodomain. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice bearing the orthologous murine p.R1907K mutation, as well as Zfhx2 null mutant mice, have significant deficits in pain sensitivity. Gene expression analyses in dorsal root ganglia from mutant and wild-type mice show altered expression of genes implicated in peripheral pain mechanisms. The ZFHX2 variant and downstream regulated genes associated with a human pain-insensitive phenotype are therefore potential novel targets for the development of new analgesic drugs.awx326media15680039660001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdella M Habib
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,College of Medicine, Member of Qatar Health Cluster, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayako Matsuyama
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrei L Okorokov
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sonia Santana-Varela
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jose T Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Edward C Emery
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yury D Bogdanov
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maryne Follenfant
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sam J Gossage
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mathilde Gras
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jack Humphrey
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anna Kolesnikov
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kim Le Cann
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shengnan Li
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael S Minett
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vanessa Pereira
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Clara Ponsolles
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shafaq Sikandar
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jesus M Torres
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada 18012, Spain
| | - Kenji Yamaoka
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jing Zhao
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yuriko Komine
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nikolas Maniatis
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Konstantin I Panov
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Juan D Ramirez
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David L H Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Letizia Marsili
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Bachiocco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James J Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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A Model of Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type 1 Reveals a Role of Glycosphingolipids in Neuronal Polarity. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5816-5834. [PMID: 31138658 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2541-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy Type 1 (HSAN1) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited neuropathy, clinically characterized by a loss of distal peripheral sensory and motoneuronal function. Mutations in subunits of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) have been linked to the majority of HSAN1 cases. SPTs catalyze the condensation of l-serine with palmitoyl-CoA, the first committed and rate-limiting step in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. Despite extensive investigation, the molecular pathogenesis of HSAN1 remains controversial. Here, we established a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model of HSAN1 by generating a sptl-1(c363g) mutation, encoding SPTL-1(C121W) and equivalent to human SPTLC1C133W, at the C. elegans genomic locus through CRISPR. The sptl-1(c363g) homozygous mutants exhibited the same larval lethality and epithelial polarity defect as observed in sptl-1(RNAi) animals, suggesting a loss-of-function effect of the SPTL-1(C121W) mutation. sptl-1(c363g)/+ heterozygous mutants displayed sensory dysfunction with concomitant neuronal morphology and axon-dendrite polarity defects, demonstrating that the C. elegans model recapitulates characteristics of the human disease. sptl-1(c363g)-derived neuronal defects were copied in animals with defective sphingolipid biosynthetic enzymes downstream of SPTL-1, including ceramide glucosyltransferases, suggesting that SPTLC1C133W contributes to the HSAN1 pathogenesis by limiting the production of complex sphingolipids, including glucosylceramide. Overexpression of SPTL-1(C121W) led to similar epithelial and neuronal defects and to reduced levels of complex sphingolipids, specifically glucosylceramide, consistent with a dominant-negative effect of SPTL-1(C121W) that is mediated by loss of this downstream product. Genetic interactions between SPTL-1(C121W) and components of directional trafficking in neurons suggest that the neuronal polarity phenotype could be caused by glycosphingolipid-dependent defects in polarized vesicular trafficking.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The symptoms of inherited metabolic diseases are often attributed to the accumulation of toxic intermediates or byproducts, no matter whether the disease-causing enzyme participates in a biosynthetic or a degradation pathway. By showing that the phenotypes observed in a C. elegans model of HSAN1 disease could be caused by loss of a downstream product (glucosylceramide) rather than the accumulation of a toxic byproduct, our work provides new insights into the origins of the symptoms of inherited metabolic diseases while expanding the repertoire of sphingolipid functions, specifically, of glucosylceramides. These findings not only have their most immediate relevance for neuroprotective treatments for HSAN1, they may also have implications for a much broader range of neurologic conditions.
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