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Barasa P, Simoliunas E, Grybas A, Zilinskaite-Tamasauske R, Dasevicius D, Alksne M, Rinkunaite I, Buivydas A, Baltrukonyte E, Tamulyte R, Megur A, Verkauskas G, Baltriukiene D, Bukelskiene V. Development of multilayered artificial urethra graft for urethroplasty. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024. [PMID: 39268589 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the treatment of patients' urethral defects, such as strictures and hypospadias, we investigated the potential of using artificial urethral tissue. Our study aimed to generate this tissue and assess its effectiveness in a rabbit model. Two types of bioprinted grafts, based on methacrylated gelatin-silk fibroin (GelMA-SF) hydrogels, were produced: acellular, as well as loaded with autologous rabbit stem cells. Rabbit adipose stem cells (RASC) were differentiated toward smooth muscle in the GelMA-SF hydrogel, while rabbit buccal mucosa stem cells (RBMC), differentiated toward the epithelium, were seeded on its surface, forming two layers of the cell-laden tissue. The constructs were then reinforced with polycaprolactone-polylactic acid meshes to create implantable multilayered artificial urethral grafts. In vivo experiments showed that the cell-laden tissue integrated into the urethra with less fibrosis and inflammation compared to its acellular counterpart. Staining to trace the implanted cells confirmed integration into the host organism 3 months postsurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Povilas Barasa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Egidijus Simoliunas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aivaras Grybas
- Urology Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ramune Zilinskaite-Tamasauske
- Children's Surgery, Orthopaedic and Traumatology Centre, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Darius Dasevicius
- Centre of Pathology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Milda Alksne
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Rinkunaite
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Buivydas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Emilija Baltrukonyte
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rimgaile Tamulyte
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Gilvydas Verkauskas
- Children's Surgery, Orthopaedic and Traumatology Centre, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Baltriukiene
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Virginija Bukelskiene
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Namba T, Ichii O, Natsuga K, Nakamura T, Otani Y, Kon Y. Collagen 17A1 in the Urothelium Regulates Epithelial Cell Integrity and Local Immunologic Responses in Obstructive Uropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:1550-1570. [PMID: 38768778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Collagen 17A1 (COL17A1), an epidermal hemidesmosome component, is ectopically induced in the urothelium of mouse and human renal pelvis (RP) in parallel with urinary tract-associated lymphoid structure development. Here, COL17A1 was induced in obstructive uropathy-prone ureter of humans and cats. To ascertain its function, murine urinary organs with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) were analyzed during 1 week after surgery. One day after UUO, COL17A1 expression increased in urothelial cells of RP and ureter, and was positively correlated with renal tubulointerstitial lesions. A portion of RP where the smooth muscle layer from the ureter was interrupted was sensitive to urothelium deciduation and COL17A1 induction, showing urine leaked from the RP lumen into the parenchyma. After urine stimulation, cultured immune cells expressed Cxcl2, also up-regulated in CD11b+ cells following COL17A1 stimulation. One day after UUO, CXCL2+ CD11b+ cells infiltrated the urothelium-disrupted area. However, these numbers were significantly lower in Col17a1-deficient mice. COL17A1+ urothelial cells partially co-expressed cytokeratin-14, a progenitor cell marker for urothelium, whereas Col17a1-deficient mice had lower numbers of cytokeratin-14+ cells. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that expression of epithelial- and immune-associated genes was up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, in the ureter of Col17a1-deficient mice 4 days after UUO. Thus, COL17A1 maintains urothelium integrity by regulating urothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and activates local immune responses during obstructive uropathy in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Otani
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Lin CC, Yang JM, Hsu TH, Lee HL. Intravesical Instillation of Hyaluronic Acid With Epidermal Growth Factor for Restoring Urothelial Denudation and Alleviating Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Interstitial Cystitis of Rats. Int Neurourol J 2024; 28:106-114. [PMID: 38956770 PMCID: PMC11222823 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2448028.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy of an intravesical instillation of hyaluronic acid (HA) combined with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for the treatment of interstitial cystitis (IC) using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IC animal model. METHODS A total of 24 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to 4 groups: sham control, IC, HA, and treatment (HA/ EGF) groups. A polyethylene-50 tube was placed inside the bladder of each animal. IC was induced by twice-weekly instillations of LPS for 3 weeks, which resulted in chronic injury of the urothelium. Animals in the sham control group only received saline instillation. Treatment solutions of HA and HA/EGF were given on days 0, 7, and 14 after IC induction (400 μL of HA in a concentration of 0.4 mg/0.5 mL and 400 μL of NewEpi, a commercialized HA/EGF mixture containing 2 μg of EGF and 0.4 mg of sodium hyaluronate). Animals were sacrificed on day 21 for further examinations. RESULTS The HA/EGF group showed visible improvement in hematuria with a significant reduction of red blood cells in the urine compared to the HA group. Histological examination revealed that HA/EGF treatment reversed the abnormalities developed in IC, including infiltration of inflammatory cells, irregular re-epithelialization, and fibrotic tissue. Moreover, HA/ EGF significantly reduced the levels of proinflammation cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-1β) and substantially lowered the elevated oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde, yet restored the levels of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, with superior results than HA treatment. Cystometry studies indicated that HA/EGF significantly prolonged intercontraction interval and increased micturition volume. CONCLUSION HA/EGF has been demonstrated as a more effective treatment for enhancing the urothelium lining and reducing inflammatory changes to alleviate clinical symptoms associated with IC in rats, compared to HA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh Lin
- Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Ming Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Lin Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Municipal WanFang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yosef M, Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky S. Mathematical model of MMC chemotherapy for non-invasive bladder cancer treatment. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1352065. [PMID: 38884094 PMCID: PMC11176538 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1352065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitomycin-C (MMC) chemotherapy is a well-established anti-cancer treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, despite comprehensive biological research, the complete mechanism of action and an ideal regimen of MMC have not been elucidated. In this study, we present a theoretical investigation of NMIBC growth and its treatment by continuous administration of MMC chemotherapy. Using temporal ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to describe cell populations and drug molecules, we formulated the first mathematical model of tumor-immune interactions in the treatment of MMC for NMIBC, based on biological sources. Several hypothetical scenarios for NMIBC under the assumption that tumor size correlates with cell count are presented, depicting the evolution of tumors classified as small, medium, and large. These scenarios align qualitatively with clinical observations of lower recurrence rates for tumor size ≤ 30[mm] with MMC treatment, demonstrating that cure appears up to a theoretical x[mm] tumor size threshold, given specific parameters within a feasible biological range. The unique use of mole units allows to introduce a new method for theoretical pre-treatment assessments by determining MMC drug doses required for a cure. In this way, our approach provides initial steps toward personalized MMC chemotherapy for NMIBC patients, offering the possibility of new insights and potentially holding the key to unlocking some of its mysteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marom Yosef
- Department of Mathematics, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Suda K, Matsumoto Y, Ochi T, Koga H, Hattori N, Yamataka A, Nakamura T. Distinct effects of Fgf7 and Fgf10 on the terminal differentiation of murine bladder urothelium revealed using an organoid culture system. BMC Urol 2023; 23:169. [PMID: 37875848 PMCID: PMC10594814 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the terminal differentiation of bladder urothelium is associated with the pathogenesis of urinary tract disorders. Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)7 and Fgf10 stimulate urothelial proliferation; however, their roles in cellular differentiation remain unclear. In this study, we used an organoid system to investigate the roles of these Fgfs in regulating bladder urothelium differentiation and identify their distribution patterns in the mouse bladder. METHODS Adult bladder epithelia (AdBE) isolated from adult mouse bladder tissues (AdBTs) were used to culture adult bladder organoids (AdBOs) in the presence of Fgf7 and Fgf10. The differentiation status of the cells in AdBTs, AdBEs, AdBOs, and neonatal bladder tissues (NeoBTs) was analyzed via quantitative real-time-PCR for the presence of undifferentiated cell markers (Krt5, Trp63, and Krt14) and differentiated cell markers (Krt20, Upk1a, Upk2, and Upk3a). Organoid cell proliferation was assessed by counting cell numbers using the trypan blue method. The effects of Fgf7 and Fgf10 on organoid differentiation were assessed using different doses of Fgfs, and the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling in these processes was tested by introducing a PPARγ agonist (Rosiglitazone) and antagonist (T0070907) to the culture. The expression patterns of Fgf7 and Fgf10 were examined via in situ hybridization of AdBTs. RESULTS AdBOs showed higher expression of undifferentiated cell markers and lower expression of differentiated cell markers than AdBTs, NeoBTs, and AdBEs, indicating the relatively immature state of AdBOs. Differentiation of AdBOs was enhanced by Rosiglitazone and Fgf7, suggesting an interplay of intracellular signals between Fgf7 and PPARγ. Co-addition of T0070907 suppressed Fgf7-mediated differentiation, demonstrating that PPARγ is activated downstream of Fgf7 to promote cellular differentiation into umbrella cells. Furthermore, we found that Fgf7 is predominantly expressed in the umbrella cells of the urothelium, whereas Fgf10 is predominantly expressed in the urothelium and stroma of AdBTs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that unlike Fgf10, Fgf7 induces cellular differentiation via PPARγ activity and has a unique tissue distribution pattern in the adult bladder. Further studies on the Fgf7-PPARγ signaling axis would provide insights into the differentiation mechanisms toward functional umbrella cells and the pathogenesis of several urinary tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Suda
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2- 1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Research and Development for Organoids, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Yuka Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2- 1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Research and Development for Organoids, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takanori Ochi
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2- 1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2- 1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Research and Development for Organoids, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuyuki Yamataka
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2- 1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Research and Development for Organoids, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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Schwarzova L, Varchulova Novakova Z, Danisovic L, Ziaran S. Molecular classification of urothelial bladder carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7867-7877. [PMID: 37525073 PMCID: PMC10460735 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial bladder carcinoma (UC) ranks among the top ten most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide on an annual basis. The standardized classification system for urothelial bladder tumors is the Tumor, Node, Metastasis classification, which reflects differences between non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma (MIBC) and it depends on the extent to which tumor has infiltrated the bladder wall and other tissues and organs. NMIBC and MIBC exhibit great intrinsic heterogeneity regarding different prognoses, survival, progression, and treatment outcomes. In recent years, studies based on mRNA expression profiling revealed the existence of biologically relevant molecular subtypes of UC, which show variant molecular features that can provide more precise stratification of UC patients. Here, we present a complex classification of UC based on mRNA expression studies and molecular subtypes of NMIBC and MIBC in detail with regard to different mRNA expression profiles, mutational signatures, and infiltration by non-tumor cells. The possible impact of molecular subtyping on treatment decisions and patients' outcomes is outlined, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Schwarzova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Varchulova Novakova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Stanislav Ziaran
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Lyu T, Lin Y, Wu K, Cao Z, Zhang Q, Zheng J. Single-cell sequencing technologies in bladder cancer research: Applications and challenges. Front Genet 2022; 13:1027909. [PMID: 36338973 PMCID: PMC9627177 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1027909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is among the most common malignant tumors with highly heterogeneous molecular characteristics. Despite advancements of the available therapeutic options, several bladder cancer patients exhibit unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. The lack of specific biomarkers for effective targeted therapy or immunotherapy remains a major obstacle in treating bladder cancer. The rapid development of single-cell techniques is transforming our understanding of the intra-tumoral heterogeneity, thereby providing us with a powerful high-throughput sequencing tool that can reveal tumorigenesis, progression, and invasion in bladder tumors. In this review, we summarise and discuss how single-cell sequencing technologies have been applied in bladder cancer research, to advance our collective knowledge on the heterogeneity of bladder tumor cells, as well as to provide new insights into the complex ecosystem of the tumor microenvironment. The application of single-cell approaches also uncovers the therapeutic resistance mechanism in bladder cancer and facilitates the detection of urinary-exfoliated tumor cells. Moreover, benefiting from the powerful technical advantages of single-cell techniques, several key therapeutic targets and prognostic models of bladder cancer have been identified. It is hoped that this paper can provide novel insights into the precision medicine of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Lyu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Yuanbin Lin
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Kerong Wu
- Department of Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, School of Medicine Ningbo University, Zhejiang University Ningbo Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhanglei Cao
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Zheng
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Ningbo, China
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Toyoda T, Ogawa K. Early detection of urinary bladder carcinogens in rats by immunohistochemistry for γ-H2AX: a review from analyses of 100 chemicals. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:283-298. [PMID: 36406171 PMCID: PMC9647216 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2022-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In safety evaluations of chemicals, there is an urgent need to develop short-term methods to replace long-term carcinogenicity tests. We have reported that immunohistochemistry for γ-H2AX, a well-established biomarker of DNA damage, can detect bladder carcinogens at an early stage using histopathological specimens from 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity studies in rats. Given the markedly low level of γ-H2AX formation in the bladder urothelium of untreated rats, an increase in γ-H2AX-positive cells following chemical exposure can be relatively easy to identify. Among the 100 compounds examined to date, bladder carcinogens can be detected with high sensitivity (33/39; 84.6%) and specificity (58/61; 95.1%). As expected, γ-H2AX formation levels tended to be high following exposure to genotoxic bladder carcinogens, whereas nongenotoxic bladder carcinogens also increased the number of γ-H2AX-positive cells, probably through secondary DNA damage associated with sustained proliferative stimulation. γ-H2AX formation in the bladder urothelium reflects species differences in susceptibility to bladder carcinogenesis between rats and mice and shows a clear dose-dependency associated with the intensity of tumor development as well as high reproducibility. Some of the bladder carcinogens that showed false-negative results in the evaluation of γ-H2AX alone could be detected by combined evaluation with immunostaining for bladder stem cell markers, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1. This method may be useful for the early detection of bladder carcinogens, as it can be performed by simple addition of conventional immunostaining using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 28-day repeated-dose toxicity studies in rodents, which are commonly used in safety evaluations of chemical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
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Lee YC, Lam HM, Rosser C, Theodorescu D, Parks WC, Chan KS. The dynamic roles of the bladder tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:515-533. [PMID: 35764795 PMCID: PMC10112172 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a prevalent but currently understudied cancer type and patient outcomes are poor when it progresses to the muscle-invasive stage. Current research in bladder cancer focuses on the genetic and epigenetic alterations occurring within the urothelial cell compartment; however, the stromal compartment receives less attention. Dynamic changes and intercellular communications occur in the tumour microenvironment (TME) of the bladder - a new concept and niche that we designate as the bladder TME (bTME) - during tumour evolution, metastatic progression and in the context of therapeutic response. Collagens and their cognate receptors, the discoidin domain receptors, have a role in various steps of the metastatic cascade and in immune checkpoint resistance. Furthermore, the presence of another TME niche, the metastatic TME (met-TME), is a novel concept that could support divergent progression of metastatic colonization in different organs, resulting in distant metastases with distinct characteristics and genetics from the primary tumour. The stroma has divergent roles in mediating therapeutic response to BCG immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, as well as conventional chemotherapy or trimodality therapy (that is, maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumour, chemotherapy and radiotherapy). The local bTME and distant met-TME are currently conceptually and therapeutically unexploited niches that should be actively investigated. New biological insights from these TMEs will enable rational design of strategies that co-target the tumour and stroma, which are expected to improve the outcomes of patients with advanced bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles Rosser
- Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William C Parks
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith Syson Chan
- Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Kobayashi T, Kishimoto S, Watanabe S, Yoshioka Y, Toyoda T, Ogawa K, Watanabe K, Totsuka Y, Wakabayashi K, Miyoshi N. Cytotoxic Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of o-toluidine, o-anisidine, and Aniline Formed by In Vitro Metabolism. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1625-1630. [PMID: 36001821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several aromatic amine compounds are urinary bladder carcinogens. Activated metabolites and DNA adducts of polycyclic aromatic amines, such as 4-aminobiphenyl, have been identified, whereas those of monocyclic aromatic amines, such as o-toluidine (o-Tol), o-anisidine (o-Ans), and aniline (Ani), have not been completely determined. We have recently reported that o-Tol and o-Ans are metabolically converted in vitro and in vivo to cytotoxic and mutagenic p-semidine-type dimers, namely 2-methyl-N4-(2-methylphenyl) benzene-1,4-diamine (MMBD) and 2-methoxy-N4-(2-methoxyphenyl) benzene-1,4-diamine (MxMxBD), respectively, suggesting their roles in urinary bladder carcinogenesis. In this study, we found that when o-Tol and o-Ans were incubated with S9 mix, MMBD and MxMxBD as well as two isomeric heterodimers, MMxBD and MxMBD, were formed. Therefore, any two of o-Tol, o-Ans, and Ani (10 mM each) were incubated with the S9 mix for up to 24 h and then subjected to LC-MS to investigate their metabolic kinetics. Metabolic conversions to all nine kinds of p-semidine-type homo- and hetero-dimers were observed, peaking at 6 h of incubation with the S9 mix; MxMxBD reached the peak at 6.1 ± 1.4 μM. Homo- and hetero-dimers containing the o-Ans moiety in the diamine structure showed a faster dimerization ratio, whereas levels of these dimers, such as MxMxBD, markedly declined with further incubation. Dimers containing o-Tol and Ani were relatively stable, even after incubation for 24 h. The electron-donating group of the o-Ans moiety may be involved in rapid metabolic conversion. In the cytotoxic assay, dimers with an o-Ans moiety in the diamine structure and MMBD showed approximately two- to four-fold higher cytotoxicity than other dimers in human bladder cancer T24 cells. These chemical and biological properties of homo- and hetero-dimers of monocyclic aromatic amines may be important when considering the combined exposure risk for bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasukiyo Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.,Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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11
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Are We Ready to Implement Molecular Subtyping of Bladder Cancer in Clinical Practice? Part 1: General Issues and Marker Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147819. [PMID: 35887164 PMCID: PMC9319819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease with highly variable clinical and pathological features, and resulting in different outcomes. Such heterogeneity ensues from distinct pathogenetic mechanisms and may consistently affect treatment responses in single patients. Thus, over the last few years, several groups have developed molecular classification schemes for BC, mainly based on their mRNA expression profiles. A “consensus” classification has recently been proposed to combine the published systems, agreeing on a six-cluster scheme with distinct prognostic and predictive features. In order to implement molecular subtyping as a risk-stratification tool in routine practice, immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been explored as a readily accessible, relatively inexpensive, standardized surrogate method, achieving promising results in different clinical settings. The first part of this review deals with the steps resulting in the development of a molecular subtyping of BC, its prognostic and predictive implications, and the main features of immunohistochemical markers used as surrogates to stratify BC into pre-defined molecular clusters.
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12
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Yamada T, Toyoda T, Matsushita K, Akane H, Morikawa T, Cho YM, Ogawa K. Persistent γ-H2AX formation and expression of stem cell markers in N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder carcinogenesis in rats. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:51-61. [PMID: 35771629 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated γ-H2AX formation, a biomarker of DNA damage, and expression of stem cell markers (SCMs), including cytokeratin 14, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), and CD44, in the development of rat bladder tumors induced by short-term administration of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN). Histopathological examination showed that diffuse simple hyperplasia of the bladder urothelium induced by BBN recovered to the normal-appearing urothelium after withdrawal, whereas focal proliferative lesions were newly developed and subsequently progressed to benign papilloma and carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that BBN-induced γ-H2AX formation and ALDH1A1 and CD44 expression persisted at higher levels in the normal-appearing urothelium than those in the control group for long periods after withdrawal. Since persistent chronic inflammation was observed even after withdrawal, targeted gene expression analysis of inflammation-related factors revealed 101 genes, including Stat3 and Myc, that showed persistent high expression. Pathway analysis suggested that Stat3 and/or Myc activation may be associated with SCM expression. We focused on hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf), one of the genes predicted in relation to Stat3/Myc, and confirmed that HGF-positive cells increased by BBN persisted in the normal-appearing urothelium after withdrawal and colocalized with γ-H2AX and SCMs. These results suggested that the long-term persistence of γ-H2AX formation and SCM expression, which occurred during the early stages of bladder tumorigenesis, is not a transient response to exposure and might contribute to bladder tumorigenesis. Although further studies are needed, BBN-induced rat bladder tumors may originate from focal hyperplasia arising from SCM-positive cells via activation of the STAT3/MYC pathway after DNA damage involving γ-H2AX formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yamada
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Akane
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Morikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
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13
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Jafari NV, Rohn JL. The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1127-1142. [PMID: 36180582 PMCID: PMC9705259 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All mucosal surfaces must deal with the challenge of exposure to the outside world. The urothelium is a highly specialized layer of stratified epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the urinary bladder, a gruelling environment involving significant stretch forces, osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, toxic substances, and microbial invasion. The urinary bladder plays an important barrier role and allows the accommodation and expulsion of large volumes of urine without permitting urine components to diffuse across. The urothelium is made up of three cell types, basal, intermediate, and umbrella cells, whose specialized functions aid in the bladder's mission. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into urothelial structure, function, development, regeneration, and in particular the role of umbrella cells in barrier formation and maintenance. We briefly review diseases which involve the bladder and discuss current human urothelial in vitro models as a complement to traditional animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila V Jafari
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Rohn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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14
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Wang HT, Lee HW, Weng MW, Liu Y, Huang WC, Lepor H, Wu XR, Tang MS. The role of TAp63γ and P53 point mutations in regulating DNA repair, mutational susceptibility and invasion of bladder cancer cells. eLife 2021; 10:71184. [PMID: 34747697 PMCID: PMC8575459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has a low propensity (20%) of becoming muscle-invasive (MIBC), and that MIBC carry many more p53 point mutations (p53m) than NMIBC (50% vs 10%). MIBC also has a higher mutation burden than NMIBC. These results suggest that DNA repair capacities, mutational susceptibility and p53m are crucial for MIBC development. We found MIBC cells are hypermutable, deficient in DNA repair and have markedly downregulated DNA repair genes, XPC, hOGG1/2 and Ref1, and the tumor suppressor, TAp63γ. In contrast, NMIBC cells are hyperactive in DNA repair and exhibit upregulated DNA repair genes and TAp63γ. A parallel exists in human tumors, as MIBC tissues have markedly lower DNA repair activity, and lower expression of DNA repair genes and TAp63γ compared to NMIBC tissues. Forced TAp63γ expression in MIBC significantly mitigates DNA repair deficiencies and reduces mutational susceptibility. Knockdown of TAp63γ in NMIBC greatly reduces DNA repair capacity and enhances mutational susceptibility. Manipulated TAp63γ expression or knockdown of p53m reduce the invasion of MIBC by 40–60%. However, the combination of p53m knockdown with forced TAp63γ expression reduce the invasion ability to nil suggesting that p53m contributes to invasion phenotype independent from TAp63γ. These results indicate that in BC, TAp63γ regulates DNA repair capacities, mutational susceptibility and invasion, and that p53m contribute to the invasion phenotype. We conclude that concurrent TAp63γ suppression and acquisition of p53m are a major cause for MIBC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Mao-Wen Weng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - William C Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
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15
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Park S, Rong L, Owczarek TB, Bernardo MD, Shoulson RL, Chua CW, Kim JY, Lankarani A, Chakrapani P, Syed T, McKiernan JM, Solit DB, Shen MM, Al-Ahmadie HA, Abate-Shen C. Novel Mouse Models of Bladder Cancer Identify a Prognostic Signature Associated with Risk of Disease Progression. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5161-5175. [PMID: 34470779 PMCID: PMC8609963 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study the progression of bladder cancer from non-muscle-invasive to muscle-invasive disease, we have developed a novel toolkit that uses complementary approaches to achieve gene recombination in specific cell populations in the bladder urothelium in vivo, thereby allowing us to generate a new series of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of bladder cancer. One method is based on the delivery of adenoviruses that express Cre recombinase in selected cell types in the urothelium, and a second uses transgenic drivers in which activation of inducible Cre alleles can be limited to the bladder urothelium by intravesicular delivery of tamoxifen. Using both approaches, targeted deletion of the Pten and p53 tumor suppressor genes specifically in basal urothelial cells gave rise to muscle-invasive bladder tumors. Furthermore, preinvasive lesions arising in basal cells displayed upregulation of molecular pathways related to bladder tumorigenesis, including proinflammatory pathways. Cross-species analyses comparing a mouse gene signature of early bladder cancer with a human signature of bladder cancer progression identified a conserved 28-gene signature of early bladder cancer that is associated with poor prognosis for human bladder cancer and that outperforms comparable gene signatures. These findings demonstrate the relevance of these GEMMs for studying the biology of human bladder cancer and introduce a prognostic gene signature that may help to stratify patients at risk for progression to potentially lethal muscle-invasive disease. SIGNIFICANCE: Analyses of bladder cancer progression in a new series of genetically engineered mouse models has identified a gene signature of poor prognosis in human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonbum Park
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lijie Rong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Matteo Di Bernardo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rivka L Shoulson
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Chee-Wai Chua
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jaime Y Kim
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Amir Lankarani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Prithi Chakrapani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Talal Syed
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - James M McKiernan
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David B Solit
- Departments of Human Oncology and Pathogenesis and Medicine, Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael M Shen
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hikmat A Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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16
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Meijer RP. Urothelial cancer organoids: a tool for bladder cancer research. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 42:165-169. [PMID: 34623463 PMCID: PMC8695536 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer ranks among the top ten most common tumor types worldwide and represents a growing healthcare problem, accounting for a large part of total healthcare costs. Chemotherapy is effective in a subset of patients, while causing severe side effects. Tumor pathogenesis and drug resistance mechanisms are largely unknown. Precision medicine is failing in bladder cancer, as bladder tumors are genetically and molecularly very heterogeneous. Currently, therapeutic decision-making depends on assessing a single fragment of surgically acquired tumor tissue. Objective New preclinical model systems for bladder cancer are indispensable for developing therapeutic strategies tailored to individual patient and tumor characteristics. Organoids are small 3D tissue cultures that simulate small-size organs “in a dish” and tumoroids are a special type of cancer organoid (i.e., malignant tissue). Materials and methods Since 2016, we have collaborated with the renowned Hubrecht Institute to provide proof of concept of tissue-based bladder tumoroids mimicking parental tumors. We have developed a living biobank containing bladder organoids and tumoroids grown from over 50 patient samples, which reflect crucial aspects of bladder cancer pathogenesis. Results Histological and immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the heterogeneity and subclassification of tumoroids mimicked those of corresponding parental tumor samples. Thus, urothelial tumoroids mimic crucial aspects of bladder cancer pathogenesis. Conclusion Research with urothelial tumoroids will open up new avenues for bladder cancer pathogenesis and drug-resistance research as well as for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Meijer
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Na L, Wang Z, Bai Y, Sun Y, Dong D, Wang W, Zhao C. WNT7B represses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem-like properties in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1868:166271. [PMID: 34562599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence and metastasis are the major problems of bladder urothelial carcinoma, which mainly attribute to tumor cell stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemoresistance. METHODS TCGA database was interrogated for gene mRNA expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma samples. CCLE database was interrogated for gene mRNA expression in bladder cancer cell lines. The correlation between two genes was analyzed by Pearson statistics. 37 human bladder urothelial carcinoma specimens were adopted for immunohistochemistry. Bladder cancer cells RT4, J82, and UM-UC-3 were used to carry out loss and gain of function studies. Kaplan-Meier method was performed to analyze the overall survival. FINDINGS WNT7B is downregulated in high-grade bladder urothelial carcinomas. Low WNT7B expression is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Loss and gain of function studies showed that WNT7B inhibits bladder urothelial carcinoma cell EMT, stem-like properties and chemoresistance. FZD5, a specific receptor for WNT7B, mediates WNT7B signaling. ELF3 is a downstream component of WNT7B signaling, which transcriptionally modulates NOTCH1, a tumor suppressor in bladder urothelial carcinoma. INTERPRETATION These data demonstrate that WNT7B/FZD5-ELF3-NOTCH1 signaling functions as a tumor-suppressing pathway in bladder urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Na
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Chenghai Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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18
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Yang L, Sun J, Li M, Long Y, Zhang D, Guo H, Huang R, Yan J. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein links hypercholesterolemia and bladder cancer aggressiveness by promoting cancer stemness. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5720-5732. [PMID: 34479964 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a prevalent metabolic disorder that has been implicated in the development of steroid-targeted cancers. However, the link between hypercholesterolemia and urinary bladder cancer (UBC), a non-steroid-targeted cancer, remains unresolved. Here we show that diet- and Ldlr deficiency-induced hypercholesterolemia enhances both UBC stemness and progression. Inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption by Ezetimibe reversed diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and cancer stemness. As a key component in hypercholesterolemic sera, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), but not native low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol or metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol, increased cancer stemness through its receptor CD36. Depletion of CD36, ectopic expression of an ox-LDL binding-disabled mutant form of CD36(K164A), and the neutralization of ox-LDL and CD36 via neutralizing antibodies all reversed ox-LDL-induced cancer stemness. Mechanistically, ox-LDL enhanced the interaction of CD36 and JAK2, inducing phosphorylation of JAK2 and subsequently activating STAT3 signaling, which was not mediated by JAK1 or Src in UBC cells. Finally, ox-LDL levels in serum predicted poor prognosis, and the ox-LDLhigh signature predicted worse survival in UBC patients. These findings indicate that ox-LDL links hypercholesterolemia with UBC progression by enhancing cancer stemness. Lowering serum ox-LDL or targeting the CD36/JAK2/STAT3 axis might serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for UBCs with hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, elevated ox-LDL may serve as a biomarker for UBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University
| | - Jingya Sun
- Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
| | - Meiqian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University
| | - Yiming Long
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University
| | - Ruimin Huang
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University
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19
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Zhang X, Wang J, Lu J, Su L, Wang C, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhu X. Robust Prognostic Subtyping of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Revealed by Deep Learning-Based Multi-Omics Data Integration. Front Oncol 2021; 11:689626. [PMID: 34422643 PMCID: PMC8378227 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.689626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is the most common urinary system carcinoma associated with poor outcomes. It is necessary to develop a robust classification system for prognostic prediction of MIBC. Recently, increasing omics data at different levels of MIBC were produced, but few integration methods were used to classify MIBC that reflects the patient’s prognosis. In this study, we constructed an autoencoder based deep learning framework to integrate multi-omics data of MIBC and clustered samples into two different subgroups with significant overall survival difference (P = 8.11 × 10-5). As an independent prognostic factor relative to clinical information, these two subtypes have some significant genomic differences. Remarkably, the subtype of poor prognosis had significant higher frequency of chromosome 3p deletion. Immune decomposition analysis results showed that these two MIBC subtypes had different immune components including macrophages M1, resting NK cells, regulatory T cells, plasma cells, and naïve B cells. Hallmark gene set enrichment analysis was performed to investigate the functional character difference between these two MIBC subtypes, which revealed that activated IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, interferon-alpha response, reactive oxygen species pathway, and unfolded protein response were significantly enriched in upregulated genes of high-risk subtype. We constructed MIBC subtyping models based on multi-omics data and single omics data, respectively, and internal and external validation datasets showed the robustness of the prediction model as well as its ability of prognosis (P < 0.05 in all datasets). Finally, through bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemistry experiments, we found that KRT7 can be used as a biomarker reflecting MIBC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiabin Lu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Su
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changxi Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanping Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Kaushik V, Kulkarni Y, Felix K, Azad N, Iyer AKV, Yakisich JS. Alternative models of cancer stem cells: The stemness phenotype model, 10 years later. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:934-943. [PMID: 34367485 PMCID: PMC8316871 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical cancer stem cell (CSCs) theory proposed the existence of a rare but constant subpopulation of CSCs. In this model cancer cells are organized hierarchically and are responsible for tumor resistance and tumor relapse. Thus, eliminating CSCs will eventually lead to cure of cancer. This simplistic model has been challenged by experimental data. In 2010 we proposed a novel and controversial alternative model of CSC biology (the Stemness Phenotype Model, SPM). The SPM proposed a non-hierarchical model of cancer biology in which there is no specific subpopulation of CSCs in tumors. Instead, cancer cells are highly plastic in term of stemness and CSCs and non-CSCs can interconvert into each other depending on the microenvironment. This model predicts the existence of cancer cells ranging from a pure CSC phenotype to pure non-CSC phenotype and that survival of a single cell can originate a new tumor. During the past 10 years, a plethora of experimental evidence in a variety of cancer types has shown that cancer cells are indeed extremely plastic and able to interconvert into cells with different stemness phenotype. In this review we will (1) briefly describe the cumulative evidence from our laboratory and others supporting the SPM; (2) the implications of the SPM in translational oncology; and (3) discuss potential strategies to develop more effective therapeutic regimens for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kaushik
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Yogesh Kulkarni
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Kumar Felix
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Neelam Azad
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Anand Krishnan V Iyer
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Juan Sebastian Yakisich
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States.
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21
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Farina AR, Cappabianca LA, Zelli V, Sebastiano M, Mackay AR. Mechanisms involved in selecting and maintaining neuroblastoma cancer stem cell populations, and perspectives for therapeutic targeting. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:685-736. [PMID: 34367474 PMCID: PMC8316860 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric neuroblastomas (NBs) are heterogeneous, aggressive, therapy-resistant embryonal tumours that originate from cells of neural crest (NC) origin and in particular neuroblasts committed to the sympathoadrenal progenitor cell lineage. Therapeutic resistance, post-therapeutic relapse and subsequent metastatic NB progression are driven primarily by cancer stem cell (CSC)-like subpopulations, which through their self-renewing capacity, intermittent and slow cell cycles, drug-resistant and reversibly adaptive plastic phenotypes, represent the most important obstacle to improving therapeutic outcomes in unfavourable NBs. In this review, dedicated to NB CSCs and the prospects for their therapeutic eradication, we initiate with brief descriptions of the unique transient vertebrate embryonic NC structure and salient molecular protagonists involved NC induction, specification, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and migratory behaviour, in order to familiarise the reader with the embryonic cellular and molecular origins and background to NB. We follow this by introducing NB and the potential NC-derived stem/progenitor cell origins of NBs, before providing a comprehensive review of the salient molecules, signalling pathways, mechanisms, tumour microenvironmental and therapeutic conditions involved in promoting, selecting and maintaining NB CSC subpopulations, and that underpin their therapy-resistant, self-renewing metastatic behaviour. Finally, we review potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects for targeting and eradication of these bastions of NB therapeutic resistance, post-therapeutic relapse and metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rosella Farina
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, AQ, Italy
| | - Lucia Annamaria Cappabianca
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, AQ, Italy
| | - Veronica Zelli
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, AQ, Italy
| | - Michela Sebastiano
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, AQ, Italy
| | - Andrew Reay Mackay
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, AQ, Italy.
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22
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Iyyanki T, Zhang B, Wang Q, Hou Y, Jin Q, Xu J, Yang H, Liu T, Wang X, Song F, Luan Y, Yamashita H, Chien R, Lyu H, Zhang L, Wang L, Warrick J, Raman JD, Meeks JJ, DeGraff DJ, Yue F. Subtype-associated epigenomic landscape and 3D genome structure in bladder cancer. Genome Biol 2021; 22:105. [PMID: 33858483 PMCID: PMC8048365 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancers are characterized by their distinct expression of luminal and basal genes, which could be used to predict key clinical features such as disease progression and overall survival. Transcriptionally, FOXA1, GATA3, and PPARG are shown to be essential for luminal subtype-specific gene regulation and subtype switching, while TP63, STAT3, and TFAP2 family members are critical for regulation of basal subtype-specific genes. Despite these advances, the underlying epigenetic mechanisms and 3D chromatin architecture responsible for subtype-specific regulation in bladder cancer remain unknown. RESULT: We determine the genome-wide transcriptome, enhancer landscape, and transcription factor binding profiles of FOXA1 and GATA3 in luminal and basal subtypes of bladder cancer. Furthermore, we report the first-ever mapping of genome-wide chromatin interactions by Hi-C in both bladder cancer cell lines and primary patient tumors. We show that subtype-specific transcription is accompanied by specific open chromatin and epigenomic marks, at least partially driven by distinct transcription factor binding at distal enhancers of luminal and basal bladder cancers. Finally, we identify a novel clinically relevant transcription factor, Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 2 (NPAS2), in luminal bladder cancers that regulates other subtype-specific genes and influences cancer cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION: In summary, our work identifies unique epigenomic signatures and 3D genome structures in luminal and basal urinary bladder cancers and suggests a novel link between the circadian transcription factor NPAS2 and a clinical bladder cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswi Iyyanki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Baozhen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Present address: Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Division of Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qixuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ye Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qiushi Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fan Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu Luan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hironobu Yamashita
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ruby Chien
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Huijue Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua Warrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jay D Raman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine and The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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23
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Fernandes S, Fernandez T, Metze S, Balakrishnan PB, Mai BT, Conteh J, De Mei C, Turdo A, Di Franco S, Stassi G, Todaro M, Pellegrino T. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Hyperthermia Mediates Drug Delivery and Impairs the Tumorigenic Capacity of Quiescent Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15959-15972. [PMID: 33797220 PMCID: PMC8045020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the tumor cell subpopulation responsible for resistance to chemotherapy, tumor recurrence, and metastasis. An efficient therapy must act on low proliferating quiescent-CSCs (q-CSCs). We here investigate the effect of magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) in combination with local chemotherapy as a dual therapy to inhibit patient-derived colorectal qCR-CSCs. We apply iron oxide nanocubes as MHT heat mediators, coated with a thermoresponsive polymer (TR-Cubes) and loaded with DOXO (TR-DOXO) as a chemotherapeutic agent. The thermoresponsive polymer releases DOXO only at a temperature above 44 °C. In colony-forming assays, the cells exposed to TR-Cubes with MHT reveal that qCR-CSCs struggle to survive the heat damage and, with a due delay, restart the division of dormant cells. The eradication of qCR-CSCs with a complete stop of the colony formation was achieved only with TR-DOXO when exposed to MHT. The in vivo tumor formation study confirms the combined effects of MHT with heat-mediated drug release: only the group of animals that received the CR-CSCs pretreated, in vitro, with TR-DOXO and MHT lacked the formation of tumor even after several months. For DOXO-resistant CR-CSCs cells, the same results were shown, in vitro, when choosing the drug oxaliplatin rather than DOXO and applying MHT. These findings emphasize the potential of our nanoplatforms as an effective patient-personalized cancer treatment against qCR-CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Fernandes
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tamara Fernandez
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Metze
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Binh T. Mai
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - John Conteh
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia De Mei
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alice Turdo
- PROMISE
Department,Piazza delle Cliniche 2, University
of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Di Franco
- DICHIRONS
Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- DICHIRONS
Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- PROMISE
Department,Piazza delle Cliniche 2, University
of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Teresa Pellegrino
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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24
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Liu S, Shi J, Liu Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Huang Y, Chen Z, Yang J. Analysis of mRNA expression differences in bladder cancer metastasis based on TCGA datasets. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060521996929. [PMID: 33787386 PMCID: PMC8020247 DOI: 10.1177/0300060521996929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the metastatic mechanism of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which accounts for approximately 30% of all bladder cancer cases, and is a considerable medical problem with high metastatic and mortality rates. METHODS The mRNA levels of patients with metastatic MIBC and nonmetastatic MIBC from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset were compared. An integrated bioinformatics analysis was performed of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and analyses of Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, protein-protein interaction, and survival were performed to investigate differences between metastatic and nonmetastatic MIBC. RESULTS Data from 264 patients were included (131 with, and 133 without, metastasis). A total of 385 significantly DEGs were identified, including 209 upregulated genes and 176 downregulated genes. Based on results using the STRING database and the MCODE plugin of Cytoscape software, two clusters were obtained. Moreover, two genes were identified that may be valuable for prognostic analysis: Keratin 38, type I (KRT38) and Histone cluster 1, H3f (HIST1H3F). CONCLUSION The KRT38 and HIST1H3F genes may be important in metastasis of MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Urology, Chinese People's Armed Police Force Tibet Corps Hospital, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Jiazhong Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingqi Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaqin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Ingenwerth M, Nyirády P, Hadaschik B, Szarvas T, Reis H. The prognostic value of cytokeratin and extracellular collagen expression in urinary bladder cancer. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:941-949. [PMID: 33632097 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666210225100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression levels of collagens have been implicated in the progression of various cancers and interact with cytokeratins, but are not well studied in bladder cancer (BC). Therefore, we analyzed the gene and protein expression levels of collagen 1A1 (Col1a1/COL1A1), collagen 3A1 (col3a1/COL3A1), collagen 5A2 (col5a2/COL5A2), cytokeratin 14 (krt14/CK14), and cytokeratin 17 (krt17/CK17) in urothelial BC samples of different stages. METHODS In total, 102 fresh frozen and 190 formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples were tested using immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. Expression levels were correlated to clinicopathological and follow-up data. RESULTS Col1a1, col3a1, col5a2 and krt14 mRNA levels were significantly overexpressed in high-grade and muscle-invasive BC (MIBC) compared to low-grade and non-muscle invasive BC (NMIBC) cases. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was shorter in patients with high expression levels of col1a1 (p = 0.004), col3a1 (p = 0.004), and col5a2 (p = 0.028). CK14 (p = 0.020), COL3A1 (p = 0.006) and Col5A2 (p = 0.006) protein expression levels were significantly higher and protein expression levels of CK17 (p = 0.05) significantly lower in MIBC compared to NMIBC. Furthermore, CK14 (p = 0.002) and COL5A2 (p = 0.006) protein expressions were significantly higher in high-grade compared to low-grade BC. DSS was shorter in patients with high expression levels of COL5A2 (p = 0.033) and CK14 (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION Expression changes of collagens and cytokeratins are univariable prognostic markers in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ingenwerth
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen. Germany
| | - Péter Nyirády
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest. Hungary
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen. Germany
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest. Hungary
| | - Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen. Germany
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26
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Narla ST, Bushnell DS, Schaefer CM, Nouraie M, Tometich JT, Hand TW, Bates CM. Loss of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) Leads to Defective Bladder Urothelial Regeneration after Cyclophosphamide Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:631-651. [PMID: 33385344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide may cause hemorrhagic cystitis and eventually bladder urothelial cancer. Genetic determinants for poor outcomes are unknown. We assessed actions of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2 in urothelium after cyclophosphamide exposure. Conditional urothelial deletion of Fgfr2 (Fgfr2KO) did not affect injury severity or proliferation of keratin 14+ (KRT14+) basal progenitors or other urothelial cells 1 day after cyclophosphamide exposure. Three days after cyclophosphamide exposure, Fgfr2KO urothelium had defective regeneration, fewer cells, larger basal cell bodies and nuclei, paradoxical increases in proliferation markers, and excessive replication stress versus controls. Fgfr2KO mice had evidence of pathologic basal cell endoreplication associated with absent phosphorylated ERK staining and decreased p53 expression versus controls. Mice with conditional deletion of Fgfr2 in urothelium enriched for KRT14+ cells reproduced Fgfr2KO abnormalities after cyclophosphamide exposure. Fgfr2KO urothelium had defects up to 6 months after injury versus controls, including larger basal cells and nuclei, more persistent basal and ectopic lumenal KRT14+ cells, and signs of metaplasia (attenuated E-cadherin staining). Mice missing one allele of Fgfr2 also had (less severe) regeneration defects and basal cell endoreplication 3 days after cyclophosphamide exposure versus controls. Thus, reduced FGFR2/ERK signaling apparently leads to abnormal urothelial repair after cyclophosphamide exposure from pathologic basal cell endoreplication. Patients with genetic variants in FGFR2 or its ligands may have increased risks of hemorrhagic cystitis or urothelial cancer from persistent and ectopic KRT14+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar T Narla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel S Bushnell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Caitlin M Schaefer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mehdi Nouraie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Justin T Tometich
- Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Infectious Disease Section, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Infectious Disease Section, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carlton M Bates
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Nephrology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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27
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Mo Q, Li R, Adeegbe DO, Peng G, Chan KS. Integrative multi-omics analysis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer identifies prognostic biomarkers for frontline chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Commun Biol 2020; 3:784. [PMID: 33335285 PMCID: PMC7746703 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a subgroup of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) are responders toward cisplatin-based chemotherapy and PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy. There is a clinical need to identify MIBC molecular subtypes and biomarkers for patient stratification toward the therapies. Here, we performed an integrative clustering analysis of 388 MIBC samples with multi-omics data and identified basal and luminal/differentiated integrative subtypes and derived a 42 gene panel for classification of MIBC. Using nine additional gene expression data (n = 844), we demonstrated the prognostic value of the 42 basal-luminal genes. The basal subtype was associated with worse overall survival in patients receiving no neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), but better overall survival in patients receiving NAC in two clinical trials. Each of the subtypes could be further divided into chr9 p21.3 normal or loss subgroup. The patients with low expression of MTAP/CDKN2A/2B (indicative of chr9 p21.3 loss) had a significantly lower response rate to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy and worse survival than the patients with high expression of MTAP/CDKN2A/2B. This integrative analysis reveals intrinsic MIBC subtypes and biomarkers with prognostic value for the frontline therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxing Mo
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Roger Li
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Dennis O Adeegbe
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Keith Syson Chan
- Department of Pathology and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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28
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Wu S, Nitschke K, Worst TS, Fierek A, Weis CA, Eckstein M, Porubsky S, Kriegmair M, Erben P. Long noncoding RNA MIR31HG and its splice variants regulate proliferation and migration: prognostic implications for muscle invasive bladder cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:288. [PMID: 33334367 PMCID: PMC7745499 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Growing evidence supports the pivotal role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of cancer development and progression. Their expression patterns and biological function in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) remain elusive. Methods Transcript levels of lncRNA miR-31 host gene (MIR31HG) and its splice variants were measured in our MIBC cohort (n = 102) by qRT-PCR, and validated in silico by the TCGA cohort (n = 370). Kaplan-Meier and multiple Cox regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the survival significance of MIR31HG and its splice variants. Functional experiments were performed to examine the proliferation and migration abilities of MIR31HG and its splice variants by knockdown approaches. Results In this study, a decreased expression of MIR31HG was found in bladder cancer cells and tissues, except in the basal subtype. Survival analysis showed that high expression of MIR31HG was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with MIBC of basal subtype. Two splice variants of MIR31HG lacking exon 1 (MIR31HGΔE1) and exon 3 (MIR31HGΔE3) were identified to have specific expression patterns in different molecular subtypes of our MIBC cohort. MIR31HGΔE3 was highly expressed in basal subtype tumors. A high expression of MIR31HGΔE1 and MIR31HGΔE3 was associated with worse OS and DFS in our cohort. In vitro experiments revealed that knockdown of MIR31HG inhibits cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration in bladder cancer. Cell proliferation and migration assays after knockdown of splice variants of MIR31HG showed corresponding roles for the full-length transcript. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that MIR31HG and its splice variants could serve as biomarkers for the classification and prognosis prediction of patients with MIBC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-020-01795-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Katja Nitschke
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Stefan Worst
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Fierek
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cleo-Aron Weis
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Porubsky
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kriegmair
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Erben
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), a highly heterogeneous disease, shows genomic instability and a high mutation rate. Clinical outcomes are variable and responses to conventional chemotherapy differ among patients (due to inter-patient tumor heterogeneity and inter-tumor heterogeneity) and even within each individual tumor (intra-tumor heterogeneity). Emerging evidence indicates that tumor heterogeneity may play an important role in cancer progression, resistance to therapy, and metastasis. Comprehensive molecular subtyping classifies MIBC into distinct categories that have potential to guide prognosis, patient stratification, and treatment. Genomic characterization of time-series analyses at the single cell level, and of cell-free circulating tumor DNA or circulating tumor cells, are emerging technologies that enable dissection of the complex clonal architecture of MIBC. This review provides insight into the clinical significance of the molecular mechanisms underlying heterogeneity, focusing on inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, with special emphasis on molecular classification and methods used to analyze the complex patterns involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Woonyoung Choi
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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30
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Liu Q, Gu J, Zhang E, He L, Yuan ZX. Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics to Urological Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2038-2056. [PMID: 32250210 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403131514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urological cancer refers to cancer in organs of the urinary system and the male reproductive system. It mainly includes prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, etc., seriously threatening patients' survival. Although there are many advances in the treatment of urological cancer, approved targeted therapies often result in tumor recurrence and therapy failure. An increasing amount of evidence indicated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) with tumor-initiating ability were the source of treatment failure in urological cancer. The development of CSCstargeted strategy can provide a possibility for the complete elimination of urological cancer. This review is based on a search of PubMed, Google scholar and NIH database (http://ClinicalTrials.gov/) for English language articles containing the terms: "biomarkers", "cancer stem cells", "targeting/targeted therapy", "prostate cancer", bladder cancer" and "kidney cancer". We summarized the biomarkers and stem cell features of the prostate, bladder and renal CSCs, outlined the targeted strategies for urological CSCs from signaling pathways, cytokines, angiogenesis, surface markers, elimination therapy, differentiation therapy, immunotherapy, microRNA, nanomedicine, etc., and highlighted the prospects and future challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Yaopharma Co., Ltd. Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - E Zhang
- Officers college of PAP, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili He
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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31
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Expression of stem cell markers as useful complementary factors in the early detection of urinary bladder carcinogens by immunohistochemistry for γ-H2AX. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:715-726. [PMID: 33211169 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that immunohistochemistry for γ-H2AX, a biomarker of DNA damage, is useful for early detection of urinary bladder carcinogens in rats. In a 28-day repeated-dose study, γ-H2AX was shown to have high sensitivity for detection of bladder carcinogens. However, no reports have evaluated whether a combination of multiple biomarkers may further improve sensitivity. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the applicability of bladder tissue and cancer stem cell markers, including cytokeratin 14 (KRT14), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), and cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), as complementary markers for early detection of bladder carcinogens. Bladder samples obtained from male F344 rats orally treated with 14 bladder carcinogens and five nonbladder carcinogens for 28 days were used for immunohistochemical analysis of stem cell markers. In the bladder carcinogen-treated rats, increases in KRT14, ALDH1A1, and CD44 expression were observed in 9, 10, and 10 out of 14 groups, respectively, whereas the five nonbladder carcinogens did not cause upregulation of these markers. Although most epithelial cells with KRT14 or ALDH1A1 expression were also positive for CD44, KRT14 and ALDH1A1 expression were mutually exclusive. Twelve bladder carcinogens showed increases in at least one of the three markers, indicating that the combined evaluation showed higher sensitivity than the use of individual markers alone. Importantly, two of three bladder carcinogens that did not induce γ-H2AX immunostaining showed stem cell marker expression. Our results demonstrated that these stem cell markers may be useful as complementary markers for γ-H2AX in evaluation of bladder carcinogens.
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Merrill NM, Vandecan NM, Day KC, Palmbos PL, Day ML, Udager AM, Merajver SD, Soellner MB. MEK is a promising target in the basal subtype of bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3921-3932. [PMID: 33216841 PMCID: PMC7646827 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While many resources exist for the drug screening of bladder cancer cell lines in 2D culture, it is widely recognized that screening in 3D culture is more representative of in vivo response. Importantly, signaling changes between 2D and 3D culture can result in changes to drug response. To address the need for 3D drug screening of bladder cancer cell lines, we screened 17 bladder cancer cell lines using a library of 652 investigational small-molecules and 3 clinically relevant drug combinations in 3D cell culture. Our goal was to identify compounds and classes of compounds with efficacy in bladder cancer. Utilizing established genomic and transcriptomic data for these bladder cancer cell lines, we correlated the genomic molecular parameters with drug response, to identify potentially novel groups of tumors that are vulnerable to specific drugs or classes of drugs. Importantly, we demonstrate that MEK inhibitors are a promising targeted therapy for the basal subtype of bladder cancer, and our data indicate that drug screening of 3D cultures provides an important resource for hypothesis generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Merrill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nathalie M Vandecan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen C Day
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip L Palmbos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark L Day
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aaron M Udager
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sofia D Merajver
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew B Soellner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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33
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Lokeshwar VB, Morera DS, Hasanali SL, Yates TJ, Hupe MC, Knapp J, Lokeshwar SD, Wang J, Hennig MJP, Baskar R, Escudero DO, Racine RR, Dhir N, Jordan AR, Hoye K, Azih I, Manoharan M, Klaassen Z, Kavuri S, Lopez LE, Ghosh S, Lokeshwar BL. A Novel Splice Variant of HYAL-4 Drives Malignant Transformation and Predicts Outcome in Patients with Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3455-3467. [PMID: 32094233 PMCID: PMC7334064 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poor prognosis of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer that often metastasizes drives the need for discovery of molecular determinants of bladder cancer progression. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, including CD44, regulate cancer progression; however, the identity of a chondroitinase (Chase) that cleaves chondroitin sulfate from proteoglycans is unknown. HYAL-4 is an understudied gene suspected to encode a Chase, with no known biological function. We evaluated HYAL-4 expression and its role in bladder cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In clinical specimens, HYAL-4 wild-type (Wt) and V1 expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR, IHC, and/or immunoblotting; a novel assay measured Chase activity. Wt and V1 were stably expressed or silenced in normal urothelial and three bladder cancer cell lines. Transfectants were analyzed for stem cell phenotype, invasive signature and tumorigenesis, and metastasis in four xenograft models, including orthotopic bladder. RESULTS HYAL-4 expression, specifically a novel splice variant (V1), was elevated in bladder tumors; Wt expression was barely detectable. V1 encoded a truncated 349 amino acid protein that was secreted. In bladder cancer tissues, V1 levels associated with metastasis and cancer-specific survival with high efficacy and encoded Chase activity. V1 cleaved chondroitin-6-sulfate from CD44, increasing CD44 secretion. V1 induced stem cell phenotype, motility/invasion, and an invasive signature. CD44 knockdown abrogated these phenotypes. V1-expressing urothelial cells developed angiogenic, muscle-invasive tumors. V1-expressing bladder cancer cells formed tumors at low density and formed metastatic bladder tumors when implanted orthotopically. CONCLUSIONS Our study discovered the first naturally-occurring eukaryotic/human Chase and connected it to disease pathology, specifically cancer. V1-Chase is a driver of malignant bladder cancer and potential predictor of outcome in patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinata B Lokeshwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
| | - Daley S Morera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Sarrah L Hasanali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Travis J Yates
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Marie C Hupe
- Department of Urology, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Judith Knapp
- Department of Urology, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Soum D Lokeshwar
- Honors Program in Medical Education, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Martin J P Hennig
- Department of Urology, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Rohitha Baskar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Diogo O Escudero
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ronny R Racine
- Department of Urology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Neetika Dhir
- Department of Urology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Andre R Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Kelly Hoye
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ijeoma Azih
- Clinical Trials Office, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Murugesan Manoharan
- Division of Urologic Oncology Surgery, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida
| | - Zachary Klaassen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Sravan Kavuri
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Luis E Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Santu Ghosh
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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34
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Jung M, Jang I, Kim K, Moon KC. CK14 Expression Identifies a Basal/Squamous-Like Type of Papillary Non-Muscle-Invasive Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:623. [PMID: 32391279 PMCID: PMC7193093 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Object: CK14 expression is an important marker of basal/squamous-like (BASQ)-type muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma, and this molecularly defined subtype has a poor prognosis and a distinct response to chemotherapy. However, CK14 expression and its clinicopathological and molecular significance in papillary non-muscle-invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma (NMIUTUC) remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the prognostic implications of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CK14 and the transcriptional characteristics associated with CK14 expression in papillary NMIUTUC. Materials and Methods: IHC staining for CK14 was conducted in 204 papillary NMIUTUC specimens. Positive CK14 IHC staining was defined as a positive signal in >0% of tumor cells. RNA sequencing data were analyzed from 8 papillary high-grade NMIUTUC specimens consisting of 4 CK14-positive and 4 CK14-negative tumors. Results: CK14 positivity was associated with a high TNM stage (p < 0.001) and a high World Health Organization grade (p = 0.003). Survival analysis showed that CK14 positivity was significantly associated with poor progression-free survival (p = 0.015; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.990; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.180-7.580) and was marginally associated with poor cancer-specific survival (p = 0.052; HR = 3.77; 95% CI = 0.900-15.780). Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that the CK14-positive tumors were associated with a basal subtype of breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma development, p40, tumor necrosis factor α-nuclear factor-κB, and p53 pathways, and embryonic stem cells; these characteristics are reminiscent of the BASQ subtype. In addition, with a p < 0.05 and |fold change| ≥2 as the cutoffs, we identified 178 differentially expressed genes when comparing CK14-positive and CK14-negative tumors. Functional analysis of these genes revealed several networks and gene ontology terms related to the positive regulation of cellular proliferation in CK14-positive tumors. Consistent with these results, we demonstrated that the mean Ki-67 proliferative index was higher in CK14-positive tumors than it was in CK14-negative tumors (2.3 vs. 0.8%, respectively, p = 0.002). Conclusion: CK14-positive papillary NMIUTUC is an aggressive subtype with BASQ-like molecular characteristics and dynamic proliferative activity. We propose that CK14 IHC staining can be a useful biomarker of BASQ-type papillary NMIUTUC that can be applied in daily practice with the aim of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Insoon Jang
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Research Center, Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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35
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Knockdown of UTX/KDM6A Enriches Precursor Cell Populations in Urothelial Cell Cultures and Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041023. [PMID: 32326336 PMCID: PMC7226239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone demethylase UTX (gene: KDM6A) directs cell and tissue differentiation during development. Deleterious mutations in KDM6A occur in many human cancers, most frequently in urothelial carcinoma. The consequences of these mutations are poorly understood; plausibly, they may disturb urothelial differentiation. We therefore investigated the effects of UTX siRNA-mediated knockdown in two in vitro models of urothelial differentiation; namely, primary cultures of urothelial epithelial cells treated with troglitazone and PD153035 and the immortalized urothelial cell line HBLAK treated with high calcium and serum. In both models, efficient UTX knockdown did not block morphological and biochemical differentiation. An apparent delay was due to a cytotoxic effect on the cell cultures before the initiation of differentiation, which induced apoptosis partly in a p53-dependent manner. As a consequence, slowly cycling, smaller, KRT14high precursor cells in the HBLAK cell line were enriched at the expense of more differentiated, larger, proliferating KRT14low cells. UTX knockdown induced apoptosis and enriched KRT14high cells in the BFTC-905 papillary urothelial carcinoma cell line as well. Our findings suggest an explanation for the frequent occurrence of KDM6A mutations across all stages and molecular subtypes of urothelial carcinoma, whereby loss of UTX function does not primarily impede later stages of urothelial differentiation, but favors the expansion of precursor populations to provide a reservoir of potential tumor-initiating cells.
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36
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Mojarrad M, Moghbeli M. Genetic and molecular biology of bladder cancer among Iranian patients. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1233. [PMID: 32253828 PMCID: PMC7284045 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is the sixth common cancer among Iranians. Various risk factors such as smoking, body mass index, chronic infection, age, and genetic factors are associated with BC progression. Methods It has been shown that a significant ratio of patients have tumors with muscle bladder layer invasion and poor prognosis at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, the early detection of tumors is required to reduce the mortality rate of BC cases. Since there is a wide geographical incidence variation in BC in Iran, it seems that the ethnic and genetic factors can be the main risk factors among Iranian BC patients. Results For the first time, in present review we have summarized all of the reported genes among Iranian BC patients until now which were significantly associated with tumorigenesis. Moreover, we categorized all of the reported genes based on their cell and molecular functions to clarify the genetic and molecular biology of BC among Iranian population. Conclusion This review paves the way of determination of a population‐based genetic panel markers for the early detection of BC in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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37
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Yamada T, Toyoda T, Matsushita K, Morikawa T, Ogawa K. Dose dependency of γ-H2AX formation in the rat urinary bladder treated with genotoxic and nongenotoxic bladder carcinogens. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1219-1227. [PMID: 32203627 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that immunostaining for γ-H2AX, a biomarker of DNA damage, in the rat urinary bladder is useful for early detection of bladder carcinogens in 28-day toxicity studies. Here, we aimed to examine the dose dependency of γ-H2AX formation in the urinary bladder of rats. Male F344 rats (aged 6 weeks) were orally administered N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN; 0%, 0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.02%, or 0.05% in drinking water), a genotoxic bladder carcinogen, and melamine (0%, 0.3%, 1.0%, or 3.0% in the diet), a nongenotoxic bladder carcinogen, for 2 days or 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that γ-H2AX- and Ki67-positive epithelial cells in the bladder urothelium were significantly increased, with a clear dose dependency, in both BBN- and melamine-treated groups. Additionally, γ-H2AX formation was detected from the lower-dose group, without increased Ki67 expression or histopathologic findings. The ratios of γ-H2AX-positive cells at week 4 in both BBN- and melamine-treated groups were higher than those on day 2, indicating the time-dependent increase in γ-H2AX formation. Immunofluorescence double-staining revealed that γ-H2AX single-positive cells without Ki67 expression were often found in the urothelium of BBN-treated rats, whereas most γ-H2AX-positive cells were Ki67-positive in the melamine group. Our results demonstrated that γ-H2AX formation in the urinary bladder increased in a clear dose-dependent manner and that γ-H2AX immunostaining has the potential to detect bladder carcinogens after a 2-day administration. Furthermore, the association of genotoxic mechanisms in bladder carcinogenesis could be determined by analyzing the colocalization of γ-H2AX and Ki67 in the urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yamada
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Morikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
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38
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Yin SJ, Park MW, Lee BN, Yang JM, Park YD, Qian GY. Functional study of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) in keratinocytes: microarray integrating bioinformatics approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2133-2151. [PMID: 32189581 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1745281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The function of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) has been gradually elucidated in several diseases, especially in various cancers. However, the role of ALDH1 in skin-related diseases has been mostly unknown. Previously, we found that ALDH1 is involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). In this study, we used high-throughput screening (HTS) approaches to identify critical factors associated with ALDH1 in human keratinocytes to reveal its functions in skin. We overexpressed ALDH1 in human HaCaT keratinocytes and then conducted serial HTS studies, a DNA microarray and antibody array integrated with bioinformatics algorithms. Together, those tests identified several novel genes associated with the function of ALDH1 in keratinocytes, as well as AD, including CTSG and CCL11. In particular, GNB3, GHSR, TAS2R9, FFAR1, TAS2R16, CCL21, GPR32, NPFFR1, GPR15, FBXW12, CCL19, EDNRA, FFAR3, and RXFP3 proteins were consistently detected as hub proteins in the PPI maps. By integrating the datasets obtained from these HTS studies and using the strengths of each method, we obtained new insights into the functional role of ALDH1 in skin keratinocytes. The approach used here could contribute to the clinical understanding of ALDH1-associated applications for the treatment of AD.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jun Yin
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Min-Woo Park
- Genomic Research Center, EBIOGEN Inc, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bit-Na Lee
- Genomic Research Center, EBIOGEN Inc, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Doo Park
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, PR China.,Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Skin Diseases Research Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, PR China
| | - Guo-Ying Qian
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, PR China
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Cancer stem cell-specific expression profiles reveal emerging bladder cancer biomarkers and identify circRNA_103809 as an important regulator in bladder cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3354-3370. [PMID: 32065779 PMCID: PMC7066924 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs), exhibiting self-renewal and differentiation capacities, may contribute to the tumor initiation, metastasis, recurrence and drug resistance of bladder cancer. However, the underlying functional mechanisms of BCSCs remain to be clarified. In this study, we describe the differentially-expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in BCSCs compared with that in bladder cancer non-stem cells (BCNSCs) through the transcriptome microarray data analysis using bladder cancer patients’ specimens. CircRNA_103809, the top one among the highly expressed circRNA identified in BCSCs, promotes the self-renewal, migration and invasion capabilities of bladder cancer by acting as a miR-511 sponge. Additionally, GO and KEGG pathway analysis suggest the differentially expressed genes identified may be involved in the cellular metabolism, differentiation and metastasis regulation of the cancer cells. Co-expression networks of lncRNAs/mRNAs and circRNAs/mRNAs constructed by WGCNA give a picture of the non-coding/coding RNAs regulating patterns in BCSCs. Notably, as core genes in the networks, AHCY, C6orf136 and LRIG1 show high potential to be prognosticators for bladder cancer. Therefore, further studies of non-coding RNA functional mechanisms in BCSCs is valuable for detecting the pathogenic mechanisms and discovering novel biomarkers in bladder cancer.
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40
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Aboushousha T, Hammam O, Aref A, Kamel A, Badawy M, Abdel Hamid A. Tissue Profile of CDK4 and STAT3 as Possible Innovative Therapeutic Targets in Urinary Bladder Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:547-554. [PMID: 32102537 PMCID: PMC7332140 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.2.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer represents a global health problem. It ranks ninth in worldwide cancer incidence. In Egypt, carcinoma of the bladder is the most prevalent cancer, Bladder cancer has the highest recurrence rate of any malignancy. Certainly, suitable molecular diagnostic markers are required to improve the early detection of bladder cancer and then to prolong survival of patients. The present study was aimed to explore the expression of CDk4 and STAT3 in bladder cancer tissues as prospective for target therapy. Our studied groups showed higher values of CDK4 and STAT3 expression in malignant tissues (SCC andUC collectively) compared to cystitis, however, significantly higher values of CDK4 and STAT3 expression were detected in UC group compared to SCC group. Urothelial carcinomas with papillary patterns showed lower parameters of CDK4 and STAT3 expression compared to the non-papillary variant, with significant differences. Higher grades of UC showed significantly higher parameters of CDK4 and STAT3 expression compared to low grade ones. Muscle invasion increases the level of CDK4 and STAT3 expression parameters, compared to non-muscle invasive UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Hammam
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Aref
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira Kamel
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Badawy
- Department of Urology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Abdel Hamid
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
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41
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Guan Y, Wang G, Fails D, Nagarajan P, Ge Y. Unraveling cancer lineage drivers in squamous cell carcinomas. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107448. [PMID: 31836455 PMCID: PMC6995404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer hijacks embryonic development and adult wound repair mechanisms to fuel malignancy. Cancer frequently originates from de-regulated adult stem cells or progenitors, which are otherwise essential units for postnatal tissue remodeling and repair. Cancer genomics studies have revealed convergence of multiple cancers across organ sites, including squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), a common group of cancers arising from the head and neck, esophagus, lung, cervix and skin. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the molecular drivers of SCCs, including these five major organ sites. We especially focus our discussion on lineage dependent driver genes and pathways, in the context of squamous development and stratification. We then use skin as a model to discuss the notion of field cancerization during SCC carcinogenesis, and cancer as a wound that never heals. Finally, we turn to the idea of context dependency widely observed in cancer driver genes, and outline literature support and possible explanations for their lineage specific functions. Through these discussions, we aim to provide an up-to-date summary of molecular mechanisms driving tumor plasticity in squamous cancers. Such basic knowledge will be helpful to inform the clinics for better stratifying cancer patients, revealing novel drug targets and providing effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Danielle Fails
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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42
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Wong R, Rosser CJ. UroSEEK gene panel for bladder cancer surveillance. Transl Androl Urol 2019; 8:S546-S549. [PMID: 32042643 PMCID: PMC6989847 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.12.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Regan Wong
- Department of Surgery & Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Rosser
- Department of Surgery & Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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43
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Prognostic stratification of muscle invasive urothelial carcinomas using limited immunohistochemical panel of Gata3 and cytokeratins 5/6, 14 and 20. Ann Diagn Pathol 2019; 43:151397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Bao Z, Zhan Y, He S, Li Y, Guan B, He Q, Yang X, Li X, Fang D, Zhou L. Increased Expression Of SOX2 Predicts A Poor Prognosis And Promotes Malignant Phenotypes In Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:9095-9106. [PMID: 31695499 PMCID: PMC6817346 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s219568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor SRY-related HMG-box 2 (SOX2) plays important regulatory roles in diverse biological processes (cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumorigenicity). However, the relationship between SOX2 and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) have not been intensively investigated. This study aims to analyze the expression of SOX2 in UTUC as well as the predictive value for prognosis and the effect on tumor aggressiveness of SOX2. Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks containing samples from 341 patients with UTUC who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) at our institute were analyzed for SOX2 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Associations between the SOX2 expression level and clinicopathological characteristics, disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were analyzed. SOX2 expression in a normal urothelial cell line, urothelial carcinoma cell lines, 16 UTUC tissues and their pair-matched adjacent normal tissues was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Using RNA interference in vitro, the effects of SOX2 inhibition on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumorigenicity were determined. Results SOX2 expression was significantly upregulated in UTUC tissue samples compared with paired-adjacent nontumorous tissue samples. SOX2 expression was correlated with important clinicopathological features, including tumor stage, tumor grade, tumor architecture and the presence of glandular or sarcoma differentiation, and was an independent predictor of poor DFS and CSS. Further experiments indicated that SOX2 expression was higher in UTUC cell lines than in a normal urothelial cell line. Knocking down SOX2 expression could inhibit malignant phenotypes (cell proliferation, stemness, migration, invasion and tumorigenicity) in UTUC cells. Conclusion SOX2 is an independent prognostic marker of poor DFS and CSS in UTUC patients who have undergone RNU. Moreover, these data suggest that SOX2 may be a promising therapeutic target in UTUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Bao
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghao Zhan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Guan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Fang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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45
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Santos CP, Lapi E, Martínez de Villarreal J, Álvaro-Espinosa L, Fernández-Barral A, Barbáchano A, Domínguez O, Laughney AM, Megías D, Muñoz A, Real FX. Urothelial organoids originating from Cd49f high mouse stem cells display Notch-dependent differentiation capacity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4407. [PMID: 31562298 PMCID: PMC6764959 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding urothelial stem cell biology and differentiation has been limited by the lack of methods for their unlimited propagation. Here, we establish mouse urothelial organoids that can be maintained uninterruptedly for >1 year. Organoid growth is dependent on EGF and Wnt activators. High CD49f/ITGA6 expression features a subpopulation of organoid-forming cells expressing basal markers. Upon differentiation, multilayered organoids undergo reduced proliferation, decreased cell layer number, urothelial program activation, and acquisition of barrier function. Pharmacological modulation of PPARγ and EGFR promotes differentiation. RNA sequencing highlighted genesets enriched in proliferative organoids (i.e. ribosome) and transcriptional networks involved in differentiation, including expression of Wnt ligands and Notch components. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) analysis of the organoids revealed five clusters with distinct gene expression profiles. Together, with the use of γ-secretase inhibitors and scRNA-Seq, confirms that Notch signaling is required for differentiation. Urothelial organoids provide a powerful tool to study cell regeneration and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina P Santos
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Lapi
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Martínez de Villarreal
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Álvaro-Espinosa
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción Fernández-Barral
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Barbáchano
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Orlando Domínguez
- Genomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Diego Megías
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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46
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Garg M, Maurya N. WNT/β-catenin signaling in urothelial carcinoma of bladder. World J Nephrol 2019; 8:83-94. [PMID: 31624709 PMCID: PMC6794554 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v8.i5.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of bladder is the second most prevalent genitourinary disease. It is a highly heterogeneous disease as it represents a spectrum of neoplasms, including non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and metastatic lesions. Genome-wide approaches and candidate gene analysis suggest that malignant transformation of the bladder is multifactorial and a multitude of genes are involved in the development of MIBC or NMIBC phenotypes. Wnt signaling is being examined to control and maintain balance between stemness and differentiation in adult stem cell niches. Owing to its participation in urothelial development and maintenance of adult urothelial tissue homeostasis, the components of Wnt signaling are reported as an important diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as novel therapeutic targets. Mutations/epigenetic alterations in the key molecules of Wnt/β-catenin canonical pathway have been linked with tumorigenesis, development of drug resistance and enhanced survival. Present review extends our understanding on the functions of key regulatory molecules of canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in urothelial tumorigenesis by inducing cancer stem cell phenotype (UCSCs). UCSCs may be responsible for tumor heterogeneity, high recurrence rates and complex biological behavior of bladder cancer. Therefore, understanding the role of UCSCs and the regulatory mechanisms that are responsible for high relapse rates and metastasis could help to develop pathway inhibitors and augment current therapies. Potential implications in the treatment of urothelial carcinoma of bladder by targeting this pathway primarily in UCSCs as well as in bulk tumor population that are responsible for high relapse rates and metastasis may facilitate potential therapeutic avenues and better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Niharika Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
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47
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Yuk HD, Jeong CW, Kwak C, Kim HH, Moon KC, Ku JH. Clinical outcomes of muscle invasive bladder Cancer according to the BASQ classification. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:897. [PMID: 31500577 PMCID: PMC6734465 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the clinical efficacy and prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer according to the basal/squamous-like (BASQ) classification system based on immunohistochemical staining [CK5/6(+), CK14(+), GATA3(−), and FOXA1(−)]. Methods One hundred patients diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (cT2-4 N0-3 M0) were included in the study. All patients underwent radical cystectomy after transurethral removal of bladder tumor. Immunostaining was performed for CK5/6, CK14, FOXA1, and GATA3 antibodies on tissue microarray slides, and expression patterns were quantitatively analyzed using a scanning program. Results The median follow-up time was 77.4 (interquartile range: 39–120.9) months. The mean age of the patients was 65.1 ± 11.2 years. FOXA1 or CK14 expression greater than 1% was respectively positively and negatively correlated with overall survival (OS; p = 0.011 and p = 0.042, respectively), cancer-specific survival (CSS; p = 0.050 for both), and recurrence-free survival (RFS; p = 0.018 and p = 0.040, respectively). For CK5/6+ and GATA3- or FOXA1- expression, 10% CK5/6+ cells were negatively correlated with OS (p = 0.032 and p = 0.039, respectively) and with RFS in combination with FOXA1- only (p = 0.050). Conclusions In this study, CK14 expression was associated with a poor prognosis. The new classification system of bladder cancer based on molecular characteristics is expected to helpful tool for the establishment of personalized treatment strategies and associated prediction of therapeutic responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-6042-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Dong Yuk
- Department of Urology, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Wook Jeong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National Univervity College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National Univervity College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Hoe Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National Univervity College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National Univervity College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Hyeon Ku
- Department of Urology, Seoul National Univervity College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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48
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Matarazzo S, Melocchi L, Rezzola S, Grillo E, Maccarinelli F, Giacomini A, Turati M, Taranto S, Zammataro L, Cerasuolo M, Bugatti M, Vermi W, Presta M, Ronca R. Long Pentraxin-3 Follows and Modulates Bladder Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091277. [PMID: 31480336 PMCID: PMC6770810 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder tumors are a diffuse type of cancer. Long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is a component of the innate immunity with pleiotropic functions in the regulation of immune response, tissue remodeling, and cancer progression. PTX3 may act as an oncosuppressor in different contexts, functioning as an antagonist of the fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) system, rewiring the immune microenvironment, or acting through mechanisms not yet fully clarified. In this study we used biopsies and data mining to assess that PTX3 is differentially expressed during the different stages of bladder cancer (BC) progression. BC cell lines, representative of different tumor grades, and transgenic/carcinogen-induced models were used to demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that PTX3 production by tumor cells decreases along the progression from low-grade to high-grade advanced muscle invasive forms (MIBC). In vitro and in vivo data revealed for the first time that PTX3 modulation and the consequent impairment of FGF/FGR systems in BC cells have a significant impact on different biological features of BC growth, including cell proliferation, motility, metabolism, stemness, and drug resistance. PTX3 exerts an oncosuppressive effect on BC progression and may represent a potential functional biomarker in BC evolution. Moreover, FGF/FGFR blockade has an impact on drug resistance and stemness features in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Matarazzo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Melocchi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Hospital, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Maccarinelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marta Turati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Taranto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marianna Cerasuolo
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 3HF, UK
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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49
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Gatta LB, Melocchi L, Bugatti M, Missale F, Lonardi S, Zanetti B, Cristinelli L, Belotti S, Simeone C, Ronca R, Grillo E, Licini S, Bresciani D, Tardanico R, Chan SR, Giurisato E, Calza S, Vermi W. Hyper-Activation of STAT3 Sustains Progression of Non-Papillary Basal-Type Bladder Cancer via FOSL1 Regulome. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1219. [PMID: 31438567 PMCID: PMC6770563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) are classified into luminal and basal subtypes showing distinct molecular features and clinical behaviour. Recent in silico data have proposed the activation on the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) as relevant transcription factor in UBC. To answer this question, we have combined the retrospective analysis of clinical samples, functional assays on cell lines, interrogation of public UBC datasets and a murine model of basal-type UBC. Immunohistochemistry on a retrospective UBC cohort uncovered that STAT3 Y705 phosphorylation (pSTAT3) is significantly increased in infiltrating basal-type UBC compared to luminal UBC. In vitro, STAT3 silencing in UBC cell lines significantly reduced tumor cell viability and invasion. Gene expression profile of UBC cell lines combined with the analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GSE32894 UBC datasets showed that increased expression of a set of STAT3 targets predicts basal-type, propensity to local progression and worse prognosis. MYC and FOSL1 represent relevant STAT3 downstream targets, as validated by their co-localization in pSTAT3+ UBC cancer cells. These findings were largely reproduced in the BBN-induced murine model of basal-type UBC. Of note, FOSL1 protein resulted strongly expressed in the non-papillary UBC pathway and FOSL1-regulated transcripts were significantly enriched in the transition from NMIBC to MIBC, as indicated by the interrogation of the GSE32894 dataset. The blockade of the STAT3 pathway might represent a novel treatment option for these neoplasms. Monitoring pSTAT3 and the downstream targets, particularly FOSL1, could provide meaningful levels of UBC stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Benerini Gatta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Melocchi
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Missale
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery-IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, 16121 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Zanetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Cristinelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandra Belotti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Simeone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Licini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Debora Bresciani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Regina Tardanico
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Szeman Ruby Chan
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Horsham, PA 19044, USA
| | - Emanuele Giurisato
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy.
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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50
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Tamadonfar KO, Omattage NS, Spaulding CN, Hultgren SJ. Reaching the End of the Line: Urinary Tract Infections. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0014-2019. [PMID: 31172909 PMCID: PMC11314827 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0014-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) cause a substantial health care burden. UTIs (i) are most often caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), (ii) primarily affect otherwise healthy females (50% of women will have a UTI), (iii) are associated with significant morbidity and economic impact, (iv) can become chronic, and (v) are highly recurrent. A history of UTI is a significant risk factor for a recurrent UTI (rUTI). In otherwise healthy women, an acute UTI leads to a 25 to 50% chance of rUTI within months of the initial infection. Interestingly, rUTIs are commonly caused by the same strain of E. coli that led to the initial infection, arguing that there exist host-associated reservoirs, like the gastrointestinal tract and underlying bladder tissue, that can seed rUTIs. Additionally, catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTI), caused by Enterococcus and Staphylococcus as well as UPEC, represent a major health care concern. The host's response of depositing fibrinogen at the site of infection has been found to be critical to establishing CAUTI. The Drug Resistance Index, an evaluation of antibiotic resistance, indicates that UTIs have become increasingly difficult to treat since the mid-2000s. Thus, UTIs are a "canary in the coal mine," warning of the possibility of a return to the preantibiotic era, where some common infections are untreatable with available antibiotics. Numerous alternative strategies for both the prevention and treatment of UTIs are being pursued, with a focus on the development of vaccines and small-molecule inhibitors targeting virulence factors, in the hopes of reducing the burden of urogenital tract infections in an antibiotic-sparing manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Tamadonfar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Natalie S Omattage
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Caitlin N Spaulding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Scott J Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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