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[Conservative therapy after self-mutilation of the scrotum resulting in bilateral testicular underperfusion]. UROLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 62:176-180. [PMID: 36355056 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-022-01959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a patient with massive penile and scrotal swelling due to use of a compression ring with auto-erotic intent and under the influence of addictive substances. Based on the patient history, the mechanical pressure on the scrotum was about 30 hours (h). The Doppler sonogram showed no central perfusion in either testicle. Conservative treatment with antibiotics and analgesics was initiated with a slight increase in inflammatory parameters and local edema and necrosis formation. Follow-up showed regression of swelling, healing of necrosis and improvement of laboratory parameters. Testosterone substitution therapy was necessary due to the bilateral testicular atrophy that developed.
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Relationship Between Marijuana Use and Overactive Bladder (OAB): A Cross-Sectional Research of NHANES 2005 to 2018. Am J Med 2023; 136:72-78. [PMID: 36150516 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research is starting to focus on the medical value of marijuana and the possible health problems it can cause. Previous studies have shown that marijuana can relieve lower urinary tract symptoms, which can pose a significant public health burden. In this study, we assessed the association between regular marijuana use and overactive bladder as part of low urinary tract symptoms. METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018 were obtained for analysis. The Overactive Bladder Symptom Score scale was used to define the presence of overactive bladder for each participant. Multivariate logistic regression and ordinal logistic regression were used to analyze the association of marijuana use with the onset and severity of overactive bladder, respectively. RESULTS We found that approximately 24% of the US population reported regular marijuana use. Compared with nonregular users, regular marijuana users were younger, thinner, more likely to be male, smokers, low-income, less educated, unmarried, and non-Hispanic White/Black. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that marijuana exposure may be an independent risk factor for overactive bladder (odds ratio 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.66). Ordinal logistic regression results showed that marijuana exposure was associated with the severity of overactive bladder (odds ratio 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-1.60). Moreover, all frequencies of regular use showed almost consistent effects on the onset and severity of overactive bladder. CONCLUSION Regular marijuana use may increase the risk of overactive bladder. Our data do not support the evidence for the use of cannabinoids in the medical treatment of patients with overactive bladder, especially given the thorny health problems caused by marijuana.
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Murdzinski J, Franckenberg S, Ebert L, Fliss B, Thali MJ, Blüthgen C. Correlation of a distended urinary bladder volume with lethal intoxication in general and for different substance subgroups in particular: A retrospective study. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mehrnoush V, De Lima SG, Kotb A, Hyndman ME. The association of bladder cancer and Cannabis: A systematic review. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2022; 94:248-251. [PMID: 35775355 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2022.2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between Cannabis use and bladder cancer. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed using studies published in electronic databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. Due to the scarcity of literature on this topic, the search was not limited to a specific design, year of publication, or human studies. The studies were screened by two reviewers in the following steps; first, the studies were discovered according to the predetermined search strategy; second, the unrelated studies and duplicates were eliminated by screening the abstracts, titles, and keywords; third, the full text of relevant and eligible papers were critically appraised and assessed for the risk of bias using the respective tool. The two review authors independently assessed the risk of bias and outcome levels using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for the outcomes in observational studies. Any disagreements were settled by a third party. RESULTS The search strategy yielded 39 research articles. After removing 21 duplicates, 18 publications were eligible for title and abstract review. Thirteen studies were found to be irrelevant and subsequently excluded. Only three full-text articles were evaluated and included in the qualitative synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The role of Cannabis in bladder cancer has been seldom studied. The small number of studies show contradictory findings; potential carcinogenic versus protective effect. The growing interest in Cannabis use after legalization necessitates further investigations with a robust design to assess the long-term effect of Cannabis on bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mehrnoush
- Department of Urology, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
| | - Stacy Grace De Lima
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta.
| | - Ahmed Kotb
- Department of Urology, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
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Drug use disorder and risk of incident and fatal prostate cancer among Swedish men: a nationwide epidemiological study. Cancer Causes Control 2021; 33:213-222. [PMID: 34743253 PMCID: PMC8776671 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Men with drug use disorders (DUD) may potentially be at high risk for prostate cancer mortality because of delayed diagnosis and/or undertreatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and stage at time of diagnosis among men with DUD compared to the general male population in Sweden. Methods We performed a follow-up study based on Swedish national register data for the period January 1997–December 2016. The study was based on 1,361,532 men aged 50–75 years at inclusion, of whom 9,259 were registered with DUD. Cox regression analysis was used to compute adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident and fatal prostate cancer, and cancer stage at time of diagnosis, associated with DUD. Results DUD was associated with a slightly increased risk of incident prostate cancer (HR: 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.14, p = 0.048) and substantially higher risk of fatal prostate cancer (HR: 1.59, 95% CI 1.40–1.82, p < 0.001), adjusted for age, socioeconomic factors, and comorbidities related to tobacco smoking and alcohol use disorder. No association was found between DUD and prostate cancer stage at diagnosis. Conclusions Men with DUD have an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer, possibly related to undertreatment in this patient population. Our findings should raise attention among medical staff and decision-makers towards a disadvantaged group of men in need of easily accessible prostate cancer evaluation and treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10552-021-01513-2.
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Risk of cancer in individuals with alcohol and drug use disorders: a registry-based study in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021; 29:270-278. [PMID: 32134400 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims of this population-based cohort study was to compare the overall and site-specific cancer incidence in individuals with alcohol or drug use disorders with incidence of the general population, and to estimate excess cancer risk in a subgroup of individuals who have hepatitis C virus or HIV infection. The study included 4373 residents of Reggio Emilia province diagnosed with alcohol or drug use disorders during the period from 1 January 1985 to 31 December 2014. All newly diagnosed cancers registered from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2014 were taken into account to calculate the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of cancers of any site and of site-specific cancers. SIR of cancer at any site was 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-1.9). Anogenital cancers were associated with the highest excess risk (SIR=11.9; 95% CI 4.9-28.5), followed by oesophageal (SIR=9.5; 95% CI 3.6-25.3) and cervical cancer (SIR=8.6; 95% CI 2.8-26.7). Excess risk of all cancer sites, except for breast cancer, was observed among individuals with alcohol use disorders and of all cancer sites, except breast and kidney cancers, among individuals with drug use disorders. Among hepatitis C virus-positive individuals, cancer at any site risk was 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-3.1) and among HIV-infected individuals it was 3.3 (95% CI 1.8-5.7). Individuals with alcohol and drug use disorders face a higher risk of various cancers. Effective interventions to prevent or reduce the harm of substance abuse and risky behaviours in this population are warranted.
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Zhang Y, Tan X, Xing L, Wu H, Yang J. Detection of the chiral drug Ephedrine by resonance Rayleigh scattering based on Ce 3+ functionalized gold nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 255:119695. [PMID: 33774414 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two chiral drugs, ephedrine (EH) and pseudoephedrine (PEH), were commonly used in clinical treatment. Ephedrine (EH) and pseudoephedrine (PEH) could make different changes in resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrum of the detection system which use Ce3+ functionalized gold nanoparticles as probe. Therefore, a new method of detecting EH and PEH separately was developed. The RRS spectrum and UV-Vis absorption spectrum of AuNPs-Ce3+ detection system was analyzed in order to discuss the mechanism. Under optimal experimental conditions, the linear range of EH and PEH were 20-920 ng/mL and 40-520 ng/mL, respectively. The detection limit were 1.9 ng/mL and 3.8 ng/mL, respectively. Last used for actual testing, this method had obtained good results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhang
- Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Xuanping Tan
- Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Ligang Xing
- Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Jidong Yang
- Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China.
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Van Amsterdam J, Van Den Brink W. Harm related to recreational ketamine use and its relevance for the clinical use of ketamine. A systematic review and comparison study. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:83-94. [PMID: 34176409 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1949454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that is currently considered for several new indications. AIM To deduce the safety of long-term ketamine treatment using the harm of heavy recreational (non-medical) ketamine use as a proxy for maximal possible harm of ketamine treatment. METHODS Systematic literature review according to PRISMA guidelines to identify controlled studies on ketamine-related harm in heavy recreational ketamine users. Results were compared with serious adverse events (SAEs) in patients treated with ketamine according to three systematic reviews considering dosing regimen and cumulative dose. RESULTS The systematic search yielded 25 studies. Heavy recreational ketamine use can escalate to ketamine dependency and was often dose-dependently associated with other SAEs, including cognitive and mental disorders, and gastrointestinal and urinary tract symptoms, which disappeared upon marked reduction of ketamine use. Heavy ketamine users have a much higher cumulative exposure to ketamine than ketamine treated patients (>90 times), which may explain why SAEs in the clinical context are mostly mild and reversible and why ketamine dependence was not reported in these patients. CONCLUSION Treatment of patients with ketamine is not associated with ketamine dependency or SAEs. However, caution is needed since data on long-term clinical ketamine use with a long-term follow-up is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van Amsterdam
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Van Den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Napier-Hemy TP, Liu AKL, Floyd MS, McNulty S, Omar AM, Mistry R, Gana HB. Acute urinary retention in a 27-year-old male secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with Holmium Enucleation of the Prostate (HOLEP). Urologia 2021:3915603211016613. [PMID: 34006156 DOI: 10.1177/03915603211016613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in the ageing male. Clinical manifestations like retention impact on a patient's quality of life. Alterations in androgen activity at the androgen receptor complex level in the prostate contribute to prostatic hyperplasia with the highest incidence occurring in males in their 70's. There remains a paucity of cases in young males who develop acute urinary retention secondary to BPH. We present a case of a 27-year-old male who developed acute urinary retention secondary to BPH who required a Holmium Laser Enucleation of his Prostate (HOLEP). CASE DESCRIPTION A 27 year old man was admitted in acute urinary retention. BPH was diagnosed via way of radiological imaging and histological assessment. After pre-operative sperm banking and suprapubic catheterisation, the patient underwent a HOLEP. He had biochemically confirmed hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism which was at odds with his muscular, physical appearance. Total testosterone levels had fluctuated following admission suggesting an exogenous substance was interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis but he denied exogenous steroid use. RESULT The patient successfully passed his voiding trial on the second post-operative day and remained catheter free. Post-operative uroflowmetry and sexual function remain unknown as patient disengaged with follow up. CONCLUSION HOLEP prostatectomy is a safe and effective way of managing BPH in younger patients following sperm banking and assessment by endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Napier-Hemy
- Department of Urology, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alan King Lun Liu
- Department of Urology, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael S Floyd
- Department of Urology, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sid McNulty
- Department of Endocrinology, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ahmad M Omar
- Department of Urology, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rahul Mistry
- Department of Urology, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hosea By Gana
- Department of Urology, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, Liverpool, UK
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Mansour J, Zulfiqar M, Umer A, Zurcher KS, Heeger A, Menias CO. Abdominal Imaging Manifestations of Recreational Drug Use. Radiographics 2020; 40:1895-1915. [PMID: 33064622 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2020200048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recreational drug use is a burgeoning health issue worldwide, with a variety of presenting symptoms and complications. These complications can be secondary to the toxic effects of the drug itself, drug impurities, and nonsterile injection. The abdominal radiologist is likely to encounter patients who use drugs recreationally and may be responsible for recognizing and reporting these acute conditions, which in some cases can be life threatening. Because these patients often present with an altered mental state and may deny or withhold information on drug use, the underlying cause may be difficult to determine. The most commonly used drugs worldwide include cocaine, cannabinoids, opioids, and amphetamines and their derivatives. Complications of use of these drugs that can be seen at abdominopelvic CT can involve multiple organ systems, including the soft tissue and gastrointestinal, genitourinary, vascular, and musculoskeletal systems. A diverse range of abdominal complications associated with these drugs can be seen at imaging, including disseminated infections, gastrointestinal ischemia, and visceral infarction. Radiologists should be familiar with the imaging findings of these complications to accurately diagnose these entities and help guide workup and patient treatment. ©RSNA, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mansour
- From the Department of Radiology, Saint Louis University Hospital, 3635 Vista Ave, 2nd Floor, Deslodge Tower, St Louis, MO 63103-2097 (J.M., A.U.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (J.M., M.Z.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (K.S.Z., C.O.M.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.H.)
| | - Maria Zulfiqar
- From the Department of Radiology, Saint Louis University Hospital, 3635 Vista Ave, 2nd Floor, Deslodge Tower, St Louis, MO 63103-2097 (J.M., A.U.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (J.M., M.Z.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (K.S.Z., C.O.M.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.H.)
| | - Affan Umer
- From the Department of Radiology, Saint Louis University Hospital, 3635 Vista Ave, 2nd Floor, Deslodge Tower, St Louis, MO 63103-2097 (J.M., A.U.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (J.M., M.Z.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (K.S.Z., C.O.M.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.H.)
| | - Kenneth S Zurcher
- From the Department of Radiology, Saint Louis University Hospital, 3635 Vista Ave, 2nd Floor, Deslodge Tower, St Louis, MO 63103-2097 (J.M., A.U.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (J.M., M.Z.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (K.S.Z., C.O.M.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.H.)
| | - Allen Heeger
- From the Department of Radiology, Saint Louis University Hospital, 3635 Vista Ave, 2nd Floor, Deslodge Tower, St Louis, MO 63103-2097 (J.M., A.U.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (J.M., M.Z.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (K.S.Z., C.O.M.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.H.)
| | - Christine O Menias
- From the Department of Radiology, Saint Louis University Hospital, 3635 Vista Ave, 2nd Floor, Deslodge Tower, St Louis, MO 63103-2097 (J.M., A.U.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (J.M., M.Z.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (K.S.Z., C.O.M.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.H.)
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Olivieri V, Ruggiero G, Abate D, Serra N, Fortunati V, Griffa D, Forte F, Corongiu E. Fatal infections in andrology. Atypical clinical presentation of a Fournier's disease. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2020; 92. [PMID: 33016049 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2020.3.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fournier disease (FD) is a worrisome infection of genital area caused by a polimicrobial infection and characterized by a rapid progression to necrosis. Scrotum, perineum and lower abdomen represent the primary sites of origin. Clinical presentation and laboratory strongly suggest FD, but if not precociously diagnosed, it may quickly evolve into septic syndrome and patient's death. CASE REPORT A 62 years old Caucasian male presented for fever and penile gross oedema recently occurred. No history of previous urinary tract infection, hematuria or genital trauma was referred. He did not complain any storage or voiding low urinary tract symptom (LUTS); no foci of infection in genitoperineal area was observed nor urethral discharge. The ultrasound (US) revealed a disomogeneous broad thickening of subcutaneous tissues with increased vascularity on Color-Doppler. When the penis was manipulated in order to reduce oedema, retract foreskin and evaluate the glans, clinical parametres rapidly worsened and the patient developed a septic shock with blood pressure falling down, dyspnoea and tachyarrhythmia, and he was fastly sent to Intensive Care Unit where it has been hemodynamically stabilized and subjected to antibiotic therapy. Considering the clinical absence of gangrene's foci, we opted for a conservative treatment by maintaining bladder catheter and drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Olivieri
- Division of Urology, Ivrea civil Hospital (ASL TO4), Ivrea (Turin).
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Comparing the Differences in Health of Body, Mental, and Spirit Among Category 3 and 4 Controlled Drug Users, Nursing Students, and Psychology Students. J Addict Nurs 2019; 30:40-48. [PMID: 30829999 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse adversely affects the health of populations in many counties and contributes immensely to social issues. Schedule III and IV controlled drug abuse is popular in young adults. Medical education is one of the most stressful academic fields for students. The aim of this study was to compare the health differences in body, mind, and spirit among Schedule III and IV controlled drugs users, nursing students, and psychology students. This study uses a cross-sectional comparative study on a convenience sample. Four hundred eleven participants were recruited from three different samples that include Schedule III and IV controlled drug users (n = 211), nursing students (n = 100), and psychology students (n = 100), all from either a drug abuse prevention center or two universities in Southern Taiwan. Relying on the Health of Body, Mind and Spirit Scale, a linear regression model was used to identify the health differences among drug users, nursing students, and psychology students. The results show that drug users scored higher on the physical subscale (ß = -.249, p < .001), the mental subscale (ß = -.120, p < .05), the spiritual subscale (ß = -.154, p < .01), and the Health of Body, Mind and Spirit Scale (ß = -.210, p < .001) than psychology students. The nursing students scored higher on the mental subscale (ß = .146, p < .01) than drug users did. These results could help health staff and instructors understand the differences and improve the physical, mental, and spiritual health among Schedule III and IV controlled drug users, nursing students, and psychology students. Furthermore, future study could further investigate the factors that may affect physical, mental, and spiritual health.
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Gurney JK. The puzzling incidence of testicular cancer in New Zealand: what can we learn? Andrology 2019; 7:394-401. [PMID: 30663250 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumour is the most common cancer to be diagnosed among young men. In New Zealand, we have observed some puzzling trends in the epidemiology of this disease. METHODS We have conducted a narrative review of available evidence regarding the puzzling epidemiology of testicular germ cell tumour in New Zealand and discussed the possible drivers of these trends. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Whereas testicular cancer is most commonly a disease of White men, in New Zealand it is the indigenous Māori population that suffer by far the greatest rate of disease (age-adjusted relative risk: 1.80, 95% CI 1.58-2.05). Even more curiously, the rate of testicular germ cell tumour among Māori men aged 15-44 (28/100,000) is substantially greater than for Pacific Island men (9/100,000), a rare example of divergence between these two populations in terms of the incidence of any disease (cancer or otherwise). Our observations beg the following questions: first, why are rates of testicular germ cell tumour so much higher among Māori New Zealanders compared to the already high rates observed among European/Other New Zealanders? Second, why are rates of testicular germ cell tumour so completely divergent between Māori and Pacific New Zealanders, when these two groups typically move in parallel with respect to the incidence of given diseases? Finally, what might we learn about the factors that cause testicular germ cell tumour in general by answering these questions? CONCLUSION This review examines the possible drivers of our observed disparity, discusses their feasibility, and highlights new work that is underway to further understand these drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Gurney
- Cancer and Chronic Conditions (C3) Research Group, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Gentile G, Jego M, Spadari M, Griffiths K, Jouanjus E, Micallef J. Identification and tracking of Addictovigilance signals in general practice: which interactions between the general practitioners and the French Addictovigilance Network? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32:643-651. [PMID: 30003596 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Addictovigilance is a health vigilance dedicated to the survey of medicinal or illicit psychoactive substance use disorders (SUDs). France is the only European country to have a vigilance system specifically dedicated to substances with an abuse/addiction potential. The French Addictovigilance system is organized in a network of regional tertiary centres (called Abuse and Dependence Monitoring Centres, CEIP-Addictovigilance) and works in close collaboration with Regional and National health authorities. Because of the essential and unavoidable nature of their practice in the French Healthcare system, general practitioners (GPs) are key actors to identify and track Addictovigilance signals. They have been involved in several of the pharmacoepidemiological surveys implemented by the French Addictovigilance Network (FAN). Now, they increasingly participate in clinical research projects and studies. In this article, interactions between GPs and the FAN are illustrated with two examples: patients on opioid substitution treatment and patients on opioid analgesics. Collaborations between GPs and the FAN could be further potentiated. In particular, more effective communication on psychoactive SUDs including abuse/addiction is necessary to optimize the implementation of preventive measures for patients on psychoactive substances medications, and to improve the attitudes of GPs and more widely health professionals in the management of any psychoactive user suffering from SUDs. In addition, both adapted training and improved collaborative research could contribute to the optimization (safety, quality) of professional practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaétan Gentile
- Département Universitaire de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385, France.,Institut des Neurosciences des Systèmes, INSERM 1106, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Faculté Médecine Timone, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 133855, Marseille, France
| | - Maeva Jego
- Département Universitaire de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385, France.,EA 3279 Research Unit-Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life, Aix-Marseille University, CERESS, EA3279, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Michel Spadari
- Institut des Neurosciences des Systèmes, INSERM 1106, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Faculté Médecine Timone, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 133855, Marseille, France.,CEIP-Addictovigilance PACA Corse, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, AP-HM, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Karolina Griffiths
- Département Universitaire de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Emilie Jouanjus
- Equipe de Pharmacoépidémiologie, INSERM UMR 1027, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31000, France.,CEIP-Addictovigilance, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, 31000, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- Institut des Neurosciences des Systèmes, INSERM 1106, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Faculté Médecine Timone, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 133855, Marseille, France.,CEIP-Addictovigilance PACA Corse, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, AP-HM, Marseille, 13385, France
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15
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Zanos P, Moaddel R, Morris PJ, Riggs LM, Highland JN, Georgiou P, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX, Thomas CJ, Zarate CA, Gould TD. Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:621-660. [PMID: 29945898 PMCID: PMC6020109 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.015198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)- and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine also exerts analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant actions. We provide a comprehensive review of these therapeutic uses, emphasizing drug dose, route of administration, and the time course of these effects. Dissociative, psychotomimetic, cognitive, and peripheral side effects associated with short-term or prolonged exposure, as well as recreational ketamine use, are also discussed. We further describe ketamine's pharmacokinetics, including its rapid and extensive metabolism to norketamine, dehydronorketamine, hydroxyketamine, and hydroxynorketamine (HNK) metabolites. Whereas the anesthetic and analgesic properties of ketamine are generally attributed to direct ketamine-induced inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, other putative lower-affinity pharmacological targets of ketamine include, but are not limited to, γ-amynobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, sigma, opioid, and cholinergic receptors, as well as voltage-gated sodium and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. We examine the evidence supporting the relevance of these targets of ketamine and its metabolites to the clinical effects of the drug. Ketamine metabolites may have broader clinical relevance than was previously considered, given that HNK metabolites have antidepressant efficacy in preclinical studies. Overall, pharmacological target deconvolution of ketamine and its metabolites will provide insight critical to the development of new pharmacotherapies that possess the desirable clinical effects of ketamine, but limit undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Zanos
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Patrick J Morris
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Lace M Riggs
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Jaclyn N Highland
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Polymnia Georgiou
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
| | - Todd D Gould
- Departments of Psychiatry (P.Z., L.M.R., J.N.H., P.G., T.D.G.), Pharmacology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A., T.D.G.), Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.D.G.), Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology (E.F.R.P., E.X.A.), Medicine (E.X.A.), and Program in Neuroscience (L.M.R.) and Toxicology (J.N.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M.); Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (P.J.M., C.J.T.); and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.A.Z.)
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16
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Callaghan RC, Allebeck P, Akre O, McGlynn KA, Sidorchuk A. Cannabis Use and Incidence of Testicular Cancer: A 42-Year Follow-up of Swedish Men between 1970 and 2011. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 26:1644-1652. [PMID: 29093004 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Given current drug policy reforms to decriminalize or legalize cannabis in numerous countries worldwide, the current study assesses the relation between cannabis use and the development of testicular cancer.Methods: The study included a population-based sample (n = 49,343) of young men ages 18-21 years who underwent conscription assessment for Swedish military service in 1969-1970. The conscription process included a nonanonymous questionnaire eliciting information about drug use. Conscription information was linked to Swedish health and administrative registry data. Testicular cancers diagnosed between 1970 and 2011 were identified by International Classification of Diseases-7/8/9/10 testicular cancer codes in the Swedish National Patient Register, the Cancer Register, or the Cause of Death Register. Cox regression modeling was used to estimate the hazards associated with cannabis use and time to diagnosis of testicular cancer.Results: No evidence was found of a significant relation between lifetime "ever" cannabis use and the subsequent development of testicular cancer [n = 45,250; 119 testicular cancer cases; adjusted HR (aHR), 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83-2.45]. "Heavy" cannabis use (defined as usage of more than 50 times in lifetime, as measured at conscription) was associated with the incidence of testicular cancer (n = 45,250; 119 testicular cancer cases; aHR 2.57; 95% CI, 1.02-6.50).Conclusions: The current study provides additional evidence to the limited prior literature suggesting cannabis use may contribute to the development of testicular cancer.Impact: Emerging changes to cannabis drug policy should consider the potential role of cannabis use in the development of testicular cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(11); 1644-52. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Callaghan
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Peter Allebeck
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Akre
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anna Sidorchuk
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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CHEN IC, LEE MH, CHEN WC, HU TC, LIN HY. Risk Factors of Lower Urinary Tract Syndrome among Ketamine Users. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2017; 10:281-286. [DOI: 10.1111/luts.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun CHEN
- Department of Psychiatry; Taichung General Veterans Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei LEE
- Department of Urology; Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare; Taichung Taiwan
- Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih CHEN
- Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ching HU
- Department of Rheumatology; Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ying LIN
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare; Taichung Taiwan
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18
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Gandhi S, Vasisth G, Kapoor A. Systematic review of the potential role of cannabinoids as antiproliferative agents for urological cancers. Can Urol Assoc J 2017; 11:E138-E142. [PMID: 28515817 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The palliative effects of cannabis sativa (marijuana), which include appetite stimulation, attenuation of nausea and emesis, and pain relief, are well known. The active components of cannabis sativa (cannabinoids) and their derivatives have received growing interest due to their diverse pharmacological activities, such as cell growth inhibition and tumour regression. The aim of this review is to look at the current evidence on the antiproliferative effects of cannabinoids in urological malignancies, including renal, prostate, bladder, and testicular cancers. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of studies exploring the effect of cannabinoids on tumour activity, including all study types except expert opinions. A formal search was run on Medline database from 1946 to September 2016, along with a hand-search on PubMed for relevant studies. RESULTS The search yielded a total of 93 studies from Medline and PubMed, of which 23 studies were included in the final analysis. To date, there are various in vitro studies elucidating the potential mechanism of action of cannabinoids for urological cancers, along with population-based studies specifically for testicular malignancies. To date, no clinical trials have been conducted for urological cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the role of endocannabinoids for urological malignancies is an area of active research. Further research is required not only to evaluate the crosstalk between cancer signaling pathways and cannabinoids, but also large randomized clinical studies with urological patients need to be conducted before cannabinoids can be introduced as potential therapeutic options for urological neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Gandhi
- Michael DeGroote School of Medicine, St Joseph's Hospital; Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gaurav Vasisth
- McMaster Institute of Urology, St Joseph's Hospital; Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- McMaster Institute of Urology, St Joseph's Hospital; Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Hassan Z, Bosch OG, Singh D, Narayanan S, Kasinather BV, Seifritz E, Kornhuber J, Quednow BB, Müller CP. Novel Psychoactive Substances-Recent Progress on Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action for Selected Drugs. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:152. [PMID: 28868040 PMCID: PMC5563308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A feature of human culture is that we can learn to consume chemical compounds, derived from natural plants or synthetic fabrication, for their psychoactive effects. These drugs change the mental state and/or the behavioral performance of an individual and can be instrumentalized for various purposes. After the emergence of a novel psychoactive substance (NPS) and a period of experimental consumption, personal and medical benefits and harm potential of the NPS can be estimated on evidence base. This may lead to a legal classification of the NPS, which may range from limited medical use, controlled availability up to a complete ban of the drug form publically accepted use. With these measures, however, a drug does not disappear, but frequently continues to be used, which eventually allows an even better estimate of the drug's properties. Thus, only in rare cases, there is a final verdict that is no more questioned. Instead, the view on a drug can change from tolerable to harmful but may also involve the new establishment of a desired medical application to a previously harmful drug. Here, we provide a summary review on a number of NPS for which the neuropharmacological evaluation has made important progress in recent years. They include mitragynine ("Kratom"), synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., "Spice"), dimethyltryptamine and novel serotonergic hallucinogens, the cathinones mephedrone and methylone, ketamine and novel dissociative drugs, γ-hydroxybutyrate, γ-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol. This review shows not only emerging harm potentials but also some potential medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Oliver G Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darshan Singh
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bardsley
- Senior lecturer, course director non-medical prescribing, Coventry University
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bardsley
- Senior Lecturer, Course Director Non-Medical Prescribing, Coventry University
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22
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Ketamine abuse potential and use disorder. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gomes FC, Chuffa LGA, Scarano WR, Pinheiro PFF, Fávaro WJ, Domeniconi RF. Nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise training favor the occurrence of lesions and activate the inflammatory response in the ventral prostate. Andrology 2016; 4:473-80. [PMID: 27011054 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age is a key factor in the development of prostatic lesions. An increase in reactive oxygen species levels occurs during aging. Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of anabolic androgenic steroids and physical exercise alter the availability of hormones and may promote the appearance of lesions. This study examined whether the use of nandrolone decanoate (ND), associated or not with resistance exercise training, affects the pathways related to the inflammatory response in the ventral prostate of adult and aged rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed into eight experimental groups: sedentary with ND, sedentary without ND, exercise with ND, and exercise without ND. The animals performed resistance exercise training and received ND two times/week (5 mg/kg, i.m.) for 8 weeks. Adult rats were killed immediately following treatment completion, and aged rats remained untreated until reaching 300 days of age. The adult animals that received ND and performed resistance exercise training showed a higher occurrence of lesions with TLR4 activation. Marked IL-6 expression occurred in the group that performed resistance exercise training. The group exposed to ND showed overexpression of TLR2, TLR4, NOX1, Nrf2, TNF-α, and P38MAPK. The animals that received ND and performed training showed increase levels of NFκB, IRF3, IL-6, TNF-α, and NOX1. TLR2 and TLR4 showed no upregulation in the aged animals. The groups exercise + ND showed lesions in the adult stage and after aging, followed by molecular alterations. We concluded that nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise training can promote the onset of prostatic tumors in the adult stage, and during aging, activating pathways involved in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Gomes
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - L G A Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - W R Scarano
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - P F F Pinheiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - W J Fávaro
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - R F Domeniconi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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24
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Huang MC, Chen LY, Chen CK, Lin SK. Potential benefit of lamotrigine in managing ketamine use disorder. Med Hypotheses 2016; 87:97-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D. Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:897. [PMID: 26560314 PMCID: PMC4642772 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of testicular cancer remains elusive. In this manuscript, we review the evidence regarding the association between cannabis use and testicular cancer development. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we reviewed literature published between 1(st) January 1980 and 13(th) May 2015 and found three case-control studies that investigated the association between cannabis use and development of testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs). RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Using meta-analysis techniques, we observed that a) current, b) chronic, and c) frequent cannabis use is associated with the development of TGCT, when compared to never-use of the drug. The strongest association was found for non-seminoma development--for example, those using cannabis on at least a weekly basis had two and a half times greater odds of developing a non-seminoma TGCT compared those who never used cannabis (OR: 2.59, 95% CI 1.60-4.19). We found inconclusive evidence regarding the relationship between cannabis use and the development of seminoma tumours. It must be noted that these observations were derived from three studies all conducted in the United States; and the majority of data collection occurred during the 1990's.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gurney
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - C Shaw
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - J Stanley
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - V Signal
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - D Sarfati
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Boeri L, Capogrosso P, Ventimiglia E, Serino A, La Croce G, Russo A, Castagna G, Scano R, Briganti A, Damiano R, Montorsi F, Salonia A. Lower urinary tract symptoms among Caucasian-European men who have sex with men: findings from a real-life survey. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2015; 18:376-81. [PMID: 26415556 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) according to male sexual orientation have been scantly analysed. We aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of LUTS in a cohort of Caucasian-European men who have sex with men seeking medical help for uroandrologic reasons other than LUTS. METHODS Data from 949 consecutive individuals in an outpatient setting were analysed. Severity of LUTS was measured with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Men with storage symptoms scored 1-3 and ⩾ 4 (of 15), and voiding symptoms scored 1-4 and ⩾ 5 (of 20) were considered as having mild and moderate-to-severe symptoms, respectively. For individual symptoms, patients with scores ⩾ 1 were deemed symptomatic (according to Apostolidis et al.(15)). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models tested the association between LUTS and sexual orientation. RESULTS Complete data were available for 213 (22.4%) men who have sex with men (MSM) and 736 (77.6%) heterosexuals (mean age (s.d.): 41.0 (12.2) vs 39.9 (12.1) years). Compared with heterosexuals, MSM reported higher rates of total IPSS scores suggestive of moderate (21.6% vs 20%) and severe LUTS (3.8% vs 2.4%) (P=0.004). Similarly, MSM showed higher rates of mild (48.8% vs 45.2%) and moderate-to-severe (39.4% vs 30.4%) storage symptoms (all P<0.001), and of mild (45.1% vs 34.8%) and moderate-to-severe (20.2% vs 19.2%) voiding symptoms (all P<0.01). MSM status was an independent predictor of mild voiding symptoms (odds ratio (OR): 1.40; P=0.004), moderate-to-severe storage symptoms (OR: 1.40; P=0.04) and severe total IPSS (OR: 1.49; P=0.03), after adjusting for other variables. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a higher prevalence and severity of LUTS in MSM compared with heterosexual men seeking medical help for uroandrologic reasons other than LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Boeri
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - P Capogrosso
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - E Ventimiglia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A Serino
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - G La Croce
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A Russo
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - G Castagna
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - R Scano
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A Briganti
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Research Doctorate Program in Urology, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - R Damiano
- Research Doctorate Program in Urology, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - F Montorsi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI-Urological Research Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- T Keefe Davis
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul Hmiel
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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