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Baek SE, Kwon Y, Yoon JW, Kim HS, Yang JY, Lee DS, Yeom E. The overexpression of DSP1 in neurons induces neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration phenotypes in Drosophila. Mol Brain 2024; 17:43. [PMID: 39003465 PMCID: PMC11245852 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dorsal switch protein 1(DSP1), a mammalian homolog of HMGB1, is firstly identified as a dorsal co-repressor in 1994. DSP1 contains HMG-box domain and functions as a transcriptional regulator in Drosophila melanogaster. It plays a crucial role in embryonic development, particularly in dorsal-ventral patterning during early embryogenesis, through the regulation of gene expression. Moreover, DSP1 is implicated in various cellular processes, including cell fate determination and tissue differentiation, which are essential for embryonic development. While the function of DSP1 in embryonic development has been relatively well-studied, its role in the adult Drosophila brain remains less understood. In this study, we investigated the role of DSP1 in the brain by using neuronal-specific DSP1 overexpression flies. We observed that climbing ability and life span are decreased in DSP1-overexpressed flies. Furthermore, these flies demonstrated neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defect, reduced eye size and a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons, indicating neuronal toxicity induced by DSP1 overexpression. Our data suggest that DSP1 overexpression leads to neuronal dysfunction and toxicity, positioning DSP1 as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Eun Baek
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Younghwi Kwon
- KNU-G LAMP Project Group, KNU Institute of Basic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Jong-Won Yoon
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yoon Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| | - Eunbyul Yeom
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
- KNU-G LAMP Project Group, KNU Institute of Basic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Yao JY, Li L, Xu JX, Liu YH, Shi J, Yu XQ, Kong QQ, Li K. Real-Time Monitoring of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity with a Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7082-7090. [PMID: 38652135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) represents the second most widespread neurodegenerative disease, and early monitoring and diagnosis are urgent at present. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a key enzyme for producing dopamine, the levels of which can serve as an indicator for assessing the severity and progression of PD. This renders the specific detection and visualization of TH a strategically vital way to meet the above demands. However, a fluorescent probe for TH monitoring is still missing. Herein, three rationally designed wash-free ratiometric fluorescent probes were proposed. Among them, TH-1 exhibited ideal photophysical properties and specific dual-channel bioimaging of TH activity in SH-SY5Y nerve cells. Moreover, the probe allowed for in vivo imaging of TH activity in zebrafish brain and living striatal slices of mice. Overall, the ratiometric fluorescent probe TH-1 could serve as a potential tool for real-time monitoring of PD in complex biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lu Li
- Orthopedic Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Xuan Xu
- Orthopedic Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jing Shi
- Orthopedic Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Quan Kong
- Orthopedic Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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3
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Jung-Klawitter S, Richter P, Yuan Y, Welzel K, Kube M, Bähr S, Leibner A, Flory E, Opladen T. Tyrosine hydroxylase variants influence protein expression, cellular localization, stability, enzymatic activity and the physical interaction between tyrosine hydroxylase and GTP cyclohydrolase 1. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:517-532. [PMID: 38084654 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis catalyzing the tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-dependent hydroxylation of tyrosine to L-DOPA. Here, we analyzed 25 TH variants associated with various degrees of dopa-responsive dystonia and evaluate the effect of each variant on protein stability, activity and cellular localization. Furthermore, we investigated the physical interaction between TH and human wildtype (wt) GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH) and the effect of variants on this interaction. Our in vitro results classify variants according to their resistance to proteinase K digestion into three groups (stable, intermediate, unstable). Based on their cellular localization, two groups of variants can be identified, variant group one with cytoplasmic distribution and variant group two forming aggregates. These aggregates do not correlate with loss of enzymatic activity but nevertheless might be a good target for molecular chaperones. Unfortunately, no obvious correlation between the half-life of a variant and its enzymatic activity or between solubility, stability and enzymatic activity of a given variant could be found. Excitingly, some variants disrupt the physical interaction between TH and human wildtype GTPCH, thereby interfering with enzymatic activity and offering new druggable targets for therapy. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of an in-depth molecular analysis of each variant in order to be able to classify groups of disease variants and to find specific therapies for each subgroup. Stand-alone in silico analyses predict less precise the effect of specific variants and should be combined with other in vitro analyses in cellular model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Medical Faculty, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Clinic I, Section of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Richter
- Medical Faculty, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Clinic I, Section of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuheng Yuan
- Medical Faculty, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Clinic I, Section of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Welzel
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Marie Kube
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stella Bähr
- Medical Faculty, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Clinic I, Section of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Leibner
- Medical Faculty, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Clinic I, Section of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Egbert Flory
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Medical Faculty, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Clinic I, Section of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Molnár Z, Koplányi G, Farkas R, Péli N, Kenéz B, Decsi B, Katona G, Balogh GT, Vértessy BG, Balogh-Weiser D. Immobilization of human tyrosine hydroxylase onto magnetic nanoparticles - A novel formulation of a therapeutic enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131939. [PMID: 38692555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Human tyrosine hydroxylase (hTH) has key role in the production of catecholamine neurotransmitters. The structure, function and regulation of hTH has been extensively researched area and the possibility of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) involving hTH through nanocarriers has been raised as well. However, our understanding on how hTH may interact with nanocarriers is still lacking. In this work, we attempted to investigate the immobilization of hTH on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with various surface linkers in quantitative and mechanistic detail. Our results showed that the activity of hTH was retained after immobilization via secondary and covalent interactions as well. The colloidal stability of hTH could be also enhanced proved by Dynamic light scattering and Zeta potential analysis and a homogenous enzyme layer could be achieved, which was investigated by Raman mapping. The covalent attachment of hTH on MNPs via aldehyde or epoxy linkers provide irreversible immobilization and 38.1 % and 16.5 % recovery (ER). The hTH-MNPs catalyst had 25 % ER in average in simulated nasal electrolyte solution (SNES). This outcome highlights the relevance of immobilization applying MNPs as a potential formulation tool of sensitive therapeutic enzymes offering new opportunities for ERT related to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Molnár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; Institue of Enzymology, Research Center of Natural Science, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Koplányi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Réka Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Péli
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kenéz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Decsi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Katona
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - György T Balogh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. Street 7-9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Institue of Enzymology, Research Center of Natural Science, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Balogh-Weiser
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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5
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Liu G, Li M, Zeng Z, Fan Q, Ren X, Wang Z, Sun Y, He Y, Sun L, Deng Y, Liu S, Zhong C, Gao J. Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibits HCC progression by downregulating TGFβ/Smad signaling. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:228. [PMID: 38610044 PMCID: PMC11015545 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The alteration of metabolic processes has been found to have significant impacts on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, the effects of dysfunction of tyrosine metabolism on the development of HCC remains to be discovered. This research demonstrated that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which responsible for the initial and limiting step in the bio-generation of the neuro-transmitters dopamine and adrenaline, et al. was shown to be reduced in HCC. Increased expression of TH was found facilitates the survival of HCC patients. In addition, decreased TH indicated larger tumor size, much more numbers of tumor, higher level of AFP, and the presence of cirrhosis. TH effectively impairs the growth and metastasis of HCC cells, a process dependent on the phosphorylation of serine residues (S19/S40). TH directly binds to Smad2 and hinders the cascade activation of TGFβ/Smad signaling with the treatment of TGFβ1. In summary, our study uncovered the non-metabolic functions of TH in the development of HCC and proposes that TH might be a promising biomarker for diagnosis as well as an innovative target for metastatic HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Mengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zimei Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qi Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xinxin Ren
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhexin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yaoqi Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yulin He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuezhen Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Shupeng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Chenxi Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th of Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Piao X, Duan J, Jiang N, Liu S, Hou N, Chen Q. Schistosoma japonicum Tyrosine Hydroxylase is promising targets for immunodiagnosis and immunoprotection of Schistosomiasis japonica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011389. [PMID: 37276235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of promising schistosome antigen targets is crucial for the development of anti-schistosomal strategies. Schistosomes rely on their neuromuscular systems to coordinate important locomotory behaviors. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is critical in the initial rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of catecholamine, the important neuroactive agents, which promote the lengthening of the worm through muscular relaxation and are therefore of great importance to the movement of the organism both within and between its hosts. THs from both Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum and their enzyme activities have been discovered; however, the role of these proteins during infection have not been explored. Herein, a recombinant protein of the nonconserved fragment of S. japonicum TH (SjTH) was produced and the corresponding polyclonal antibody was generated. The expression and antigenicity of SjTH were detected by qRT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence assays, and ELISA. Mice immunized with the recombinant SjTH were challenged with cercariae to evaluate the immunoprotective value of this protein. Our results showed SjTH not only distributed in the head associated with the central nervous system, but also expressed along the tegument and the intestinal intima, which are involved in the movement, coupling and digestion of the parasites and associated with the peripheral nervous system. This protein can effectively stimulate humoral immune responses in mammalian hosts and has high potential as a biomarker for schistosomiasis immunodiagnosis. Furthermore, immunization with recombinant SjTH showed to reduce the worm and egg burden of challenged mice, and to contribute to the systemic balance of the Th1/Th2 responses. Taken together, these results suggest that SjTH is an important pathogenic molecule in S. japonicum and may be a possible target for anti-schistosomal approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Piao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamei Duan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
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7
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Li Y, Wang X, Xie X, Liu Q, Dong H, Hou Y, Xia Q, Zhao P. Enhanced locomotor behaviour is mediated by activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the silkworm brain. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:251-262. [PMID: 36636859 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Animal behaviour regulation is a complex process involving many factors, and the nervous system is an essential factor in this process. In many species, pathogens can alter host behaviour by affecting the host's nervous system. An interesting example is that the silkworm shows enhanced locomotor behaviour after being infected with the nucleopolyhedrosis virus. In this study, we analysed the transcriptome of the silkworm brain at different time points after infection and found that various genes related to behaviour regulation changed after infection. In-depth analysis showed that the tyrosine hydroxylase gene might be a key candidate gene, and the content of dopamine, its downstream metabolite, increased significantly in the brain of silkworms infected with the virus. After the injection of tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor into the infected silkworm, the dopamine content in the silkworm brain decreased and the locomotor behaviour caused by the virus was blocked successfully. These results confirm that tyrosine hydroxylase is involved in regulating enhanced locomotor behaviour after virus infection in silkworms. Furthermore, the tyrosine hydroxylase gene was specifically overexpressed in the brain of the silkworm, and the transgenic silkworm was enhanced in locomotor behaviour and foraging behaviour. These results suggest that the tyrosine hydroxylase gene plays a vital role in regulating insect behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haonan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Hikisz P, Namiecińska E, Paneth P, Budzisz E. Mechanistic Studies of Arene-Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Carbothioamidopyrazoles as Alternative Cancer Drugs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093969. [PMID: 37175377 PMCID: PMC10180065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Arene-ruthenium(II) complexes with carbothioamidopyrazoles at the C-2 and C-5 positions have been recognized as chemotherapeutic agent alternatives to cisplatin and its oxaliplatin analogs. The aim of this study was to continue research on the biological aspect of arene-ruthenium(II) complexes and their anticancer activity. The present paper includes an additional 12 new tumor cells, analyzed by MTT, and employs a series of extended bioassays to better understand their potential mechanism of antitumor activity. The following tests were conducted: membrane permeability studies, intramolecular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) assays, mitochondrial potential changes, DNA analysis by comet assay using the electrophoresis method, measurement of cleaved PARP protein levels, and determination of apoptotic and necrotic cell fractions by fluorescence microscopy. Additionally, the article presents lipophilicity studies based on RP-TLC and molecular docking studies. We hope that the presented data will prove useful in practical treatment, especially for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Hikisz
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Namiecińska
- Department of the Chemistry of Cosmetic Raw Materials, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Budzisz
- Department of the Chemistry of Cosmetic Raw Materials, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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9
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Fitzpatrick PF. The aromatic amino acid hydroxylases: Structures, catalysis, and regulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 735:109518. [PMID: 36639008 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acid hydroxylases phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase are non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze key physiological reactions. This review discusses the present understanding of the common catalytic mechanism of these enzymes and recent advances in understanding the relationship between their structures and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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10
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Zhao Q, Tao Y, Zhao K, Ma Y, Xu Q, Liu C, Zhang S, Li D. Structural Insights of Fe 3+ Induced α-synuclein Fibrillation in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167680. [PMID: 35690099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies (LBs) is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron, especially Fe3+, is accumulated in substantia nigra of PD patients and co-deposited with α-syn in LBs. However, how Fe3+ modulates α-syn fibrillation at molecular level remains unclear. In this study, we found that Fe3+ can promote α-syn fibrillation at low concentration while inhibit its fibrillation at high concentration. NMR titration study shows poor interaction between α-syn monomer and Fe3+. Instead, we found that Fe3+ binds to α-syn fibrils. By using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we further determined the atomic structure of α-syn fibril in complex with Fe3+ at the resolution of 2.7 Å. Strikingly, two extra electron densities adjacent to His50 and Glu57 were observed as putative binding sites of Fe3+ and water molecules, suggesting that Fe3+ binds to the negative cleft of the fibril and stabilizes the fibril structure for promoting α-syn aggregation. Further mutagenesis study shows mutation of His50 abolishes the Fe3+-facilitated fibrillation of α-syn. Our work illuminates the structural basis of the interaction of Fe3+ and α-syn in both monomeric and fibrillar forms, and sheds light on understanding the pathological role of Fe3+ in α-syn aggregation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Zhao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Youqi Tao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yeyang Ma
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianhui Xu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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11
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Jin M, Matsumoto S, Ayaki T, Yamakado H, Taguchi T, Togawa N, Konno A, Hirai H, Nakajima H, Komai S, Ishida R, Chiba S, Takahashi R, Takao T, Hirotsune S. DOPAnization of tyrosine in α-synuclein by tyrosine hydroxylase leads to the formation of oligomers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6880. [PMID: 36371400 PMCID: PMC9653393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the preferential loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-expressing dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we found that TH converts Tyr136 in α-synuclein into dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA; Y136DOPA) through mass spectrometric analysis. Y136DOPA modification was clearly detected by a specific antibody in the dopaminergic neurons of α-synuclein-overexpressing mice as well as human α-synucleinopathies. Furthermore, dopanized α-synuclein tended to form oligomers rather than large fibril aggregates and significantly enhanced neurotoxicity. Our findings suggest that the dopanization of α-synuclein by TH may contribute to oligomer and/or seed formation causing neurodegeneration with the potential to shed light on the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Jin
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585 Japan ,grid.443385.d0000 0004 1798 9548Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199 China
| | - Sakiko Matsumoto
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585 Japan
| | - Takashi Ayaki
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Taguchi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Natsuko Togawa
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Science, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Shoji Komai
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Department of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ishida
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585 Japan
| | - Syuhei Chiba
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Takao
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Protein Profiling and Functional Proteomics, Osaka University Institute for Protein Research, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shinji Hirotsune
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585 Japan
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12
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Lee Y, Tripodi GL, Jeong D, Lee S, Roithova J, Cho J. Aliphatic and Aromatic C–H Bond Oxidation by High-Valent Manganese(IV)-Hydroxo Species. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20752-20762. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Guilherme L. Tripodi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Donghyun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggi Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Korea
| | - Jana Roithova
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jaeheung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
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13
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Bueno-Carrasco MT, Cuéllar J, Flydal MI, Santiago C, Kråkenes TA, Kleppe R, López-Blanco JR, Marcilla M, Teigen K, Alvira S, Chacón P, Martinez A, Valpuesta JM. Structural mechanism for tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition by dopamine and reactivation by Ser40 phosphorylation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:74. [PMID: 35013193 PMCID: PMC8748767 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of dopamine (DA) and other catecholamines, and its dysfunction leads to DA deficiency and parkinsonisms. Inhibition by catecholamines and reactivation by S40 phosphorylation are key regulatory mechanisms of TH activity and conformational stability. We used Cryo-EM to determine the structures of full-length human TH without and with DA, and the structure of S40 phosphorylated TH, complemented with biophysical and biochemical characterizations and molecular dynamics simulations. TH presents a tetrameric structure with dimerized regulatory domains that are separated 15 Å from the catalytic domains. Upon DA binding, a 20-residue α-helix in the flexible N-terminal tail of the regulatory domain is fixed in the active site, blocking it, while S40-phosphorylation forces its egress. The structures reveal the molecular basis of the inhibitory and stabilizing effects of DA and its counteraction by S40-phosphorylation, key regulatory mechanisms for homeostasis of DA and TH. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of the catecholamine neurotransmitters and hormones dopamine (DA), adrenaline and noradrenaline. Here, the authors present the cryo-EM structures of full-length human TH in the apo form and bound with DA, as well as the structure of Ser40 phosphorylated TH, and discuss the inhibitory and stabilizing effects of DA on TH and its counteraction by Ser40-phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Cuéllar
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marte I Flydal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - César Santiago
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rune Kleppe
- Norwegian Centre for Maritime and Diving Medicine, Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Knut Teigen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sara Alvira
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Pablo Chacón
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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14
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Murata M. Food chemistry and biochemistry of enzymatic browning. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.fstr-d-21-00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatsune Murata
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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15
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Ahmad MH, Fatima M, Ali M, Rizvi MA, Mondal AC. Naringenin alleviates paraquat-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in SH-SY5Y cells and a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2021; 201:108831. [PMID: 34655599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disease is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The cause of dopaminergic loss in PD remains unknown for a long time, however, recent reports suggest oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. Paraquat (PQ), a widely used herbicide is an oxidative stress inducer that has been implicated as a potential risk factor for the development of PD. Flavonoids are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds that display a variety of therapeutic properties against oxidative stress. Naringenin (NAR), a natural flavonoid, exhibits neuroprotection against PD-related pathology. However, studies on its neuroprotective role and the underlying mechanisms are scarce, therefore the present study explored the potential neuroprotective role of NAR in PQ-induced parkinsonism in SH-SY5Y cells and rat model. The effect of NAR on PQ-induced cellular toxicity was determined by measuring cell viability, oxidative stress, ATP levels and the same effect was determined by assessing behavioral, biochemical, immunohistochemical, qRT-PCR and Western blot in rat model. NAR treatment in SH-SY5Y cells resulted in increased cell viability, reduced oxidative stress, elevated mitochondrial membrane potential, and higher cellular ATP levels. In rats, NAR treatment resulted in significant neuroprotection against PQ-induced behavioral deficits, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and astrocytosis. NAR treatment significantly modulated PQ-induced mRNA expressions of DRD2, DAT, LRRK2, SNCA, β-catenin, caspase-3, BDNF genes. NAR treatment increased TH protein expression and modulated its immunoreactivity in rat striatum. Also, GFAP decreased in response to NAR treatment. So, in the present study, NAR exhibits neuroprotection against PQ-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration indicating its novel therapeutic potential against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Hilal Ahmad
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India; Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mahino Fatima
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mansoor Ali
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Moshahid Alam Rizvi
- Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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16
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Personalized Medicine to Improve Treatment of Dopa-Responsive Dystonia-A Focus on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111186. [PMID: 34834538 PMCID: PMC8625014 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is a rare movement disorder associated with defective dopamine synthesis. This impairment may be due to the fact of a deficiency in GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCHI, GCH1 gene), sepiapterin reductase (SR), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), or 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydrobiopterin synthase (PTPS) enzyme functions. Mutations in GCH1 are most frequent, whereas fewer cases have been reported for individual SR-, PTP synthase-, and TH deficiencies. Although termed DRD, a subset of patients responds poorly to L-DOPA. As this is regularly observed in severe cases of TH deficiency (THD), there is an urgent demand for more adequate or personalized treatment options. TH is a key enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis, and THD patients often present with complex and variable phenotypes, which results in frequent misdiagnosis and lack of appropriate treatment. In this expert opinion review, we focus on THD pathophysiology and ongoing efforts to develop novel therapeutics for this rare disorder. We also describe how different modeling approaches can be used to improve genotype to phenotype predictions and to develop in silico testing of treatment strategies. We further discuss the current status of mathematical modeling of catecholamine synthesis and how such models can be used together with biochemical data to improve treatment of DRD patients.
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17
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Bekier A, Węglińska L, Paneth A, Paneth P, Dzitko K. 4-Arylthiosemicarbazide derivatives as a new class of tyrosinase inhibitors and anti- Toxoplasma gondii agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1145-1164. [PMID: 34074198 PMCID: PMC8174488 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1931164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We report herein anti-proliferation effects of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides, with a cyclopentane substitution at N1 position, on highly virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Among them, the highest in vitro anti-Toxoplasma activity was found with the meta-iodo derivative. Further experiments demonstrated inhibitory effects of thiosemicarbazides on tyrosinase (Tyr) activity, and good correlation was found between percentage of Tyr inhibition and IC50Tg. To confirm the concept that thiosemicarbazides are able to disrupt tyrosine metabolism in Toxoplasma tachyzoites, the most potent Tyr inhibitors were tested for their efficacy of T. gondii growth inhibition. All of them significantly reduced the number of tachyzoites in the parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) compared to untreated cells, as well as inhibited tachyzoites growth by impeding cell division. Collectively, these results indicate that compounds with the thiosemicarbazide scaffold are able to disrupt tyrosine metabolism in Toxoplasma tachyzoites by deregulation of their crucial enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Bekier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lidia Węglińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland.,Institute Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM) - International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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18
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Li XY, Yang YM, Li LB, Zhang MY, Huang YY, Wang J, Wang L, Wan XH. Identification of TH Variants in Chinese Dopa-Responsive Dystonia Patients and Long-Term Outcomes. Front Neurol 2021; 12:644910. [PMID: 34054692 PMCID: PMC8149779 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.644910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is a movement disorder that is highly clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Our study summarizes clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes in patients with dopa-responsive dystonia with the aim of obtaining further knowledge on this disorder. Methods: Patients who met DRD genetic diagnostic criteria through whole-exome sequencing and took levodopa for over 3 years were included in our study. Detailed information was collected on these patients, including family history, age at onset, age and dosage at starting levodopa, current medication and dosage, levodopa duration, diurnal fluctuation, and other clinical features. The Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale-Motor (BFMDRS-M) score was used to evaluate patients' dystonia and variation after levodopa. According to the long-term outcomes, patients were further graded as good (dystonia improved by more than 50% after levodopa, and no further motor symptoms appeared) and poor (dystonia improved by <50% after levodopa, or new motor symptoms appeared). Results: A total of 20 DRD patients were included (11 with GCH1 variants, 9 with TH variants). During long-term levodopa treatment, three patients with TH variants (3/20, 15%) developed motor symptoms, including body jerks and paroxysmal symptoms, and responded well to increasing levodopa doses. The patient with homozygous mutation c.1481C>T/p. Thr494Met harbored more serious symptoms and poor response to levodopa and showed decreased cardiac uptake in MIBG. Conclusions: Most DRD patients showed satisfactory treatment outcomes after long-term levodopa, whereas few patients with TH variants presented motor symptoms, which is considered to be related to dopamine insufficiency. For patients with motor symptoms after long-term levodopa, increasing the dose slowly might be helpful to relieve symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yao Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Mai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Bo Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Yu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. Diaphorina citri Genome Possesses a Complete Melatonin Biosynthesis Pathway Differentially Expressed under the Influence of the Phytopathogenic Bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. INSECTS 2021; 12:317. [PMID: 33916117 PMCID: PMC8065666 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is synthesized from the amino acid L-tryptophan via the shikimic acid pathway and ubiquitously distributed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although most of melatonin biosynthesis genes were characterized in several plants and animal species including the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, none of these enzymes have been identified from the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. We used comprehensive in silico analysis and gene expression techniques to identify the melatonin biosynthesis-related genes of D. citri and to evaluate the expression patterns of these genes within the adults of D. citri with gradient infection rates (0, 28, 34, 50, 58, and 70%) of the phytopathogenic bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and after the treatment with exogenous melatonin. We showed that the D. citri genome possesses six putative melatonin biosynthesis-related genes including two putative tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (DcT5H-1 and DcT5H-2), a putative aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (DcAADC), two putative arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (DcAANAT-1 and DcAANAT-2), and putative N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (DcASMT). The infection with Ca. L. asiaticus decreased the transcript levels of all predicted genes in the adults of D. citri. Moreover, melatonin supplementation induced their expression levels in both healthy and Ca. L. asiaticus-infected psyllids. These findings confirm the association of these genes with the melatonin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
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20
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Ke T, Prince LM, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Latent alterations in swimming behavior by developmental methylmercury exposure are modulated by the homolog of tyrosine hydroxylase in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 85:106963. [PMID: 33626374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a persistent environmental neurotoxicant that may cause adverse neurodevelopmental effects. Previous studies showed that developmental MeHg exposure caused damage to brain functions that were unmasked after a silent period of years or decades. However, the underlying mechanisms of the latent neurotoxicity associated with MeHg exposure from earlier developmental stages have yet to be fully understood. Herein, we established a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model of developmental MeHg latent toxicity. Synchronized L1 stage worms were exposed to MeHg (0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 μM) for 48 h. Swimming moving speeds at adulthood were analyzed in worms exposed to MeHg exposure at early larvae stages. Worms developmentally exposed to MeHg had a significant decline in swimming moving speed on day 10 adult stage, but not on day 1 or 5 adult stage, even though the mercury level in the worms exposed to 0.05 or 0.5 μM MeHg were below the quantification limit on day 10 adult. Day 10 adult worms treated with MeHg showed a significant decrease in bending angle and bending frequency during swimming. Furthermore, their reduced moving speeds tended to increase during the 300-s swimming experiment. Dopamine signaling is known to be involved in the regulation of worms' moving speed. Accordingly, the moving speed of worms with cat-2 (mammalian tyrosine hydroxylase homolog) mutation or dat-1 deletion were assayed on day 10 adult. The cat-2 mutant worms did not show a decline in moving speeds, body bends or bending angles during swimming on day 10 adult stage. Analyses of moving speeds of worms with dat-1 deletion showed that the moving speeds were further reduced after MeHg exposure. However, the effects of MeHg and dat-1 deletion were not synergistic, as the interaction between these parameters did not attain statistical significance. Altogether, our results suggest that developmental MeHg exposure reduced moving speed, and this latent toxicity was less pronounced in the context of deficient production of dopamine synthesis. Tyrosine hydroxylase plays an important role in regulating dopamine-mediated modulation of neurobehavioral functions. These findings uncovered a pivotal role of dopamine and its metabolism in the latent neurotoxic effects of MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Lisa M Prince
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, United States
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
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21
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Abstract
Fluorochemicals are a widely distributed class of compounds and have been utilized across a wide range of industries for decades. Given the environmental toxicity and adverse health threats of some fluorochemicals, the development of new methods for their decomposition is significant to public health. However, the carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond is among the most chemically robust bonds; consequently, the degradation of fluorinated hydrocarbons is exceptionally difficult. Here, metalloenzymes that catalyze the cleavage of this chemically challenging bond are reviewed. These enzymes include histidine-ligated heme-dependent dehaloperoxidase and tyrosine hydroxylase, thiolate-ligated heme-dependent cytochrome P450, and four nonheme oxygenases, namely, tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase, Rieske dioxygenase, and thiol dioxygenase. While much of the literature regarding the aforementioned enzymes highlights their ability to catalyze C-H bond activation and functionalization, in many cases, the C-F bond cleavage has been shown to occur on fluorinated substrates. A copper-dependent laccase-mediated system representing an unnatural radical defluorination approach is also described. Detailed discussions on the structure-function relationships and catalytic mechanisms provide insights into biocatalytic defluorination, which may inspire drug design considerations and environmental remediation of halogenated contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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22
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Liu SH, Yang BJ, Wang AY, Luo J, Tang J. RNA interference of tyrosine hydroxylase caused rapid mortality by impairing cuticle formation in Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2225-2232. [PMID: 31981304 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of RNA interference (RNAi) technique in controlling agricultural insect pests has been receiving much attention since the discovery of RNAi. The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, a notorious pest of rice, has evolved a high level of resistance to many kinds of insecticides. Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) is an indispensable survival gene in holometabolous insects, playing key roles in cuticle tanning and immunity. In this study, we investigated whether Th could be used as a potential target in controlling N. lugens. RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that NlTh had a periodical expression pattern during molting with the highest level observed in epidermis. Dysfunction of NlTH by dsNlTh microinjection or 3-IT feeding similarly caused rapid death of N. lugens. Compared with dsGFP control BPHs, dsNlTh injected BPHs (i) had cuticle pigmentation and sclerotizaton defects; (ii) had less endocuticle lamella in tergum integument; (iii) showed higher mortality during the molting process as a result of defective cuticle shedding; (iv) showed feeding disorders indicated by a low number of probe wound dots on rice; (v) had more vulnerable cuticle. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that TH orthologues play a conservative and crucial role for exocuticle tanning in both holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects, and NlTh could be targeted for RNAi-mediated BPH control. The rapid lethal phenotype of NlTH dysfunction BPHs partly induced by cuticle formation defects. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu H Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bao J Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Kawahata I, Fukunaga K. Degradation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease and Dopa-Responsive Dystonia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113779. [PMID: 32471089 PMCID: PMC7312529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems govern physiological functions related to locomotion, and their dysfunction leads to movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and dopa-responsive dystonia (Segawa disease). Previous studies revealed that expression of the gene encoding nigrostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine biosynthesis, is reduced in Parkinson’s disease and dopa-responsive dystonia; however, the mechanism of TH depletion in these disorders remains unclear. In this article, we review the molecular mechanism underlying the neurodegeneration process in dopamine-containing neurons and focus on the novel degradation pathway of TH through the ubiquitin-proteasome system to advance our understanding of the etiology of Parkinson’s disease and dopa-responsive dystonia. We also introduce the relation of α-synuclein propagation with the loss of TH protein in Parkinson’s disease as well as anticipate therapeutic targets and early diagnosis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawahata
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6838 (I.K.); +81-22-795-6836 (K.F.); Fax: +81-22-795-6835 (I.K. & K.F.)
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6838 (I.K.); +81-22-795-6836 (K.F.); Fax: +81-22-795-6835 (I.K. & K.F.)
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24
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Anis E, Zafeer MF, Firdaus F, Islam SN, Khan AA, Hossain MM. Perillyl Alcohol Mitigates Behavioural Changes and Limits Cell Death and Mitochondrial Changes in Unilateral 6-OHDA Lesion Model of Parkinson's Disease Through Alleviation of Oxidative Stress. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:461-477. [PMID: 32394056 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to assess the phytomedicinal potential of perillyl alcohol (PA), a dietary monoterpenoid, in a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). We observed that PA supplementation alleviated behavioural abnormalities such as loss of coordination, reduced rearing and motor asymmetry in lesioned animals. We also observed that PA-treated animals exhibited reduced oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation and caspase 3 activity indicating alleviation of apoptotic cell death. We found reduced mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic regulator BAX and pro-inflammatory mediators IL18 and TNFα in PA-treated animals. Further, PA treatment successfully increased mRNA and protein levels of Bcl2, mitochondrial biogenesis regulator PGC1α and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in lesioned animals. We observed that PA treatment blocked BAX and Drp1 translocation to mitochondria, an event often associated with the inception of apoptosis. Further, 6-OHDA exposure reduced expression of electron transport chain complexes I and IV, thereby disturbing energy metabolism. Conversely, expression levels of both complexes were upregulated with PA treatment in lesioned rats. Finally, we found that protein levels of Nrf2, the transcription factor responsible for antioxidant gene expression, were markedly reduced in cytosolic and nuclear fraction on 6-OHDA exposure, and PA increased expression of Nrf2 in both fractions. We believe that our data hints towards PA having the ability to provide cytoprotection in a hemiparkinsonian rat model through alleviation of motor deficits, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehraz Anis
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mohd Faraz Zafeer
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fakiha Firdaus
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shireen Naaz Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Azka Anees Khan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Mobarak Hossain
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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25
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Nakashima A, Yamaguchi H, Kodani Y, Kaneko YS, Kawata M, Nagasaki H, Nagatsu T, Ota A. Identification by nano-LC-MS/MS of NT5DC2 as a protein binding to tyrosine hydroxylase: Down-regulation of NT5DC2 by siRNA increases catecholamine synthesis in PC12D cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:1060-1065. [PMID: 31279527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine to l-DOPA, is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamines. It is well known that both α-synuclein and 14-3-3 protein family members bind to the TH molecule and regulate phosphorylation of its N-terminus by kinases to control the catalytic activity. In this present study we investigated whether other proteins aside from these 2 proteins might also bind to TH molecules. Nano-LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that 5'-nucleotidase domain-containing protein 2 (NT5DC2), belonging to a family of haloacid dehalogenase-type (HAD) phosphatases, was detected in the immunoprecipitate of PC12D cell lysates that had been reacted with Dynabeads protein G-anti-TH antibody conjugate. Surprisingly, NT5DC2 had already been revealed by Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) as a gene implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, which are diseases related to the abnormality of dopamine activity in the brain, although the role that NT5DC2 plays in these diseases remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of NT5DC2 on the TH molecule. The down-regulation of NT5DC2 by siRNA increased the synthesis of catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) in PC12D cells. These increases might be attributed to the catalytic activity of TH and not to the intracellular stability of TH, because the intracellular content of TH assessed by Western blotting was not changed by the down-regulation of NT5DC2. Collectively, our results indicate that NT5DC2 inhibited the synthesis of dopamine by decreasing the enzymatic activity of TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nakashima
- Department Physiological Chemistry, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Hisateru Yamaguchi
- Division of Biomedical Polymer Science, Institute of Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yu Kodani
- Department Physiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoko S Kaneko
- Department Physiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miho Kawata
- Department Physiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagasaki
- Department Physiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Akira Ota
- Department Physiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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26
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Tyrosine hydroxylase is crucial for pupal pigmentation in Zeugodacus tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 231:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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27
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Dunkley PR, Dickson PW. Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation
in vivo. J Neurochem 2019; 149:706-728. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Dunkley
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and The Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Phillip W. Dickson
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and The Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW Australia
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28
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Szigetvari PD, Muruganandam G, Kallio JP, Hallin EI, Fossbakk A, Loris R, Kursula I, Møller LB, Knappskog PM, Kursula P, Haavik J. The quaternary structure of human tyrosine hydroxylase: effects of dystonia-associated missense variants on oligomeric state and enzyme activity. J Neurochem 2018; 148:291-306. [PMID: 30411798 PMCID: PMC6587854 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a multi‐domain, homo‐oligomeric enzyme that catalyses the rate‐limiting step of catecholamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis. Missense variants of human TH are associated with a recessive neurometabolic disease with low levels of brain dopamine and noradrenaline, resulting in a variable clinical picture, from progressive brain encephalopathy to adolescent onset DOPA‐responsive dystonia (DRD). We expressed isoform 1 of human TH (hTH1) and its dystonia‐associated missense variants in E. coli, analysed their quaternary structure and thermal stability using size‐exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, multi‐angle light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering and assayed hydroxylase activity. Wild‐type (WT) hTH1 was a mixture of enzymatically stable tetramers (85.6%) and octamers (14.4%), with little interconversion between these species. We also observed small amounts of higher order assemblies of long chains of enzyme by transmission electron microscopy. To investigate the role of molecular assemblies in the pathogenesis of DRD, we compared the structure of WT hTH1 with the DRD‐associated variants R410P and D467G that are found in vicinity of the predicted subunit interfaces. In contrast to WT hTH1, R410P and D467G were mixtures of tetrameric and dimeric species. Inspection of the available structures revealed that Arg‐410 and Asp‐467 are important for maintaining the stability and oligomeric structure of TH. Disruption of the normal quaternary enzyme structure by missense variants is a new molecular mechanism that may explain the loss of TH enzymatic activity in DRD. Unstable missense variants could be targets for pharmacological intervention in DRD, aimed to re‐establish the normal oligomeric state of TH. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Szigetvari
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gopinath Muruganandam
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Juha P Kallio
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik I Hallin
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Agnete Fossbakk
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Remy Loris
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inari Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lisbeth B Møller
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Per M Knappskog
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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29
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Kakouri AC, Christodoulou CC, Zachariou M, Oulas A, Minadakis G, Demetriou CA, Votsi C, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Christodoulou K, Spyrou GM. Revealing Clusters of Connected Pathways Through Multisource Data Integration in Huntington's Disease and Spastic Ataxia. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2018; 23:26-37. [PMID: 30176611 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2018.2865569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of scientific and medical research over the past years has generated a wealth of experimental data from multiple technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and other forms of -omics data, which are available for a number of diseases. The integration of such multisource data is a key component toward the success of precision medicine. In this paper, we are investigating a multisource data integration method developed by our group, regarding its ability to drive to clusters of connected pathways under two different approaches: first, a disease-centric approach, where we integrate data around a disease, and second, a gene-centric approach, where we integrate data around a gene. We have used as a paradigm for the first approach Huntington's disease (HD), a disease with a plethora of available data, whereas for the second approach the GBA2, a gene that is related to spastic ataxia (SA), a phenotype with sparse availability of data. Our paper shows that valuable information at the level of disease-related pathway clusters can be obtained for both HD and SA. New pathways that classical pathway analysis methods were unable to reveal, emerged as necessary "connectors" to build connected pathway stories formed as pathway clusters. The capability to integrate multisource molecular data, concluding to something more than the sum of the existing information, empowers precision and personalized medicine approaches.
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30
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Human tyrosine hydroxylase in Parkinson's disease and in related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:397-409. [PMID: 29995172 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an aging-related movement disorder mainly caused by a deficiency of neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the striatum of the brain and is considered to be due to progressive degeneration of nigro-striatal DA neurons. Most PD is sporadic without family history (sPD), and there are only a few percent of cases of young-onset familial PD (fPD, PARKs) with the chromosomal locations and the genes identified. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-dependent and iron-containing monooxygenase, catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines (DA, noradrenaline, and adrenaline). PD affects specifically TH-containing catecholamine neurons. The most marked neurodegeneration in patients with DA deficiency is observed in the nigro-striatal DA neurons, which contain abundant TH. Accordingly, TH has been speculated to play some important roles in the pathophysiology in PD. However, this decrease in TH is thought to be secondary due to neurodegeneration of DA neurons caused by some as yet unidentified genetic and environmental factors, and thus, TH deficiency may not play a direct role in PD. This manuscript provides an overview of the role of human TH in the pathophysiology of PD, covering the following aspects: (1) structures of the gene and protein of human TH in relation to PD; (2) similarity and dissimilarity between the phenotypes of aging-related sPD and those of young-onset fPD or DOPA-responsive dystonia due to DA deficiency in the striatum with decreased TH activity caused by mutations in either the TH gene or GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) gene; and (3) genetic variants of the TH gene (polymorphisms, rare variants, and mutations) in PD, as discovered recently by advanced genome analysis.
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31
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Subedi BP, Fitzpatrick PF. Mutagenesis of an Active-Site Loop in Tryptophan Hydroxylase Dramatically Slows the Formation of an Early Intermediate in Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5185-5192. [PMID: 29589922 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solution studies of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases are consistent with the FeIVO intermediate not forming until both the amino acid and tetrahydropterin substrates have bound. Structural studies have shown that the positions of active-site loops differs significantly between the free enzyme and the enzyme-amino acid-tetrahydropterin complex. In tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpH) these mobile loops contain residues 124-134 and 365-371, with a key interaction involving Ile366. The I366N mutation in TrpH results in decreases of 1-2 orders of magnitude in the kcat and kcat/ Km values. Single turnover analyses establish that the limiting rate constant for turnover is product release for the wild-type enzyme but is formation of the first detectable intermediate I in catalysis in the mutant enzyme. The mutation does not alter the kinetics of NO binding to the ternary complex nor does it uncouple FeIVO formation from amino acid hydroxylation. The effects on the kcat value of wild-type TrpH of changing viscosity are consistent with rate-limiting product release. While the effect of viscosity on the kcat/ KO2 value is small, consistent with reversible oxygen binding, the effects on the kcat/ Km values for tryptophan and the tetrahydropterin are large, with the latter value exceeding the expected limit and varying with the identity of the viscogen. In contrast, the kinetic parameters of I366N TrpH show small changes with viscosity. The results are consistent with binding of the amino acid and pterin substrate to form the ternary complex being directly coupled to closure of loops over the active site and formation of the reactive complex. The mutation destabilizes this initial event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Subedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
| | - Paul F Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
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32
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Duck KA, Neely EB, Simpson IA, Connor JR. A role for sex and a common HFE gene variant in brain iron uptake. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:540-548. [PMID: 28350201 PMCID: PMC5851144 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17701949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HFE (high iron) is an essential protein for regulating iron transport into cells. Mutations of the HFE gene result in loss of this regulation causing accumulation of iron within the cell. The mutated protein has been found increasingly in numerous neurodegenerative disorders in which increased levels of iron in the brain are reported. Additionally, evidence that these mutations are associated with elevated brain iron challenges the paradigm that the brain is protected by the blood-brain barrier. While much has been studied regarding the role of HFE in cellular iron uptake, it has remained unclear what role the protein plays in the transport of iron into the brain. We investigated regulation of iron transport into the brain using a mouse model with a mutation in the HFE gene. We demonstrated that the rate of radiolabeled iron (59Fe) uptake was similar between the two genotypes despite higher brain iron concentrations in the mutant. However, there were significant differences in iron uptake between males and females regardless of genotype. These data indicate that brain iron status is consistently maintained and tightly regulated at the level of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Duck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Chen EH, Hou QL, Wei DD, Dou W, Liu Z, Yang PJ, Smagghe G, Wang JJ. Tyrosine hydroxylase coordinates larval-pupal tanning and immunity in oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:569-578. [PMID: 28941310 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), a notorious world pest infesting fruits and vegetables, has evolved a high level of resistance to many commonly used insecticides. In this study, we investigate whether tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) that is required for cuticle tanning (sclerotization and pigmentation) in many insects, could be a potential target in controlling B. dorsalis. RESULTS We cloned TH cDNA (BdTH) of B. dorsalis. The complete open reading frame of BdTH (KY911196) was 1737 bp in length, encoding a protein of 578 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that BdTH was highly expressed in the epidermis of 3rd instar larvae, and its expression increased prior to pupation, suggesting a role in larval-pupal cuticle tanning. When we injected dsBdTH or 3-iodo-tyrosine (3-IT) as a TH inhibitor or fed insect diet supplemented with 3-IT, there was significant impairment of larval-pupal cuticle tanning and a severe obstacle to eclosion in adults followed by death in most. Furthermore, injection of Escherichia coli into larvae fed 3-IT resulted in 92% mortality and the expressions of four antimicrobial peptide genes were significantly downregulated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that BdTH might play a critical role in larval-pupal tanning and immunity of B. dorsalis, and could be used as a potential novel target for pest control. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Hu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Li Hou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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34
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GBA1 deficiency negatively affects physiological α-synuclein tetramers and related multimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:798-803. [PMID: 29311330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700465115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that α-synuclein (α-syn) occurs physiologically as a helically folded tetramer that resists aggregation. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of formation of α-syn tetramers are still mostly unknown. Cellular membrane lipids are thought to play an important role in the regulation of α-syn tetramer formation. Since glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) deficiency contributes to the aggregation of α-syn and leads to changes in neuronal glycosphingolipids (GSLs) including gangliosides, we hypothesized that GBA1 deficiency may affect the formation of α-syn tetramers. Here, we show that accumulation of GSLs due to GBA1 deficiency decreases α-syn tetramers and related multimers and increases α-syn monomers in CRISPR-GBA1 knockout (KO) SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, α-syn tetramers and related multimers are decreased in N370S GBA1 Parkinson's disease (PD) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human dopaminergic (hDA) neurons and murine neurons carrying the heterozygous L444P GBA1 mutation. Treatment with miglustat to reduce GSL accumulation and overexpression of GBA1 to augment GBA1 activity reverse the destabilization of α-syn tetramers and protect against α-syn preformed fibril-induced toxicity in hDA neurons. Taken together, these studies provide mechanistic insights into how GBA1 regulates the transition from monomeric α-syn to α-syn tetramers and multimers and suggest unique therapeutic opportunities for PD and dementia with Lewy bodies.
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Bartl J, Palazzesi F, Parrinello M, Hommers L, Riederer P, Walitza S, Grünblatt E. The impact of methylphenidate and its enantiomers on dopamine synthesis and metabolism in vitro. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:281-288. [PMID: 28690202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH), a psychostimulant, is an effective first-line treatment for the symptoms associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Although most MPH formulations are composed of the racemic 1:1 mixture of the two enantiomers (d- and l-threo), converging lines of evidence indicate that d-threo MPH seems to be superior to the l-isomer. We aimed to investigate whether MPH racemic mixture or pure enantiomers influence the enzyme activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in vitro in homogenates of rat PC12 cells incubated with racemic, d- and l-threo MPH (1nM up to 100μM), or a vehicle for control. We could observe dose dependent enhancement of TH activity with d-threo MPH, probably due to its higher affinity to the enzyme, which we could confirm for d-threo versus l-threo MPH via docking and molecular dynamic simulations analysis. MAO-B enzyme activity was found to be enhanced when incubated with both d- and l-isomers but not with the racemic mixture. This conflicting result was hypothesized to be due to possible aggregation of the two enantiomers or other molecular conformations. Such a possible interaction was observed indirectly, when TH was incubated with constant d-threo MPH while increasing l-isomer (increasing total MPH concentrations). Hence, TH activity was slightly decreased with increased l-isomer. In conclusion, the current in vitro investigation points to the stereoselectivity of the investigated enzymes and pharmacological effects of MPH enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Bartl
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ferruccio Palazzesi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Facoltà di Informatica, Istituto di Scienze Computazionali, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Michele Parrinello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Facoltà di Informatica, Istituto di Scienze Computazionali, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Leif Hommers
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Unit of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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Yu Y, Sun H, Gilmore K, Hou T, Wang S, Li Y. Aggregated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Absorb and Deform Dopamine-Related Proteins Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:32452-32462. [PMID: 28859474 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their applications in various fields such as biotechnology and biomedicine. Recently, aggregated SWCNTs have shown more significant effects on the treatment of methamphetamine addiction (Nat. Nanotech. 2016, 11, 613). However, the mechanisms underlying these actions are unclear. By using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the effects of single and aggregated SWCNTs (single-(10,10)CNT, aggregated-7-(10,10)CNTs, and single-(35,35)CNT with the same diameter as that of the aggregated one) on the activity of dopamine-related proteins [tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH) and dopamine transporter (DAT), which are related to the synthesis and transport of dopamine, respectively]. We find that both TyrOH and DAT can adsorb onto these SWCNTs. For TyrOH, the aggregated-7-(10,10)CNTs mainly affect the conformation of the active site of the protein, and hence, they are more effective in inhibiting the expression of TyrOH. For DAT, our results suggest that the aggregated-7-(10,10)CNTs allow DAT to maintain an outward-facing conformation and hence are favorable to the reuptake of dopamine. The binding of a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, [3H]-WIN35,428, to DAT is significantly disrupted by aggregated-7-(10,10)CNTs and hence improve the ability to transport dopamine. Our results provide the dynamic interactions of proteins with single/aggregated SWCNTs, which illustrate the mechanism of aggregated SWCNTs for the treatment of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Keith Gilmore
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Suidong Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
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Negahdaripour M, Golkar N, Hajighahramani N, Kianpour S, Nezafat N, Ghasemi Y. Harnessing self-assembled peptide nanoparticles in epitope vaccine design. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:575-596. [PMID: 28522213 PMCID: PMC7127164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination has been one of the most successful breakthroughs in medical history. In recent years, epitope-based subunit vaccines have been introduced as a safer alternative to traditional vaccines. However, they suffer from limited immunogenicity. Nanotechnology has shown value in solving this issue. Different kinds of nanovaccines have been employed, among which virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) and self-assembled peptide nanoparticles (SAPNs) seem very promising. Recently, SAPNs have attracted special interest due to their unique properties, including molecular specificity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. They also resemble pathogens in terms of their size. Their multivalency allows an orderly repetitive display of antigens on their surface, which induces a stronger immune response than single immunogens. In vaccine design, SAPN self-adjuvanticity is regarded an outstanding advantage, since the use of toxic adjuvants is no longer required. SAPNs are usually composed of helical or β-sheet secondary structures and are tailored from natural peptides or de novo structures. Flexibility in subunit selection opens the door to a wide variety of molecules with different characteristics. SAPN engineering is an emerging area, and more novel structures are expected to be generated in the future, particularly with the rapid progress in related computational tools. The aim of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art overview of self-assembled peptide nanoparticles and their use in vaccine design in recent studies. Additionally, principles for their design and the application of computational approaches to vaccine design are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasim Golkar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutics Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasim Hajighahramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Kianpour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Proteasome-mediated degradation of tyrosine hydroxylase triggered by its phosphorylation: a new question as to the intracellular location at which the degradation occurs. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 125:9-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nagatsu T, Nagatsu I. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), its cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), other catecholamine-related enzymes, and their human genes in relation to the drug and gene therapies of Parkinson's disease (PD): historical overview and future prospects. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1255-1278. [PMID: 27491309 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which was discovered at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1964, is a tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-requiring monooxygenase that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines (CAs), such as dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Since deficiencies of dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain stem, caused by neurodegeneration of dopamine and noradrenaline neurons, are mainly related to non-motor and motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), we have studied human CA-synthesizing enzymes [TH; BH4-related enzymes, especially GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GCH1); aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC); dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH); and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)] and their genes in relation to PD in postmortem brains from PD patients, patients with CA-related genetic diseases, mice with genetically engineered CA neurons, and animal models of PD. We purified all human CA-synthesizing enzymes, produced their antibodies for immunohistochemistry and immunoassay, and cloned all human genes, especially the human TH gene and the human gene for GCH1, which synthesizes BH4 as a cofactor of TH. This review discusses the historical overview of TH, BH4-, and other CA-related enzymes and their genes in relation to the pathophysiology of PD, the development of drugs, such as L-DOPA, and future prospects for drug and gene therapy for PD, especially the potential of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Nagatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
- Department of Brain Functions, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Ikuko Nagatsu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
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Tidemand KD, Christensen HEM, Hoeck N, Harris P, Boesen J, Peters GH. Stabilization of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 by l-phenylalanine-induced dimerization. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:987-999. [PMID: 27761358 PMCID: PMC5055035 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) catalyses the initial and rate‐limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin, which is associated with a variety of disorders such as depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Full‐length TPH2 is poorly characterized due to low purification quantities caused by its inherent instability. Three truncated variants of human TPH2 (rchTPH2; regulatory and catalytic domain, NΔ47‐rchTPH2; truncation of 47 residues in the N terminus of rchTPH2, and chTPH2; catalytic domain) were expressed, purified, and examined for changes in transition temperature, inactivation rate, and oligomeric state. chTPH2 displayed 14‐ and 11‐fold higher half‐lives compared to rchTPH2 and NΔ47‐rchTPH2, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments demonstrated that this is caused by premature unfolding of the less stable regulatory domain. By differential scanning fluorimetry, the unfolding transitions of rchTPH2 and NΔ47‐rchTPH2 are found to shift from polyphasic to apparent two‐state by the addition of l‐Trp or l‐Phe. Analytical gel filtration revealed that rchTPH2 and NΔ47‐rchTPH2 reside in a monomer–dimer equilibrium which is significantly shifted toward dimer in the presence of l‐Phe. The dimerizing effect induced by l‐Phe is accompanied by a stabilizing effect, which resulted in a threefold increase in half‐lives of rchTPH2 and NΔ47‐rchTPH2. Addition of l‐Phe to the purification buffer significantly increases the purification yields, which will facilitate characterization of hTPH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper D Tidemand
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | | | - Niclas Hoeck
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jane Boesen
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Günther H Peters
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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Yan YP, Zhang B, Mao YF, Guo ZY, Tian J, Zhao GH, Pu JL, Luo W, Ouyang ZY, Zhang BR. A novel tyrosine hydroxylase variant in a group of Chinese patients with dopa-responsive dystonia. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:694-700. [PMID: 27619486 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1236381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) comprises a heterogeneous group of movement disorders. A limited number of studies of Chinese patients with DRD have been reported. In the present study, we investigated the clinical and genetic features of 12 Chinese DRD families. Point mutation analysis of the GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GCH1), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and sepiapterin reductase (SPR) genes was conducted by direct sequencing. In addition, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification targeting GCH1 and TH was performed in "mutation-free" patients. Three reported mutations (IVS2-2A>G, c.293C>T, c.550C>T) were detected in GCH1, whereas two compound heterozygous variants were identified in TH, one of which was novel (c.1083C>A). Furthermore, this novel variant was not detected in any of the 250 ethnicity-matched, healthy controls. No exon deletions or duplicate mutations in the two genes were found in patients with DRD. No mutation in SPR was found. In addition, one patient with the IVS2-2A>G mutation in GCH1 showed signs of Parkinsonism. In conclusion, we here identified a novel heterozygous variant in TH (c.1083C>A). It is important to perform routine screening of GCH1 and TH for patients with DRD. While for patients with Parkinsonism, GCH1 mutation analysis should be performed after screening of genes like PARKIN, PARK7 (DJ-1) and PINK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Yan
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- b Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Yan-Fang Mao
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Zhang-Yu Guo
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Jun Tian
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Guo-Hua Zhao
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Jia-Li Pu
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Wei Luo
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Ouyang
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
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Luo Q, Hou C, Bai Y, Wang R, Liu J. Protein Assembly: Versatile Approaches to Construct Highly Ordered Nanostructures. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13571-13632. [PMID: 27587089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nature endows life with a wide variety of sophisticated, synergistic, and highly functional protein assemblies. Following Nature's inspiration to assemble protein building blocks into exquisite nanostructures is emerging as a fascinating research field. Dictating protein assembly to obtain highly ordered nanostructures and sophisticated functions not only provides a powerful tool to understand the natural protein assembly process but also offers access to advanced biomaterials. Over the past couple of decades, the field of protein assembly has undergone unexpected and rapid developments, and various innovative strategies have been proposed. This Review outlines recent advances in the field of protein assembly and summarizes several strategies, including biotechnological strategies, chemical strategies, and combinations of these approaches, for manipulating proteins to self-assemble into desired nanostructures. The emergent applications of protein assemblies as versatile platforms to design a wide variety of attractive functional materials with improved performances have also been discussed. The goal of this Review is to highlight the importance of this highly interdisciplinary field and to promote its growth in a diverse variety of research fields ranging from nanoscience and material science to synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chunxi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yushi Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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Stewart HJ, Ralph GS, Fong-Wong L, Strickland I, McCloskey L, Barnes L, Blount I, Wells O, Truran CJM, Kingsman AJ, Palfi S, Mitrophanous KA. Optimizing Transgene Configuration and Protein Fusions to Maximize Dopamine Production for the Gene Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2016; 27:100-10. [PMID: 27470285 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2016.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological dopamine replacement therapies provide the most well-established treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, these long-term treatments can lead to motor complications and off-target effects. ProSavin(®), a lentiviral vector (LV)-based gene therapy approach aimed at restoring local and continuous dopamine production, through delivery of three enzymes in the dopamine biosynthesis pathway, was demonstrated to be safe and well-tolerated in a phase I/II clinical study of patients with advanced PD. Although improvements in motor behaviour were observed, the data indicated that higher levels of dopamine replacement might be required to maximize benefit. We attempted to increase production of dopamine, and its precursor L-Dopa in LV-transduced cells, by optimizing the gene order in the ProSavin expression cassette, and by creating fusions of two or three of the transgenes, using linker sequences. In vitro analysis showed that several gene arrangements provided significantly increased dopamine and/or L-Dopa production compared with ProSavin, and that LV titers and transgene expression were not affected by introducing gene fusions. One vector, equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-TCiA, was selected for further characterization and showed significant improvements in dopamine and L-Dopa production compared with ProSavin, in human neuronal cells. Further characterization of EIAV-TCiA demonstrated expression of all three dopamine enzymes in vivo and faithful delivery and integration of the expected gene expression cassette within the genome of target cells, as assessed by Northern and Southern blotting. In conclusion, we have developed a novel LV vector with an increased capacity for L-Dopa and dopamine production compared with the current ProSavin vector. Clinical evaluation of this vector will be performed to assess the benefits in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Scott Ralph
- 1 Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd. , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Fong-Wong
- 2 Henry Wellcome L.I.N.E., University of Bristol , Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Strickland
- 2 Henry Wellcome L.I.N.E., University of Bristol , Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lucy Barnes
- 1 Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd. , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Blount
- 1 Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd. , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Wells
- 1 Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd. , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stéphane Palfi
- 3 AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor, DHU PePsy, Neurochirurgie, INSERM IMRB U955 eq.14, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC) , Faculté de Médecine, Creteil, F-94010, France
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Stable preparations of tyrosine hydroxylase provide the solution structure of the full-length enzyme. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30390. [PMID: 27462005 PMCID: PMC4961952 DOI: 10.1038/srep30390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters. TH is a highly complex enzyme at mechanistic, structural, and regulatory levels, and the preparation of kinetically and conformationally stable enzyme for structural characterization has been challenging. Here, we report on improved protocols for purification of recombinant human TH isoform 1 (TH1), which provide large amounts of pure, stable, active TH1 with an intact N-terminus. TH1 purified through fusion with a His-tagged maltose-binding protein on amylose resin was representative of the iron-bound functional enzyme, showing high activity and stabilization by the natural feedback inhibitor dopamine. TH1 purified through fusion with a His-tagged ZZ domain on TALON is remarkably stable, as it was partially inhibited by resin-derived cobalt. This more stable enzyme preparation provided high-quality small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data and reliable structural models of full-length tetrameric TH1. The SAXS-derived model reveals an elongated conformation (Dmax = 20 nm) for TH1, different arrangement of the catalytic domains compared with the crystal structure of truncated forms, and an N-terminal region with an unstructured tail that hosts the phosphorylation sites and a separated Ala-rich helical motif that may have a role in regulation of TH by interacting with binding partners.
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Tavakol S, Musavi SMM, Tavakol B, Hoveizi E, Ai J, Rezayat SM. Noggin Along with a Self-Assembling Peptide Nanofiber Containing Long Motif of Laminin Induces Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Expression. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4609-4616. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Neira JL, Hornos F, Bacarizo J, Cámara-Artigás A, Gómez J. The Monomeric Species of the Regulatory Domain of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Has a Low Conformational Stability. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3418-31. [PMID: 27224548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrH) catalyzes the hydroxylation of tyrosine to form 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, the first step in the synthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters. The protein contains a 159-residue regulatory domain (RD) at its N-terminus that forms dimers in solution; the N-terminal region of RDTyrH (residues 1-71) is absent in the solution structure of the domain. We have characterized the conformational stability of two species of RDTyrH (one containing the N-terminal region and another lacking the first 64 residues) to clarify how that N-terminal region modulates the conformational stability of RD. Under the conditions used in this study, the RD species lacking the first 64 residues is a monomer at pH 7.0, with a small conformational stability at 25 °C (4.7 ± 0.8 kcal mol(-1)). On the other hand, the entire RDTyrH is dimeric at physiological pH, with an estimated dissociation constant of 1.6 μM, as determined by zonal gel filtration chromatography; dimer dissociation was spectroscopically silent to circular dichroism but not to fluoresecence. Both RD species were disordered below physiological pH, but the acquisition of secondary native-like structure occurs at pHs lower than those measured for the attainment of tertiary native- and compactness-like arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández , 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain.,Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute , 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Felipe Hornos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández , 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Julio Bacarizo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Almería , Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Almería, Spain
| | - Ana Cámara-Artigás
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Almería , Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Almería, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández , 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
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47
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The regulatory domain of human tryptophan hydroxylase 1 forms a stable dimer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:457-461. [PMID: 27255998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The three eukaryotic aromatic amino acid hydroxylases phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase have essentially identical catalytic domains and discrete regulatory domains. The regulatory domains of phenylalanine hydroxylase form ACT domain dimers when phenylalanine is bound to an allosteric site. In contrast the regulatory domains of tyrosine hydroxylase form a stable ACT dimer that does not bind the amino acid substrate. The regulatory domain of isoform 1 of human tryptophan hydroxylase was expressed and purified; mutagenesis of Cys64 was required to prevent formation of disulfide-linked dimers. The resulting protein behaved as a dimer upon gel filtration and in analytical ultracentrifugation. The sw value of the protein was unchanged from 2.7 to 35 μM, a concentration range over which the regulatory domain of phenylalanine hydroxylase forms both monomers and dimers, consistent with the regulatory domain of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 forming a stable dimer stable that does not undergo a monomer-dimer equilibrium. Addition of phenylalanine, a good substrate for the enzyme, had no effect on the sw value, consistent with there being no allosteric site for the amino acid substrate.
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48
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Meisburger SP, Taylor AB, Khan CA, Zhang S, Fitzpatrick PF, Ando N. Domain Movements upon Activation of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Characterized by Crystallography and Chromatography-Coupled Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6506-16. [PMID: 27145334 PMCID: PMC4896396 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheH) is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the catabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. Following allosteric activation by high phenylalanine levels, the enzyme catalyzes the pterin-dependent conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. Inability to control elevated phenylalanine levels in the blood leads to increased risk of mental disabilities commonly associated with the inherited metabolic disorder, phenylketonuria. Although extensively studied, structural changes associated with allosteric activation in mammalian PheH have been elusive. Here, we examine the complex allosteric mechanisms of rat PheH using X-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We describe crystal structures of the preactivated state of the PheH tetramer depicting the regulatory domains docked against the catalytic domains and preventing substrate binding. Using SAXS, we further describe the domain movements involved in allosteric activation of PheH in solution and present the first demonstration of chromatography-coupled SAXS with Evolving Factor Analysis (EFA), a powerful method for separating scattering components in a model-independent way. Together, these results support a model for allostery in PheH in which phenylalanine stabilizes the dimerization of the regulatory domains and exposes the active site for substrate binding and other structural changes needed for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve P. Meisburger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Alexander B. Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Crystal A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Paul F. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Nozomi Ando
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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49
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Inhibition of deubiquitinating activity of USP14 decreases tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylated at Ser19 in PC12D cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:598-602. [PMID: 26969276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, and its stability is a fundamental factor to maintain the level of the catecholamines in cells. However, the intracellular stability determined by the degradation pathway remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which phosphorylation of TH affected the proteasome pathway. The inhibition of proteasomes by MG-132 increased the percentage of TH molecules phosphorylated at their Ser19, Ser31 and/or Ser40 among the total TH proteins to about 70% in PC12D cells over a 24-hr period; although the percentage of phosphorylated TH molecules was about 20% under basal conditions. Moreover, the inhibition of proteasomes by epoxomicin with high specificity increased primarily the quantity of TH molecules phosphorylated at their Ser19. The phosphorylation of Ser19 potentiated Ser40 phosphorylation in cells by a process known as hierarchical phosphorylation. Therefore, the proteasome inhibition might result in an increase in the levels of all 3 phosphorylated TH forms, thus complicating interpretation of data. Conversely, activation of proteasome degradation by IU-1, which is an inhibitor for the deubiquitinating activity of USP14, decreased only the quantity of TH molecules phosphorylated at their Ser19, although it did not decrease that of TH phosphorylated at its Ser31 and Ser40 or that of TH molecules. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of Ser19 in the N-terminal portion of TH is critical as a trigger for the degradation of this enzyme by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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50
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Zhang S, Fitzpatrick PF. Identification of the Allosteric Site for Phenylalanine in Rat Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7418-25. [PMID: 26823465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheH) is an allosteric enzyme that requires activation by phenylalanine for full activity. The location of the allosteric site for phenylalanine has not been established. NMR spectroscopy of the isolated regulatory domain (RDPheH(25-117) is the regulatory domain of PheH lacking residues 1-24) of the rat enzyme in the presence of phenylalanine is consistent with formation of a side-by-side ACT dimer. Six residues in RDPheH(25-117) were identified as being in the phenylalanine-binding site on the basis of intermolecular NOEs between unlabeled phenylalanine and isotopically labeled protein. The location of these residues is consistent with two allosteric sites per dimer, with each site containing residues from both monomers. Site-specific variants of five of the residues (E44Q, A47G, L48V, L62V, and H64N) decreased the affinity of RDPheH(25-117) for phenylalanine based on the ability to stabilize the dimer. Incorporation of the A47G, L48V, and H64N mutations into the intact protein increased the concentration of phenylalanine required for activation. The results identify the location of the allosteric site as the interface of the regulatory domain dimer formed in activated PheH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Paul F Fitzpatrick
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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