1
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Bose HS. Dry molten globule conformational state of CYP11A1 (SCC) regulates the first step of steroidogenesis in the mitochondrial matrix. iScience 2024; 27:110039. [PMID: 38868187 PMCID: PMC11167429 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple metabolic events occur in mitochondria. Mitochondrial protein translocation from the cytoplasm across compartments depends on the amino acid sequence within the precursor. At the mitochondria associated-ER membrane, misfolding of a mitochondrial targeted protein prior to import ablates metabolism. CYP11A1, cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (SCC), is imported from the cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix catalyzing cholesterol to pregnenolone, an essential step for metabolic processes and mammalian survival. Multiple steps regulate the availability of an actively folded SCC; however, the mechanism is unknown. We identified that a dry molten globule state of SCC exists in the matrix by capturing intermediate protein folding steps dictated by its C-terminus. The intermediate dry molten globule state in the mitochondrial matrix of living cells is stable with a limited network of interaction and is inactive. The dry molten globule is activated with hydrogen ions availability, triggering cleavage of cholesterol sidechain, and initiating steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu S. Bose
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
- Anderson Cancer Institute, Memorial University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
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2
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Kalmer TL, Ancajas CMF, Cohen CI, McDaniel JM, Oyedele AS, Thirman HL, Walker AS. Statistical Coupling Analysis Predicts Correlated Motions in Dihydrofolate Reductase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.18.599103. [PMID: 38948820 PMCID: PMC11213021 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.599103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The role of dynamics in enzymatic function is a highly debated topic. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), due to its universality and the depth with which it has been studied, is a model system in this debate. Myriad previous works have identified networks of residues in positions near to and remote from the active site that are involved in dynamics and others that are important for catalysis. For example, specific mutations on the Met20 loop in E. coli DHFR (N23PP/S148A) are known to disrupt millisecond-timescale motions and reduce catalytic activity. However, how and if networks of dynamically coupled residues influence the evolution of DHFR is still an unanswered question. In this study, we first identify, by statistical coupling analysis and molecular dynamic simulations, a network of coevolving residues, which possess increased correlated motions. We then go on to show that allosteric communication in this network is selectively knocked down in N23PP/S148A mutant E. coli DHFR. Finally, we identify two sites in the human DHFR sector which may accommodate the Met20 loop double proline mutation while preserving dynamics. These findings strongly implicate protein dynamics as a driving force for evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Kalmer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Cameron I. Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jade M. McDaniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Hannah L. Thirman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Chemical & Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison S. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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3
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Ose NJ, Campitelli P, Modi T, Kazan IC, Kumar S, Ozkan SB. Some mechanistic underpinnings of molecular adaptations of SARS-COV-2 spike protein by integrating candidate adaptive polymorphisms with protein dynamics. eLife 2024; 12:RP92063. [PMID: 38713502 PMCID: PMC11076047 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
We integrate evolutionary predictions based on the neutral theory of molecular evolution with protein dynamics to generate mechanistic insight into the molecular adaptations of the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein. With this approach, we first identified candidate adaptive polymorphisms (CAPs) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and assessed the impact of these CAPs through dynamics analysis. Not only have we found that CAPs frequently overlap with well-known functional sites, but also, using several different dynamics-based metrics, we reveal the critical allosteric interplay between SARS-CoV-2 CAPs and the S protein binding sites with the human ACE2 (hACE2) protein. CAPs interact far differently with the hACE2 binding site residues in the open conformation of the S protein compared to the closed form. In particular, the CAP sites control the dynamics of binding residues in the open state, suggesting an allosteric control of hACE2 binding. We also explored the characteristic mutations of different SARS-CoV-2 strains to find dynamic hallmarks and potential effects of future mutations. Our analyses reveal that Delta strain-specific variants have non-additive (i.e., epistatic) interactions with CAP sites, whereas the less pathogenic Omicron strains have mostly additive mutations. Finally, our dynamics-based analysis suggests that the novel mutations observed in the Omicron strain epistatically interact with the CAP sites to help escape antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas James Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Paul Campitelli
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Tushar Modi
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - I Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Biology, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Sefika Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
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4
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Babu CS, Chen JY, Lim C. Solution Ionic Strength Can Modulate Functional Loop Conformations in E. coli Dihydrofolate Reductase. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:4111-4122. [PMID: 38651832 PMCID: PMC11075089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The observation of multiple conformations of a functional loop (termed M20) in the Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (ecDHFR) enzyme triggered the proposition that large-scale motions of protein structural elements contribute to enzyme catalysis. The transition of the M20 loop from a closed conformation to an occluded conformation was thought to aid the rate-limiting release of the products. However, the influence of charged species in the solution environment on the observed M20 loop conformations, independent of charged ligands bound to the enzyme, had not been considered. Molecular dynamics simulations of ecDHFR in model CaCl2 solutions of varying molar ionic strengths IM reveal a substantial free energy barrier between occluded and closed M20 loop states at IM exceeding the E. coli threshold (∼0.24 M). This barrier may facilitate crystallization of ecDHFR in the occluded state, consistent with ecDHFR structures obtained at IM exceeding 0.3 M. At lower IM (≤0.15 M), the M20 loop can explore the occluded state, but prefers an open/partially closed conformation, again consistent with ecDHFR structures. Our findings caution against using ecDHFR structures obtained at nonphysiological ionic strengths in interpreting catalytic events or in structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Satheesan Babu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Ying Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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5
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Rouleau FD, Dubé AK, Gagnon-Arsenault I, Dibyachintan S, Pageau A, Després PC, Lagüe P, Landry CR. Deep mutational scanning of Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydrofolate reductase reveals allosteric mechanism of resistance to an antifolate. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011252. [PMID: 38683847 PMCID: PMC11125491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii is a fungal pathogen that causes pneumocystis pneumonia, a disease that mainly affects immunocompromised individuals. This fungus has historically been hard to study because of our inability to grow it in vitro. One of the main drug targets in P. jirovecii is its dihydrofolate reductase (PjDHFR). Here, by using functional complementation of the baker's yeast ortholog, we show that PjDHFR can be inhibited by the antifolate methotrexate in a dose-dependent manner. Using deep mutational scanning of PjDHFR, we identify mutations conferring resistance to methotrexate. Thirty-one sites spanning the protein have at least one mutation that leads to resistance, for a total of 355 high-confidence resistance mutations. Most resistance-inducing mutations are found inside the active site, and many are structurally equivalent to mutations known to lead to resistance to different antifolates in other organisms. Some sites show specific resistance mutations, where only a single substitution confers resistance, whereas others are more permissive, as several substitutions at these sites confer resistance. Surprisingly, one of the permissive sites (F199) is without direct contact to either ligand or cofactor, suggesting that it acts through an allosteric mechanism. Modeling changes in binding energy between F199 mutants and drug shows that most mutations destabilize interactions between the protein and the drug. This evidence points towards a more important role of this position in resistance than previously estimated and highlights potential unknown allosteric mechanisms of resistance to antifolate in DHFRs. Our results offer unprecedented resources for the interpretation of mutation effects in the main drug target of an uncultivable fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois D. Rouleau
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Regroupement Québécois de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l’ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en données massives de l’Université Laval (CRDM_UL), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre K. Dubé
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Regroupement Québécois de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l’ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Gagnon-Arsenault
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Regroupement Québécois de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l’ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Soham Dibyachintan
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Regroupement Québécois de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l’ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en données massives de l’Université Laval (CRDM_UL), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alicia Pageau
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Regroupement Québécois de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l’ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en données massives de l’Université Laval (CRDM_UL), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe C. Després
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Regroupement Québécois de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l’ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en données massives de l’Université Laval (CRDM_UL), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Lagüe
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Regroupement Québécois de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l’ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en données massives de l’Université Laval (CRDM_UL), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian R. Landry
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Regroupement Québécois de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l’ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en données massives de l’Université Laval (CRDM_UL), Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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6
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Greisman JB, Dalton KM, Brookner DE, Klureza MA, Sheehan CJ, Kim IS, Henning RW, Russi S, Hekstra DR. Perturbative diffraction methods resolve a conformational switch that facilitates a two-step enzymatic mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313192121. [PMID: 38386706 PMCID: PMC10907320 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313192121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions through precise positioning of substrates, cofactors, and amino acids to modulate the transition-state free energy. However, the role of conformational dynamics remains poorly understood due to poor experimental access. This shortcoming is evident with Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a model system for the role of protein dynamics in catalysis, for which it is unknown how the enzyme regulates the different active site environments required to facilitate proton and hydride transfer. Here, we describe ligand-, temperature-, and electric-field-based perturbations during X-ray diffraction experiments to map the conformational dynamics of the Michaelis complex of DHFR. We resolve coupled global and local motions and find that these motions are engaged by the protonated substrate to promote efficient catalysis. This result suggests a fundamental design principle for multistep enzymes in which pre-existing dynamics enable intermediates to drive rapid electrostatic reorganization to facilitate subsequent chemical steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack B. Greisman
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Kevin M. Dalton
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Dennis E. Brookner
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Margaret A. Klureza
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Candice J. Sheehan
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - In-Sik Kim
- BioCARS, Argonne National Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Robert W. Henning
- BioCARS, Argonne National Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Silvia Russi
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA94025
| | - Doeke R. Hekstra
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA02134
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7
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Elbouzidi A, Taibi M, Laaraj S, Loukili EH, Haddou M, El Hachlafi N, Naceiri Mrabti H, Baraich A, Bellaouchi R, Asehraou A, Bourhia M, Nafidi HA, Bin Jardan YA, Chaabane K, Addi M. Chemical profiling of volatile compounds of the essential oil of grey-leaved rockrose ( Cistus albidus L.) and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity in vitro and in silico. Front Chem 2024; 12:1334028. [PMID: 38435667 PMCID: PMC10905769 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1334028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cistus albidus: L., also known as Grey-leaved rockrose and locally addressed as šṭab or tûzzâla lbîḍa, is a plant species with a well-established reputation for its health-promoting properties and traditional use for the treatment of various diseases. This research delves into exploring the essential oil extracted from the aerial components of Cistus albidus (referred to as CAEO), aiming to comprehend its properties concerning antioxidation, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial efficacy, and cytotoxicity. Firstly, a comprehensive analysis of CAEO's chemical composition was performed through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, four complementary assays were conducted to assess its antioxidant potential, including DPPH scavenging, β-carotene bleaching, ABTS scavenging, and total antioxidant capacity assays. The investigation delved into the anti-inflammatory properties via the 5-lipoxygenase assay and the antimicrobial effects of CAEO against various bacterial and fungal strains. Additionally, the research investigated the cytotoxic effects of CAEO on two human breast cancer subtypes, namely, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Chemical analysis revealed camphene as the major compound, comprising 39.21% of the composition, followed by α-pinene (19.01%), bornyl acetate (18.32%), tricyclene (6.86%), and melonal (5.44%). Notably, CAEO exhibited robust antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by the low IC50 values in DPPH (153.92 ± 4.30 μg/mL) and β-carotene (95.25 ± 3.75 μg/mL) assays, indicating its ability to counteract oxidative damage. The ABTS assay and the total antioxidant capacity assay also confirmed the potent antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 120.51 ± 3.33 TE μmol/mL and 458.25 ± 3.67 µg AAE/mg, respectively. In terms of anti-inflammatory activity, CAEO displayed a substantial lipoxygenase inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL. Its antimicrobial properties were broad-spectrum, although some resistance was observed in the case of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. CAEO exhibited significant dose-dependent inhibitory effects on tumor cell lines in vitro. Additionally, computational analyses were carried out to appraise the physicochemical characteristics, drug-likeness, and pharmacokinetic properties of CAEO's constituent molecules, while the toxicity was assessed using the Protox II web server.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Elbouzidi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes (UEMF), Fes, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Taibi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
- Centre de l’Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Salah Laaraj
- Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Tadla, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Mounir Haddou
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco
| | - Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Baraich
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Reda Bellaouchi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abdeslam Asehraou
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources Valorization, Faculty of Sciences of Agadir, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hiba-Allah Nafidi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Chaabane
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Addi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
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8
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Ose NJ, Campitelli P, Modi T, Can Kazan I, Kumar S, Banu Ozkan S. Some mechanistic underpinnings of molecular adaptations of SARS-COV-2 spike protein by integrating candidate adaptive polymorphisms with protein dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.14.557827. [PMID: 37745560 PMCID: PMC10515954 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
We integrate evolutionary predictions based on the neutral theory of molecular evolution with protein dynamics to generate mechanistic insight into the molecular adaptations of the SARS-COV-2 Spike (S) protein. With this approach, we first identified Candidate Adaptive Polymorphisms (CAPs) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and assessed the impact of these CAPs through dynamics analysis. Not only have we found that CAPs frequently overlap with well-known functional sites, but also, using several different dynamics-based metrics, we reveal the critical allosteric interplay between SARS-CoV-2 CAPs and the S protein binding sites with the human ACE2 (hACE2) protein. CAPs interact far differently with the hACE2 binding site residues in the open conformation of the S protein compared to the closed form. In particular, the CAP sites control the dynamics of binding residues in the open state, suggesting an allosteric control of hACE2 binding. We also explored the characteristic mutations of different SARS-CoV-2 strains to find dynamic hallmarks and potential effects of future mutations. Our analyses reveal that Delta strain-specific variants have non-additive (i.e., epistatic) interactions with CAP sites, whereas the less pathogenic Omicron strains have mostly additive mutations. Finally, our dynamics-based analysis suggests that the novel mutations observed in the Omicron strain epistatically interact with the CAP sites to help escape antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul Campitelli
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tushar Modi
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - I. Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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9
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Yang ZJ, Shao Q, Jiang Y, Jurich C, Ran X, Juarez RJ, Yan B, Stull SL, Gollu A, Ding N. Mutexa: A Computational Ecosystem for Intelligent Protein Engineering. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7459-7477. [PMID: 37828731 PMCID: PMC10653112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein engineering holds immense promise in shaping the future of biomedicine and biotechnology. This Review focuses on our ongoing development of Mutexa, a computational ecosystem designed to enable "intelligent protein engineering". In this vision, researchers will seamlessly acquire sequences of protein variants with desired functions as biocatalysts, therapeutic peptides, and diagnostic proteins through a finely-tuned computational machine, akin to Amazon Alexa's role as a versatile virtual assistant. The technical foundation of Mutexa has been established through the development of a database that combines and relates enzyme structures and their respective functions (e.g., IntEnzyDB), workflow software packages that enable high-throughput protein modeling (e.g., EnzyHTP and LassoHTP), and scoring functions that map the sequence-structure-function relationship of proteins (e.g., EnzyKR and DeepLasso). We will showcase the applications of these tools in benchmarking the convergence conditions of enzyme functional descriptors across mutants, investigating protein electrostatics and cavity distributions in SAM-dependent methyltransferases, and understanding the role of nonelectrostatic dynamic effects in enzyme catalysis. Finally, we will conclude by addressing the future steps and fundamental challenges in our endeavor to develop new Mutexa applications that assist the identification of beneficial mutants in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyue J. Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Center
for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Data
Science Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Qianzhen Shao
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Yaoyukun Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Christopher Jurich
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Xinchun Ran
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Reecan J. Juarez
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Chemical
and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Bailu Yan
- Department
of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37205, United States
| | - Sebastian L. Stull
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Anvita Gollu
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ning Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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10
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Smith N, Horswill AR, Wilson MA. X-ray-driven chemistry and conformational heterogeneity in atomic resolution crystal structures of bacterial dihydrofolate reductases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566054. [PMID: 37986818 PMCID: PMC10659368 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. Bacterial DHFRs are targets of several important antibiotics as well as model enzymes for the role of protein conformational dynamics in enzyme catalysis. We collected 0.93 Å resolution X-ray diffraction data from both Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and E. coli (Ec) DHFRs bound to folate and NADP+. These oxidized ternary complexes should not be able to perform chemistry, however electron density maps suggest hydride transfer is occurring in both enzymes. Comparison of low- and high-dose EcDHFR datasets show that X-rays drive partial production of tetrahydrofolate. Hydride transfer causes the nicotinamide moiety of NADP+ to move towards the folate as well as correlated shifts in nearby residues. Higher radiation dose also changes the conformational heterogeneity of Met20 in EcDHFR, supporting a solvent gating role during catalysis. BsDHFR has a different pattern of conformational heterogeneity and an unexpected disulfide bond, illustrating important differences between bacterial DHFRs. This work demonstrates that X-rays can drive hydride transfer similar to the native DHFR reaction and that X-ray photoreduction can be used to interrogate catalytically relevant enzyme dynamics in favorable cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
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11
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van der Krift F, Zijlmans DW, Shukla R, Javed A, Koukos PI, Schwarz LLE, Timmermans-Sprang EP, Maas PE, Gahtory D, van den Nieuwboer M, Mol JA, Strous GJ, Bonvin AM, van der Stelt M, Veldhuizen EJ, Weingarth M, Vermeulen M, Klumperman J, Maurice MM. A novel antifolate suppresses growth of FPGS-deficient cells and overcomes methotrexate resistance. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302058. [PMID: 37591722 PMCID: PMC10435995 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells make extensive use of the folate cycle to sustain increased anabolic metabolism. Multiple chemotherapeutic drugs interfere with the folate cycle, including methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil that are commonly applied for the treatment of leukemia and colorectal cancer (CRC), respectively. Despite high success rates, therapy-induced resistance causes relapse at later disease stages. Depletion of folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), which normally promotes intracellular accumulation and activity of natural folates and methotrexate, is linked to methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil resistance and its association with relapse illustrates the need for improved intervention strategies. Here, we describe a novel antifolate (C1) that, like methotrexate, potently inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and downstream one-carbon metabolism. Contrary to methotrexate, C1 displays optimal efficacy in FPGS-deficient contexts, due to decreased competition with intracellular folates for interaction with dihydrofolate reductase. We show that FPGS-deficient patient-derived CRC organoids display enhanced sensitivity to C1, whereas FPGS-high CRC organoids are more sensitive to methotrexate. Our results argue that polyglutamylation-independent antifolates can be applied to exert selective pressure on FPGS-deficient cells during chemotherapy, using a vulnerability created by polyglutamylation deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix van der Krift
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick W Zijlmans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Oncode Institute, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rhythm Shukla
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Javed
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis I Koukos
- Computational Structural Biology, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura LE Schwarz
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Em Maas
- Specs Compound Handling B.V., Zoetermeer, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan A Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ger J Strous
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Mjj Bonvin
- Computational Structural Biology, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Oncode Institute, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Ja Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Weingarth
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Oncode Institute, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon M Maurice
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Cetin E, Guclu TF, Kantarcioglu I, Gaszek IK, Toprak E, Atilgan AR, Dedeoglu B, Atilgan C. Kinetic Barrier to Enzyme Inhibition Is Manipulated by Dynamical Local Interactions in E. coli DHFR. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4839-4849. [PMID: 37491825 PMCID: PMC10428214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an important drug target and a highly studied model protein for understanding enzyme dynamics. DHFR's crucial role in folate synthesis renders it an ideal candidate to understand protein function and protein evolution mechanisms. In this study, to understand how a newly proposed DHFR inhibitor, 4'-deoxy methyl trimethoprim (4'-DTMP), alters evolutionary trajectories, we studied interactions that lead to its superior performance over that of trimethoprim (TMP). To elucidate the inhibition mechanism of 4'-DTMP, we first confirmed, both computationally and experimentally, that the relative binding free energy cost for the mutation of TMP and 4'-DTMP is the same, pointing the origin of the characteristic differences to be kinetic rather than thermodynamic. We then employed an interaction-based analysis by focusing first on the active site and then on the whole enzyme. We confirmed that the polar modification in 4'-DTMP induces additional local interactions with the enzyme, particularly, the M20 loop. These changes are propagated to the whole enzyme as shifts in the hydrogen bond networks. To shed light on the allosteric interactions, we support our analysis with network-based community analysis and show that segmentation of the loop domain of inhibitor-bound DHFR must be avoided by a successful inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Cetin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tandac F. Guclu
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isik Kantarcioglu
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center, Dallas 75390, Texas, United States
| | - Ilona K. Gaszek
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center, Dallas 75390, Texas, United States
| | - Erdal Toprak
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center, Dallas 75390, Texas, United States
| | - Ali Rana Atilgan
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Dedeoglu
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Canan Atilgan
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Greisman JB, Dalton KM, Brookner DE, Klureza MA, Sheehan CJ, Kim IS, Henning RW, Russi S, Hekstra DR. Resolving conformational changes that mediate a two-step catalytic mechanism in a model enzyme. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543507. [PMID: 37398233 PMCID: PMC10312612 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions through precise positioning of substrates, cofactors, and amino acids to modulate the transition-state free energy. However, the role of conformational dynamics remains poorly understood due to lack of experimental access. This shortcoming is evident with E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a model system for the role of protein dynamics in catalysis, for which it is unknown how the enzyme regulates the different active site environments required to facilitate proton and hydride transfer. Here, we present ligand-, temperature-, and electric-field-based perturbations during X-ray diffraction experiments that enable identification of coupled conformational changes in DHFR. We identify a global hinge motion and local networks of structural rearrangements that are engaged by substrate protonation to regulate solvent access and promote efficient catalysis. The resulting mechanism shows that DHFR's two-step catalytic mechanism is guided by a dynamic free energy landscape responsive to the state of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack B. Greisman
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Kevin M. Dalton
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dennis E. Brookner
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Margaret A. Klureza
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Candice J. Sheehan
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - In-Sik Kim
- BioCARS, The University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Robert W. Henning
- BioCARS, The University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Silvia Russi
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Doeke R. Hekstra
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA, United States
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14
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Ramchandani M, Goyal AK. Structure based drug design and fragment based approach to identify potential methotrexate analogues as dual inhibitors for management of psoriasis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15421-15434. [PMID: 37216397 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2214823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized as chronic inflammatory disorder of skin having unregulated hyperproliferation and shedding of plaques. As per first line treatment methotrexate is the most widely used cytotoxic drug for psoriasis. It shows anti-proliferative effect with hDHFR while anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action is due to AICART. Serious hepatotoxic effects are recognized with long-term treatment of methotrexate. In this study, in silico technique is used in this work to find Dual-Acting Methotrexate-like molecules with increased efficacy and decreased toxicity. Structure-based virtual screening assisted by a fragment-based method against a library of chemicals that are similar to methotrexate revealing 36 and 27 potential inhibitors of hDHFR and AICART respectively. Further, based on dock score, binding energy, molecular interactions, and ADME/T analysis compound 135565151 was chosen for dynamic stability evaluation. Overall, these findings provided information on possible methotrexate analogues for the treatment of psoriasis that had lower hepatotoxicity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Ramchandani
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Goyal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, India
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15
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Antoniou D, Zoi I, Schwartz SD. Atomistic description of the relationship between protein dynamics and catalysis with transition path sampling. Methods Enzymol 2023; 685:319-340. [PMID: 37245906 PMCID: PMC10228753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite initial resistance, it has been increasingly accepted that protein dynamics plays a role in enzymatic catalysis. There have been two lines of research. Some works study slow conformational motions that are not coupled to the reaction coordinate, but guide the system towards catalytically competent conformations. Understanding at the atomistic level how this is accomplished has remained elusive except for a few systems. In this review we focus on fast sub-picosecond motions that are coupled to the reaction coordinate. The use of Transition Path Sampling has allowed us an atomistic description of how these rate-promoting vibrational motions are incorporated in the reaction mechanism. We will also show how we used insights from rate-promoting motions in protein design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Antoniou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ioanna Zoi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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16
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Deng H, Qin M, Liu Z, Yang Y, Wang Y, Yao L. Engineering the Active Site Lid Dynamics to Improve the Catalytic Efficiency of Yeast Cytosine Deaminase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076592. [PMID: 37047565 PMCID: PMC10095239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational dynamics is important for enzyme catalysis. However, engineering dynamics to achieve a higher catalytic efficiency is still challenging. In this work, we develop a new strategy to improve the activity of yeast cytosine deaminase (yCD) by engineering its conformational dynamics. Specifically, we increase the dynamics of the yCD C-terminal helix, an active site lid that controls the product release. The C-terminal is extended by a dynamical single α-helix (SAH), which improves the product release rate by up to ~8-fold, and the overall catalytic rate kcat by up to ~2-fold. It is also shown that the kcat increase is due to the favorable activation entropy change. The NMR H/D exchange data indicate that the conformational dynamics of the transition state analog complex increases as the helix is extended, elucidating the origin of the enhanced catalytic entropy. This study highlights a novel dynamics engineering strategy that can accelerate the overall catalysis through the entropy-driven mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Deng
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingming Qin
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- National Facility for Protein Science, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yefei Wang
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lishan Yao
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
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17
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Ahmed F, Yao XQ, Hamelberg D. Conserved Conformational Dynamics Reveal a Key Dynamic Residue in the Gatekeeper Loop of Human Cyclophilins. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3139-3150. [PMID: 36989346 PMCID: PMC10108351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophilins are ubiquitous human enzymes that catalyze peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization in protein substrates. Of the 17 unique isoforms, five closely related isoforms (CypA-E) are found in various environments and participate in diverse cellular processes, yet all have similar structures and the same core catalytic function. The question is what key residues are behind the conserved function of these enzymes. Here, conformational dynamics are compared across these isoforms to detect conserved dynamics essential for the catalytic activity of cyclophilins. A set of key dynamic residues, defined by the most dynamically conserved positions, are identified in the gatekeeper 2 region. The highly conserved glycine (Gly80) in this region is predicted to underlie the local flexibility, which is further tested by molecular dynamics simulations performed on mutants (G80A) of CypE and CypA. The mutation leads to decreased flexibility of CypE and CypA during substrate binding but increased flexibility during catalysis. Dynamical changes occur in the mutated region and a distal loop downstream of the mutation site in sequence. Examinations of the mutational effect on catalysis show that both mutated CypE and CypA exhibit shifted binding free energies of the substrate under distinct isomer conformations. The results suggest a loss of function in the mutated CypE and CypA. These catalytic changes by the mutation are likely independent of the substrate sequence, at least in CypA. Our work presents a method to identify function-related key residues in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furyal Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
- Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia 30030, United States
| | - Xin-Qiu Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
| | - Donald Hamelberg
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
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18
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Bernard DN, Narayanan C, Hempel T, Bafna K, Bhojane PP, Létourneau M, Howell EE, Agarwal PK, Doucet N. Conformational exchange divergence along the evolutionary pathway of eosinophil-associated ribonucleases. Structure 2023; 31:329-342.e4. [PMID: 36649708 PMCID: PMC9992247 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary role of conformational exchange in the emergence and preservation of function within structural homologs remains elusive. While protein engineering has revealed the importance of flexibility in function, productive modulation of atomic-scale dynamics has only been achieved on a finite number of distinct folds. Allosteric control of unique members within dynamically diverse structural families requires a better appreciation of exchange phenomena. Here, we examined the functional and structural role of conformational exchange within eosinophil-associated ribonucleases. Biological and catalytic activity of various EARs was performed in parallel to mapping their conformational behavior on multiple timescales using NMR and computational analyses. Despite functional conservation and conformational seclusion to a specific domain, we show that EARs can display similar or distinct motional profiles, implying divergence rather than conservation of flexibility. Comparing progressively more distant enzymes should unravel how this subfamily has evolved new functions and/or altered their behavior at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Bernard
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Chitra Narayanan
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; Department of Chemistry, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ 07305, USA
| | - Tim Hempel
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 12, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Khushboo Bafna
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Purva Prashant Bhojane
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Myriam Létourneau
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth E Howell
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Pratul K Agarwal
- Department of Physiological Sciences and High-Performance Computing Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Nicolas Doucet
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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19
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Ose NJ, Campitelli P, Patel R, Kumar S, Ozkan SB. Protein dynamics provide mechanistic insights about epistasis among common missense polymorphisms. Biophys J 2023:S0006-3495(23)00069-3. [PMID: 36726312 PMCID: PMC10398253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequencing of the protein coding genome has revealed many different missense mutations of human proteins and different population frequencies of corresponding haplotypes, which consist of different sets of those mutations. Here, we present evidence for pairwise intramolecular epistasis (i.e., nonadditive interactions) between many such mutations through an analysis of protein dynamics. We suggest that functional compensation for conserving protein dynamics is a likely evolutionary mechanism that maintains high-frequency mutations that are individually nonneutral but epistatically compensating within proteins. This analysis is the first of its type to look at human proteins with specific high population frequency mutations and examine the relationship between mutations that make up that observed high-frequency protein haplotype. Importantly, protein dynamics revealed a separation between high and low frequency haplotypes within a target protein cytochrome P450 2A7, with the high-frequency haplotypes showing behavior closer to the wild-type protein. Common protein haplotypes containing two mutations display dynamic compensation in which one mutation can correct for the dynamic effects of the other. We also utilize a dynamics-based metric, EpiScore, that evaluates the epistatic interactions and allows us to see dynamic compensation within many other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Paul Campitelli
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Ravi Patel
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
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20
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Zhang Y, Yun J, Zabed HM, Dou Y, Zhang G, Zhao M, Taherzadeh MJ, Ragauskas A, Qi X. High-level co-production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid and 1,3-propanediol from glycerol: Metabolic engineering and process optimization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128438. [PMID: 36470488 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) are value-added chemicals with versatile applications in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Nevertheless, sustainable production of 3-HP and 1,3-PDO is often limited by the lack of efficient strains and suitable fermentation configurations. Herein, attempts have been made to improve the co-production of both metabolites through metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli and process optimization. First, the 3-HP and 1,3-PDO co-biosynthetic pathways were recruited and optimized in E. coli, followed by coupling the pathways to the transhydrogenase-mediated cofactor regeneration systems that increased cofactor availability and product synthesis. Next, pathway rebalancing and block of by-product formation significantly improved 3-HP and 1,3-PDO net titer. Subsequently, glycerol flux toward 3-HP and 1,3-PDO synthesis was maximized by removing metabolic repression and fine-tuning the glycerol oxidation pathway. Lastly, the combined fermentation process optimization and two-stage pH-controlled fed-batch fermentation co-produced 140.50 g/L 3-HP and 1,3-PDO, with 0.85 mol/mol net yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Junhua Yun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hossain M Zabed
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuan Dou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mei Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | | | - Arthur Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA; Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
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21
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Cetin E, Atilgan AR, Atilgan C. DHFR Mutants Modulate Their Synchronized Dynamics with the Substrate by Shifting Hydrogen Bond Occupancies. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6715-6726. [PMID: 35984987 PMCID: PMC9795552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem in which mutations occurring in functional proteins render drugs ineffective. The working mechanisms of the arising mutants are seldom apparent; a methodology to decipher these mechanisms systematically would render devising therapies to control the arising mutational pathways possible. Here we utilize Cα-Cβ bond vector relaxations obtained from moderate length MD trajectories to determine conduits for functionality of the resistance conferring mutants of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase. We find that the whole enzyme is synchronized to the motions of the substrate, irrespective of the mutation introducing gain-of-function or loss-of function. The total coordination of the motions suggests changes in the hydrogen bond dynamics with respect to the wild type as a possible route to determine and classify the mode-of-action of individual mutants. As a result, nine trimethoprim-resistant point mutations arising frequently in evolution experiments are categorized. One group of mutants that display the largest occurrence (L28R, W30G) work directly by modifying the dihydrofolate binding region. Conversely, W30R works indirectly by the formation of the E139-R30 salt bridge which releases energy resulting from tight binding by distorting the binding cavity. A third group (D27E, F153S, I94L) arising as single, resistance invoking mutants in evolution experiment trajectories allosterically and dynamically affects a hydrogen bonding motif formed at residues 59-69-71 which in turn modifies the binding site dynamics. The final group (I5F, A26T, R98P) consists of those mutants that have properties most similar to the wild type; these only appear after one of the other mutants is fixed on the protein structure and therefore display clear epistasis. Thus, we show that the binding event is governed by the entire enzyme dynamics while the binding site residues play gating roles. The adjustments made in the total enzyme in response to point mutations are what make quantifying and pinpointing their effect a hard problem. Here, we show that hydrogen bond dynamics recorded on sub-μs time scales provide the necessary fingerprints to decipher the various mechanisms at play.
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22
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Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Echinops erinaceus Kit Tan. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9120447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild plants are used by many cultures for the treatment of diverse ailments. However, they are formed from mixtures of many wanted and unwanted phytochemicals. Thus, there is a necessity to separate the bioactive compounds responsible for their biological activity. In this study, the chemical composition as well as antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Echinops erinaceus Kit Tan (Asteraceae) were investigated. This led to the isolation and identification of seven compounds, two of which are new (erinaceosin C3 and erinaceol C5), in addition to methyl oleate (C1) and ethyl oleate (C2), loliolide (C4), (E)-p-coumaric acid (C6), and 5,7,3`,5`-tetrahydroxy flavanone (C7). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. The methanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity among the tested extracts and fractions. The n-hexane and EtOAc extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against B. subtilus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. A cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of the most bioactive chloroform extract resulted in the isolation of bioactive compounds C1/C2, which showed significant cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and CACO2 cell lines (IC50 24.95 and 19.74 µg/mL, respectively), followed by compounds C3 (IC50 82.82 and 76.70 µg/mL) and C5 (IC50 99.09 and 87.27 µg/mL), respectively. The antioxidant activity of the bioactive chloroform fractions was screened. Molecular docking was used to explain the results of the antimicrobial and anticancer activities against five protein targets, including DNA gyrase topoisomerase II, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase of S. aureus (FabI), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), β-catenin, and human P-glycoprotein (P-gp).
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23
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Burns D, Singh A, Venditti V, Potoyan DA. Temperature-sensitive contacts in disordered loops tune enzyme I activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210537119. [PMID: 36375052 PMCID: PMC9704738 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210537119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous enzymes with identical folds often exhibit different thermal and kinetic behaviors. Understanding how an enzyme sequence encodes catalytic activity at functionally optimal temperatures is a fundamental problem in biophysics. Recently it was shown that the residues that tune catalytic activities of thermophilic/mesophilic variants of the C-terminal domain of bacterial enzyme I (EIC) are largely localized within disordered loops, offering a model system with which to investigate this phenomenon. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations and mutagenesis experiments to reveal a mechanism of sequence-dependent activity tuning of EIC homologs. We find that a network of contacts in the catalytic loops is particularly sensitive to changes in temperature, with some contacts exhibiting distinct linear or nonlinear temperature-dependent trends. Moreover, these trends define structurally clustered dynamical modes and can distinguish regions that tend toward order or disorder at higher temperatures. Assaying several thermophilic EIC mutants, we show that complementary mesophilic mutations to the most temperature-sensitive positions exhibit the most enhanced activity, while mutations to relatively temperature insensitive positions exhibit the least enhanced activities. These results provide a mechanistic explanation of sequence-dependent temperature tuning and offer a computational method for rational enzyme modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Burns
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Aayushi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Vincenzo Venditti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Davit A. Potoyan
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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24
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Deng P, Liang H, Wang S, Hao R, Han J, Sun X, Pan X, Li D, Wu Y, Huang Z, Xue J, Chen Z. Combined metabolomics and network pharmacology to elucidate the mechanisms of Dracorhodin Perchlorate in treating diabetic foot ulcer rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1038656. [PMID: 36532755 PMCID: PMC9752146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1038656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a severe chronic complication of diabetes, that can result in disability or death. Dracorhodin Perchlorate (DP) is effective for treating DFU, but the potential mechanisms need to be investigated. We aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying the acceleration of wound healing in DFU by the topical application of DP through the combination of metabolomics and network pharmacology. Methods: A DFU rat model was established, and the rate of ulcer wound healing was assessed. Different metabolites were found in the skin tissues of each group, and MetaboAnalyst was performed to analyse metabolic pathways. The candidate targets of DP in the treatment of DFU were screened using network pharmacology. Cytoscape was applied to construct an integrated network of metabolomics and network pharmacology. Moreover, the obtained hub targets were validated using molecular docking. After the topical application of DP, blood glucose, the rate of wound healing and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were assessed. Results: The levels of IL-1, hs-CRP and TNF-α of the Adm group were significantly downregulated. A total of 114 metabolites were identified. These could be important to the therapeutic effects of DP in the treatment of DFU. Based on the network pharmacology, seven hub genes were found, which were partially consistent with the metabolomics results. We focused on four hub targets by further integrated analysis, namely, PAH, GSTM1, DHFR and CAT, and the crucial metabolites and pathways. Molecular docking results demonstrated that DP was well combined with the hub targets. Conclusion: Our research based on metabolomics and network pharmacology demonstrated that DP improves wound healing in DFU through multiple targets and pathways, and it can potentially be used for DFU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Deng
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Longfu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shulong Wang
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruinan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglu Han
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyue Pan
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yinwen Wu
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Huang
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Chen
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
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25
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Andrews BA, Dyer RB. Comparison of the Role of Protein Dynamics in Catalysis by Dihydrofolate Reductase from E. coli and H. sapiens. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7126-7134. [PMID: 36069763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a well-studied, clinically relevant enzyme known for being highly dynamic over the course of its catalytic cycle. However, the role dynamic motions play in the explicit hydride transfer from the nicotinamide cofactor to the dihydrofolate substrate remains unclear because reaction initiation and direct spectroscopic examination on the appropriate time scale for such femtosecond to picosecond motions is challenging. Here, we employ pre-steady-state kinetics to observe the hydride transfer as directly as possible in two different species of DHFR: Escherichia coli and Homo sapiens. While the hydride transfer has been well-characterized in DHFR from E. coli, improvements in time resolution now allow for sub-millisecond dead times for stopped-flow spectroscopy, which reveals that the maximum rate is indeed faster than previously recorded. The rate in the human enzyme, previously only estimated, is also able to be directly observed using cutting-edge stopped-flow instrumentation. In addition to the pH dependence of the hydride transfer rates for both enzymes, we examine the primary H/D kinetic isotope effect to reveal a temperature dependence in the human enzyme that is absent from the E. coli counterpart. This dependence, which appears above a temperature of 15 °C is a shared feature among other hydride transfer enzymes and is also consistent with computational work suggesting the presence of a fast promoting-vibration that provides donor-acceptor compression on the time scale of catalysis to facilitate the chemistry step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Andrews
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - R Brian Dyer
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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26
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Murugan S, Nehru J, Arputharaj DS, Catherine Paul A, Gunasekaran P, Dege N, ÇINAR EB, Balasubramani K, Savaridasson JK, Al-Sehemi AG, Rajakannan V, Hemamalini M. Synthesis of 3-Methoxy-6- [(2, 4, 6-trimethyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-phenol Schiff base characterized by spectral, in-silco and in-vitro studies. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10070. [PMID: 36016535 PMCID: PMC9396558 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Murugan
- Department of Chemistry, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, India
| | - Jayasudha Nehru
- Department of Chemistry, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, India
| | | | | | - Prasanth Gunasekaran
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Necmi Dege
- Department of Physics, Ondoku Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Venkatachalam Rajakannan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Madhukar Hemamalini
- Department of Chemistry, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, India
- Corresponding author.
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27
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Dash P, Acharya R. Distinct Modes of Hidden Structural Dynamics in the Functioning of an Allosteric Polysaccharide Lyase. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:933-947. [PMID: 35912344 PMCID: PMC9336148 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics is an essential process to drive an enzyme to perform a function. When a protein sequence encodes for its three-dimensional structure and hence its function, it essentially defines the intrinsic dynamics of the molecule. The static X-ray crystal structure was thought to shed little insight into the molecule's dynamics until the recently available tool "Ensemble refinement" (ER). Here, we report the structure-function-dynamics of PanPL, an alginate-specific, endolytic, allosteric polysaccharide lyase belonging to the PL-5 family from Pandoraea apista. The crystal structures determined in apo and tetra-ManA bound forms reveal that the PanPL maintains a closed state with an N-terminal loop lid (N-loop-lid) arched over the active site. The B-factor analyses and ER congruently reveal how pH influences the functionally relevant atomic fluctuations at the N-loop-lid. The ER unveils enhanced fluctuations at the N-loop-lid upon substrate binding. The normal-mode analysis finds that the functional states are confined. The 1 μs simulation study suggests the existence of a hidden open state. The longer N-loop-lid selects a mechanism to adopt a closed state and undergo fluctuations to facilitate the substrate binding. Here, our work demonstrates the distinct modes of dynamics; both intrinsic and substrate-induced conformational changes are vital for enzyme functioning and allostery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerana Dash
- School
of Biological Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rudresh Acharya
- School
of Biological Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India
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28
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Pérez-Fehrmann M, Kesternich V, Puelles A, Quezada V, Salazar F, Christen P, Castillo J, Cárcamo JG, Castro-Alvarez A, Nelson R. Synthesis, antitumor activity, 3D-QSAR and molecular docking studies of new iodinated 4-(3 H)-quinazolinones 3 N-substituted. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21340-21352. [PMID: 35975048 PMCID: PMC9344282 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03684c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of 6-iodo-2-methylquinazolin-4-(3H)-one derivatives, 3a–n, were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity. Compounds 3a, 3b, 3d, 3e, and 3h showed remarkable cytotoxic activity on specific human cancer cell lines when compared to the anti-cancer drug, paclitaxel. Compound 3a was found to be particularly effective on promyelocytic leukaemia HL60 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma U937, with IC50 values of 21 and 30 μM, respectively. Compound 3d showed significant activity against cervical cancer HeLa (IC50 = 10 μM). The compounds 3e and 3h were strongly active against glioblastoma multiform tumour T98G, with IC50 values of 12 and 22 μM, respectively. These five compounds showed an interesting cytotoxic activity on four human cancer cell types of high incidence. The molecular docking results reveal a good correlation between experimental activity and calculated binding affinity on dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Docking studies proved 3d as the most potent compound. In addition, the three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis exhibited activities that may indicate the existence of electron-withdrawing and lipophilic groups at the para-position of the phenyl ring and hydrophobic interactions of the quinazolinic ring in the DHFR active site. New iodinated 4-(3H)-quinazolinones 3N-substituted with antitumor activity and 3D-QSAR and molecular docking studies as dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Pérez-Fehrmann
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte Av. Angamos 0610 Antofagasta 1270709 Chile
| | - Víctor Kesternich
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte Av. Angamos 0610 Antofagasta 1270709 Chile
| | - Arturo Puelles
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte Av. Angamos 0610 Antofagasta 1270709 Chile
| | - Víctor Quezada
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte Av. Angamos 0610 Antofagasta 1270709 Chile
| | - Fernanda Salazar
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte Av. Angamos 0610 Antofagasta 1270709 Chile
| | - Philippe Christen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland University of Geneva 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Castillo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile Campus Isla Teja Valdivia Chile
| | - Juan Guillermo Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile Campus Isla Teja Valdivia Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR) Chile
| | - Alejandro Castro-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Bioproductos Farmacéuticos y Cosméticos, Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera Av. Francisco Salazar 01145 Temuco 4780000 Chile.,Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile Casilla 40, Correo 33 Santiago Chile
| | - Ronald Nelson
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte Av. Angamos 0610 Antofagasta 1270709 Chile
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29
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Cytotoxic Effects on Breast Cancer Cell Lines of Chalcones Derived from a Natural Precursor and Their Molecular Docking Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144387. [PMID: 35889260 PMCID: PMC9318862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity and understand possible cytotoxic mechanisms via an in silico study of eleven chalcones synthesized from two acetophenones. Five were synthesized from a prenylacetophenone isolated from a plant that grows in the Andean region of the Atacama Desert. The cytotoxic activity of all the synthesized chalcones was tested against breast cancer cell lines using an MTT cell proliferation assay. The results suggest that the prenyl group in the A-ring of the methoxy and hydroxyl substituents of the B-ring appear to be crucial for the cytotoxicity of these compounds. The chalcones 12 and 13 showed significant inhibitory effects against growth in MCF-7 cells (IC50 4.19 ± 1.04 µM and IC50 3.30 ± 0.92 µM), ZR-75-1 cells (IC50 9.40 ± 1.74 µM and IC50 8.75 ± 2.01µM), and MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 6.12 ± 0.84 µM and IC50 18.10 ± 1.65 µM). Moreover, these chalcones showed differential activity between MCF-10F (IC50 95.76 ± 1.52 µM and IC50 95.11 ± 1.97 µM, respectively) and the tumor lines. The in vitro results agree with molecular coupling results, whose affinity energies and binding mode agree with the most active compounds. Thus, compounds 12 and 13 can be considered for further studies and are candidates for developing new antitumor agents. In conclusion, these observations give rise to a new hypothesis for designing chalcones with potential cytotoxicity with high potential for the pharmaceutical industry.
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30
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Vanichtanankul J, Yoomuang A, Taweechai S, Saeyang T, Pengon J, Yuvaniyama J, Tarnchompoo B, Yuthavong Y, Kamchonwongpaisan S. Structural Insight into Effective Inhibitors' Binding to Toxoplasma gondii Dihydrofolate Reductase Thymidylate Synthase. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1691-1702. [PMID: 35715223 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimethamine (Pyr), a known dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor, has long been used to treat toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) infection. However, Pyr is effective only at high doses with associated toxicity to patients, calling for safer alternative treatments. In this study, we investigated a series of Pyr analogues, previously developed as DHFR inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum bifunctional DHFR-thymidylate synthase (PfDHFR-TS), for their activity against T. gondii DHFR-TS (TgDHFR-TS). Of these, a set of compounds with a substitution at the C6 position of the pyrimidine ring exhibited high binding affinities (in a low nanomolar range) against TgDHFR-TS and in vitro T. gondii inhibitory activity. Three-dimensional structures of TgDHFR-TS reported here include the ternary complexes with Pyr, P39, or P40. A comparison of these structures showed the minor steric strain between the p-chlorophenyl group of Pyr and Thr83 of TgDHFR-TS. Such a conflict was relieved in the complexes with the two analogues, P39 and P40, explaining their highest binding affinities described herein. Moreover, these structures suggested that the hydrophobic environment in the active-site pocket could be used for drug design to increase the potency and selectivity of antifolate inhibitors. These findings would accelerate the development of new antifolate drugs to treat toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Vanichtanankul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Aphisit Yoomuang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Supannee Taweechai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Thanaya Saeyang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jutharat Pengon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jirundon Yuvaniyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Bongkoch Tarnchompoo
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Yongyuth Yuthavong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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31
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Webb CT, Yang W, Riley BT, Hayes BK, Sivaraman KK, Malcolm TR, Harrop S, Atkinson SC, Kass I, Buckle AM, Drinkwater N, McGowan S. A metal ion-dependent conformational switch modulates activity of the Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102119. [PMID: 35691342 PMCID: PMC9270245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metal-dependent M17 aminopeptidases are conserved throughout all kingdoms of life. This large enzyme family is characterized by a conserved binuclear metal center and a distinctive homohexameric arrangement. Recently, we showed that hexamer formation in Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidases was controlled by the metal ion environment, although the functional necessity for hexamer formation is still unclear. To further understand the mechanistic role of the hexameric assembly, here we undertook an investigation of the structure and dynamics of the M17 aminopeptidase from Plasmodium falciparum, PfA-M17. We describe a novel structure of PfA-M17, which shows that the active sites of each trimer are linked by a dynamic loop, and loop movement is coupled with a drastic rearrangement of the binuclear metal center and substrate-binding pocket, rendering the protein inactive. Molecular dynamics simulations and biochemical analyses of PfA-M17 variants demonstrated that this rearrangement is inherent to PfA-M17, and that the transition between the active and inactive states is metal dependent and part of a dynamic regulatory mechanism. Key to the mechanism is a remodeling of the binuclear metal center, which occurs in response to a signal from the neighboring active site and serves to moderate the rate of proteolysis under different environmental conditions. In conclusion, this work identifies a precise mechanism by which oligomerization contributes to PfA-M17 function. Furthermore, it describes a novel role for metal cofactors in the regulation of enzymes, with implications for the wide range of metalloenzymes that operate via a two-metal ion catalytic center, including DNA processing enzymes and metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaille T Webb
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Wei Yang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Current address Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Blake T Riley
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Brooke K Hayes
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Komagal Kannan Sivaraman
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tess R Malcolm
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen Harrop
- Australian Synchrotron. 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Sarah C Atkinson
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Itamar Kass
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Victorian Life Sciences Computation Center, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Current address InterX LTD, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Nyssa Drinkwater
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Computational Development of Inhibitors of Plasmid-Borne Bacterial Dihydrofolate Reductase. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060779. [PMID: 35740185 PMCID: PMC9220120 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to trimethoprim and other antibiotics targeting dihydrofolate reductase may arise in bacteria harboring an atypical, plasmid-encoded, homotetrameric dihydrofolate reductase, called R67 DHFR. Although developing inhibitors to this enzyme may be expected to be promising drugs to fight trimethoprim-resistant strains, there is a paucity of reports describing the development of such molecules. In this manuscript, we describe the design of promising lead compounds to target R67 DHFR. Density-functional calculations were first used to identify the modifications of the pterin core that yielded derivatives likely to bind the enzyme and not susceptible to being acted upon by it. These unreactive molecules were then docked to the active site, and the stability of the docking poses of the best candidates was analyzed through triplicate molecular dynamics simulations, and compared to the binding stability of the enzyme–substrate complex. Molecule 32 ([6-(methoxymethyl)-4-oxo-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]methyl-guanidinium) was shown by this methodology to afford extremely stable binding towards R67 DHFR and to prevent simultaneous binding to the substrate. Additional docking and molecular dynamics simulations further showed that this candidate also binds strongly to the canonical prokaryotic dihydrofolate reductase and to human DHFR, and is therefore likely to be useful to the development of chemotherapeutic agents and of dual-acting antibiotics that target the two types of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase.
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Kampmeyer C, Larsen-Ledet S, Wagnkilde MR, Michelsen M, Iversen HKM, Nielsen SV, Lindemose S, Caregnato A, Ravid T, Stein A, Teilum K, Lindorff-Larsen K, Hartmann-Petersen R. Disease-linked mutations cause exposure of a protein quality control degron. Structure 2022; 30:1245-1253.e5. [PMID: 35700725 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
More than half of disease-causing missense variants are thought to lead to protein degradation, but the molecular mechanism of how these variants are recognized by the cell remains enigmatic. Degrons are stretches of amino acids that help mediate recognition by E3 ligases and thus confer protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. While degrons that mediate controlled degradation of, for example, signaling components and cell-cycle regulators are well described, so-called protein-quality-control degrons that mediate the degradation of destabilized proteins are poorly understood. Here, we show that disease-linked dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) missense variants are structurally destabilized and chaperone-dependent proteasome targets. We find two regions in DHFR that act as degrons, and the proteasomal turnover of one of these was dependent on the molecular chaperone Hsp70. Structural analyses by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and hydrogen/deuterium exchange revealed that this degron is buried in wild-type DHFR but becomes transiently exposed in the disease-linked missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kampmeyer
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven Larsen-Ledet
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Rose Wagnkilde
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Michelsen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette K M Iversen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie V Nielsen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Lindemose
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alberto Caregnato
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tommer Ravid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat-Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amelie Stein
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kaare Teilum
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Hartmann-Petersen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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34
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Ose NJ, Butler BM, Kumar A, Kazan IC, Sanderford M, Kumar S, Ozkan SB. Dynamic coupling of residues within proteins as a mechanistic foundation of many enigmatic pathogenic missense variants. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010006. [PMID: 35389981 PMCID: PMC9017885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic missense mutations are found in protein positions that are neither well-conserved nor fall in any known functional domains. Consequently, we lack any mechanistic underpinning of dysfunction caused by such mutations. We explored the disruption of allosteric dynamic coupling between these positions and the known functional sites as a possible mechanism for pathogenesis. In this study, we present an analysis of 591 pathogenic missense variants in 144 human enzymes that suggests that allosteric dynamic coupling of mutated positions with known active sites is a plausible biophysical mechanism and evidence of their functional importance. We illustrate this mechanism in a case study of β-Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) in which a vast majority of 94 sites harboring Gaucher disease-associated missense variants are located some distance away from the active site. An analysis of the conformational dynamics of GCase suggests that mutations on these distal sites cause changes in the flexibility of active site residues despite their distance, indicating a dynamic communication network throughout the protein. The disruption of the long-distance dynamic coupling caused by missense mutations may provide a plausible general mechanistic explanation for biological dysfunction and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Butler
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Avishek Kumar
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - I. Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Maxwell Sanderford
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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35
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Jiang Y, Yan B, Chen Y, Juarez RJ, Yang ZJ. Molecular Dynamics-Derived Descriptor Informs the Impact of Mutation on the Catalytic Turnover Number in Lactonase Across Substrates. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2486-2495. [PMID: 35324218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have been extensively employed to reveal the roles of protein dynamics in mediating enzyme catalysis. However, simulation-derived predictive descriptors that inform the impacts of mutations on catalytic turnover numbers remain largely unexplored. In this work, we report the identification of molecular modeling-derived descriptors to predict mutation effect on the turnover number of lactonase SsoPox with both native and non-native substrates. The study consists of 10 enzyme-substrate complexes resulting from a combination of five enzyme variants with two substrates. For each complex, we derived 15 descriptors from molecular dynamics simulations and applied principal component analysis to rank the predictive capability of the descriptors. A top-ranked descriptor was identified, which is the solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) ratio of the substrate to the active site pocket. A uniform volcano-shaped plot was observed in the distribution of experimental activation free energy against the SASA ratio. To achieve efficient lactonase hydrolysis, a non-native substrate-bound enzyme variant needs to involve a similar range of the SASA ratio to the native substrate-bound wild-type enzyme. The descriptor reflects how well the enzyme active site pocket accommodates a substrate for reaction, which has the potential of guiding optimization of enzyme reaction turnover for non-native chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyukun Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Bailu Yan
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Reecan J Juarez
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Zhongyue J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.,Data Science Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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36
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Lemay-St-Denis C, Doucet N, Pelletier JN. Integrating dynamics into enzyme engineering. Protein Eng Des Sel 2022; 35:6842866. [PMID: 36416215 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme engineering has become a widely adopted practice in research labs and industry. In parallel, the past decades have seen tremendous strides in characterizing the dynamics of proteins, using a growing array of methodologies. Importantly, links have been established between the dynamics of proteins and their function. Characterizing the dynamics of an enzyme prior to, and following, its engineering is beginning to inform on the potential of 'dynamic engineering', i.e. the rational modification of protein dynamics to alter enzyme function. Here we examine the state of knowledge at the intersection of enzyme engineering and protein dynamics, describe current challenges and highlight pioneering work in the nascent area of dynamic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudèle Lemay-St-Denis
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Doucet
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Joelle N Pelletier
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering and Applications, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CGCC, Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Chemistry Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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37
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Slipknot or Crystallographic Error: A Computational Analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum DHFR Structural Folds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031514. [PMID: 35163439 PMCID: PMC8835989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of protein structures with atypical folds in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) is rare and may result from naturally occurring knots or crystallographic errors. Proper characterisation of such folds is imperative to understanding the basis of naturally existing knots and correcting crystallographic errors. If left uncorrected, such errors can frustrate downstream experiments that depend on the structures containing them. An atypical fold has been identified in P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (PfDHFR) between residues 20–51 (loop 1) and residues 191–205 (loop 2). This enzyme is key to drug discovery efforts in the parasite, necessitating a thorough characterisation of these folds. Using multiple sequence alignments (MSA), a unique insert was identified in loop 1 that exacerbates the appearance of the atypical fold-giving it a slipknot-like topology. However, PfDHFR has not been deposited in the knotted proteins database, and processing its structure failed to identify any knots within its folds. The application of protein homology modelling and molecular dynamics simulations on the DHFR domain of P. falciparum and those of two other organisms (E. coli and M. tuberculosis) that were used as molecular replacement templates in solving the PfDHFR structure revealed plausible unentangled or open conformations of these loops. These results will serve as guides for crystallographic experiments to provide further insights into the atypical folds identified.
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38
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Galenkamp NS, Maglia G. Single-Molecule Sampling of Dihydrofolate Reductase Shows Kinetic Pauses and an Endosteric Effect Linked to Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1228-1236. [PMID: 35096468 PMCID: PMC8787752 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ability to sample multiple reactions
on the same single enzyme
is important to link rare intermediates with catalysis and to unravel
the role of conformational changes. Despite decades of efforts, however,
the single-molecule characterization of nonfluorogenic enzymes during
multiple catalytic turnovers has been elusive. Here, we show that
nanopore currents allow sampling the dynamic exchange between five
structural intermediates during E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalysis. We found that an endosteric
effect promotes the binding of the substrate to the enzyme with a
specific hierarchy. The chemical step then switched the enzyme from
the closed to the occluded conformation, which in turn promotes the
release of the reduced cofactor NADP+. Unexpectedly, only
a few reactive complexes lead to catalysis. Furthermore, second-long
catalytic pauses were observed, possibly reflecting an off-path conformation
generated during the reaction. Finally, the free energy from multiple
cofactor binding events were required to release the product and switch
DHFR back to the reactive conformer. This catalytic fueled concerted
mechanism is likely to have evolved to improve the catalytic efficiency
of DHFR under the high concentrations of NADP+ in E. coli and might be a general feature for complex
enzymatic reactions where the binding and release of the products
must be tightly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stéphanie Galenkamp
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Penhallurick RW, Ichiye T. Pressure Adaptations in Deep-Sea Moritella Dihydrofolate Reductases: Compressibility versus Stability. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111211. [PMID: 34827204 PMCID: PMC8614765 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Deep-sea organisms must have proteins that function under high hydrostatic pressure to survive. Adaptations used in proteins from “pressure-loving” piezophiles may include greater compressibility or greater stability against pressure-induced destabilization. However, while greater compressibility can be accomplished by greater void volume, larger cavities in a protein have been associated with greater destabilization and even unfolding as pressure is increased. Here, computer simulations of dihydrofolate reductase from a moderate piezophile and a hyperpiezophile were performed to understand the balance between adaptations for greater compressibility and those against pressure destabilization and unfolding. The results indicate that while compressibility appears to be important for deep-sea microbes, adaptation for the greatest depths may be to prevent water penetration into the interior. Abstract Proteins from “pressure-loving” piezophiles appear to adapt by greater compressibility via larger total cavity volume. However, larger cavities in proteins have been associated with lower unfolding pressures. Here, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from a moderate piezophile Moritella profunda (Mp) isolated at ~2.9 km in depth and from a hyperpiezophile Moritella yayanosii (My) isolated at ~11 km in depth were compared using molecular dynamics simulations. Although previous simulations indicate that MpDHFR is more compressible than a mesophile DHFR, here the average properties and a quasiharmonic analysis indicate that MpDHFR and MyDHFR have similar compressibilities. A cavity analysis also indicates that the three unique mutations in MyDHFR are near cavities, although the cavities are generally similar in size in both. However, while a cleft overlaps an internal cavity, thus forming a pathway from the surface to the interior in MpDHFR, the unique residue Tyr103 found in MyDHFR forms a hydrogen bond with Leu78, and the sidechain separates the cleft from the cavity. Thus, while Moritella DHFR may generally be well suited to high-pressure environments because of their greater compressibility, adaptation for greater depths may be to prevent water entry into the interior cavities.
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40
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Singh A, Fenwick RB, Dyson HJ, Wright PE. Role of Active Site Loop Dynamics in Mediating Ligand Release from E. coli Dihydrofolate Reductase. Biochemistry 2021; 60:2663-2671. [PMID: 34428034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conformational fluctuations from ground-state to sparsely populated but functionally important excited states play a key role in enzyme catalysis. For Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), the release of the product tetrahydrofolate (THF) and oxidized cofactor NADP+ occurs through exchange between closed and occluded conformations of the Met20 loop. A "dynamic knockout" mutant of E. coli DHFR, where the E. coli sequence in the Met20 loop is replaced by the human sequence (N23PP/S148A), models human DHFR and is incapable of accessing the occluded conformation. 1H and 15N CPMG relaxation dispersion analysis for the ternary product complex of the mutant enzyme with NADP+ and the product analogue 5,10-dideazatetrahydrofolate (ddTHF) (E:ddTHF:NADP+) reveals the mechanism by which NADP+ is released when the Met20 loop cannot undergo the closed-to-occluded conformational transition. Two excited states were observed: one related to a faster, relatively high-amplitude conformational fluctuation in areas near the active site, associated with the shuttling of the nicotinamide ring of the cofactor out of the active site, and the other to a slower process where ddTHF undergoes small-amplitude motions within the binding site that are consistent with disorder observed in a room-temperature X-ray crystal structure of the N23PP/S148A mutant protein. These motions likely arise due to steric conflict of the pterin ring of ddTHF with the ribose-nicotinamide moiety of NADP+ in the closed active site. These studies demonstrate that site-specific kinetic information from relaxation dispersion experiments can provide intimate details of the changes in catalytic mechanism that result from small changes in local amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrinder Singh
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - R Bryn Fenwick
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - H Jane Dyson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter E Wright
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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41
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Wan Q, Bennett BC, Wymore T, Li Z, Wilson MA, Brooks CL, Langan P, Kovalevsky A, Dealwis CG. Capturing the Catalytic Proton of Dihydrofolate Reductase: Implications for General Acid-Base Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021; 11:5873-5884. [PMID: 34055457 PMCID: PMC8154319 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Acid–base
catalysis, which involves one or more proton transfer
reactions, is a chemical mechanism commonly employed by many enzymes.
The molecular basis for catalysis is often derived from structures
determined at the optimal pH for enzyme activity. However, direct
observation of protons from experimental structures is quite difficult;
thus, a complete mechanistic description for most enzymes remains
lacking. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) exemplifies general acid–base
catalysis, requiring hydride transfer and protonation of its substrate,
DHF, to form the product, tetrahydrofolate (THF). Previous X-ray and
neutron crystal structures coupled with theoretical calculations have
proposed that solvent mediates the protonation step. However, visualization
of a proton transfer has been elusive. Based on a 2.1 Å resolution
neutron structure of a pseudo-Michaelis complex of E. coli DHFR determined at acidic pH, we report the
direct observation of the catalytic proton and its parent solvent
molecule. Comparison of X-ray and neutron structures elucidated at
acidic and neutral pH reveals dampened dynamics at acidic pH, even
for the regulatory Met20 loop. Guided by the structures and calculations,
we propose a mechanism where dynamics are crucial for solvent entry
and protonation of substrate. This mechanism invokes the release of
a sole proton from a hydronium (H3O+) ion, its
pathway through a narrow channel that sterically hinders the passage
of water, and the ultimate protonation of DHF at the N5 atom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brad C. Bennett
- Biological and Environmental Science Department, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama 35229, United States
| | - Troy Wymore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Charles L. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul Langan
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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42
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Adesina AS, Luk LYP, Allemann RK. Cryo-kinetics Reveal Dynamic Effects on the Chemistry of Human Dihydrofolate Reductase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2410-2414. [PMID: 33876533 PMCID: PMC8360168 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Effects of isotopic substitution on the rate constants of human dihydrofolate reductase (HsDHFR), an important target for anti‐cancer drugs, have not previously been characterized due to its complex fast kinetics. Here, we report the results of cryo‐measurements of the kinetics of the HsDHFR catalyzed reaction and the effects of protein motion on catalysis. Isotopic enzyme labeling revealed an enzyme KIE (kHLE/kHHE) close to unity above 0 °C; however, the enzyme KIE was increased to 1.72±0.15 at −20 °C, indicating that the coupling of protein motions to the chemical step is minimized under optimal conditions but enhanced at non‐physiological temperatures. The presented cryogenic approach provides an opportunity to probe the kinetics of mammalian DHFRs, thereby laying the foundation for characterizing their transition state structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Rudolf K Allemann
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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43
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Goldstein M, Goodey NM. Distal Regions Regulate Dihydrofolate Reductase-Ligand Interactions. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2253:185-219. [PMID: 33315225 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1154-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein motions play a fundamental role in enzyme catalysis and ligand binding. The relationship between protein motion and function has been extensively investigated in the model enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). DHFR is an essential enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. Numerous experimental and computational methods have been used to probe the motions of DHFR through the catalytic cycle and to investigate the effect of distal mutations on DHFR motions and ligand binding. These experimental investigations have pushed forward the study of protein motions and their role in protein-ligand interactions. The introduction of mutations distal to the active site has been shown to have profound effects on ligand binding, hydride transfer rates and catalytic efficacy and these changes are captured by enzyme kinetics measurements. Distal mutations have been shown to exert their effects through a network of correlated amino acids and these effects have been investigated by NMR, protein dynamics, and analysis of coupled amino acids. The experimental methods and the findings that are reviewed here have broad implications for our understanding of enzyme mechanisms, ligand binding and for the future design and discovery of enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Nina M Goodey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA.
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44
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Suruzhon M, Bodnarchuk MS, Ciancetta A, Viner R, Wall ID, Essex JW. Sensitivity of Binding Free Energy Calculations to Initial Protein Crystal Structure. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:1806-1821. [PMID: 33534995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Binding free energy calculations using alchemical free energy (AFE) methods are widely considered to be the most rigorous tool in the computational drug discovery arsenal. Despite this, the calculations suffer from accuracy, precision, and reproducibility issues. In this publication, we perform a high-throughput study of more than a thousand AFE calculations, utilizing over 220 μs of total sampling time, on three different protein systems to investigate the impact of the initial crystal structure on the resulting binding free energy values. We also consider the influence of equilibration time and discover that the initial crystal structure can have a significant effect on free energy values obtained at short timescales that can manifest itself as a free energy difference of more than 1 kcal/mol. At longer timescales, these differences are largely overtaken by important rare events, such as torsional ligand motions, typically resulting in a much higher uncertainty in the obtained values. This work emphasizes the importance of rare event sampling and long-timescale dynamics in free energy calculations even for routinely performed alchemical perturbations. We conclude that an optimal protocol should not only concentrate computational resources on achieving convergence in the alchemical coupling parameter (λ) space but also on longer simulations and multiple repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Suruzhon
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | | | - Russell Viner
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Ian D Wall
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jonathan W Essex
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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45
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Mhashal AR, Major DT. Temperature-Dependent Kinetic Isotope Effects in R67 Dihydrofolate Reductase from Path-Integral Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1369-1377. [PMID: 33522797 PMCID: PMC7883348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calculation of temperature-dependent kinetic isotope effects (KIE) in enzymes presents a significant theoretical challenge. Additionally, it is not trivial to identify enzymes with available experimental accurate intrinsic KIEs in a range of temperatures. In the current work, we present a theoretical study of KIEs in the primitive R67 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme and compare with experimental work. The advantage of R67 DHFR is its significantly lower kinetic complexity compared to more evolved DHFR isoforms. We employ mass-perturbation-based path-integral simulations in conjunction with umbrella sampling and a hybrid quantum mechanics-molecular mechanics Hamiltonian. We obtain temperature-dependent KIEs in good agreement with experiments and ascribe the temperature-dependent KIEs primarily to zero-point energy effects. The active site in the primitive enzyme is found to be poorly preorganized, which allows excessive water access to the active site and results in loosely bound reacting ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil R. Mhashal
- Department of Chemistry and Institute
for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Dan Thomas Major
- Department of Chemistry and Institute
for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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46
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Redzic JS, Duff MR, Blue A, Pitts TM, Agarwal P, Eisenmesser EZ. Modulating Enzyme Function via Dynamic Allostery within Biliverdin Reductase B. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:691208. [PMID: 34095235 PMCID: PMC8173106 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.691208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biliverdin reductase B (BLVRB) class of enzymes catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of multiple flavin substrates and are emerging as critical players in cellular redox regulation. However, the role of dynamics and allostery have not been addressed, prompting studies here that have revealed a position 15 Å away from the active site within human BLVRB (T164) that is inherently dynamic and can be mutated to control global micro-millisecond motions and function. By comparing the inherent dynamics through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation approaches of evolutionarily distinct BLVRB homologues and by applying our previously developed Relaxation And Single Site Multiple Mutations (RASSMM) approach that monitors both the functional and dynamic effects of multiple mutations to the single T164 site, we have discovered that the most dramatic mutagenic effects coincide with evolutionary changes and these modulate coenzyme binding. Thus, evolutionarily changing sites distal to the active site serve as dynamic "dials" to globally modulate motions and function. Despite the distal dynamic and functional coupling modulated by this site, micro-millisecond motions span an order of magnitude in their apparent kinetic rates of motions. Thus, global dynamics within BLVRB are a collection of partially coupled motions tied to catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina S Redzic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Michael R Duff
- Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ashley Blue
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Todd M Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Pratul Agarwal
- Department of Physiological Sciences and High Performance Computing Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Elan Zohar Eisenmesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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47
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Kaczmarski JA, Mahawaththa MC, Feintuch A, Clifton BE, Adams LA, Goldfarb D, Otting G, Jackson CJ. Altered conformational sampling along an evolutionary trajectory changes the catalytic activity of an enzyme. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5945. [PMID: 33230119 PMCID: PMC7683729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several enzymes are known to have evolved from non-catalytic proteins such as solute-binding proteins (SBPs). Although attention has been focused on how a binding site can evolve to become catalytic, an equally important question is: how do the structural dynamics of a binding protein change as it becomes an efficient enzyme? Here we performed a variety of experiments, including propargyl-DO3A-Gd(III) tagging and double electron-electron resonance (DEER) to study the rigid body protein dynamics of reconstructed evolutionary intermediates to determine how the conformational sampling of a protein changes along an evolutionary trajectory linking an arginine SBP to a cyclohexadienyl dehydratase (CDT). We observed that primitive dehydratases predominantly populate catalytically unproductive conformations that are vestiges of their ancestral SBP function. Non-productive conformational states, including a wide-open state, are frozen out of the conformational landscape via remote mutations, eventually leading to extant CDT that exclusively samples catalytically relevant compact states. These results show that remote mutations can reshape the global conformational landscape of an enzyme as a mechanism for increasing catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe A Kaczmarski
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mithun C Mahawaththa
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Akiva Feintuch
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ben E Clifton
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Protein Engineering and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
| | - Luke A Adams
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Daniella Goldfarb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Gottfried Otting
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia.
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia.
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48
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Eck T, Patel S, Candela T, Leon H K, Little M, Reis NE, Liyanagunawardana U, Gubler U, Janson CA, Catalano J, Goodey NM. Mutational analysis confirms the presence of distal inhibitor-selectivity determining residues in B. stearothermophilus dihydrofolate reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 692:108545. [PMID: 32810476 PMCID: PMC10727455 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many antibacterial and antiparasitic drugs work by competitively inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a vital enzyme in folate metabolism. The interactions between inhibitors and DHFR active site residues are known in many homologs but the contributions from distal residues are less understood. Identifying distal residues that aid in inhibitor binding can improve targeted drug development programs by accounting for distant influences that may be less conserved and subject to frequent resistance causing mutations. Previously, a novel, homology-based, computational approach that mines ligand inhibition data was used to predict residues involved in inhibitor selectivity in the DHFR family. Expectedly, some inhibitor selectivity determining residue positions were predicted to lie in the active site and coincide with experimentally known inhibitor selectivity determining positions. However, other residues that group spatially in clusters distal to the active site have not been previously investigated. In this study, the effect of introducing amino acid substitutions at one of these predicted clusters (His38-Ala39-Ile40) on the inhibitor selectivity profile in Bacillus stearothermophilus dihydrofolate reductase (Bs DHFR) was investigated. Mutations were introduced into these cluster positions to change sidechain chemistry and size. We determined kcat and KM values and measured KD values at equilibrium for two competitive DHFR inhibitors, trimethoprim (TMP) and pyrimethamine (PYR). Mutations in the His38-Ala39-Ile40 cluster significantly impacted inhibitor binding and TMP/PYR selectivity - seven out of nine mutations resulted in tighter binding to PYR when compared to TMP. These data suggest that the His38-Ala39-Ile40 cluster is a distal inhibitor selectivity determining region that favors PYR binding in Bs DHFR and, possibly, throughout the DHFR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Eck
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Seema Patel
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Thomas Candela
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Katherine Leon H
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Michael Little
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Natalia E Reis
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | | | - Ueli Gubler
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Cheryl A Janson
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Jaclyn Catalano
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Nina M Goodey
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA.
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49
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Torgeson KR, Clarkson MW, Kumar GS, Page R, Peti W. Cooperative dynamics across distinct structural elements regulate PTP1B activity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13829-13837. [PMID: 32737198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is the canonical enzyme for investigating how distinct structural elements influence enzyme catalytic activity. Although it is recognized that dynamics are essential for PTP1B function, the data collected thus far have not resolved whether distinct elements are dynamically coordinated or, alternatively, whether they fulfill their respective functions independently. To answer this question, we performed a comprehensive 13C-methyl relaxation study of Ile, Leu, and Val (ILV) residues of PTP1B, which, because of its substantially increased sensitivity, provides a comprehensive understanding of the influence of protein motions on different time scales for enzyme function. We discovered that PTP1B exhibits dynamics at three distinct time scales. First, it undergoes a distinctive slow motion that allows for the dynamic binding and release of its two most N-terminal helices from the catalytic core. Second, we showed that PTP1B 13C-methyl group side chain fast time-scale dynamics and 15N backbone fast time-scale dynamics are fully consistent, demonstrating that fast fluctuations are essential for the allosteric control of PTP1B activity. Third, and most importantly, using 13C ILV constant-time Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill relaxation measurements experiments, we demonstrated that all four catalytically important loops-the WPD, Q, E, and substrate-binding loops-work in dynamic unity throughout the catalytic cycle of PTP1B. Thus, these data show that PTP1B activity is not controlled by a single functional element, but instead all key elements are dynamically coordinated. Together, these data provide the first fully comprehensive picture on how the validated drug target PTP1B functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiane R Torgeson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael W Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ganesan Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rebecca Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Wolfgang Peti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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50
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Schober AF, Mathis AD, Ingle C, Park JO, Chen L, Rabinowitz JD, Junier I, Rivoire O, Reynolds KA. A Two-Enzyme Adaptive Unit within Bacterial Folate Metabolism. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3359-3370.e7. [PMID: 31189117 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme function and evolution are influenced by the larger context of a metabolic pathway. Deleterious mutations or perturbations in one enzyme can often be compensated by mutations to others. We used comparative genomics and experiments to examine evolutionary interactions with the essential metabolic enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Analyses of synteny and co-occurrence across bacterial species indicate that DHFR is coupled to thymidylate synthase (TYMS) but relatively independent from the rest of folate metabolism. Using quantitative growth rate measurements and forward evolution in Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that the two enzymes adapt as a relatively independent unit in response to antibiotic stress. Metabolomic profiling revealed that TYMS activity must not exceed DHFR activity to prevent the depletion of reduced folates and the accumulation of the intermediate dihydrofolate. Comparative genomics analyses identified >200 gene pairs with similar statistical signatures of modular co-evolution, suggesting that cellular pathways may be decomposable into small adaptive units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Schober
- The Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andrew D Mathis
- The Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christine Ingle
- The Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Junyoung O Park
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ivan Junier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Rivoire
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Kimberly A Reynolds
- The Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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