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Shang L, Cao J, Zhao S, Zhang J, He Y. TYK2 in Immune Responses and Treatment of Psoriasis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5373-5385. [PMID: 36147687 PMCID: PMC9488612 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s380686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), a key part of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway, plays an integral role in the differentiation and immune responses of intrinsic immune cells and regulates the mediation of cytokines. TYK2 leads to inflammatory cascade responses in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), especially psoriasis. Small-molecule TYK2 inhibitors are considered to be an effective strategy for modulating psoriasis. Here, we attempt to review the pro-inflammatory mechanisms of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, the regulatory roles of TYK2 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and provide updates on ongoing and recently completed trials of TYK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shang
- Department of Dermatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingya Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanling He
- Department of Dermatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Grant AH, Estrada A, Ayala-Marin YM, Alvidrez-Camacho AY, Rodriguez G, Robles-Escajeda E, Cadena-Medina DA, Rodriguez AC, Kirken RA. The Many Faces of JAKs and STATs Within the COVID-19 Storm. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690477. [PMID: 34326843 PMCID: PMC8313986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive-sense single stranded RNA virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulted in a global pandemic with horrendous health and economic consequences not seen in a century. At a finer scale, immunologically, many of these devastating effects by SARS-CoV-2 can be traced to a "cytokine storm" resulting in the simultaneous activation of Janus Kinases (JAKs) and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) proteins downstream of the many cytokine receptor families triggered by elevated cytokines found in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this report, cytokines found in the storm are discussed in relation to the JAK-STAT pathway in response to SARS-CoV-2 and the lessons learned from RNA viruses and previous Coronaviruses (CoVs). Therapeutic strategies to counteract the SARS-CoV-2 mediated storm are discussed with an emphasis on cell signaling and JAK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert A. Kirken
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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3
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Sharma J, Larkin J. Therapeutic Implication of SOCS1 Modulation in the Treatment of Autoimmunity and Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:324. [PMID: 31105556 PMCID: PMC6499178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of intracellular proteins has a vital role in the regulation of the immune system and resolution of inflammatory cascades. SOCS1, also called STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI) or JAK-binding protein (JAB), is a member of the SOCS family with actions ranging from immune modulation to cell cycle regulation. Knockout of SOCS1 leads to perinatal lethality in mice and increased vulnerability to cancer, while several SNPs associated with the SOCS1 gene have been implicated in human inflammation-mediated diseases. In this review, we describe the mechanism of action of SOCS1 and its potential therapeutic role in the prevention and treatment of autoimmunity and cancer. We also provide a brief outline of the other JAK inhibitors, both FDA-approved and under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joseph Larkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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4
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Dehkhoda F, Lee CMM, Medina J, Brooks AJ. The Growth Hormone Receptor: Mechanism of Receptor Activation, Cell Signaling, and Physiological Aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29487568 PMCID: PMC5816795 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone receptor (GHR), although most well known for regulating growth, has many other important biological functions including regulating metabolism and controlling physiological processes related to the hepatobiliary, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. In addition, growth hormone signaling is an important regulator of aging and plays a significant role in cancer development. Growth hormone activates the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, and recent studies have provided a new understanding of the mechanism of JAK2 activation by growth hormone binding to its receptor. JAK2 activation is required for growth hormone-mediated activation of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5, and the negative regulation of JAK-STAT signaling comprises an important step in the control of this signaling pathway. The GHR also activates the Src family kinase signaling pathway independent of JAK2. This review covers the molecular mechanisms of GHR activation and signal transduction as well as the physiological consequences of growth hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Dehkhoda
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine M. M. Lee
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Johan Medina
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Brooks
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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5
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Schwartz DM, Kanno Y, Villarino A, Ward M, Gadina M, O'Shea JJ. JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:78. [PMID: 29282366 PMCID: PMC6168198 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.201.
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6
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JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:843-862. [PMID: 29104284 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of cytokines as key drivers of immune-mediated diseases has spurred efforts to target their associated signalling pathways. Janus kinases (JAKs) are essential signalling mediators downstream of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, and small-molecule inhibitors of JAKs (jakinibs) have gained traction as safe and efficacious options for the treatment of inflammation-driven pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Building on the clinical success of first-generation jakinibs, second-generation compounds that claim to be more selective are currently undergoing development and proceeding to clinical trials. However, important questions remain about the advantages and limitations of improved JAK selectivity, optimal routes and dosing regimens and how best to identify patients who will benefit from jakinibs. This Review discusses the biology of jakinibs from a translational perspective, focusing on recent insights from clinical trials, the development of novel agents and the use of jakinibs in a spectrum of immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Ferrao R, Lupardus PJ. The Janus Kinase (JAK) FERM and SH2 Domains: Bringing Specificity to JAK-Receptor Interactions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:71. [PMID: 28458652 PMCID: PMC5394478 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases essential for signaling in response to cytokines and interferons and thereby control many essential functions in growth, development, and immune regulation. JAKs are unique among tyrosine kinases for their constitutive yet non-covalent association with class I and II cytokine receptors, which upon cytokine binding bring together two JAKs to create an active signaling complex. JAK association with cytokine receptors is facilitated by N-terminal FERM and SH2 domains, both of which are classical mediators of peptide interactions. Together, the JAK FERM and SH2 domains mediate a bipartite interaction with two distinct receptor peptide motifs, the proline-rich "Box1" and hydrophobic "Box2," which are present in the intracellular domain of cytokine receptors. While the general sidechain chemistry of Box1 and Box2 peptides is conserved between receptors, they share very weak primary sequence homology, making it impossible to posit why certain JAKs preferentially interact with and signal through specific subsets of cytokine receptors. Here, we review the structure and function of the JAK FERM and SH2 domains in light of several recent studies that reveal their atomic structure and elucidate interaction mechanisms with both the Box1 and Box2 receptor motifs. These crystal structures demonstrate how evolution has repurposed the JAK FERM and SH2 domains into a receptor-binding module that facilitates interactions with multiple receptors possessing diverse primary sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ferrao
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick J. Lupardus
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Patrick J. Lupardus,
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McNally R, Toms AV, Eck MJ. Crystal Structure of the FERM-SH2 Module of Human Jak2. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156218. [PMID: 27227461 PMCID: PMC4881981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Jak-family tyrosine kinases mediate signaling from diverse cytokine receptors. Binding of Jaks to their cognate receptors is mediated by their N-terminal region, which contains FERM and SH2 domains. Here we describe the crystal structure of the FERM-SH2 region of Jak2 at 3.0Å resolution. The structure reveals that these domains and their flanking linker segments interact intimately to form an integrated structural module. The Jak2 FERM-SH2 structure closely resembles that recently described for Tyk2, another member of the Jak family. While the overall architecture and interdomain orientations are preserved between Jak2 and Tyk2, we identify residues in the putative receptor-binding groove that differ between the two and may contribute to the specificity of receptor recognition. Analysis of Jak mutations that are reported to disrupt receptor binding reveals that they lie in the hydrophobic core of the FERM domain, and are thus expected to compromise the structural integrity of the FERM-SH2 unit. Similarly, analysis of mutations in Jak3 that are associated with severe combined immunodeficiency suggests that they compromise Jak3 function by destabilizing the FERM-SH2 structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall McNally
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela V. Toms
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Eck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ferrao R, Wallweber HJA, Ho H, Tam C, Franke Y, Quinn J, Lupardus PJ. The Structural Basis for Class II Cytokine Receptor Recognition by JAK1. Structure 2016; 24:897-905. [PMID: 27133025 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
JAK1 is a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases that are activated in response to cytokines and interferons. Here, we present two crystal structures of the human JAK1 FERM and SH2 domains bound to peptides derived from the class II cytokine receptors IFN-λ receptor 1 and IL-10 receptor 1 (IFNLR1 and IL10RA). These structures reveal an interaction site in the JAK1 FERM that accommodates the so-called "box1" membrane-proximal receptor peptide motif. Biophysical analysis of the JAK1-IFNLR1 interaction indicates that the receptor box1 is the primary driver of the JAK1 interaction, and identifies residues conserved among class II receptors as important for binding. In addition, we demonstrate that a second "box2" receptor motif further stabilizes the JAK1-IFNLR1 complex. Together, these data identify a conserved JAK binding site for receptor peptides and elucidate the mechanism by which class II cytokine receptors interact with JAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ferrao
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Heidi J A Wallweber
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hoangdung Ho
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christine Tam
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yvonne Franke
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Quinn
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Patrick J Lupardus
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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