1
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Csergeová L, Krbušek D, Janoštiak R. CIP/KIP and INK4 families as hostages of oncogenic signaling. Cell Div 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38561743 PMCID: PMC10985988 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-024-00115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
CIP/KIP and INK4 families of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) are well-established cell cycle regulatory proteins whose canonical function is binding to Cyclin-CDK complexes and altering their function. Initial experiments showed that these proteins negatively regulate cell cycle progression and thus are tumor suppressors in the context of molecular oncology. However, expanded research into the functions of these proteins showed that most of them have non-canonical functions, both cell cycle-dependent and independent, and can even act as tumor enhancers depending on their posttranslational modifications, subcellular localization, and cell state context. This review aims to provide an overview of canonical as well as non-canonical functions of CIP/KIP and INK4 families of CKIs, discuss the potential avenues to promote their tumor suppressor functions instead of tumor enhancing ones, and how they could be utilized to design improved treatment regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Csergeová
- BIOCEV-First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Krbušek
- BIOCEV-First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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2
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Gallus R, Rizzo D, Rossi G, Mureddu L, Galli J, Artuso A, Bussu F. p16 Expression in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Surrogate or Independent Prognostic Marker? Pathogens 2024; 13:100. [PMID: 38392838 PMCID: PMC10892421 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common malignancy that, despite scientific advancements, has not seen an improvement in its prognosis in the last decades. Few promising predictive markers have been found and none are relevant in clinical practice. p16ink4a, an oncosuppressor protein involved in cell cycle arrest, with a prognostic impact on other cancers, has been widely used in the head and neck region as a surrogate marker of HPV infection. Published papers and recent meta-analyses seem to minimize the biological role of HPV in the context of LSCC's cancerogenesis, and to disprove the reliability of p16ink4a as a surrogate prognostic marker in this context, while still highlighting its potential role as an independent predictor of survival. Unfortunately, the available literature, in particular during the last two decades, is often not focused on its potential role as an independent biomarker and few relevant data are found in papers mainly focused on HPV. The available data suggest that future research should focus specifically on p16ink4a, taking into account both its potential inactivation and overexpression, different patterns of staining, and immunohistochemistry cutoffs, and should focus not on its potential role as a surrogate marker but on its independent role as a predictor of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gallus
- Otolaryngology, Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026 Olbia, Italy; (R.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Davide Rizzo
- U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.R.); (F.B.)
- Otolaryngology Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rossi
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, “A. Gemelli” Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (J.G.)
| | - Luca Mureddu
- U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Jacopo Galli
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, “A. Gemelli” Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (J.G.)
- Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Artuso
- Otolaryngology, Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026 Olbia, Italy; (R.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Francesco Bussu
- U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.R.); (F.B.)
- Otolaryngology Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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3
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Fuentes-Flores A, Geronimo-Olvera C, Girardi K, Necuñir-Ibarra D, Patel SK, Bons J, Wright MC, Geschwind D, Hoke A, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Schilling B, Rebolledo DL, Campisi J, Court FA. Senescent Schwann cells induced by aging and chronic denervation impair axonal regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17907. [PMID: 37860842 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury, successful axonal growth and functional recovery require Schwann cell (SC) reprogramming into a reparative phenotype, a process dependent upon c-Jun transcription factor activation. Unfortunately, axonal regeneration is greatly impaired in aged organisms and following chronic denervation, which can lead to poor clinical outcomes. While diminished c-Jun expression in SCs has been associated with regenerative failure, it is unclear whether the inability to maintain a repair state is associated with the transition into an axonal growth inhibition phenotype. We here find that reparative SCs transition into a senescent phenotype, characterized by diminished c-Jun expression and secretion of inhibitory factors for axonal regeneration in aging and chronic denervation. In both conditions, the elimination of senescent SCs by systemic senolytic drug treatment or genetic targeting improved nerve regeneration and functional recovery, increased c-Jun expression and decreased nerve inflammation. This work provides the first characterization of senescent SCs and their influence on axonal regeneration in aging and chronic denervation, opening new avenues for enhancing regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Fuentes-Flores
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Geronimo-Olvera
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Girardi
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - David Necuñir-Ibarra
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Joanna Bons
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Megan C Wright
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, UMH-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Daniela L Rebolledo
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
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P16INK4A—More Than a Senescence Marker. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091332. [PMID: 36143369 PMCID: PMC9501954 DOI: 10.3390/life12091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological feature that is characterized by gradual degeneration of function in cells, tissues, organs, or an intact organism due to the accumulation of environmental factors and stresses with time. Several factors have been attributed to aging such as oxidative stress and augmented production or exposure to reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines production, telomere shortening, DNA damage, and, importantly, the deposit of senescent cells. These are irreversibly mitotically inactive, yet metabolically active cells. The reason underlying their senescence lies within the extrinsic and the intrinsic arms. The extrinsic arm is mainly characterized by the expression and the secretory profile known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The intrinsic arm results from the impact of several genes meant to regulate the cell cycle, such as tumor suppressor genes. P16INK4A is a tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulator that has been linked to aging and senescence. Extensive research has revealed that p16 expression is significantly increased in senescent cells, as well as during natural aging or age-related pathologies. Based on this fact, p16 is considered as a specific biomarker for detecting senescent cells and aging. Other studies have found that p16 is not only a senescence marker, but also a protein with many functions outside of senescence and aging. In this paper, we discuss and shed light on several studies that show the different functions of p16 and provide insights in its role in several biological processes besides senescence and aging.
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Luo H, Chen L, Cui Z, Du J, Yang H, Qiu W, Zhai L, Liang H, Tang H. Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 affects hydroquinone-induced aberrant cell cycle and apoptosis through activation of p16/pRb signaling pathway in TK6 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113259. [PMID: 35121258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ), a key metabolite of benzene, affects cell cycle and apoptosis. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) plays an important role in DNA damage repair. To explore whether PARP-1 is involved in HQ-induced cell cycle and apoptosis, we assessed the effect of PARP-1 suppression and overexpression on induction of cell cycle and apoptosis analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. We observed that HQ induced aberrant cell cycle progression and apoptosis. We further confirmed that PARP-1 suppression accelerated the cell cycle progression and inhibited cell apoptosis via inhibiting p16/pRb signal pathway after acute HQ exposure, while overexpression of PARP-1 displayed the opposite results. Therefore, we concluded that HQ-induced cell cycle and apoptosis were regulated by PARP-1 through activation of p16/pRb signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Institute of Environmental Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zheming Cui
- Institute of Environmental Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jinlin Du
- Institute of Environmental Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Weifeng Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Lu Zhai
- Institute of Environmental Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hairong Liang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
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Liang Y, Wu J, Zhu JH, Yang H. Exosomes secreted by hypoxia-preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce neuronal apoptosis in rats with spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:701-714. [PMID: 35018814 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal death is the main cause of nerve function impairment after spinal cord injury (SCI). Exosome-based therapy has become a novel strategy for tissue injury repair. We designed a method to treat SCI using exosomes secreted by adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) under hypoxic conditions. We established a neuronal oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) model in vitro to simulate the hypoxic environment after SCI. We observed that exosomes derived from hypoxia-conditioned ADSCs (Hypo-exos) significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis after OGD. By establishing a rat SCI model, we found that Hypo-exos can significantly reduce the formation of cavities in the injured area and improve the functional recovery of the hind limbs of rats after injury. To explore the molecular mechanism, we conducted miRNA sequencing analysis of exosomes. Through RT-PCR, dual luciferase reporter assays and signaling pathway chip analysis, we determined that miR-499a-5p regulates the JNK3/c-jun-apoptotic signaling pathway by targeting JNK3. Furthermore, we verified the expression of the key proteins in the JNK3/c-jun-apoptotic signaling pathway by immunofluorescence and western blotting. These results support the hypothesis that Hypo-exos can reduce neuronal apoptosis after SCI and may provide new methods to treat SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 159374, Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedic, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008;
| | - Jianhuang Wu
- Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 159374, Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedic, Changsha, Hunan, China;
| | - Jing-Hui Zhu
- Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 159374, Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedic, Changsha, Hunan, China;
| | - Hui Yang
- Second Xiangya Hospital, 70566, Department of Radiology, Changsha, Hunan, China;
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Kramar B, Šuput D, Milisav I. Differential p16 expression levels in the liver, hepatocytes and hepatocellular cell lines. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12358. [PMID: 34760375 PMCID: PMC8570159 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most frequently deleted genes in cancer is CDKN2A encoding p16. This protein is often overexpressed in senescent cells, while its suppression can bypass the oncogene-induced senescence to enable transformation and tumorigenesis. The roles of the protein p16 are recently being expanded from the cell cycle progression regulator to the cellular regulator interacting in several different pathways. Yet data on its liver and liver cells' expression are inconclusive. Methods The expression of the p16 gene in liver and liver cells was determined by RT-qPCR and compared to its protein amounts by western blotting. Results p16 is expressed at low levels in the liver and rat hepatocytes. Its expression varies from none to the considerable levels in the examined hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (FaO and HepG2) and in immortalized mouse hepatocytes. Such significant expression differences of an important cellular regulator warrant the need to closely examine the differences in biochemical pathways correlated with the p16 expression when using hepatocytes and hepatoma liver models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kramar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Zaloska 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Šuput
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Zaloska 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irina Milisav
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Zaloska 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Laboratory of oxidative stress research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Zhou J, Hou C, Chen H, Qin Z, Miao Z, Zhao J, Wang Q, Cui M, Xie C, Wang R, Li Q, Zuo G, Miao D, Jin J. P16 I NK 4a Deletion Ameliorates Damage of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier and Microbial Dysbiosis in a Stress-Induced Premature Senescence Model of Bmi-1 Deficiency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671564. [PMID: 34712655 PMCID: PMC8545785 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether Bmi-1 deficiency leads to intestinal epithelial barrier destruction and microbiota dysfunction, which members of the microbial community alter barrier function with age, and whether p16INK4a deletion could reverse the damage of intestinal epithelial barrier and microbial dysbiosis. Intestines from Bmi-1–deficient (Bmi-1–/–), Bmi-1 and p16INK4a double-knockout (Bmi-1–/–p16INK4a–/–), and wild-type mice were observed for aging and inflammation. Duolink Proximity Ligation Assay, immunoprecipitation, and construction of p16INK4a overexpressed adenovirus and the overexpressed plasmids of full-length, mutant, or truncated fragments for occludin were used for analyzing the interaction between p16INK4a and occludin. High-throughput sequencing of V4 region amplicon of 16S ribosomal RNA was conducted using intestinal microbiota. We found Bmi-1 deficiency destructed barrier structure, barrier function, and tight junction (TJ) in intestinal epithelium; decreased the TJ proteins; increased tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)–dependent barrier permeability; and up-regulated proinflammatory level of macrophages induced by intestinal microbial dysbiosis. The transplantation of fecal microbiota from wild-type mice ameliorated TJ in intestinal epithelium of Bmi-1–/– and Bmi-1–/–p16INK4a–/– mice. Harmful bacteria including Desulfovibrio, Helicobacter, and Oscillibacter were at a higher level in Bmi-1–/– mice. More harmful bacteria Desulfovibrio entered the epithelium and promoted macrophages-secreted TNF-α and caused TNF-α–dependent barrier permeability and aging. Accumulated p16INK4a combined with occludin at the 1st–160th residue in cytoplasm of intestinal epithelium cells from Bmi-1–/– mice, which blocked formation of TJ and the repair of intestinal epithelium barrier. P16INK4a deletion could maintain barrier function and microbiota balance in Bmi-1–/– mice through strengthening formation of TJ and decreasing macrophages-secreted TNF-α induced by Desulfovibrio entering the intestinal epithelium. Thus, Bmi-1 maintained intestinal TJ, epithelial barrier function, and microbiota balance through preventing senescence characterized by p16INK4a accumulation. The clearance of p16INK4a-positive cells in aging intestinal epithelium would be a new method for maintaining barrier function and microbiota balance. The residues 1–160 of occludin could be a novel therapeutic target for identifying small molecular antagonistic peptides to prevent the combination of p16INK4a with occludin for protecting TJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Zhou
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxing Hou
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- Anti-Aging Research Laboratory, Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyue Qin
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi'an Miao
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuyi Wang
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Cui
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoping Zuo
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Anti-Aging Research Laboratory, Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianliang Jin
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Analysis of the Chemical, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Pink Pepper ( Schinus molle L.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071062. [PMID: 34209199 PMCID: PMC8300677 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we compared the chemical properties and antioxidant effects of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and pink pepper (Schinus molle L.). Additionally, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of pink pepper were measured to determine nutraceutical potential. Pink peppers from Brazil (PPB), India (PPI), and Sri Lanka (PPS) had higher Hunter a* (redness) values and lower L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness) values than black pepper from Vietnam (BPV). Fructose and glucose were detected in PPB, PPI, and PPS, but not in BPV. PPB, PPI, and PPS had greater 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical scavenging stabilities and higher total phenolic contents than BPV. BPV had higher levels of piperine than the pink peppers. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, epicatechin, and p-coumaric acid were detected only in the three pink peppers. PPB significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced reactive oxygen species production with increased Nrf2 translocation from cytosol to nucleus and heme oxygenase-1 expression. PPB and PPS significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitrite production and nitric oxide synthase expression by suppressing phosphorylation of p38 without affecting cell viability. Additionally, PPB and PPS significantly suppressed ultraviolet B-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by affecting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 without cell cytotoxicity. These results suggest that pink pepper is a potential nutraceutical against oxidative and inflammatory stress.
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Nakano R, Nakayama T, Sugiya H. Biological Properties of JNK3 and Its Function in Neurons, Astrocytes, Pancreatic β-Cells and Cardiovascular Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081802. [PMID: 32751228 PMCID: PMC7464089 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
JNK is a protein kinase, which induces transactivation of c-jun. The three isoforms of JNK, JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, are encoded by three distinct genes. JNK1 and JNK2 are expressed ubiquitously throughout the body. By contrast, the expression of JNK3 is limited and observed mainly in the brain, heart, and testes. Concerning the biological properties of JNKs, the contribution of upstream regulators and scaffold proteins plays an important role in the activation of JNKs. Since JNK signaling has been described as a form of stress-response signaling, the contribution of JNK3 to pathophysiological events, such as stress response or cell death including apoptosis, has been well studied. However, JNK3 also regulates the physiological functions of neurons and non-neuronal cells, such as development, regeneration, and differentiation/reprogramming. In this review, we shed light on the physiological functions of JNK3. In addition, we summarize recent advances in the knowledge regarding interactions between JNK3 and cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Nakano
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan; (T.N.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan; (T.N.); (H.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan; (T.N.); (H.S.)
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Strauss RP, Audsley KM, Passman AM, van Vuuren JH, Finch-Edmondson ML, Callus BA, Yeoh GC. Loss of ARF/INK4A Promotes Liver Progenitor Cell Transformation Toward Tumorigenicity Supporting Their Role in Hepatocarcinogenesis. Gene Expr 2020; 20:39-52. [PMID: 32317048 PMCID: PMC7284103 DOI: 10.3727/105221620x15874935364268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) contribute to liver regeneration during chronic damage and are implicated as cells of origin for liver cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The CDKN2A locus, which encodes the tumor suppressors alternate reading frame protein (ARF) and INK4A, was identified as one of the most frequently altered genes in HCC. This study demonstrates that inactivation of CDKN2A enhances tumorigenic transformation of LPCs. The level of ARF and INK4A expression was determined in a panel of transformed and nontransformed wild-type LPC lines. Moreover, the transforming potential of LPCs with inactivated CDKN2A was shown to be enhanced in LPCs derived from Arf-/- and CDKN2Afl/fl mice and in wild-type LPCs following CRISPR-Cas9 suppression of CDKN2A. ARF and INK4A abundance is consistently reduced or ablated following LPC transformation. Arf-/- and CDKN2A-/- LPCs displayed hallmarks of transformation such as anchorage-independent and more rapid growth than control LPC lines with unaltered CDKN2A. Transformation was not immediate, suggesting that the loss of CDKN2A alone is insufficient. Further analysis revealed decreased p21 expression as well as reduced epithelial markers and increased mesenchymal markers, indicative of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, following inactivation of the CDKN2A gene were required for tumorigenic transformation. Loss of ARF and INK4A enhances the propensity of LPCs to undergo a tumorigenic transformation. As LPCs represent a cancer stem cell candidate, identifying CDKN2A as a driver of LPC transformation highlights ARF and INK4A as viable prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn P. Strauss
- *School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- †Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Katherine M. Audsley
- *School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Adam M. Passman
- *School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- †Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Joanne H. van Vuuren
- †Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Bernard A. Callus
- *School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - George C. Yeoh
- *School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- †Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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12
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Chen H, Chen H, Liang J, Gu X, Zhou J, Xie C, Lv X, Wang R, Li Q, Mao Z, Sun H, Zuo G, Miao D, Jin J. TGF-β1/IL-11/MEK/ERK signaling mediates senescence-associated pulmonary fibrosis in a stress-induced premature senescence model of Bmi-1 deficiency. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:130-151. [PMID: 31959867 PMCID: PMC7000795 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To study whether TGF-β1/IL-11/MEK/ERK (TIME) signaling mediates senescence-associated pulmonary fibrosis (SAPF) in Bmi-1-deficient (Bmi-1-/-) mice and determines the major downstream mediator of Bmi-1 and crosstalk between p16INK4a and reactive oxygen species that regulates SAPF, phenotypes were compared among 7-week-old p16INK4a and Bmi-1 double-knockout, N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-treated Bmi-1-/-, Bmi-1-/-, and wild-type mice. Pulmonary fibroblasts and alveolar type II epithelial (AT2) cells were used for experiments. Human pulmonary tissues were tested for type Ι collagen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), p16INK4a, p53, p21, and TIME signaling by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that Bmi-1 deficiency resulted in a shortened lifespan, ventilatory resistance, poor ventilatory compliance, and SAPF, including cell senescence, DNA damage, a senescence-associated secretory phenotype and collagen overdeposition that was mediated by the upregulation of TIME signaling. The signaling stimulated cell senescence, senescence-related secretion of TGF-β1 and IL-11 and production of collagen 1 by pulmonary fibroblasts and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of AT2 cells. These processes were inhibited by anti-IL-11 or the MEK inhibitor PD98059. NAC treatment prolonged the lifespan and ameliorated pulmonary dysfunction and SAPF by downregulating TIME signaling more than p16INK4a deletion by inhibiting oxidative stress and DNA damage and promoting ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of p16INK4a and p53. Cytoplasmic p16INK4a accumulation upregulated MEK/ERK signaling by inhibiting the translocation of pERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in senescent fibroblasts. The accumulation of collagen 1 and α-SMA in human lungs accompanied by cell senescence may be mediated by TIME signaling. Thus, this signaling in aging fibroblasts or AT2 cells could be a therapeutic target for preventing SAPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Chen
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Anti-aging Research Laboratory, Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jialong Liang
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jiawen Zhou
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xianhui Lv
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zhiyuan Mao
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Haijian Sun
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Guoping Zuo
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianliang Jin
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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13
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Buj R, Aird KM. p16: cycling off the beaten path. Mol Cell Oncol 2019; 6:e1677140. [PMID: 31692916 PMCID: PMC6816386 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2019.1677140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
p16INK4A (hereafter called p16) is a faithful cellular ally in the fight against tumorigenesis. Although its canonical pathway through retinoblastoma (RB) is well delineated, RB-independent functions for p16 are beginning to emerge. Here we summarize non-canonical roles of p16, including our recent finding on its role in nucleotide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Buj
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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14
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Kumar A, Thomas SK, Wong KC, Lo Sardo V, Cheah DS, Hou YH, Placone JK, Tenerelli KP, Ferguson WC, Torkamani A, Topol EJ, Baldwin KK, Engler AJ. Mechanical activation of noncoding-RNA-mediated regulation of disease-associated phenotypes in human cardiomyocytes. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:137-146. [PMID: 30911429 PMCID: PMC6430136 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
How common polymorphisms in noncoding genome regions can regulate cellular function remains largely unknown. Here we show that cardiac fibrosis, mimicked using a hydrogel with controllable stiffness, affects the regulation of the phenotypes of human cardiomyocytes by a portion of the long noncoding RNA ANRIL, the gene of which is located in the disease-associated 9p21 locus. In a physiological environment, cultured cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells obtained from patients who are homozygous for cardiovascular-risk alleles (R/R cardiomyocytes) or from healthy individuals who are homozygous for nonrisk alleles contracted synchronously, independently of genotype. After hydrogel stiffening to mimic fibrosis, only the R/R cardiomyocytes exhibited asynchronous contractions. These effects were associated with increased expression of the short ANRIL isoform in R/R cardiomyocytes, which induced a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation-based mechanism that impaired gap junctions (particularly, loss of connexin-43 expression) following stiffening. Deletion of the risk locus or treatment with a JNK antagonist was sufficient to maintain gap junctions and prevent asynchronous contraction of cardiomyocytes. Our findings suggest that mechanical changes in the microenvironment of cardiomyocytes can activate the regulation of their function by noncoding loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie K Thomas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten C Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Valentina Lo Sardo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S Cheah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yang-Hsun Hou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jesse K Placone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin P Tenerelli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William C Ferguson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ali Torkamani
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Topol
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristin K Baldwin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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15
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p21 WAF1/Cip1 Regulation by hYSK1 Activates SP-1 Transcription Factor and Increases MMP-2 Expression under Hypoxic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020310. [PMID: 30646538 PMCID: PMC6359055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hYSK1, a serine/threonine kinase (STK)-25, has been implicated in a variety of cellular functions including cell migration and polarity. We have recently reported that hYSK1 down-regulated the expression and functions of p16INK4a, a cell cycle regulatory protein, thereby enhancing migration and growth of cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. In this study, we further investigated the mechanisms underlying downregulation of p16INK4a and anti-migratory function of hYSK1. Our study revealed that p21WAF1/Cip1 is a novel binding partner of hYSK1. Moreover, the interaction between hYSK1 and p21WAF1/Cip1 led to the inhibition of SP-1 transcriptional activity, as revealed by a significant down-regulation of SP-1-mediated transactivation of p16INK4a promoter, and accelerated MMP-2 expression. Conversely, the knock-down of hYSK1 enhanced the p16INK4a promoter activity and protein expression, and diminished MMP-2 transcription and protein levels in hypoxic conditions as compared to control. Taken together, hYSK1 blocks the p21WAF1/Cip1 functions by direct interaction and inhibits the p16INK4a expression and induces MMP-2 expression by its regulations of SP-1 transcriptional activity under the hypoxia conditions.
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16
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Bertschmann J, Thalappilly S, Riabowol K. The ING1a model of rapid cell senescence. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 177:109-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Aspinwall LG, Stump TK, Taber JM, Drummond DM, Kohlmann W, Champine M, Leachman SA. Genetic test reporting of CDKN2A provides informational and motivational benefits for managing melanoma risk. Transl Behav Med 2018; 8:29-43. [PMID: 29385581 PMCID: PMC6065541 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A CDKN2A/p16 mutation confers 28%-67% lifetime melanoma risk, a risk that may be moderated by ultraviolet radiation exposure. The aim of this study was to test whether melanoma genetic counseling and test disclosure conferred unique informational, motivational, or emotional benefits compared to family history-based counseling. Participants included were 114 unaffected members of melanoma-prone families, ages 16-69, 51.8% men, 65.8% with minor children or grandchildren. Carriers (n = 28) and noncarriers (n = 41) from families with a CDKN2A mutation were compared to no-test controls (n = 45) from melanoma-prone families without an identifiable CDKN2A mutation. All participants received equivalent counseling about melanoma risk and management; only CDKN2A participants received genetic test results. Using newly developed inventories, participants rated perceived costs and benefits for managing their own and their children's or grandchildren's melanoma risk 1 month and 1 year after counseling. Propensity scores controlled for baseline family differences. Compared to no-test controls, participants who received test results (carriers and noncarriers) reported feeling significantly more informed and prepared to manage their risk, and carriers reported greater motivation to reduce sun exposure. All groups reported low negative emotions about melanoma risk. Parents reported high levels of preparedness to manage children's risk regardless of group. Carrier parents reported greater (but moderate) worry about their children's risk than no-test control parents. Women, older, and more educated respondents reported greater informational and motivational benefits regardless of group. Genetic test results were perceived as more informative and motivating for personal sun protection efforts than equivalent counseling based on family history alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Aspinwall
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tammy K Stump
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jennifer M Taber
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Wendy Kohlmann
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marjan Champine
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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18
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WITHDRAWN: Abnormal expression of TFIIIB subunits and RNA Pol III genes is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. LIVER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Lei J, Chen S, Zhong S. Abnormal expression of TFIIIB subunits and RNA Pol III genes is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:112-120. [PMID: 29276645 PMCID: PMC5739085 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The levels of the products of RNA polymerase III-dependent genes (Pol III genes), including tRNAs and 5S rRNA, are elevated in transformed and tumor cells, which potentiate tumorigenesis. TFIIB-related factor 1 (Brf1) is a key transcription factor and specifically regulates the transcription of Pol III genes. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that a decrease in Brf1 reduces Pol III gene transcription and is sufficient for inhibiting cell transformation and tumor formation. Emerging evidence indicates that dysregulation of Brf1 and Pol III genes is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans and animals. We have reported that Brf1 is overexpressed in human liver cancer patients and that those with high Brf1 levels have shorter survivals. This review summarizes the effects of dysregulation of these genes on HCC and their regulation by signaling pathways and epigenetics. These novel data should help us determine the molecular mechanisms of HCC from a different perspective and guide the development of therapeutic approaches for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Lei
- School of medicine, South china university of technology, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Songlin Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiamen University Affiliated Southeast Hospital, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (S. Zhong)
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20
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Yosef R, Pilpel N, Papismadov N, Gal H, Ovadya Y, Vadai E, Miller S, Porat Z, Ben-Dor S, Krizhanovsky V. p21 maintains senescent cell viability under persistent DNA damage response by restraining JNK and caspase signaling. EMBO J 2017; 36:2280-2295. [PMID: 28607003 PMCID: PMC5538795 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a permanent state of cell cycle arrest that protects the organism from tumorigenesis and regulates tissue integrity upon damage and during tissue remodeling. However, accumulation of senescent cells in tissues during aging contributes to age‐related pathologies. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms regulating the viability of senescent cells is therefore required. Here, we show that the CDK inhibitor p21 (CDKN1A) maintains the viability of DNA damage‐induced senescent cells. Upon p21 knockdown, senescent cells acquired multiple DNA lesions that activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB kinase, leading to decreased cell survival. NF‐κB activation induced TNF‐α secretion and JNK activation to mediate death of senescent cells in a caspase‐ and JNK‐dependent manner. Notably, p21 knockout in mice eliminated liver senescent stellate cells and alleviated liver fibrosis and collagen production. These findings define a novel pathway that regulates senescent cell viability and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Yosef
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Pilpel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nurit Papismadov
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hilah Gal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yossi Ovadya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ezra Vadai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stav Miller
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Valery Krizhanovsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Kang BS, Hwang YJ, Dong Z. ERK1 Directly Interacts With JNK1 Leading to Regulation of JNK1/c-Jun Activity and Cell Transformation. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2357-2370. [PMID: 28106280 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ERK1 and ERK2 share a great deal of homology and have been presumed to have similar functions. Available antibodies recognize both isoforms making the elucidation of functional differences challenging. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase networks are commonly depicted in the literature as linear and sequential phosphorylation cascades; however, the activation of these pathways is not mutually exclusive. Little doubt exists that MAP kinases engage in crosstalk, but the extent or the direct effect of these "conversations" is unclear. Here, we report the possible points of direct interaction as "crosstalk" points between ERK1 and JNK1 and a potential mechanism for ERK1 function in repressing Ras/JNK-mediated cell transformation. ERK1, but not ERK2, directly interacts with and antagonizes JNK1 phosphorylation and activity, resulting in suppression of neoplastic cell transformation mediated by the Ras/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. Interestingly, ERK1 phosphorylation was increased in normal tissues compared to liver cancer tissues. Furthermore, predominant JNK/c-Jun activation was observed in liver cancer tissues. These phenomena can provide evidence for the existence of a functional association between ERK and JNK signaling pathways during in vivo tumorigenesis. Overall, our findings provide new evidence supporting the paradigm of an ERK1/JNK1 antagonistic interaction as a novel mechanism of trans-regulation between different MAP kinase signaling modules. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2357-2370, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Seok Kang
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Hwang
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.,Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, Minnesota, 55912
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22
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Campagne C, Reyes-Gomez E, Picco ME, Loiodice S, Salaun P, Ezagal J, Bernex F, Commère PH, Pons S, Esquerre D, Bourneuf E, Estellé J, Maskos U, Lopez-Bergami P, Aubin-Houzelstein G, Panthier JJ, Egidy G. RACK1 cooperates with NRAS Q61K to promote melanoma in vivo. Cell Signal 2017; 36:255-266. [PMID: 28343944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer. RACK1 (Receptor for activated protein kinase C) protein was proposed as a biological marker of melanoma in human and domestic animal species harboring spontaneous melanomas. As a scaffold protein, RACK1 is able to coordinate the interaction of key signaling molecules implicated in both physiological cellular functions and tumorigenesis. A role for RACK1 in rewiring ERK and JNK signaling pathways in melanoma cell lines had been proposed. Here, we used a genetic approach to test this hypothesis in vivo in the mouse. We show that Rack1 knock-down in the mouse melanoma cell line B16 reduces invasiveness and induces cell differentiation. We have developed the first mouse model for RACK1 gain of function, Tyr::Rack1-HA transgenic mice, targeting RACK1 to melanocytes in vivo. RACK1 overexpression was not sufficient to initiate melanomas despite activated ERK and AKT. However, in a context of melanoma predisposition, RACK1 overexpression reduced latency and increased incidence and metastatic rate. In primary melanoma cells from Tyr::Rack1-HA, Tyr::NRasQ61K mice, activated JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and activated STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) acted as RACK1 oncogenic partners in tumoral progression. A sequential and coordinated activation of ERK, JNK and STAT3 with RACK1 is shown to accelerate aggressive melanoma development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Campagne
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - E Reyes-Gomez
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité d'Embryologie, d'Histologie et d'Anatomie Pathologique, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M E Picco
- Instituto de Medicina y Biologia Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Loiodice
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Salaun
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J Ezagal
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - F Bernex
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité d'Embryologie, d'Histologie et d'Anatomie Pathologique, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P H Commère
- Plateforme de Cytométrie, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - S Pons
- Unité Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, UMR 3571, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, F75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - D Esquerre
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - E Bourneuf
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France; LREG, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J Estellé
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - U Maskos
- Unité Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, UMR 3571, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, F75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - P Lopez-Bergami
- Instituto de Medicina y Biologia Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnologicos, Ambientales y Diagnostico, Universidad Malmonides, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Aubin-Houzelstein
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J J Panthier
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; CNRS URM 3738, USC INRA 2026, F-75724, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Biologie du Développement et Cellules Souches, Génétique fonctionnelle de la Souris, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris F-75724, France
| | - G Egidy
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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23
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Chaves FN, Bezerra TMM, de Barros Silva PG, Oliveira FAF, Sousa FB, Costa FWG, Alves APNN, Pereira KMA. Evaluation of the p-AKT, p-JNK and FoxO3a function in oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Dis 2017; 23:367-378. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- FN Chaves
- School of Dentistry; Federal University of Ceara/Sobral; Sobral Ceara Brazil
| | - TMM Bezerra
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - PG de Barros Silva
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - FAF Oliveira
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - FB Sousa
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - FWG Costa
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - APNN Alves
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Dental Clinic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Ceara Brazil
| | - KMA Pereira
- School of Dentistry; Federal University of Ceara/Sobral; Sobral Ceara Brazil
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24
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WU S, WANG J, LI F. Role of SNF5 in rheumatoid arthritis by upregulation ofp16 and inactivation of JNK pathway. Turk J Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1610-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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25
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Singh PR, Priya ES, Balakrishnan S, Arunkumar R, Sharmila G, Rajalakshmi M, Arunakaran J. Nimbolide inhibits androgen independent prostate cancer cells survival and proliferation by modulating multiple pro-survival signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1623-1634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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26
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Wäster P, Rosdahl I, Öllinger K. Cell fate regulated by nuclear factor-κB- and activator protein-1-dependent signalling in human melanocytes exposed to ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:1336-46. [PMID: 25046326 PMCID: PMC4298246 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Summary What's already known about this topic? What does this study add?
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wäster
- Divison of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden; Divison of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
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27
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Lopez-Bergami P. The role of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase pathways in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 24:902-21. [PMID: 21914141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have increased our comprehension of the molecular signaling events critical for melanoma development and progression. Many oncogenes driving melanoma have been identified, and most of them exert their oncogenic effects through the activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK pathways are also important in melanoma, but their precise role is not clear yet. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of the three main MAPK pathways, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), JNK, and p38, and their impact on melanoma biology. Although the results obtained with BRAF inhibitors in melanoma patients are impressive, several mechanisms of acquired resistance have emerged. To overcome this obstacle constitutes the new challenge in melanoma therapy. Given the major role that MAPKs play in melanoma, understanding their functions and the interconnection among them and with other signaling pathways represents a step forward toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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28
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Yao K, Chen H, Lee MH, Li H, Ma W, Peng C, Song NR, Lee KW, Bode AM, Dong Z, Dong Z. Licochalcone A, a natural inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 7:139-49. [PMID: 24253317 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) play an important role in many physiologic processes induced by numerous stress signals. Each JNK protein appears to have a distinct function in cancer, diabetes, or Parkinson's disease. Herein, we found that licochalcone A, a major phenolic constituent isolated from licorice root, suppressed JNK1 activity but had little effect on JNK2 in vitro activity. Although licochalcone A binds with JIP1 competitively with either JNK1 or JNK2, a computer simulation model showed that after licochalcone A binding, the ATP-binding cleft of JNK1 was distorted more substantially than that of JNK2. This could reduce the affinity of JNK1 more than JNK2 for ATP binding. Furthermore, licochalcone A inhibited JNK1-mediated, but not JNK2-mediated, c-Jun phosphorylation in both ex vivo and in vitro systems. We also observed that in colon and pancreatic cancer cell lines, JNK1 is highly expressed compared with normal cell lines. In cancer cell lines, treatment with licochalcone A or knocking down JNK1 expression suppressed colon and pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. The inhibition resulted in G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, an in vivo xenograft mouse study showed that licochalcone A treatment effectively suppressed the growth of HCT116 xenografts, without affecting the body weight of mice. These results show that licochalcone A is a selective JNK1 inhibitor. Therefore, we suggest that because of the critical role of JNK1 in colon cancer and pancreatic carcinogenesis, licochalcone A might have preventive or therapeutic potential against these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yao
- The Hormel Institute University of Minnesota, 801 16 Ave NE, Austin, MN 55912.
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29
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Lee MH, Choi BY, Cho YY, Lee SY, Huang Z, Kundu JK, Kim MO, Kim DJ, Bode AM, Surh YJ, Dong Z. Tumor suppressor p16(INK4a) inhibits cancer cell growth by downregulating eEF1A2 through a direct interaction. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1744-52. [PMID: 23444377 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p16(INK4a) is a member of the INK4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors, which are involved in the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative effects of p16(INK4a) have not been fully elucidated. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified the eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF)1A2 as a novel interacting partner of p16(INK4a). eEF1A2 is thought to function as an oncogene in cancers. The p16(INK4a) protein interacted with all but the D2 (250-327 aa) domain of eEF1A2. Ectopic expression of p16(INK4a) decreased the expression of eEF1A2 and inhibited cancer cell growth. Furthermore, suppression of protein synthesis by expression of p16(INK4a) ex vivo was verified by luciferase reporter activity. Microinjection of p16(INK4a) mRNA into the cytoplasm of Xenopus embryos suppressed the luciferase mRNA translation, whereas the combination of p16(INK4a) and morpholino-eEF1A2 resulted in a further reduction in translational activity. We conclude that the interaction of p16(INK4a) with eEF1A2, and subsequent downregulation of the expression and function of eEF1A2 is a novel mechanism explaining the anti-proliferative effects of p16(INK4a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hyun Lee
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, MN 55912, USA
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30
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The role of tumor suppressor p15Ink4b in the regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell fate. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e99. [PMID: 23359317 PMCID: PMC3556574 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2012.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of the tumor suppressor gene p15Ink4b (CDKN2B) is a frequent event in blood disorders like acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. The molecular function of p15Ink4b in hematopoietic differentiation still remains to be elucidated. Our previous study demonstrated that loss of p15Ink4b in mice results in skewing of the differentiation pattern of the common myeloid progenitor towards the myeloid lineage. Here, we investigated a function of p15Ink4b tumor suppressor gene in driving erythroid lineage commitment in hematopoietic progenitors. It was found that p15Ink4b is expressed more highly in committed megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitors than granulocyte–macrophage progenitors. More importantly, mice lacking p15Ink4b have lower numbers of primitive red cell progenitors and a severely impaired response to 5-fluorouracil- and phenylhydrazine-induced hematopoietic stress. Introduction of p15Ink4b into multipotential progenitors produced changes at the molecular level, including activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase\extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) signaling, increase GATA-1, erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) and decrease Pu1, GATA-2 expression. These changes rendered cells more permissive to erythroid commitment and less permissive to myeloid commitment, as demonstrated by an increase in early burst-forming unit-erythroid formation with concomitant decrease in myeloid colonies. Our results indicate that p15Ink4b functions in hematopoiesis, by maintaining proper lineage commitment of progenitors and assisting in rapid red blood cells replenishment following stress.
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31
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Wehbe M, Soudja SM, Mas A, Chasson L, Guinamard R, de Tenbossche CP, Verdeil G, Van den Eynde B, Schmitt-Verhulst AM. Epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-like and TGFβ pathways associated with autochthonous inflammatory melanoma development in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49419. [PMID: 23173060 PMCID: PMC3500287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared gene expression signatures of aggressive amelanotic (Amela) melanomas with those of slowly growing pigmented melanomas (Mela), identifying pathways potentially responsible for the aggressive Amela phenotype. Both tumors develop in mice upon conditional deletion in melanocytes of Ink4a/Arf tumor suppressor genes with concomitant expression of oncogene H-Ras(G12V) and a known tumor antigen. We previously showed that only the aggressive Amela tumors were highly infiltrated by leukocytes concomitant with local and systemic inflammation. We report that Amela tumors present a pattern of de-differentiation with reduced expression of genes involved in pigmentation. This correlates with reduced and enhanced expression, respectively, of microphthalmia-associated (Mitf) and Pou3f2/Brn-2 transcription factors. The reduced expression of Mitf-controlled melanocyte differentiation antigens also observed in some human cutaneous melanoma has important implications for immunotherapy protocols that generally target such antigens. Induced Amela tumors also express Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition (EMT)-like and TGFβ-pathway signatures. These are correlated with constitutive Smad3 signaling in Amela tumors and melanoma cell lines. Signatures of infiltrating leukocytes and some chemokines such as chemotactic cytokine ligand 2 (Ccl2) that contribute to leukocyte recruitment further characterize Amela tumors. Inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation pathway in Amela tumor lines leads to reduced expression of EMT hallmark genes and inhibits both proinflammatory cytokine Ccl2 gene expression and Ccl2 production by the melanoma cells. These results indicate a link between EMT-like processes and alterations of immune functions, both being controlled by the MAPK pathway. They further suggest that targeting the MAPK pathway within tumor cells will impact tumor-intrinsic oncogenic properties as well as the nature of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wehbe
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Saïdi M. Soudja
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Amandine Mas
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Chasson
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Rodolphe Guinamard
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | | | - Grégory Verdeil
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Benoît Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
- * E-mail: .
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32
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Baek S, Kang NJ, Popowicz GM, Arciniega M, Jung SK, Byun S, Song NR, Heo YS, Kim BY, Lee HJ, Holak TA, Augustin M, Bode AM, Huber R, Dong Z, Lee KW. Structural and functional analysis of the natural JNK1 inhibitor quercetagetin. J Mol Biol 2012; 425:411-23. [PMID: 23142567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) play critical roles in chronic diseases such as cancer, type II diabetes, and obesity. We describe here the binding of quercetagetin (3,3',4',5,6,7-hydroxyflavone), related flavonoids, and SP600125 to JNK1 and PI3-K by ATP-competitive and immobilized metal ion affinity-based fluorescence polarization assays and measure the effect of quercetagetin on JNK1 and PI3-K activities. Quercetagetin attenuated the phosphorylation of c-Jun and AKT, suppressed AP-1 and NF-κB promoter activities, and also reduced cell transformation. It attenuated tumor incidence and reduced tumor volumes in a two-stage skin carcinogenesis mouse model. Our crystallographic structure determination data show that quercetagetin binds to the ATP-binding site of JNK1. Notably, the interaction between Lys55, Asp169, and Glu73 of JNK1 and the catechol moiety of quercetagetin reorients the N-terminal lobe of JNK1, thereby improving compatibility of the ligand with its binding site. The results of a theoretical docking study suggest a binding mode of PI3-K with the hydroxyl groups of the catechol moiety forming hydrogen bonds with the side chains of Asp964 and Asp841 in the p110γ catalytic subunit. These interactions could contribute to the high inhibitory activity of quercetagetin against PI3-K. Our study suggests the potential use of quercetagetin in the prevention or therapy of cancer and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Baek
- Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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33
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Murakami Y, Mizoguchi F, Saito T, Miyasaka N, Kohsaka H. p16(INK4a) exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through accelerated IRAK1 degradation in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5066-72. [PMID: 23066149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Induction of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor gene p16(INK4a) into the synovial tissues suppresses rheumatoid arthritis in animal models. In vitro studies have shown that the cell-cycle inhibitor p16(INK4a) also exerts anti-inflammatory effects on rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (RSF) in CDK activity-dependent and -independent manners. The present study was conducted to discern how p16(INK4a) modulates macrophages, which are the major source of inflammatory cytokines in inflamed synovial tissues. We found that p16(INK4a) suppresses LPS-induced production of IL-6 but not of TNF-α from macrophages. This inhibition did not depend on CDK4/6 activity and was not observed in RSF. p16(INK4a) gene transfer accelerated LPS-triggered IL-1R-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) degradation in macrophages but not in RSF. The degradation inhibited the AP-1 pathway without affecting the NF-κB pathway. Treatment with a proteosome inhibitor prevented the acceleration of IRAK1 degradation and downregulation of the AP-1 pathway. THP-1 macrophages with forced IRAK1 expression were resistant to the p16(INK4a)-induced IL-6 suppression. Senescent macrophages with physiological expression of p16(INK4a) upregulated IL-6 production when p16(INK4a) was targeted by specific small interfering RNA. These findings indicate that p16(INK4a) promotes ubiquitin-dependent IRAK1 degradation, impairs AP-1 activation, and suppresses IL-6 production. Thus, p16(INK4a) senescence gene upregulation inhibits inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages in a different way than in RSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Murakami
- Department of Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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34
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Rayess H, Wang MB, Srivatsan ES. Cellular senescence and tumor suppressor gene p16. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1715-25. [PMID: 22025288 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible arrest of cell growth. Biochemical and morphological changes occur during cellular senescence, including the formation of a unique cellular morphology such as flattened cytoplasm. Function of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes are affected resulting in the inhibition of lysosomal and proteosomal pathways. Cellular senescence can be triggered by a number of factors including, aging, DNA damage, oncogene activation and oxidative stress. While the molecular mechanism of senescence involves p16 and p53 tumor suppressor genes and telomere shortening, this review is focused on the mechanism of p16 control. The p16-mediated senescence acts through the retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway inhibiting the action of the cyclin dependant kinases leading to G1 cell cycle arrest. Rb is maintained in a hypophosphorylated state resulting in the inhibition of transcription factor E2F1. Regulation of p16 expression is complex and involves epigenetic control and multiple transcription factors. PRC1 (Pombe repressor complex (1) and PRC2 (Pombe repressor complex (2) proteins and histone deacetylases play an important role in the promoter hypermethylation for suppressing p16 expression. While transcription factors YY1 and Id1 suppress p16 expression, transcription factors CTCF, Sp1 and Ets family members activate p16 transcription. Senescence occurs with the inactivation of suppressor elements leading to the enhanced expression of p16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Rayess
- Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare system, West Los Angeles, CA, USA
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35
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Li J, Poi MJ, Tsai MD. Regulatory mechanisms of tumor suppressor P16(INK4A) and their relevance to cancer. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5566-82. [PMID: 21619050 PMCID: PMC3127263 DOI: 10.1021/bi200642e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
P16(INK4A) (also known as P16 and MTS1), a protein consisting exclusively of four ankyrin repeats, is recognized as a tumor suppressor mainly because of the prevalence of genetic inactivation of the p16(INK4A) (or CDKN2A) gene in virtually all types of human cancers. However, it has also been shown that an elevated level of expression (upregulation) of P16 is involved in cellular senescence, aging, and cancer progression, indicating that the regulation of P16 is critical for its function. Here, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms of P16 function at the DNA level, the transcription level, and the posttranscriptional level, as well as their implications for the structure-function relationship of P16 and for human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junan Li
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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36
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p16INK4a deficiency promotes IL-4-induced polarization and inhibits proinflammatory signaling in macrophages. Blood 2011; 118:2556-66. [PMID: 21636855 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-313106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDKN2A locus, which contains the tumor suppressor gene p16(INK4a), is associated with an increased risk of age-related inflammatory diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, in which macrophages play a crucial role. Monocytes can polarize toward classically (CAMϕ) or alternatively (AAMϕ) activated macrophages. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the acquisition of these phenotypes are not well defined. Here, we show that p16(INK4a) deficiency (p16(-/-)) modulates the macrophage phenotype. Transcriptome analysis revealed that p16(-/-) BM-derived macrophages (BMDMs) exhibit a phenotype resembling IL-4-induced macrophage polarization. In line with this observation, p16(-/-) BMDMs displayed a decreased response to classically polarizing IFNγ and LPS and an increased sensitivity to alternative polarization by IL-4. Furthermore, mice transplanted with p16(-/-) BM displayed higher hepatic AAMϕ marker expression levels on Schistosoma mansoni infection, an in vivo model of AAMϕ phenotype skewing. Surprisingly, p16(-/-) BMDMs did not display increased IL-4-induced STAT6 signaling, but decreased IFNγ-induced STAT1 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IKKα,β phosphorylation. This decrease correlated with decreased JAK2 phosphorylation and with higher levels of inhibitory acetylation of STAT1 and IKKα,β. These findings identify p16(INK4a) as a modulator of macrophage activation and polarization via the JAK2-STAT1 pathway with possible roles in inflammatory diseases.
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Li T, Zhang J, Zhu F, Wen W, Zykova T, Li X, Liu K, Peng C, Ma W, Shi G, Dong Z, Bode AM, Dong Z. P21-activated protein kinase (PAK2)-mediated c-Jun phosphorylation at 5 threonine sites promotes cell transformation. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:659-66. [PMID: 21177766 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncoprotein c-Jun is one of the components of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor complex. AP-1 regulates the expression of many genes and is involved in a variety of biological functions such as cell transformation, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. AP-1 activates a variety of tumor-related genes and therefore promotes tumorigenesis and malignant transformation. Here, we found that epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces phosphorylation of c-Jun by P21-activated kinase (PAK) 2. Our data showed that PAK2 binds and phosphorylates c-Jun at five threonine sites (Thr2, Thr8, Thr89, Thr93 and Thr286) in vitro and ex vivo. Knockdown of PAK2 in JB6 Cl41 (P+) cells had no effect on c-Jun phosphorylation at Ser63 or Ser73 but resulted in decreases in EGF-induced anchorage-independent cell transformation, proliferation and AP-1 activity. Mutation at all five c-Jun threonine sites phosphorylated by PAK2 decreased the transforming ability of JB6 cells. Knockdown of PAK2 in SK-MEL-5 melanoma cells also decreased colony formation, proliferation and AP-1 activity. These results indicated that PAK2/c-Jun signaling plays an important role in EGF-induced cell proliferation and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue North East, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 expression is inhibited by p16(INK4a) at the post-transcriptional level through the microRNA pathway. Oncogene 2010; 30:1880-91. [PMID: 21170085 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The p16(INK4a) protein regulates cell cycle progression mainly by inhibiting the activity of G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6, the subsequent retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation and E2F transcription factor release. The p16(INK4a) protein can also repress the activity of other transcription factors, such as c-myc, nuclear factor-kappaB and c-Jun/AP1. Here, we report that, in two p16(-/-), pRb(WT) and p53(WT) cell lines (MCF7 and U87), p16(INK4a) overexpression induces a dramatic decrease in CDK1 protein expression. In response to p16(INK4a), the decreased rate of CDK1 protein synthesis, its unchanged protein half-life, unreduced CDK1 mRNA steady-state levels and mRNA half-life allow us to hypothesize that p16(INK4a) could regulate CDK1 expression at the post-transcriptional level. This CDK1 downregulation is mediated by the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of CDK1 mRNA as shown by translational inhibition in luciferase assays and is associated with a modified expression balance of microRNAs (miRNAs) that potentially regulate CDK1, analyzed by TaqMan Human microRNA Array. The p16(INK4a)-induced expression of two miRNAs (miR-410 and miR-650 chosen as an example) in MCF7 cells is confirmed by individual reverse transcription-qPCR. Furthermore, we show the interaction of miR-410 or miR-650 with CDK1-3'UTR by luciferase assays. Endogenous CDK1 expression decreases upon both miRNA overexpression and increases with their simultaneous inhibition. The induction of miR-410, but not miR-650 could be related to the pRb/E2F pathway. These results demonstrate the post-transcriptional inhibition of CDK1 by p16(INK4a). We suggest that p16(INK4a) may regulate gene expression by modifying the functional equilibrium of transcription factors and consequently the expression balance of miRNAs.
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Abstract
Mutations or deletions in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4A are associated with multiple cancer types, but more commonly found in melanoma tumors and associated with familial melanoma predisposition. Although p16 is thought to function as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating the cell cycle, it remains unclear why genetic compromise of p16 predisposes to melanoma over other cancers. Here we describe a novel role for p16 in regulating oxidative stress in several cell types, including melanocytes. Expression of p16 was rapidly upregulated following UV-irradiation, and in response to H2O2-induced oxidative stress in a p38 stress-activated protein kinase-dependent manner. Knockdown of p16 using siRNA increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative (8-oxoguanine) DNA damage which was further enhanced by H2O2 treatment. Elevated ROS were also observed in p16-depleted human keratinocytes, and in whole skin and dermal fibroblasts from Cdkn2a-deficient mice. Aberrant ROS and p38 signaling in Cdkn2a-deficient fibroblasts were normalized by expression of exogenous p16. The effect of p16 depletion on ROS was not recapitulated by knockdown of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and did not require Rb. Finally, p16-mediated suppression of ROS could not be attributed to potential effects of p16 on cell cycle phase. These findings suggest a potential alternate Rb-independent tumor-suppressor function of p16 as an endogenous regulator of carcinogenic intracellular oxidative stress. Compared to keratinocytes and fibroblasts, we also found increased susceptibility of melanocytes to oxidative stress in the context of p16 depletion, which may explain why compromise of p16 predisposes to melanoma over other cancers.
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Ke H, Harris R, Coloff JL, Jin JY, Leshin B, Miliani de Marval P, Tao S, Rathmell JC, Hall RP, Zhang JY. The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 2 plays a dominant role in human epidermal neoplasia. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3080-8. [PMID: 20354187 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. It is unclear how different JNK proteins contribute to human cancer. Here, we report that JNK2 is activated in more than 70% of human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) samples and that inhibition of JNK2 pharmacologically or genetically impairs tumorigenesis of human SCC cells. Most importantly, JNK2, but not JNK1, is sufficient to couple with oncogenic Ras to transform primary human epidermal cells into malignancy with features of SCC. JNK2 prevents Ras-induced cell senescence and growth arrest by reducing the expression levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p16 and the activation of NF-kappaB. On the other hand, JNK, along with phosphoinositide 3-kinase, is essential for Ras-induced glycolysis, an energy-producing process known to benefit cancer growth. These data indicate that JNK2 collaborates with other oncogenes, such as Ras, at multiple molecular levels to promote tumorigenesis and hence represents a promising therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengning Ke
- Department of Dermatology and Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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41
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Kannengiesser C, Brookes S, del Arroyo AG, Pham D, Bombled J, Barrois M, Mauffret O, Avril MFM, Chompret A, Lenoir GM, Sarasin A, Peters G, Bressac-de Paillerets B. Functional, structural, and genetic evaluation of 20 CDKN2A germ line mutations identified in melanoma-prone families or patients. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:564-74. [PMID: 19260062 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations of the CDKN2A gene are found in melanoma-prone families and individuals with multiple sporadic melanomas. The encoded protein, p16(INK4A), comprises four ankyrin-type repeats, and the mutations, most of which are missense and occur throughout the entire coding region, can disrupt the conformation of these structural motifs as well as the association of p16(INK4a) with its physiological targets, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDK4 and CDK6. Assessing pathogenicity of nonsynonymous mutations is critical to evaluate melanoma risk in carriers. In the current study, we investigate 20 CDKN2A germline mutations whose effects on p16(INK4A) structure and function have not been previously documented (Thr18_Ala19dup, Gly23Asp, Arg24Gln, Gly35Ala, Gly35Val, Ala57Val, Ala60Val, Ala60Arg, Leu65dup, Gly67Arg, Gly67_Asn71del, Glu69Gly, Asp74Tyr, Thr77Pro, Arg80Pro, Pro81Thr, Arg87Trp, Leu97Arg, Arg99Pro, and [Leu113Leu;Pro114Ser]). By considering genetic information, the predicted impact of each variant on the protein structure, its ability to interact with CDK4 and impede cell proliferation in experimental settings, we conclude that 18 of the 20 CDKN2A variants can be classed as loss of function mutations, whereas the results for two remain ambiguous. Discriminating between mutant and neutral variants of p16(INK4A) not only adds to our understanding of the functionally critical residues in the protein but provides information that can be used for melanoma risk prediction.
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Abstract
Environmental and life-style aspects are major contributors to human carcinogenesis and, therefore, many human cancers may be preventable. Cancer is the end result of defects in cellular signaling processes that play a key role in the control of cell growth, survival, division, and differentiation. Therefore, identifying molecular and cellular targets critical in cancer development and prevention is an area of intensive research, driving the development of highly specific small-molecule inhibitors. A major idea today is that cancer may be prevented or treated by targeting the products of specific cancer-related genes, frequently encoding signaling proteins or transcription factors. Participants in these joint conferences discussed their latest findings in the identification of promising molecular targets and the development of agents directed against these targets with the goal of effectively transitioning these into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
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c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 phosphorylates Myt1 to prevent UVA-induced skin cancer. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:2168-80. [PMID: 19204086 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01508-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is known to mediate both survival and apoptosis of tumor cells. Although JNK1 and JNK2 have been shown to differentially regulate the development of skin cancer, the underlying mechanistic basis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that JNK1, but not JNK2, interacts with and phosphorylates Myt1 ex vivo and in vitro. UVA induces substantial apoptosis in JNK wild-type (JNK(+/+)) or JNK2-deficient (JNK2(-/-)) mouse embryonic fibroblasts but has no effect on JNK1-deficient (JNK1(-/-)) cells. In addition, UVA-induced caspase-3 cleavage and DNA fragmentation were suppressed by the knockdown of human Myt1 in skin cancer cells. JNK1 deficiency results in suppressed Myt1 phosphorylation and caspase-3 cleavage in skin exposed to UVA irradiation. In contrast, the absence of JNK2 induces Myt1 phosphorylation and caspase-3 cleavage in skin exposed to UVA. The overexpression of JNK1 with Myt1 promotes cellular apoptosis during the early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis, whereas the presence of JNK2 reduces the phenotype of Myt1-induced apoptotic cell death. Most importantly, JNK1(-/-) mice developed more UVA-induced papillomas than either JNK(+/+) or JNK2(-/-) mice, which was associated with suppressed Myt1 phosphorylation and decreased caspase-3 cleavage. Taken together, these data provide mechanistic insights into the distinct roles of the different JNK isoforms, specifically suggesting that the JNK1-mediated phosphorylation of Myt1 plays an important role in UVA-induced apoptosis and the prevention of skin carcinogenesis.
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Cho YY, Tang F, Yao K, Lu C, Zhu F, Zheng D, Pugliese A, Bode AM, Dong Z. Cyclin-dependent kinase-3-mediated c-Jun phosphorylation at Ser63 and Ser73 enhances cell transformation. Cancer Res 2009; 69:272-81. [PMID: 19118012 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun is a component of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression, cell proliferation, and cell transformation, as well as cancer development. Herein, we found that cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-3, but not Cdk2 or c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, is a novel kinase of c-Jun induced by stimulation with growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF). Cdk3 was shown to phosphorylate c-Jun at Ser63 and Ser73 in vitro and ex vivo. EGF-induced Cdk3 activation caused c-Jun phosphorylation at Ser63 and Ser73, resulting in increased AP-1 transactivation. Ectopic expression of Cdk3 resulted in anchorage-independent cell transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells induced by EGF and foci formation stimulated by constitutively active Ras (Ras(G12V)), which was mediated by AP-1 in NIH3T3 cells. These results showed that the Cdk3/c-Jun signaling axis plays an important role in EGF-stimulated cell proliferation and cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yeon Cho
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue Northeast, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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45
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Deng M, Li F, Ballif BA, Li S, Chen X, Guo L, Ye X. Identification and functional analysis of a novel cyclin e/cdk2 substrate ankrd17. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7875-88. [PMID: 19150984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807827200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin E/Cdk2 is a key regulator in G(1)-S transition. We have identified a novel cyclin E/Cdk2 substrate called Ankrd17 (ankyrin repeat protein 17) using the TAP tag purification technique. Ankrd17 protein contains two clusters of a total 25 ankyrin repeats at its N terminus, one NES (nuclear exporting signal) and one NLS (nuclear localization signal) in the middle, and one RXL motif at its C terminus. Ankrd17 is expressed in various tissues and associates with cyclin E/Cdk2 in an RXL-dependent manner. It can be phosphorylated by cyclin E/Cdk2 at 3 phosphorylation sites (Ser(1791), Ser(1794), and Ser(2150)). Overexpression of Ankrd17 promotes S phase entry, whereas depletion of Ankrd17 expression by small interfering RNA inhibits DNA replication and blocks cell cycle progression as well as up-regulates the expression of p53 and p21. Ankrd17 is localized to the nucleus and interacts with DNA replication factors including MCM family members, Cdc6 and PCNA. Depletion of Ankrd17 results in decreased loading of Cdc6 and PCNA onto DNA suggesting that Ankrd17 may be directly involved in the DNA replication process. Taken together, these data indicate that Ankrd17 is an important downstream effector of cyclin E/Cdk2 and positively regulates G(1)/S transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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46
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Hamdi M, Popeijus HE, Carlotti F, Janssen JM, van der Burgt C, Cornelissen-Steijger P, van de Water B, Hoeben RC, Matsuo K, van Dam H. ATF3 and Fra1 have opposite functions in JNK- and ERK-dependent DNA damage responses. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:487-96. [PMID: 18249159 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
JNK and ERK MAP kinases regulate cellular responses to genotoxic stress in a cell type and cell context-dependent manner. However, the factors that determine and execute JNK- and ERK-controlled stress responses are only partly known. In this study, we investigate the roles of the AP-1 components ATF3 and Fra1 in JNK- and ERK-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We show that the anti-cancer drug cisplatin or UV light activates both JNK and ERK in human glioblastoma cells lacking functional p53. Inhibition experiments of JNK or ERK activities revealed that the ERK pathway strongly promotes cisplatin- and UV-induced apoptosis in these glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, JNK but not ERK is required for ATF3 induction, and both ERK and JNK are necessary for post-transcriptional induction of Fra1 in response to cisplatin or UV. Knock-down of ATF3 and Fra1 results in increased and decreased cisplatin-induced apoptosis, respectively, indicating that ATF3 is an anti-apoptotic JNK effector and Fra1 is a pro-apoptotic ERK/JNK effector. Knock-down experiments also revealed that ATF3 and Fra1, respectively, enhance and reduce S-phase arrest through differential modulation of the Chk1-Cdk2 pathway. Thus, we identify novel reciprocal functions of ATF3 and Fra1 in JNK- and ERK-dependent DNA damage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hamdi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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48
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Abstract
Understanding regulatory pathways involved in melanoma development and progression has advanced significantly in recent years. It is now appreciated that melanoma is the result of complex changes in multiple signaling pathways that affect growth control, metabolism, motility and the ability to escape cell death programs. Here we review the major signaling pathways currently known to be deregulated in melanoma with an implication to its development and progression. Among these pathways are Ras, B-Raf, MEK, PTEN, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3Ks) and Akt which are constitutively activated in a significant number of melanoma tumors, in most cases due to genomic change. Other pathways discussed in this review include the [Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), transforming growth factor-beta pathways which are also activated in melanoma, although the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. As a paradigm for remodeled signaling pathways, melanoma also offers a unique opportunity for targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Signal Transduction Program, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Yao K, Cho YY, Bergen HR, Madden BJ, Choi BY, Ma WY, Bode AM, Dong Z. Nuclear factor of activated T3 is a negative regulator of Ras-JNK1/2-AP-1 induced cell transformation. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8725-35. [PMID: 17875713 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The c-jun-NH(2)-kinases (JNK) play a critical role in tumor promoter-induced cell transformation and apoptosis. Here, we showed that the nuclear factor of activated T3 (NFAT3) is phosphorylated by JNK1 or JNK2 at Ser(213) and Ser(217), which are located in the conserved SP motif. The transactivation domain of NFAT3 is found between amino acids (aa) 113 and 260 and includes the phosphorylation targets of JNK1 and JNK2. NFAT3 transactivation activity was suppressed in JNK1(-/-) or JNK2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells compared with wild-type MEF cells. Moreover, a 3xNFAT-luc reporter gene assay indicated that NFAT3 transcriptional activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner by JNK1 or JNK2. Double mutations at Ser(213) and Ser(217) suppressed NFAT3 transactivation activity; and SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, suppressed NFAT3-induced 3xNFAT-luciferase activity. Knockdown of JNK1 or JNK2 suppressed foci formation in NIH3T3 cells. Importantly, ectopic expression of NFAT3 inhibited AP-1 activity and suppressed foci formation. Furthermore, knockdown of NFAT3 enhanced Ras-JNK1 or JNK2-induced foci formation in NIH3T3 cells. Taken together, these results provided direct evidence for the anti-oncogenic potential of the NFAT3 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA
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50
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Abstract
The JNK proteins are activated by multiple and diverse stimuli, leading to varied and seemingly contradictory cellular responses. In particular, JNKs have been reported to have a role in the induction of apoptosis, but have also been implicated in enhancing cell survival and proliferation. Thus the JNK proteins seem to represent an archetype of contrariety of intracellular signaling. The opposing roles of JNKs have been attributed to the observation that JNKs activate different substrates based on specific stimulus, cell type or temporal aspects. Because of their analogous expression in apparently almost every tissue, JNK1 and JNK2 have most often been considered to have overlapping or redundant functions. In spite of this assessment, research evidence suggests that the functions of JNKs should be addressed in a manner that differentiates between their precise contributions. Specifically in this review, we examine evidence regarding whether the JNKs proteins might play distinctive roles in cellular processes associated with carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Bode
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA
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