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Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Caloric Restriction but Not Gut Hormone-Based Treatments Profoundly Impact the Hypothalamic Transcriptome in Obese Rats. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010116. [PMID: 35010991 PMCID: PMC8746874 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus is an important brain region for the regulation of energy balance. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery and gut hormone-based treatments are known to reduce body weight, but their effects on hypothalamic gene expression and signaling pathways are poorly studied. METHODS Diet-induced obese male Wistar rats were randomized into the following groups: RYGB, sham operation, sham + body weight-matched (BWM) to the RYGB group, osmotic minipump delivering PYY3-36 (0.1 mg/kg/day), liraglutide s.c. (0.4 mg/kg/day), PYY3-36 + liraglutide, and saline. All groups (except BWM) were kept on a free choice of high- and low-fat diets. Four weeks after interventions, hypothalami were collected for RNA sequencing. RESULTS While rats in the RYGB, BWM, and PYY3-36 + liraglutide groups had comparable reductions in body weight, only RYGB and BWM treatment had a major impact on hypothalamic gene expression. In these groups, hypothalamic leptin receptor expression as well as the JAK-STAT, PI3K-Akt, and AMPK signaling pathways were upregulated. No significant changes could be detected in PYY3-36 + liraglutide-, liraglutide-, and PYY-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS Despite causing similar body weight changes compared to RYGB and BWM, PYY3-36 + liraglutide treatment does not impact hypothalamic gene expression. Whether this striking difference is favorable or unfavorable to metabolic health in the long term requires further investigation.
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Chen D, Cao S, Chang B, Ma T, Gao H, Tong Y, Li T, Han J, Yi X. Increasing hypothalamic nucleobindin 2 levels and decreasing hypothalamic inflammation in obese male mice via diet and exercise alleviate obesity-associated hypogonadism. Neuropeptides 2019; 74:34-43. [PMID: 30503692 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To explore the role of nesfatin-1 in regulating male reproductive function during energy balance variation, we employed an obese mouse model which was first induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and followed by interventions of a normal diet (ND) and/or moderate exercise, and then serum reproductive hormones of male mice, hypothalamic nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2)/nesfatin-1, inflammatory factors, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels were tested. Our findings showed that both serum nesfatin-1, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) levels and hypothalamic NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and Gnrh mRNA levels were reduced, whereas, the mRNA and protein levels of hypothalamic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, inhibitor kappa B kinase β (IKKβ), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were increased in obese male mice. Diet, exercise, and diet combined with exercise interventions reversed the decreases in serum nesfatin-1, FSH, LH, and T levels; increased hypothalamic NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and Gnrh mRNA levels; and reduced hypothalamic TNF-α, IL-1β, IKKβ, and NF-κB levels. These changes were accompanied by reduced adiposity, and these effects were more obvious in the diet combined with exercise group. Overall, our findings suggested that the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with obesity may be induced by reduced hypothalamic NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels, which attenuated the stimulatory effect on GnRH directly or indirectly by suppressing its anti-inflammatory effect in the brain. Diet and/or exercise interventions were able to alleviate the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with obesity, potentially by increasing hypothalamic NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, PR China; School of Physical Education, Minnan Normal Universtiy, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, PR China
| | - Shicheng Cao
- Department of Sport Medicine, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
| | - Bo Chang
- School of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, PR China
| | - Tie Ma
- School of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, PR China
| | - Haining Gao
- School of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, PR China
| | - Yao Tong
- School of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, PR China
| | - Junchao Han
- School of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, PR China
| | - Xuejie Yi
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, PR China; School of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110102, PR China.
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Kochansky CJ, Lyman MJ, Fauty SE, Vlasakova K, D'mello AP. Administration of Fenofibrate Markedly Elevates Fabp3 in Rat Liver and Plasma and Confounds Its Use as a Preclinical Biomarker of Cardiac and Muscle Toxicity. Lipids 2018; 53:947-960. [PMID: 30592062 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins involved in lipid homeostasis are often regulated through the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). PPARα is the target for the fibrate-class of drugs. Fenofibrate has been approved for its lipid-lowering effects in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. We were interested in understanding the expression of the energy transporters in energy-utilizing tissues like liver, heart, muscle, and adipose tissues in rat with the hypothesis that the change in transporter expression would align with the known lipid-lowering effects of PPARα agonists like fenofibrate. We found that several fatty-acid transporter proteins had significantly altered levels following 8 days of fenofibrate dosing. The mRNA levels of the highly abundant Fatp2 and Fatp5 in rat liver increased approximately twofold and decreased fourfold, respectively. Several fatty-acid-binding proteins and acyl-CoA-binding proteins had a significant increase in mRNA abundance but not the major liver fatty-acid-binding protein, Fabp1. Of particular interest was the increased liver expression of Fabp3 also known as heart-fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP or FABP3). FABP3 has been proposed as a circulating clinical biomarker for cardiomyopathy and muscle toxicity, as well as a preclinical marker for PPARα-induced muscle toxicity. Here, we show that fenofibrate induces liver mRNA levels of Fabp3 ~5000-fold resulting in an approximately 50-fold increase in FABP3 protein levels in the whole liver. This increased liver expression complicates the interpretation and potential use of FABP3 as a specific biomarker for PPARα-induced muscle toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kochansky
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75A-203A, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4495, USA
| | - Michael J Lyman
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75A-203A, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Scott E Fauty
- Safety Assessment, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP81-217, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Katerina Vlasakova
- Safety Assessment, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP81-217, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Anil P D'mello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4495, USA
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Amos DL, Robinson T, Massie MB, Cook C, Hoffsted A, Crain C, Santanam N. Catalase overexpression modulates metabolic parameters in a new 'stress-less' leptin-deficient mouse model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017. [PMID: 28645653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in obesity by modifying the function of important biological molecules, thus altering obesogenic pathways such as glucose and lipid signaling. Catalase, is an important endogenous antioxidant enzyme that catabolizes hydrogen peroxide produced by the dismutation of superoxide. Recent studies have shown knockdown of catalase exacerbates insulin resistance and leads to obesity. We hypothesized that overexpressing catalase in an obese mouse will modulate obesogenic pathways and protect against obesity. Therefore, we bred catalase transgenic ([Tg(CAT)+/-] mice with Ob/Ob mice to generate the hybrid "Bob-Cat" mice. This newly generated "stress-less" mouse model had decreased oxidative stress (oxidized carbonylated proteins). ECHO-MRI showed lower fat mass but higher lean mass in "Bob-Cat" mice. Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS) showed light and dark cycle increase in energy expenditure in Bob-Cat mice compared to wild type controls. Circulating levels of leptin and resistin showed no change. Catalase mRNA expression was increased in key metabolic tissues (adipose, liver, intestinal mucosa, and brain) of the Bob-Cat mice. Catalase activity, mRNA and protein expression was increased in adipose tissue. Expression of the major adipokines leptin and adiponectin was increased while pro-inflammatory genes, MCP-1/JE and IL-1β were lowered. Interestingly, sexual dimorphism was seen in body composition, energy expenditure, and metabolic parameters in the Bob-Cat mice. Overall, the characteristics of the newly generated "Bob-Cat" mice make it an ideal model for studying the effect of redox modulators (diet/exercise) in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Amos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25755-0001, United States.
| | - Tanner Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25755-0001, United States.
| | - Melissa B Massie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25755-0001, United States.
| | - Carla Cook
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25755-0001, United States.
| | - Alexis Hoffsted
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25755-0001, United States.
| | - Courtney Crain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25755-0001, United States.
| | - Nalini Santanam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave., Huntington, WV 25755-0001, United States.
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Harrell CS, Gillespie CF, Neigh GN. Energetic stress: The reciprocal relationship between energy availability and the stress response. Physiol Behav 2016; 166:43-55. [PMID: 26454211 PMCID: PMC4826641 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide epidemic of metabolic syndromes and the recognized burden of mental health disorders have driven increased research into the relationship between the two. A maladaptive stress response is implicated in both mental health disorders and metabolic disorders, implicating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as a key mediator of this relationship. This review explores how an altered energetic state, such as hyper- or hypoglycemia, as may be manifested in obesity or diabetes, affects the stress response and the HPA axis in particular. We propose that changes in energetic state or energetic demands can result in "energetic stress" that can, if prolonged, lead to a dysfunctional stress response. In this review, we summarize the role of the hypothalamus in modulating energy homeostasis and then briefly discuss the relationship between metabolism and stress-induced activation of the HPA axis. Next, we examine seven mechanisms whereby energetic stress interacts with neuroendocrine stress response systems, including by glucocorticoid signaling both within and beyond the HPA axis; by nutrient-induced changes in glucocorticoid signaling; by impacting the sympathetic nervous system; through changes in other neuroendocrine factors; by inducing inflammatory changes; and by altering the gut-brain axis. Recognizing these effects of energetic stress can drive novel therapies and prevention strategies for mental health disorders, including dietary intervention, probiotics, and even fecal transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Harrell
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - C F Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - G N Neigh
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Diane A, Pierce WD, Kelly SE, Sokolik S, Borthwick F, Jacome-Sosa M, Mangat R, Pradillo JM, Allan SM, Ruth MR, Field CJ, Hutcheson R, Rocic P, Russell JC, Vine DF, Proctor SD. Mechanisms of Comorbidities Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome: Insights from the JCR:LA-cp Corpulent Rat Strain. Front Nutr 2016; 3:44. [PMID: 27777929 PMCID: PMC5056323 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its metabolic complications have emerged as the epidemic of the new millennia. The use of obese rodent models continues to be a productive component of efforts to understand the concomitant metabolic complications of this disease. In 1978, the JCR:LA-cp rat model was developed with an autosomal recessive corpulent (cp) trait resulting from a premature stop codon in the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor. Rats that are heterozygous for the cp trait are lean-prone, while those that are homozygous (cp/cp) spontaneously display the pathophysiology of obesity as well as a metabolic syndrome (MetS)-like phenotype. Over the years, there have been formidable scientific contributions that have originated from this rat model, much of which has been reviewed extensively up to 2008. The premise of these earlier studies focused on characterizing the pathophysiology of MetS-like phenotype that was spontaneously apparent in this model. The purpose of this review is to highlight areas of recent advancement made possible by this model including; emerging appreciation of the "thrifty gene" hypothesis in the context of obesity, the concept of how chronic inflammation may drive obesogenesis, the impact of acute forms of inflammation to the brain and periphery during chronic obesity, the role of dysfunctional insulin metabolism on lipid metabolism and vascular damage, and the mechanistic basis for altered vascular function as well as novel parallels between the human condition and the female JCR:LA-cp rat as a model for polycystic ovary disease (PCOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Diane
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Division of Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes and Mazakowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - W. David Pierce
- Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sandra E. Kelly
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Division of Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes and Mazakowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sharon Sokolik
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Division of Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes and Mazakowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Faye Borthwick
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Division of Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes and Mazakowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Division of Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes and Mazakowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rabban Mangat
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Division of Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes and Mazakowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Stuart McRae Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Megan R. Ruth
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - James C. Russell
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Division of Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes and Mazakowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Donna F. Vine
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Division of Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes and Mazakowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Spencer D. Proctor
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Division of Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes and Mazakowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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