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Pélissier L, Bagot S, Miles-Chan JL, Pereira B, Boirie Y, Duclos M, Dulloo A, Isacco L, Thivel D. Is dieting a risk for higher weight gain in normal-weight individual? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1190-1212. [PMID: 36645258 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
While there is an increasing prevalence of dieting in the overall population, weight loss (WL) practices could be a risk factor for weight gain (WG) in normal-weight (NW) individuals. The aim of the present work was to systematically review all the studies implicating diet restriction and body weight (BW) evolution in NW people. The literature search was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021281442) and was performed in three databases from April 2021 to June 2022 for articles involving healthy NW adults. From a total of 1487 records initially identified, eighteen were selected in the systematic review. Of the eight dieting interventional studies, only one found a higher BW after weight recovery, but 75 % of them highlighted metabolic adaptations in response to WL favouring weight regain and persisting during/after BW recovery. Eight of the ten observational studies showed a relationship between dieting and major later WG, while the meta-analysis of observational studies results indicated that 'dieters' have a higher BW than 'non-dieters'. However, considering the high methodological heterogeneity and the publication bias of the studies, this result should be taken with caution. Moreover, the term 'diet' was poorly described, and we observed a large heterogeneity of the methods used to assess dieting status. Present results suggest that dieting could be a major risk factor for WG in the long term in NW individuals. There is, however, a real need for prospective randomised controlled studies, specifically assessing the relationship between WL induced by diet and subsequent weight in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Pélissier
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sarah Bagot
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jennifer Lynn Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Unit of Biostatistics (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Human Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Observatoire National de l'Activité Physique et de la Sédentarité (ONAPS), Faculty of Medicine, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University Hospital (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Hospital G. Montpied, Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Abdul Dulloo
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Observatoire National de l'Activité Physique et de la Sédentarité (ONAPS), Faculty of Medicine, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss is traditionally viewed as straightforward counting of calories in and calories out, with little regard to the role of the adipocytes tasked with storing said calories. However, the body executes a complex compensatory response to any intervention that depletes its energy stores. Here, the authors discuss the methods used to attain weight loss, the body's response to this weight loss, and the difficulties in maintaining weight loss. Furthermore, the authors provide an overview of the literature on the physiological effects of liposuction. OBJECTIVE To describe the role of adipose tissue in energy homeostasis, methods of weight loss, weight regain, and the effect of liposuction on endocrine signaling. METHODS The authors conducted a narrative review of representative studies. CONCLUSION A variety of strategies for weight loss exist, and optimizing one's weight status may in turn optimize the aesthetic outcomes of liposuction. This is most apparent in the preferential reaccumulation of fat in certain areas after liposuction and the ability to avoid this with a negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Davis
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Marlton, New Jersey
| | - Naomi Lawrence
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Marlton, New Jersey.,Section of Procedural Dermatology, Cooper University Hospital, Marlton, New Jersey
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Gorrell S, Reilly EE, Schaumberg K, Anderson LM, Donahue JM. Weight suppression and its relation to eating disorder and weight outcomes: a narrative review. Eat Disord 2019; 27:52-81. [PMID: 30040543 PMCID: PMC6377342 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2018.1499297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Weight suppression (WS) refers to the discrepancy between highest adult weight and current weight, and has been examined as a key construct related to both: eating pathology and weight management. However, despite increasing interest in WS, findings regarding the clinical implications of WS are often conflicting. For instance, WS has been associated with both adaptive and maladaptive outcomes across various populations. Moreover, results regarding the predictive utility of WS within clinical samples have been inconsistent. The current paper aims to provide a narrative review of existing investigation related to WS, highlight gaps in the field's understanding of this construct, and outline recommendations for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Gorrell
- a Department of Psychology , University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Erin E Reilly
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Schaumberg
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa M Anderson
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joseph M Donahue
- a Department of Psychology , University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
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Singh Ospina N, Castaneda-Guarderas A, Hamidi O, Ponce OJ, Zhen W, Prokop L, Montori VM, Brito JP. Weight Changes After Thyroid Surgery for Patients with Benign Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer: Population-Based Study and Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid 2018; 28:639-649. [PMID: 29631475 PMCID: PMC6117738 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key concern among patients who undergo thyroid surgery is postoperative weight gain. Yet, the impact of thyroid surgery on weight is unclear. METHODS The population-based Rochester Epidemiology Project was used to examine weight and body mass index (BMI) changes at one, two, and three years of follow-up in (i) patients with thyroid cancer and benign thyroid nodules after thyroid surgery, and (ii) patients with thyroid nodules who did not have surgery. A comprehensive systematic review of the published literature from inception to February 2016 was also conducted. The results were pooled across studies using a random effects model. RESULTS A total of 435 patients were identified: 181 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent surgery (group A), 226 patients with benign thyroid nodules without surgery (group B), and 28 patients with benign thyroid nodules undergoing surgery (group C). Small changes in mean weight, BMI, and the number of patients whose weight increased between 5 and 10 kg were similar during each year of follow-up between patients in groups A and B. Furthermore, age >50 years, female sex, baseline BMI >25 kg/m2, and thyrotropin value at one to two years were not predictors of a 5% weight change. In the meta-analysis, 11 studies were included. One to two years after surgery for thyroid cancer or thyroid nodules, patients gained on average 0.94 kg [confidence interval (CI) 0.58-1.33] and 1.07 kg [CI 0.26-1.87], respectively. Patients with benign thyroid nodules who did not have surgery gained 1.50 kg [CI 0.60-2.4] at the longest follow-up. CONCLUSIONS On average, patients receiving care for thyroid nodules or cancer gain weight, but existing evidence suggests that surgery for these conditions does not contribute significantly to further weight gain. Clinicians and patients can use this information to discuss what to expect after thyroid surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naykky Singh Ospina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit (KER-ENDO), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Oksana Hamidi
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit (KER-ENDO), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Oscar J. Ponce
- Knowledge Synthesis Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wang Zhen
- Knowledge Synthesis Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Larry Prokop
- Mayo Medical Libraries, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Victor M. Montori
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit (KER-ENDO), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Juan P. Brito
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit (KER-ENDO), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Address correspondence to:Juan P. Brito, MD, MScKnowledge and Evaluation Research UnitDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and NutritionMayo Clinic200 1st Street SWRochester, MN 55905
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Madigan CD, Pavey T, Daley AJ, Jolly K, Brown WJ. Is weight cycling associated with adverse health outcomes? A cohort study. Prev Med 2018; 108:47-52. [PMID: 29277416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Evidence about the health effects of weight cycling is not consistent, with some studies suggesting it is harmful for health. Here we investigated whether weight cycling was associated with weight change and mental health outcomes in 10,428 participants in the mid-age cohort of The Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health (ALSWH) over 12years. In 1998 the women were asked how many times they had ever intentionally lost at least 5kg and how many times had they regained this amount. Women were categorised into four weight pattern groups: frequent weight cyclers (FWC, three or more weight cycles), low frequency weight cyclers (LFWC, one or two weight cycles), non-weight cyclers (NWC), and weight loss only (WL). We used generalised linear modelling to investigate relationships between weight pattern group, weight change and mental health outcomes. In 1998, 15% of the women were FWC, 24% LFWC, 46% NWC and 15% were WL. Weight change was similar across weight pattern groups in women with obesity, however healthy weight and overweight FWC gained more weight than women who did not weight cycle. We found no difference in overall mental health scores between groups, but both LFWC and FWC had higher odds of depressive symptoms (adjusted OR 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1 to 1.9 and 1.7, 95%CI: 1.1 to 2.4, respectively) than NWC. Our results suggest that, although weight cycling is not associated with greater weight gain in women with obesity, it may increase depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D Madigan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Toby Pavey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda J Daley
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kate Jolly
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wendy J Brown
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
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Mackie GM, Samocha-Bonet D, Tam CS. Does weight cycling promote obesity and metabolic risk factors? Obes Res Clin Pract 2017; 11:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.10.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Obesity and its cardiometabolic comorbidities are on a skyrocketing trajectory with ominous public health implications. Focusing on primary care as a microcosm of the broader obesity crisis, this review discusses considerations for the prevention and management of obesity and its associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Terre
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 4825 Troost Building, Suite 215, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499,
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8
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Temperamental factors in severe weight cycling. A cross-sectional study. Appetite 2015; 91:336-42. [PMID: 25931432 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight cycling is a prevalent phenomenon in obese individuals. There is evidence that temperamental factors are associated with obesity and subgroups among the obese have been identified based on reactive and regulative aspects of temperament. METHODS We aimed at investigating the association between reactive and regulative aspects of temperament and severe weight cycling in overweight and obese individuals of a representative German population sample (n = 923). Participants completed questionnaires assessing weight parameters including BMI and weight cycling, sensitivity to punishment and to reward (BIS/BAS scales), self-regulatory abilities (effortful control scale), depressive symptoms, and binge eating. RESULTS Severe weight cycling was more common in women, and was associated with higher reward sensitivity, higher current and maximum-ever BMI, higher weight suppression, more depressive symptoms, and a higher prevalence of binge eating. In contrast, sensitivity to punishment and effortful control were not associated with severe weight cycling. Also, the interaction between sensitivity to reward and effortful control did not predict weight cycling. DISCUSSION Higher reward sensitivity might not only render individuals vulnerable for weight regain but might also be associated with a higher frequency of weight loss attempts due to the putative rewarding properties of the initial success in weight loss at the early stages of a diet. Temperamental factors should be considered in the treatment of obesity.
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van de Langenberg D, Hoekstra T, Twisk JWR, van Wouwe JP, Hirasing RA, Renders CM, de Kroon MLA. Weight fluctuation during childhood and cardiometabolic risk at young adulthood. J Pediatr 2015; 166:313-8.e1. [PMID: 25454927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that greater weight fluctuation between 2 and 6 years is associated with an increase in weight measures (such as body mass index [BMI]) and cardiometabolic risk in young adulthood. STUDY DESIGN Weight fluctuation (determined by BMI SD scores) was measured at least 3 times between the ages of 2 and 6 years in 166 girls and 116 boys from the Terneuzen Birth Cohort. Cardiometabolic risk factors in young adulthood include components of the metabolic syndrome and weight. The extent of weight fluctuation was determined by assessing each individual's SE (or variation) around each individual's linear regression slope (or weight slope). The obtained variation scores were subsequently related to adult BMI, other weight measures, and cardiometabolic risk factors. RESULTS In girls, greater weight fluctuation between 2 and 6 years was statistically significantly related to greater adult weight measures (1.08; 95% CI 1.01-1.15) and nonsignificantly with the metabolic syndrome. For boys weight fluctuation was not associated with adult weight (1.04; 95% CI 0.97-1.11), but weight slope was statistically significantly associated with adult overweight. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that weight fluctuations during early childhood are predictive for adult overweight in girls. For boys weight slope instead of weight fluctuation is predictive for adult overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlla van de Langenberg
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trynke Hoekstra
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos W R Twisk
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus P van Wouwe
- Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remy A Hirasing
- Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carry M Renders
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlou L A de Kroon
- Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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van Strien T, Herman CP, Verheijden MW. Dietary restraint and body mass change. A 3-year follow up study in a representative Dutch sample. Appetite 2014; 76:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Impact of body-composition methodology on the composition of weight loss and weight gain. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:446-54. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Mason C, Foster-Schubert KE, Imayama I, Xiao L, Kong A, Campbell KL, Duggan CR, Wang CY, Alfano CM, Ulrich CM, Blackburn GL, McTiernan A. History of weight cycling does not impede future weight loss or metabolic improvements in postmenopausal women. Metabolism 2013; 62:127-36. [PMID: 22898251 PMCID: PMC3514598 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given that the repetitive loss and regain of body weight, termed weight cycling, is a prevalent phenomenon that has been associated with negative physiological and psychological outcomes, the purpose of this study was to investigate weight change and physiological outcomes in women with a lifetime history of weight cycling enrolled in a 12-month diet and/or exercise intervention. METHODS 439 overweight, inactive, postmenopausal women were randomized to: i) dietary weight loss with a 10% weight loss goal (N=118); ii) moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise for 45 min/day, 5 days/week (n=117); ii) both dietary weight loss and exercise (n=117); or iv) control (n=87). Women were categorized as non-, moderate- (≥3 losses of ≥4.5 kg), or severe-cyclers (≥3 losses of ≥9.1 kg). Trend tests and linear regression were used to compare adherence and changes in weight, body composition, blood pressure, insulin, C-peptide, glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), C-reactive protein, leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 between cyclers and non-cyclers. RESULTS Moderate (n=103) and severe (n=77) cyclers were heavier and had less favorable metabolic profiles than non-cyclers at baseline. There were, however, no significant differences in adherence to the lifestyle interventions. Weight-cyclers (combined) had a greater improvement in HOMA-IR compared to non-cyclers participating in the exercise only intervention (P=.03), but no differences were apparent in the other groups. CONCLUSION A history of weight cycling does not impede successful participation in lifestyle interventions or alter the benefits of diet and/or exercise on body composition and metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liren Xiao
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Ching-Yun Wang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Cornelia M. Ulrich
- German Cancer Research Center & National Center for Tumour Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - George L. Blackburn
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Nutrition, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Anne McTiernan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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The Impact of Surveillance on Weight Change and Predictors of Change in a Population-Based Firefighter Cohort. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54:961-8. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31825296e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Stevens VL, Jacobs EJ, Sun J, Patel AV, McCullough ML, Teras LR, Gapstur SM. Weight cycling and mortality in a large prospective US study. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:785-92. [PMID: 22287640 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight cycling has been associated with an increased risk of death in some studies, but few studies differentiated weight cycling initiated by intentional weight loss from that initiated by illness. The association of weight cycling with death was examined among 55,983 men and 66,655 women in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort from 1992 to 2008. A weight cycle was defined as an intentional loss of 10 or more pounds (≥4.5 kg) followed by regain of that weight, and the lifetime number of weight cycles was reported on a questionnaire administered at enrollment in 1992. A total of 15,138 men and 10,087 women died during follow-up, which ended in 2008. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. When the models were adjusted for age only, weight cycling was positively associated with mortality (P for trend < 0.0001). However, after adjustment for body mass index and other risk factors, low numbers of weight cycles (1-4 cycles) were associated with slightly lower mortality rates (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89, 0.97 in men and HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.98 in women), whereas high numbers of weight cycles (≥20 cycles) were not associated with mortality (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.19 in men and HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.12 in women). These results do not support an increased risk of mortality associated with weight cycling.
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Polotsky HN, Brokhin M, Omry G, Polotsky AJ, Tuttle RM. Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism does not promote weight loss or prevent ageing-related increases in body mass in thyroid cancer survivors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:582-5. [PMID: 22004309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid cancer survivors represent a unique population in which the potential long-term effects of brief periods of intentional thyroid hormone withdrawal and/or prolonged periods of iatrogenic hyperthyroidism on body weight and body mass were evaluated. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to characterize body mass changes over several years in a cohort of thyroid cancer patients with iatrogenic hyperthyroidism and to compare these changes with the expected weight gain in age-matched healthy control populations. We also evaluated the possibility that the method of preparation [thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) vs recombinant human TSH (rhTSH)] for radioactive iodine remnant ablation may be associated with differences in body mass at the time of the final follow-up. DESIGN/SETTING/PATIENTS/INTERVENTIONS: A retrospective review identified 153 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent total thyroidectomy at one major medical centre. Of the 153 patients, 143 also had radioactive iodine remnant ablation: 70 after THW and 73 after rhTSH. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in weight and BMI at 1-2 and 3-5 years of follow-up points were examined. Annualized weight variation within the cohort was compared with age-matched population controls expressed in kilogram/year. RESULTS Significant weight gain was noted for the full cohort after 3-5 years of follow-up as compared to baseline (76 ± 21 kg at baseline vs 79 ± 23 kg at 3-5 years of follow-up, P < 0·01), which represented a 3·2% increase. Female and male patients with thyroid cancer experienced 0·46 and 0·94 kg/year gain in weight, respectively, which is similar or somewhat higher than previously published age-matched population controls (ranging from 0·23 to 0·34 kg/year). When expressed as per cent change and comparing the final weight to the pre-operative baseline, the rhTSH group experienced approximately a 1·7% increase in weight compared with the 3·9% increase seen with THW patients (P = 0·02). When expressed as kg/year change, the rhTSH cohort had 0·34 kg/year change compared with the 0·64 kg/year change seen in the thyroid hormone withdrawal patients (P = 0·02). CONCLUSION In otherwise, healthy patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, significant weight gain occurred during the 3-5 years of follow-up despite ongoing thyrotropin suppression. The data suggest that mild iatrogenic hyperthyroidism does not promote weight loss or prevent ageing-related weight gain. Greater weight gain was seen in patients prepared for radioactive remnant ablation with THW than with rhTSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanah N Polotsky
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA.
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Olson EA, Visek AJ, McDonnell KA, DiPietro L. Thinness expectations and weight cycling in a sample of middle-aged adults. Eat Behav 2012; 13:142-5. [PMID: 22365799 PMCID: PMC3931130 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The False Hope Syndrome suggests that unrealistic expectations of dieting and weight loss are key constructs in the prediction of behavioral failure and may exacerbate weight cycling. The objective of this study was to determine cross-sectional associations among dieting and thinness expectations and weight cycling history within the framework of the False Hope Syndrome. METHODS Participants were middle-aged (45±12 years) women (n=116) and men (n=98) recruited via worksite intranet distributions. Information on dieting and thinness expectations, weight loss attempts, and weight cycling history was gathered using standard questionnaires. RESULTS More women than men reported currently dieting (43% vs. 26%; p<0.01). Moderate [OR=2.54; 95%CI: 1.01-6.45] and higher [OR=2.70; 95%CI: 1.07-6.80] levels of the thinness expectation score were significantly associated with the greater odds of weight cycling, independent of age, sex, BMI, and weight loss attempts. CONCLUSIONS These data are the first to extend the pervasive and potent influence of thinness expectancy to middle-aged persons and in particular, to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Olson
- Department of Exercise Science School of Public Health, The George Washington University, USA.
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Kuk JL, Ardern CI, Church TS, Sharma AM, Padwal R, Sui X, Blair SN. Edmonton Obesity Staging System: association with weight history and mortality risk. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:570-6. [PMID: 21838602 DOI: 10.1139/h11-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS), a newly proposed tool using obesity-related comorbidities, can help identify obese individuals who are at greater mortality risk. Data from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (n = 29 533) were used to assess mortality risk in obese individuals by EOSS stage (follow-up (SD), 16.2 (7.5) years). The effect of weight history and lifestyle factors on EOSS classification was explored. Obese participants were categorized, using a modified EOSS definition, as stages 0 to 3, based on the severity of their risk profile and conditions (stage 0, no risk factors or comorbidities; stage 1, mild conditions; and stages 2 and 3, moderate to severe conditions). Compared with normal-weight individuals, obese individuals in stage 2 or 3 had a greater risk of all-cause mortality (stage 2 hazards ratio (HR) (95% CI), 1.6 (1.3-2.0); stage 3 HR, 1.7 (1.4-2.0)) and cardiovascular-related mortality (stage 2 HR, 2.1 (1.6-2.8); stage 3 HR. 2.1 (1.6-2.8)). Stage 0/1 was not associated with higher mortality risk. Lower self-ascribed preferred weight, weight at age 21, cardiorespiratory fitness, reported dieting, and fruit and vegetable intake were each associated with an elevated risk for stage 2 or 3. Thus, EOSS offers clinicians a useful approach to identify obese individuals at elevated risk of mortality who may benefit from more attention to weight management. Further research is necessary to determine what EOSS factors are most predictive of mortality risk, and whether these findings can be generalized to other obese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Kuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Jackson AW, Lee DC, Sui X, Morrow JR, Church TS, Maslow AL, Blair SN. Muscular strength is inversely related to prevalence and incidence of obesity in adult men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:1988-95. [PMID: 19960002 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the relation between quintiles of muscular strength after adjustment for age and body weight, and excessive body fat (EBF) and excessive abdominal fat (EAF) when controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and other potential confounders. A two-phased cross-sectional and longitudinal study was conducted assessing the prevalence and incidence of EBF and EAF across quintiles of muscular strength. The sample included 3,258 men (mean age = 42.2 ± 8.9; weight (kg) = 81.2 ± 11.0; BMI = 25.3 ± 2.9; %fat = 19.4 ± 5.8; waist girth (cm) = 91.2 ± 9.0) who completed at least two clinical examinations as part of the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS). Muscular strength was assessed with tests of upper and lower body muscular strength using rack-mounted weights with participants placed into strength quintiles. CRF was measured by a modified Balke treadmill test, %fat via underwater weighing or seven-site skinfold measurements, and waist girth measured at the level of the umbilicus. EBF was defined as ≥25% and EAF was defined as >102 cm. There was a strong inverse gradient across quintiles of muscular strength for prevalence and incidence of EBF and EAF (P trend <0.01, each). With the lowest quintile serving as the referent, reductions in risk of EBF and EAF exceeded 70% for the highest strength quintile. Evidence suggests muscular strength may provide protection from EBF and EAF and their related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Jackson
- Department of KHPR, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
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Waring ME, Eaton CB, Lasater TM, Lapane KL. Correlates of weight patterns during middle age characterized by functional principal components analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2010; 20:201-9. [PMID: 20159490 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Describing weight trajectories using functional methods may further our understanding of how weight impacts health. We characterize weight patterns and describe correlates of these patterns. METHODS Using a subset of the Framingham Heart Study original cohort limited-access data set (n=1,429), we conducted a functional principal components analysis (PCA) of body mass index from 40 to 55 years of age. Scores from the principal component functions defined weight patterns. Gender-specific logistic regression models provided estimates of association with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. RESULTS Overall weight status, weight changes, and cycling emerged as weight patterns during middle age. Overweight/obesity at 25 years was the most consistent correlate of weight patterns (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] for men and women were 14.2 and 3.7 for overall overweight, 99.5 and 28.3 for overall obese, and 1.4 and 3.9 for cycling). Weight status at 25 years was not associated with weight gain in either gender or weight loss in men; for women the AOR was 2.7 for weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Functional PCA described weight patterns during middle age. The strong associations between weight status at 25 years and overall weight status and cycling during middle age underscore the importance of addressing weight earlier in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Waring
- Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Intentional weight loss and risk of lymphohematopoietic cancers. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 21:223-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Obesity and its cardiometabolic comorbidities are on a skyrocketing trajectory with ominous public health implications. Focusing on primary care as a microcosm of the broader obesity crisis, this review discusses considerations for the prevention and management of obesity and its associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Terre
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 4825 Troost Building, Suite 215, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499,
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