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Chen KK, Wee SL, Pang BWJ, Lau LK, Jabbar KA, Seah WT, Ng TP. Relationship between BMI with percentage body fat and obesity in Singaporean adults - The Yishun Study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1030. [PMID: 34074272 PMCID: PMC8170923 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main aim of this study was to the determine relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and percentage body fat (BF%) in Singaporean adults, derive a prediction model to estimate BF%, and to report population BF%. The secondary aim was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity based on BF% threshold and the new risk categories for obesity in Singaporean population. METHODS This was a population-based study of 542 community-dwelling Singaporeans (21-90 years old, 43.1% men). Anthropometry and body composition were assessed. Relationship between BMI and BF% were analysed using multiple regression models. Prevalence of overweight and obesity were estimated using WHO and Singapore Ministry of Health (MOH) Clinical Practice Guidelines for BMI classification, and BF% cut-off points of 25 and 35% for men and women respectively. RESULTS We derived a prediction model to estimate BF% based on BMI, age and sex. The current cohort of Singaporeans when compared to Caucasians in the US and Europe as well as a Singapore cohort from 20 years age have higher BF% when matched for BMI, age, and sex. The overall population-adjusted prevalence of obesity according to WHO International classification (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) was 12.9% (14.9% men; 11.0% women); and 26.6% (30.7% men; 22.8% women) according to the MOH classification (BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2). However, using the BF% cut-off (> 25% for men and > 35% for women) resulted in very high prevalence of obesity of 82.0% (80.2% men; 83.8% women). CONCLUSION There is a large discrepancy between BF% and BMI measured obesity in Singaporean adults. The results confirmed that Singaporean adults have higher BF% at lower BMI compared to US and Europe white counterparts; and that BF% in our population has increased over two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexun Kenneth Chen
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute (GERI), 2 Yishun Central 2, Tower E Level 4 GERI Admin, Singapore, 768024, Singapore.
| | - Shiou-Liang Wee
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute (GERI), 2 Yishun Central 2, Tower E Level 4 GERI Admin, Singapore, 768024, Singapore.
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore.
- Programme of Health Services and System Research, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Benedict Wei Jun Pang
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute (GERI), 2 Yishun Central 2, Tower E Level 4 GERI Admin, Singapore, 768024, Singapore
| | - Lay Khoon Lau
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute (GERI), 2 Yishun Central 2, Tower E Level 4 GERI Admin, Singapore, 768024, Singapore
| | - Khalid Abdul Jabbar
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute (GERI), 2 Yishun Central 2, Tower E Level 4 GERI Admin, Singapore, 768024, Singapore
| | - Wei Ting Seah
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute (GERI), 2 Yishun Central 2, Tower E Level 4 GERI Admin, Singapore, 768024, Singapore
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute (GERI), 2 Yishun Central 2, Tower E Level 4 GERI Admin, Singapore, 768024, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Nguyen HG, Le NV, Nguyen-Duong KH, Ho-Pham LT, Nguyen TV. Reference values of body composition parameters for Vietnamese men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1283-1290. [PMID: 33462460 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body composition parameters are linked to cardio-metabolic risk. However, high-quality reference values of body composition are scarce, particularly in Asian population. The aim of study was to construct sex- and age-specific normative reference values of body composition for the Vietnamese population. METHODS This study was designed as a cross-sectional investigation that involved 2700 women and 1459 men aged between 20 and 90 (average 48, SD 15) who were participants in the population-based Vietnam Osteoporosis Study. Whole-body composition parameters (e.g., fat mass and lean mass) and site-specific (head, arms, trunk, and legs) parameters were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic Horizon). Reference curves for each parameter and anatomical site were constructed using the Generalized Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape modeling technique. RESULTS Overall, 8% of women and 11% of men were classified as obese (body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2). Most fat mass was deposited at the trunk (~50%), followed by the leg (~33%). Women had ~10% more body fat (relative to body weight) than men. However, whole-body lean mass was higher in men than women, with the average difference being ~13 kg. Moreover, men had more bone mineral content than women (2110 vs. 1600 g). We also provided a comparison of age-related changes in body composition parameters between Vietnamese and US Whites. CONCLUSION These data provide gender- and age-specific reference values of body composition parameters for Vietnamese population. These normative values provide health professionals and the public with a resource for interpretation of body composition data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy G Nguyen
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nghi V Le
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khang H Nguyen-Duong
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lan T Ho-Pham
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. .,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Tuan V Nguyen
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lin X, Xu Y, Xu J, Pan X, Song X, Shan L, Zhao Y, Shan PF. Global burden of noncommunicable disease attributable to high body mass index in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017. Endocrine 2020; 69:310-320. [PMID: 32488838 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) attributable to high body mass index (BMI) represents both a threat and an opportunity for intervention. Estimates of the global latest trend of high BMI-related NCDs and its association with socioeconomic status can facilitate strategic intervention and inform further research. METHODS This global burden of disease study extracted global, regional, and national data on death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI-related NCDs from the GBD Study 2017. Secondary analyses were performed by year, age, sex, and specific causes of death and DALYs. The 2017 Socio-demographic Index (SDI) was used as an indicator of national socioeconomic status. The association between age-standardized death or DALYs rate and socioeconomic status were analyzed. RESULTS Worldwide, 4.7 million deaths and 147.7 million DALYs of NCDs were related to high BMI in 2017, with a projection to 5.5 million deaths and 176.9 million DALYs in 2025. Globally, high BMI-related burden showed an increasing trend with males being more heavily impacted overall. The trend and magnitude of high BMI-related disease burden varied substantially in different geographical and socioeconomic regions. Specifically, the low-middle, middle, and high-middle SDI countries were associated with a higher burden. The leading three causes of DALYs attributable to high BMI in 2017 were ischemic heart diseases, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS High BMI-related burden of NCDs is worsening, particularly in developing countries. Our findings may enhance public awareness of interventions to reduce the diseases burden caused by high BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yufeng Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Jingya Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Xiaowen Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Lizhen Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Peng-Fei Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
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Pham DD, Lee SK, Shin C, Kim NH, Eisman JA, Center JR, Nguyen TV, Leem CH. Koreans Do Not Have Higher Percent Body Fat than Australians: Implication for the Diagnosis of Obesity in Asians. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1892-1897. [PMID: 31565868 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been assumed that, for a given BMI, Asians have higher percent body fat (PBF) than Caucasians. As a result, it has been suggested that the BMI threshold for diagnosing obesity in Asians be lowered to less than 30 kg/m2 . This study sought to compare PBF between Koreans and Australians. METHODS Whole-body fat mass and PBF were measured in 1,211 Koreans and 1,006 Australians using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (Lunar Prodigy; GE Healthcare, Madison, Wisconsin). The two groups were then matched for age and BMI by the propensity score method. RESULTS For a given age and BMI, Koreans had lower PBF than Australians, and the difference was statistically significant in women (mean difference: -2.13%; 95% CI: -2.61% to -1.65%) but not in men (difference: -0.54%; 95% CI: -1.22% to 0.14%). Matched-pair analysis (423 pairs of women and 208 pairs of men) also showed that Korean women had statistically lower PBF than their Australian counterparts (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In individuals aged 60 years and older, Koreans do not have higher PBF than Australians after adjusting for BMI. These results suggest that there is no evidence for lowering the BMI threshold for the diagnosis of obesity in elderly Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Duc Pham
- Department of Physiology, Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Ku Lee
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Sleep, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea
| | - John A Eisman
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline R Center
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tuan V Nguyen
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chae Hun Leem
- Department of Physiology, Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Correlation of Gut Microbiota Profile with Body Mass Index Among School Age Children. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.58049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kim YM, Kim SH, Kim S, Yoo JS, Choe EY, Won YJ. Variations in fat mass contribution to bone mineral density by gender, age, and body mass index: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2011. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:2543-54. [PMID: 27112764 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The relationship of body composition and bone mineral density is complex and controversial. When classifying Korean population based on gender, age, and body mass index, fat mass had varying contributions to bone mineral density. INTRODUCTION The relationship between body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) is complex, and it is uncertain how components of body mass variably affect BMD. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study was performed in subjects ≥20 years based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008 to 2011. Among 17,583 subjects, the mean ages were 49.1 ± 16.0 years (M, n = 7495) and 49.3 ± 16.3 years (F, n = 10,088). Subjects were divided into age groups, either <50 or ≥50 years for males, or menopausal state, either premenopausal or postmenopausal, for females. A further classification used BMI, either <25 or ≥25 kg/m(2). Anthropometric and body composition parameters were compared and evaluated to look for correlations with BMD. Further, appendicular lean mass (ALM), fat mass (FM), fat percentage (FP), and waist circumference (WC) were included for multivariate analysis with BMD, controlling for covariates in each age group and BMI subgroup. RESULTS Anthropometric and body composition parameters significantly correlated with BMD in all age groups for both genders. After adjusting for covariates, ALM strongly affected BMD in all age groups for both genders. FM, FP, and WC significantly affected BMD in both age groups of women and in older men, but they did not affect BMD in younger men. Fat indices positively affected BMD of all sites in all non-obese women and in non-obese older men. However, little contribution was found in obese subgroups of both genders and in non-obese younger men. CONCLUSION Considering different weights of covariates, ALM strongly contributed to BMD in all gender, age, and BMI groups. On the other hand, fat indices positively affected BMD of both age groups in women and older men with normal BMI, but they showed little contribution to BMD within the same age groups with high BMI or any BMI subgroups of younger men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
- Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - S H Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - S Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J S Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - E Y Choe
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Y J Won
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
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Yeh J, Trang A, Henning SM, Wilhalme H, Carpenter C, Heber D, Li Z. Food cravings, food addiction, and a dopamine-resistant (DRD2 A1) receptor polymorphism in Asian American college students. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2016; 25:424-9. [PMID: 27222427 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.102015.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In an era where obesity remains an important public health concern, food addiction has emerged as a possible contributor to obesity. The DRD2 gene is the most studied polymorphism. The aim of this study was to investigate a relationship between food addiction questionnaires, body composition measurements, and a dopamine- resistant receptor polymorphism (DRD2 A1) among Asian Americans. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN A total of 84 Asian American college students were recruited. Participants underwent body composition measurement via bioelectrical impedance, answered questionnaires (Food Craving Inventory and Power of Food Scale), and had blood drawn for genotyping (PCR). RESULTS There was no difference in body composition (BMI, percent body fat) between the A1 (A1A1 or A1A2) and A2 (A2A2) groups. There were statistically significant differences in food cravings of carbohydrates and fast food on the Food Craving Inventory between the A1 and A2 groups (p=0.03), but not for sugar or fat. Among Asian college females, there was also a difference on the Power of Food questionnaire (p=0.04), which was not seen among men. 13 out of 55 women also had >30% body fat at a BMI of 21.4 to 28.5 kg/m2. CONCLUSION Greater carbohydrate and fast food craving was associated with the DRD2 A1 versus A2 allele among Asian Americans. Further studies examining the ability of dopamine agonists to affect food craving and to reduce body fat in Asian American are warranted. More studies in food addiction among obese Asian Americans are needed with careful definition of obesity, specifically for Asian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Yeh
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Amy Trang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Holly Wilhalme
- Department of Medicine, Statistics Core, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David Heber
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ho-Pham LT, Lai TQ, Nguyen MTT, Nguyen TV. Relationship between Body Mass Index and Percent Body Fat in Vietnamese: Implications for the Diagnosis of Obesity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127198. [PMID: 26018910 PMCID: PMC4446298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of obesity in Vietnam has not been well defined because there is a lack of reference data for percent body fat (PBF) in Asians. This study sought to define the relationship between PBF and body mass index (BMI) in the Vietnamese population. Methods The study was designed as a comparative cross-sectional investigation that involved 1217 individuals of Vietnamese background (862 women) aged 20 years and older (average age 47 yr) who were randomly selected from the general population in Ho Chi Minh City. Lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by DXA (Hologic QDR 4500). PBF was derived as FM over body weight. Results Based on BMI ≥30, the prevalence of obesity was 1.1% and 1.3% for men and women, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity combined (BMI ≥25) was ~24% and ~19% in men and women, respectively. Based on the quadratic relationship between BMI and PBF, the approximate PBF corresponding to the BMI threshold of 30 (obese) was 30.5 in men and 41 in women. Using the criteria of PBF >30 in men and PBF >40 in women, approximately 15% of men and women were considered obese. Conclusion These data suggest that body mass index underestimates the prevalence of obesity. We suggest that a PBF >30 in men or PBF >40 in women is used as criteria for the diagnosis of obesity in Vietnamese adults. Using these criteria, 15% of Vietnamese adults in Ho Chi Minh City was considered obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan T. Ho-Pham
- Bone and Muscle Research Division, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Rheumatology, People’s Hospital 115, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- * E-mail:
| | - Thai Q. Lai
- Department of Rheumatology, People’s Hospital 115, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mai T. T. Nguyen
- Department of Medical Ethic—Behavioral Science, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuan V. Nguyen
- Bone and Muscle Research Division, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton DucThang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
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Armitage JM, Ginevan ME, Hewitt A, Ross JH, Watkins DK, Solomon KR. Environmental fate and dietary exposures of humans to TCDD as a result of the spraying of Agent Orange in upland forests of Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:621-630. [PMID: 25433383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The fate and transport of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin (TCDD) released into the environment of South Vietnam (SVN) as a consequence of the aerial application of the herbicidal defoliant Agent Orange (AO) were simulated for a generic upland forest scenario and followed over a 50-year period (1965, 1968 and 1970 onwards). Modeled concentrations of TCDD in the environment were then used as inputs to a human exposure model, which focused on long-term exposures via the food chain. Intake rates and body burdens of TCDD were estimated for adult males over the course of the simulation period and compared to available biomonitoring data. One of the most important factors determining the magnitude of the simulated human exposure to TCDD was the fraction of the chemical deposited directly to soil (where it was assumed to have a degradation half-life of 10 or 15years) relative to the fraction assumed to remain on/in the forest canopy following the spray application (where it was assumed to have a degradation half-life of ≤48h). The simulated body burdens under the various scenarios considered were broadly consistent with the biomonitoring data from SVN collected in the mid-1980s to late 1990s. Taken together, the modeling results and empirical data suggest that highly elevated exposures to TCDD (i.e., body burdens in the several 100s of pg/g lipid range and greater) were not common among people inhabiting upland forest locations in SVN sprayed with AO and that peak and average body burdens were broadly similar to those of the general population of the U.S. in the 1970s and early 1980s. The model-based assessment is consistent with the 'hot spot' hypothesis i.e., potential exposures to TCDD linked to activities conducted on or near former bases where AO was stored are greater than potential exposures in areas subjected to aerial spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Armitage
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Michael E Ginevan
- M.E. Ginevan & Associates, 307 Hamilton Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA
| | - Andrew Hewitt
- Centre for Pesticide Application and Safety, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; Lincoln University, Christchurch 7640, New Zealand; The University of Nebraska, North Platte, NE, USA
| | - John H Ross
- risksciences.net, LLC, 5150 Fair Oaks Blvd. #101-370, Carmichael, CA 95608, USA
| | - Deborah K Watkins
- M.E. Ginevan & Associates, 307 Hamilton Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA
| | - Keith R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Hruschka DJ, Rush EC, Brewis AA. Population differences in the relationship between height, weight, and adiposity: an application of Burton's model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:68-76. [PMID: 23553559 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The study of human variation in adiposity and lean mass is important for understanding core processes in human evolution, and is increasingly a public health concern as the "obesity epidemic" expands globally. The dominant measure of population differences in adiposity is Body Mass Index (BMI), which suffers from systematic biases across populations due to variation in the relationship between true body fat, height and weight. Here we develop simplified corrections for such anthropometric-based measures of adiposity that can take into account this population variation. These corrections derive from a recent model proposed by Burton that assumes humans accrue mass in two ways-growth in height that adds bone and muscle, and growth in body fat and the ancillary fat-free mass (FFM) needed to support this additional body fat. We analyze two ethnically diverse datasets with dual X-ray absorptiometry-measured (DXA) fat mass, assessing the fit of Burton's model and deriving novel corrections based on estimated musculoskeletal slenderness. The resulting model provides excellent fit to fat mass within populations (average R2 = 0.92 for women and R2 = 0.83 for men). World populations differ dramatically in musculoskeletal slenderness (up to a difference of 4.4 kg/m2), as do men and women (differences of 3.3-4.5 kg/m2), leading to clear population corrections. These findings point to a conceptually straightforward tool for estimating true differences in adiposity across populations, and suggest an alternative to BMI that provides a more accurate and theoretically based estimate of body fat than that traditionally derived from height and weight measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hruschka
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA.
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BINH TRANQUANG, NAKAHORI YUTAKA, HIEN VUTHITHU, KHAN NGUYENCONG, LAM NGUYENTHI, MAI LEBACH, YAMAMOTO SHIGERU. Correlations between genetic variance and adiposity measures, and gene × gene interactions for obesity in postmenopausal Vietnamese women. J Genet 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-011-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kim HJ, Lee YM, Ko BS, Lee JW, Yu JH, Son BH, Gong GY, Kim SB, Ahn SH. Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with poor outcomes in patients with luminal-type breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 18:1830-6. [PMID: 21573699 PMCID: PMC3115047 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Vitamin D deficiency may be an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer before surgery. We investigated the association between serum vitamin D concentration and breast cancer prognosis according to intrinsic cancer subtypes. Methods From June to December 2006, serum 25-OHD was measured in 310 Korean women with breast cancer who were treated at the Asan Medical Center, Korea. Clinicopathologic data were examined to determine the prognostic effects of serum 25-OHD. Expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) were measured using tissue microarrays. Patients were classified with luminal A, luminal B, Her2-enriched, or basal-like subtypes of breast cancer. Results Mean patient age was 48.7 years, and mean serum 25-OHD concentration was 31.4 ± 16.1 ng/ml. The 25-OHD levels were deficient (< 20 ng/ml) in 75 patients (24.2%), insufficient (20–29 ng/ml) in 95 (30.6%), and sufficient (30–150 ng/ml) in 140 (45.2%). Women with deficient 25-OHD levels were at increased risk of recurrence compared with those with sufficient vitamin D levels (P = 0.002). The 25-OHD concentration was inversely associated with prognosis of patients with cancer of the luminal A (P = 0.012) and luminal B subtypes (P = 0.023), but not with the prognosis of patients with Her2/neu-enriched (P = 0.245) or triple-negative (P = 0.879) cancer subtypes. This association remained valid after adjustment for age, tumor size, nodal status, and estrogen receptor status (hazards ratio = 3.97; 95% confidence interval = 1.77–9.61). Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with poor outcomes in patients with luminal-type breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jeong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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