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Graybeal AJ, Brandner CF, Wise HL, Henderson A, Aultman RS, Vallecillo-Bustos A, Newsome TQA, Stanfield D, Stavres J. Near-infrared reactance spectroscopy-derived visceral adipose tissue for the assessment of metabolic syndrome in a multi-ethnic sample of young adults. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24141. [PMID: 39034709 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is highly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is rapidly increasing in young adults. However, accessible VAT measurement methods are limited, restricting the use of VAT in early detection. This cross-sectional study sought to determine if near-infrared reactance spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived VAT (VATNIRS) was associated with MetS in a multi-ethnic sample of young adults. METHODS A total of 107 male and female (F:62, M:45) participants (age: 23.0 ± 4.3y; BMI: 27.1 ± 6.6 kg/m2) completed measurements of fasting blood pressure, blood glucose (FBG), blood lipids, and anthropometric assessments including waist circumference and VATNIRS. MetS severity (MetSindex) was calculated from the aforementioned risk factors using sex and race-specific equations. RESULTS VATNIRS was higher in participants with, and at risk for, MetS compared to those with lower risks (all p < .001). VATNIRS was positively associated with MetSindex for all groups (all p < .001). VATNIRS showed positive associations with systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP), LDL-C and LDL-C-related biomarkers, and FBG; and negative associations with HDL-C and HDL-C-to-total cholesterol ratio (all p < .050). Associations between VATNIRS and blood pressure for females, and LDL-C and LDL-C-related biomarkers for males, were nonsignificant (all p > .050). VATNIRS was positively associated with DBP in African-American participants, and SBP in White participants, resulting in positive associations with MAP for both groups (all p < .050). CONCLUSIONS VATNIRS is associated with MetS and individual MetS risks factors in a multi-ethnic sample of young adults; providing a noninvasive, cost-effective, portable, and accessible method that may assist in the early detection of MetS and other cardiometabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Graybeal
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Caleb F Brandner
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Havens L Wise
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alex Henderson
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ryan S Aultman
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Ta' Quoris A Newsome
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Diavion Stanfield
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jon Stavres
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
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Misiura MB, Butts B, Hammerschlag B, Munkombwe C, Bird A, Fyffe M, Hemphill A, Dotson VM, Wharton W. Intersectionality in Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Female Sex and Black American Race in the Development and Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1019-1036. [PMID: 37490246 PMCID: PMC10457280 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that vascular factors and specific social determinants of health contribute to dementia risk and that the prevalence of these risk factors differs according to race and sex. In this review, we discuss the intersection of sex and race, particularly female sex and Black American race. Women, particularly Black women, have been underrepresented in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials and research. However, in recent years, the number of women participating in clinical research has steadily increased. A greater prevalence of vascular risk factors such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes, coupled with unique social and environmental pressures, puts Black American women particularly at risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Female sex hormones and the use of hormonal birth control may offer some protective benefits, but results are mixed, and studies do not consistently report the demographics of their samples. We argue that as a research community, greater efforts should be made to not only recruit this vulnerable population, but also report the demographic makeup of samples in research to better target those at greatest risk for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Misiura
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging & Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Brittany Butts
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bruno Hammerschlag
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chinkuli Munkombwe
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging & Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arianna Bird
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mercedes Fyffe
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Asia Hemphill
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging & Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vonetta M Dotson
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Gerontology Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Whitney Wharton
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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3
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Heravi AS, Michos ED, Zhao D, Ambale-Venkatesh B, Doria De Vasconcellos H, Lloyd-Jones D, Schreiner PJ, Reis JP, Wu C, Lewis CE, Shikany JM, Sidney S, Guallar E, Ndumele CE, Ouyang P, Hoogeveen RC, Lima JAC, Vaidya D, Post WS. Oxidative Stress and Menopausal Status: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Cohort Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2022; 31:1057-1065. [PMID: 35675673 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Low endogenous estrogen concentrations after menopause may contribute to higher oxidative stress and greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, differences in oxidative stress between similarly aged premenopausal and postmenopausal women are not well-characterized on a population level. We hypothesized that urinary isoprostane concentrations, a standard measure of systemic oxidative stress, are higher in women who have undergone menopause compared to premenopausal women. Methods and Results: We examined differences in urinary 8-isoprostane (iPF2α-III) and 2,3-dinor-8-isoprostane (iPF2α-III-M) indexed to urinary creatinine between 279 postmenopausal and 196 premenopausal women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, using linear regression with progressive adjustment for sociodemographic factors and traditional CVD risk factors. Unadjusted iPF2α-III-M concentrations were higher among postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women (Median [25th, 75th percentile]: 1762 [1178, 2974] vs. 1535 [1067, 2462] ng/g creatinine; p = 0.01). Menopause was associated with 25.5% higher iPF2α-III-M (95% confidence interval [6.5-47.9]) adjusted for age, race, college education, and field center. Further adjustments for tobacco use (21.2% [2.9-42.6]) and then CVD risk factors (18.8% [0.1-39.6]) led to additional partial attenuation. Menopause was associated with higher iPF2α-III in Black but not White women. Conclusions: We conclude that postmenopausal women had higher oxidative stress, which may contribute to greater CVD risk. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir S Heravi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin D Michos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bharath Ambale-Venkatesh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pamela J Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jared P Reis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Colin Wu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Division of Research, Kaiser-Permanente, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiadi E Ndumele
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela Ouyang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ron C Hoogeveen
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joao A C Lima
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ismail M, Srivastava V, Marimani M, Ahmad A. Carvacrol modulates the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in Candida auris. Res Microbiol 2021; 173:103916. [PMID: 34863882 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks associated with Candida auris has notably increased around the globe. Being newly discovered, the evolutionary characteristics of this fungus are unexplored. The crucial feature associated with this pathogen is its multidrug resistance against the available antifungals, which renders a crucial need for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Activation of the antioxidant defence system has been reported as a common mechanism used by pathogens to escape drug toxicity. This system has also recently been recognized as an emerging antifungal drug target. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the anti-Candida activity of carvacrol on the growth and survival of C. auris, gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, as well as the effect on lipid peroxidation (LPO). The antifungal activity of carvacrol was determined using the microdilution method whereby the proliferation of C. auris was inhibited at an MIC range of 125-500μg/mL. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed that carvacrol caused an adequate amount of oxidative stress which was clearly demonstrated by the significant increase in the activity and gene expression of primary antioxidant enzymes as well as LPO. This is the first study involving the antioxidant defence system of C. auris and provide attestation of oxidative stress induced by carvacrol in this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishka Ismail
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Musa Marimani
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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5
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Dilworth L, Facey A, Omoruyi F. Diabetes Mellitus and Its Metabolic Complications: The Role of Adipose Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147644. [PMID: 34299261 PMCID: PMC8305176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches have been used in the effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A recent paradigm shift has focused on the role of adipose tissues in the development and treatment of the disease. Brown adipose tissues (BAT) and white adipose tissues (WAT) are the two main types of adipose tissues with beige subsets more recently identified. They play key roles in communication and insulin sensitivity. However, WAT has been shown to contribute significantly to endocrine function. WAT produces hormones and cytokines, collectively called adipocytokines, such as leptin and adiponectin. These adipocytokines have been proven to vary in conditions, such as metabolic dysfunction, type 2 diabetes, or inflammation. The regulation of fat storage, energy metabolism, satiety, and insulin release are all features of adipose tissues. As such, they are indicators that may provide insights on the development of metabolic dysfunction or type 2 diabetes and can be considered routes for therapeutic considerations. The essential roles of adipocytokines vis-a-vis satiety, appetite, regulation of fat storage and energy, glucose tolerance, and insulin release, solidifies adipose tissue role in the development and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and the complications associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell Dilworth
- Department of Pathology, Mona Campus, University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Aldeam Facey
- Mona Academy of Sport, Mona Campus, University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Felix Omoruyi
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
- Correspondence:
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Contribution of Adipose Tissue Oxidative Stress to Obesity-Associated Diabetes Risk and Ethnic Differences: Focus on Women of African Ancestry. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040622. [PMID: 33921645 PMCID: PMC8073769 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) storage capacity is central in the maintenance of whole-body homeostasis, especially in obesity states. However, sustained nutrients overflow may dysregulate this function resulting in adipocytes hypertrophy, AT hypoxia, inflammation and oxidative stress. Systemic inflammation may also contribute to the disruption of AT redox equilibrium. AT and systemic oxidative stress have been involved in the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) through several mechanisms. Interestingly, fat accumulation, body fat distribution and the degree of how adiposity translates into cardio-metabolic diseases differ between ethnicities. Populations of African ancestry have a higher prevalence of obesity and higher T2D risk than populations of European ancestry, mainly driven by higher rates among African women. Considering the reported ethnic-specific differences in AT distribution and function and higher levels of systemic oxidative stress markers, oxidative stress is a potential contributor to the higher susceptibility for metabolic diseases in African women. This review summarizes existing evidence supporting this hypothesis while acknowledging a lack of data on AT oxidative stress in relation to IR in Africans, and the potential influence of other ethnicity-related modulators (e.g., genetic-environment interplay, socioeconomic factors) for consideration in future studies with different ethnicities.
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7
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Jain SK, Parsanathan R, Levine SN, Bocchini JA, Holick MF, Vanchiere JA. The potential link between inherited G6PD deficiency, oxidative stress, and vitamin D deficiency and the racial inequities in mortality associated with COVID-19. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:84-91. [PMID: 33038530 PMCID: PMC7539020 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a marked variation in mortality risk associated with COVID-19 infection in the general population. Low socioeconomic status and other social determinants have been discussed as possible causes for the higher burden in African American communities compared with white communities. Beyond the social determinants, the biochemical mechanism that predisposes individual subjects or communities to the development of excess and serious complications associated with COVID-19 infection is not clear. Virus infection triggers massive ROS production and oxidative damage. Glutathione (GSH) is essential and protects the body from the harmful effects of oxidative damage from excess reactive oxygen radicals. GSH is also required to maintain the VD-metabolism genes and circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)VD). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is necessary to prevent the exhaustion and depletion of cellular GSH. X-linked genetic G6PD deficiency is common in the AA population and predominantly in males. Acquired deficiency of G6PD has been widely reported in subjects with conditions of obesity and diabetes. This suggests that individuals with G6PD deficiency are vulnerable to excess oxidative stress and at a higher risk for inadequacy or deficiency of 25(OH)VD, leaving the body unable to protect its 'oxidative immune-metabolic' physiological functions from the insults of COVID-19. An association between subclinical interstitial lung disease with 25(OH)VD deficiencies and GSH deficiencies has been previously reported. We hypothesize that the overproduction of ROS and excess oxidative damage is responsible for the impaired immunity, secretion of the cytokine storm, and onset of pulmonary dysfunction in response to the COVID-19 infection. The co-optimization of impaired glutathione redox status and excess 25(OH)VD deficiencies has the potential to reduce oxidative stress, boost immunity, and reduce the adverse clinical effects of COVID-19 infection in the AA population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Rajesh Parsanathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Steve N Levine
- School of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Joseph A Bocchini
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University, 2508 Bert Kouns Industrial Loop, Suite 103, Shreveport, LA 71118, USA
| | - Michael F Holick
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Vanchiere
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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8
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Gower BA, Fowler LA. Obesity in African-Americans: The role of physiology. J Intern Med 2020; 288:295-304. [PMID: 32350924 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The disproportionate obesity in African American (AA) women has a physiologic basis and can be explained by the interactive effects of insulin secretion, insulin clearance, insulin sensitivity and the glycaemic load of the diet. This review will present data supporting a physiologic basis for obesity propensity in obesity-prone AA women that resides in their unique metabolic/endocrine phenotype: high beta-cell responsiveness, low hepatic insulin extraction and relatively high insulin sensitivity, which together result in a high exposure of tissues and organs to insulin. When combined with a high-glycaemic (HG) diet (that stimulates insulin secretion), this underlying propensity to obesity becomes manifest, as ingested calories are diverted from energy production to storage. Our data indicate that both weight loss and weight loss maintenance are optimized with low-glycaemic (LG) vs HG diet in AA. Whether greater obesity in AA is mechanistically related to their greater prevalence of type 2 diabetes is debatable. This review provides data indicating that obesity is not strongly related to insulin resistance in AA. Rather, insulin resistance in AA is associated with relatively low adipose tissue in the leg, consistent with a genetic predisposition to impaired lipid storage. Greater bioenergetic efficiency has been reported in AA and, via resultant oxidative damage, could plausibly contribute to insulin resistance. In summary, it is proposed here that a subset of AA women are predisposed to obesity due to a specific metabolic/endocrine phenotype. However, greater diabetes risk in AA has an independent aetiology based on impaired lipid storage and mitochondrial efficiency/oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Gower
- From the, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - L A Fowler
- From the, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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9
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Harville EW, Lewis CE, Catov JM, Jacobs DR, Gross MD, Gunderson EP. A longitudinal study of pre-pregnancy antioxidant levels and subsequent perinatal outcomes in black and white women: The CARDIA Study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229002. [PMID: 32059045 PMCID: PMC7021312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although protective associations between dietary antioxidants and pregnancy outcomes have been reported, randomized controlled trials of supplementation have been almost uniformly negative. A possible explanation is that supplementation during pregnancy may be too late to have a beneficial effect. Therefore, we examined the relationship between antioxidant levels prior to pregnancy and birth outcomes. METHODS AND FINDINGS Serum carotenoids and tocopherols were assayed in fasting specimens at 1985-86 (baseline) and 1992-1993 (year 7) from 1,215 participants in Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. An interviewer-administered quantitative food-frequency questionnaire assessed dietary intake of antioxidants. Pregnancy outcome was self-reported at exams every 2 to 5 years. Linear and logistic regression modeling was used to assess relationships of low birthweight (LBW; <2,500 g), continuous infant birthweight, preterm birth (PTB; <37 weeks) and length of gestation with antioxidant levels adjusted for confounders, as well as interactions with age and race. RESULTS In adjusted models, lycopene was associated with higher odds of LBW (adjusted odds ratio for top quartile, 2.15, 95% confidence interval 1.14, 3.92) and shorter gestational age (adjusted beta coefficient -0.50 weeks). Dietary intake of antioxidants was associated with lower birthweight, while supplement use of vitamin C was associated with higher gestational age (0.41 weeks, 0.01, 0.81). CONCLUSIONS Higher preconception antioxidant levels are not associated with better birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Harville
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Cora E. Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Janet M. Catov
- University of Pittsburgh Departments of OB/GYN and Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Myron D. Gross
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Erica P. Gunderson
- Division of Research, Cardiovascular and Metabolism Section, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
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10
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Thomas DD, Corkey BE, Istfan NW, Apovian CM. Hyperinsulinemia: An Early Indicator of Metabolic Dysfunction. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1727-1747. [PMID: 31528832 PMCID: PMC6735759 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes. Racial and ethnic minority populations are disproportionately affected by diabetes and obesity-related complications. This mini-review provides an overview of the genetic and environmental factors associated with hyperinsulinemia with a focus on racial and ethnic differences and its metabolic consequences. The data used in this narrative review were collected through research in PubMed and reference review of relevant retrieved articles. Insulin secretion and clearance are regulated processes that influence the development and progression of hyperinsulinemia. Environmental, genetic, and dietary factors are associated with hyperinsulinemia. Certain pharmacotherapies for obesity and bariatric surgery are effective at mitigating hyperinsulinemia and are associated with improved metabolic health. Hyperinsulinemia is associated with many environmental and genetic factors that interact with a wide network of hormones. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the factors affecting insulin secretion and clearance. Further basic and translational work on hyperinsulinemia may allow for earlier and more personalized treatments for obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan D Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nawfal W Istfan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline M Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Abstract
While the socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with cancer disparity have been well documented, the contribution of biological factors is an emerging field of research. Established disparity factors such as low income, poor diet, drinking alcohol, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle may have molecular effects on the inherent biological makeup of the tumor itself, possibly altering cell signaling events and gene expression profiles to profoundly alter tumor development and progression. Our understanding of the molecular and biological consequences of poor lifestyle is lacking, but such information may significantly change how we approach goals to reduce cancer incidence and mortality rates within minority populations. In this review, we will summarize the biological, socioeconomic, and environmental associations between a group of reactive metabolites known as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and cancer health disparity. Due to their links with lifestyle and the activation of disease-associated pathways, AGEs may represent both a biological consequence and a bio-behavioral indicator of poor lifestyle which may be targeted within specific populations to reduce disparities in cancer incidence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Turner
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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12
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Mehrabi S, Wallace L, Cohen S, Yao X, Aikhionbare FO. Differential Measurements of Oxidatively Modified Proteins in Colorectal Adenopolyps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:288-299. [PMID: 26069854 PMCID: PMC4461072 DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2015.64037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Adenopolyps patients have a three-fold higher risk of colon cancer over the general population, which increases to six-fold if the polyps are multiple and with lower survival among African American population. Currently, 6% of CRC can be ascribed to mutations in particular genes. Moreover, the optimal management of patients with colorectal adenopolyps depends on the accuracy of appropriate staging strategies because patients with similar colorectal adenocarcinoma architecture display heterogeneity in the course and outcome of the disease. Oxidative stress, due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant capacities as well as a disruption of redox signaling, causes a wide range of damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids which promote tumor formation. Objective/Method This study applied spectrophotometric, dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNPH) assay, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and western blot analyses to assess the levels of oxidatively modified proteins in 41 pairs of primary colorectal tissues including normal/surrounding, adenopolyps (tubular, tubulovillous, villous, polypvillous) and carcinoma. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student’s t-tests were utilized for the resulting data set. Results Our data showed that the levels of reactive protein carbonyl groups significantly increased as colorectal adenopolyps progresses to malignancy. No significant differences were found in the levels of carbonyl proteins between gender samples analyzed. For African American patients, there were, relative to Caucasians, 10% higher levels of reactive carbonyls in proteins of tubulovillous tissue samples (P < 0.05) and over 36% higher in levels in adenocarcinomas (P < 0.05). In normal tissues and tubular, there were no significant differences between the two groups in levels of protein carbonyls. Differences in the levels of protein carbonyl expression within individual patient samples with different number of tumor cells were notably evident. Conclusion Results suggested that oxidative stress could be involved in the modification of oxidatively carbonyl proteins in the precancer stages, leading to increased aggressiveness of colorectal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifeh Mehrabi
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Shakeria Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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DeLany JP, Dubé JJ, Standley RA, Distefano G, Goodpaster BH, Stefanovic-Racic M, Coen PM, Toledo FGS. Racial differences in peripheral insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial capacity in the absence of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:4307-14. [PMID: 25105736 PMCID: PMC4223429 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT African-American women (AAW) have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with Caucasian women (CW). Lower insulin sensitivity has been reported in AAW, but the reasons for this racial difference and the contributions of liver versus skeletal muscle are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that young, nonobese AAW manifest lower insulin sensitivity specific to skeletal muscle, not liver, and is accompanied by lower skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity. PARTICIPANTS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Twenty-two nonobese (body mass index 22.7 ± 3.1 kg/m(2)) AAW and 22 matched CW (body mass index 22.7 ± 3.1 kg/m(2)) underwent characterization of body composition, objectively assessed habitual physical activity, and insulin sensitivity with euglycemic clamps and stable-isotope tracers. Skeletal muscle biopsies were performed for lipid content, fiber typing, and mitochondrial measurements. RESULTS Peripheral insulin sensitivity was 26% lower in AAW (P < .01), but hepatic insulin sensitivity was similar between groups. Physical activity levels were similar between groups. Lower insulin sensitivity in AAW was not explained by total or central adiposity. Skeletal muscle triglyceride content was similar, but mitochondrial content was lower in AAW. Mitochondrial respiration was 24% lower in AAW and correlated with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity (r = 0.33, P < .05). CONCLUSION When compared with CW, AAW have similar hepatic insulin sensitivity but a muscle phenotype characterized by both lower insulin sensitivity and lower mitochondrial oxidative capacity. These observations occur in the absence of obesity and are not explained by physical activity. The only factor associated with lower insulin sensitivity in AAW was mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Because exercise training improves both mitochondrial capacity and insulin sensitivity, we suggest that it may be of particular benefit as a strategy for diabetes prevention in AAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P DeLany
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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14
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Pereira S, Park E, Mori Y, Haber CA, Han P, Uchida T, Stavar L, Oprescu AI, Koulajian K, Ivovic A, Yu Z, Li D, Bowman TA, Dewald J, El-Benna J, Brindley DN, Gutierrez-Juarez R, Lam TKT, Najjar SM, McKay RA, Bhanot S, Fantus IG, Giacca A. FFA-induced hepatic insulin resistance in vivo is mediated by PKCδ, NADPH oxidase, and oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E34-46. [PMID: 24824652 PMCID: PMC4080148 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00436.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fat-induced hepatic insulin resistance plays a key role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. Although PKC and inflammatory pathways have been implicated in fat-induced hepatic insulin resistance, the sequence of events leading to impaired insulin signaling is unknown. We used Wistar rats to investigate whether PKCδ and oxidative stress play causal roles in this process and whether this occurs via IKKβ- and JNK-dependent pathways. Rats received a 7-h infusion of Intralipid plus heparin (IH) to elevate circulating free fatty acids (FFA). During the last 2 h of the infusion, a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with tracer was performed to assess hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. An antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), prevented IH-induced hepatic insulin resistance in parallel with prevention of decreased IκBα content, increased JNK phosphorylation (markers of IKKβ and JNK activation, respectively), increased serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2, and impaired insulin signaling in the liver without affecting IH-induced hepatic PKCδ activation. Furthermore, an antisense oligonucleotide against PKCδ prevented IH-induced phosphorylation of p47(phox) (marker of NADPH oxidase activation) and hepatic insulin resistance. Apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, prevented IH-induced hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance similarly to NAC. These results demonstrate that PKCδ, NADPH oxidase, and oxidative stress play a causal role in FFA-induced hepatic insulin resistance in vivo and suggest that the pathway of FFA-induced hepatic insulin resistance is FFA → PKCδ → NADPH oxidase and oxidative stress → IKKβ/JNK → impaired hepatic insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Park
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yusaku Mori
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Andrew Haber
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toyoyoshi Uchida
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Stavar
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Andrei I Oprescu
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khajag Koulajian
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Ivovic
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhiwen Yu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Deling Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Thomas A Bowman
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio; and
| | - Jay Dewald
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - David N Brindley
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger Gutierrez-Juarez
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia M Najjar
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio; and
| | | | | | - I George Fantus
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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15
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Oxidatively modified proteins in the serous subtype of ovarian carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:585083. [PMID: 24795885 PMCID: PMC3985143 DOI: 10.1155/2014/585083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Serous subtype of ovarian cancer is considered to originate from fallopian epithelium mucosa that has been exposed to physiological changes resulting from ovulation. Ovulation influences an increased in inflammation of epithelial ovarian cells as results of constant exposure of cells to ROS. The imbalance between ROS and antioxidant capacities, as well as a disruption of redox signaling, causes a wide range of damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. This study applied spectrophotometric, dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNPH) assay, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and Western blot analyses to assess the levels of oxidatively modified proteins in 100 primary serous epithelial ovarian carcinoma and normal/surrounding tissues. These samples were obtained from 56 Caucasian and 44 African-American patients within the age range of 61 ± 10 years. Analyses showed that the levels of reactive protein carbonyl groups increased as stages progressed to malignancy. Additionally, the levels of protein carbonyls in serous ovarian carcinoma among African Americans are 40% (P < 0.05) higher relative to Caucasian at similar advanced stages. Results suggest that oxidative stress is involved in the modification of carbonyl protein groups, leading to increased aggressiveness of epithelial ovarian tumors and may contribute to the disease's invasiveness among African Americans.
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Goedecke JH, Levitt NS, Evans J, Ellman N, Hume DJ, Kotze L, Tootla M, Victor H, Keswell D. The role of adipose tissue in insulin resistance in women of African ancestry. J Obes 2013; 2013:952916. [PMID: 23401754 PMCID: PMC3557633 DOI: 10.1155/2013/952916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Women of African ancestry, particularly those living in industrialized countries, experience a disproportionately higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to their white counterparts. Similarly, obesity and insulin resistance, which are major risk factors for T2D, are greater in black compared to white women. The exact mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not known. This paper will focus on the role of adipose tissue biology. Firstly, the characteristic body fat distribution of women of African ancestry will be discussed, followed by the depot-specific associations with insulin resistance. Factors involved in adipose tissue biology and their relation to insulin sensitivity will then be explored, including the role of sex hormones, glucocorticoid metabolism, lipolysis and adipogenesis, and their consequent effects on adipose tissue hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Finally the role of ectopic fat deposition will be discussed. The paper proposes directions for future research, in particular highlighting the need for longitudinal and/or intervention studies to better understand the mechanisms underlying the high prevalence of insulin resistance and T2D in women of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Goedecke
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, South African Medical Research Council, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa.
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